閱讀川端康成 Kawabata Yasunari在小说之家的作品!!! | |||||||||||||||||||||
川端康成川端康成少年時期就立志畫傢和文學家。1920年考入東京帝國大學英文係，翌年轉入國文係，在《新思潮》雜志上發表了處女作《招魂節一景》，受到菊地池寬的常識和文壇的註目。1924年大學畢業，同橫光利一等青年作傢創辦了《文藝時代》雜志，發起新感覺派運動，出版小小說選集《感情的裝飾》。 1926年發表成我作《伊豆的舞女》，從而奠定了他的作傢地位。
川端康成是一位高産作傢，一生共寫了130多部作品，以中短篇小說為主。代表性作品除了《伊豆的舞女》外，還有《禽獸》（1935）、《花的圓舞麯》（1936）、《名人》（1938）、《重逢》（1946）、《雪國》（1935-1948）、《千衹鶴》（1949）、《舞姬》（1951）、《古都》（1962）等。他的創作大致可分成戰前和戰後兩個階級。前期主要描寫社會底層人物的悲慘生活、樸素愛情和執着追求，反映了人的本質和孤獨性以及人與人關係的非現實性。後期除了表現戰爭給人們帶來的創傷和痛苦以外，還有不少作品以資産階級家庭為背景，用肉感的筆調寫病態的性愛，頽廢色彩極為濃厚。而《雪國》被譽為日本"近代文學史上抒情文學的頂峰"。
川端康成在藝術技巧上有很高的造詣。他把佛典看成"世界最大的文學"，並從日本古典文學中汲取豐富的營養。他還積極學習西方各流派的創作方法，特別重視喬伊斯的意識流行弗洛伊德的精神分析學。川端康成曾說過："我們的文學隨西方文流而動，但日本文學傳統卻是潛藏的看不見的河床。"他很註意把學習西方與繼承傳統有機結合起來，發展成為自己獨特的風格。幻想的感覺、幽情的哀傷、玄妙的餘韻，這種日本傳統美的文學特色，完全融合在他的作品之中。他的小說的另一特色就是重視表現人物的內心感情，而不過多刻畫人物的外形和行為。沒有離奇的情節，卻富有詩的韻味。
川端康成曾長期擔任日本筆會會長，並擔任過國際筆會副會長。1961年獲日本政府頒發的文化勳章。1968年，川端康成"由於他高超的敘事性作品以非凡的敏銳表現了日本人精神的物質"而獲諾貝爾文學奬。
1972年4月12日，73歲高齡的川端康成口含煤氣管自殺身亡。
Yasunari Kawabata childhood painter and writer on the determined. Tokyo Imperial University in 1920 admitted to the Department of English, the following year into the Chinese system, in the "New Trend" magazine published a debut, "calling back the soul section of a King" by Kikuchi pool of common sense and the literary world wide attention. Graduated in 1924 with the first class of young writers Yokomitsu founded the "Literary Times" magazine, launched in New Sensation movement, published a small novel anthology, "feelings of decoration." I make 1926 the publication of "The Dancing Girl", which laid the foundation of his writer status.
Kawabata had long served as chairman of the Japanese document, and served as vice president of International PEN. 1961 issued by the Government of Japan Cultural Medal. In 1968, Kawabata Yasunari, "because of his superb narrative works are extraordinary sensitive to the performance of the Japanese spirit of the material," and received the Nobel Prize for Literature.
April 12, 1972, 73-year-old coal-bearing pipe mouth Kawabata committed suicide.
Yasunari Kawabata (川端 康成, Kawabata Yasunari, 11 June 1899 – 16 April 1972) was a Japanese novelist and short story writer whose spare, lyrical, subtly-shaded prose works won him the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1968, the first Japanese author to receive the award. His works have enjoyed broad international appeal and are still widely read.
Early life
Born into a well-established family in Osaka, Japan, Yasunari was orphaned by the time he was four, after which he lived with his grandparents. He had an older sister who was taken in by an aunt, and whom he met only once thereafter, at the age of ten in July 1909. She died shortly after when he was 11. Kawabata's grandmother died when he was seven (September 1906), and his grandfather when he was fifteen (May 1914).
Having lost all close paternal relatives, Yasunari moved in with his mother's family (the Kurodas). However, in January 1916, he moved into a boarding house near the junior high school (comparable to a modern high school) to which he had formerly commuted by train. Through many of Kawabata's works the sense of distance in his life is represented. He often gives the impression that his characters have built up a wall around them that moves them into isolation. In a 1934 published work Kawabata wrote: "I feel as though I have never held a woman's hand in a romantic sense[...] Am I a happy man deserving of pity?”. Indeed, this does not have to be taken literally, but it does show the type of emotional insecurity that Kawabata felt, especially experiencing two painful love affairs at a young age. One of those painful love episodes was with Hatsuyo Ito (伊藤初代, 1906-1951) whom he met when he was 20 years old. An unsent love letter to her was found at his former residence in Kamakura, Kanagawa Prefecture, in 2014. According to Kaori Kawabata, Kawabata's son-in-law, an unpublished entry in the author's diary mentions that Hatsuyo was raped by a monk at the temple she was staying at, which led her to break off their engagement.
After graduating from junior high school in March 1917, Kawabata moved to Tokyo just before his 18th birthday. He hoped to pass the exams of Dai-ichi Kōtō-gakkō (First Upper School), which was under the direction of the Tokyo Imperial University. He succeeded in the exam the same year and entered the Humanities Faculty as an English major in July 1920. A young Kawabata, by this time, was enamoured by the works of another Asian Nobel laureate, Rabindranath Tagore.
Kawabata graduated in 1924, by which time he had already caught the attention of Kikuchi Kan and other noted writers and editors through his submissions to Kikuchi's literary magazine, the Bungei Shunju.
In addition to fictional writing, Kawabata also worked as a reporter, most notably for the Mainichi Shimbun. Although he refused to participate in the militaristic fervor that accompanied World War II, he also demonstrated little interest in postwar political reforms. Along with the death of all his family members while he was young, Kawabata suggested that the War was one of the greatest influences on his work, stating he would be able to write only elegies in postwar Japan. Still, many commentators detect little thematic change between Kawabata's prewar and postwar writings.
While still a university student, Kawabata re-established the Tokyo University literary magazine Shin-shichō ("New Tide of Thought"), which had been defunct for more than four years. There he published his first short story, "Shokonsai ikkei" ("A View from Yasukuni Festival") in 1921. During university, he changed faculties to Japanese literature and wrote a graduation thesis titled, "A short history of Japanese novels". He graduated from university in March 1924.
New writing movement
In October 1924, Kawabata, Riichi Yokomitsu and other young writers started a new literary journal Bungei Jidai ("The Artistic Age"). This journal was a reaction to the entrenched old school of Japanese literature, specifically the Japanese movement descended from Naturalism, while it also stood in opposition to the "workers'" or proletarian literature movement of the Socialist/Communist schools. It was an "art for art's sake" movement, influenced by European Cubism, Expressionism, Dada, and other modernist styles. The term Shinkankakuha, which Kawabata and Yokomitsu used to describe their philosophy, has often been mistakenly translated into English as "Neo-Impressionism". However, Shinkankakuha was not meant to be an updated or restored version of Impressionism; it focused on offering "new impressions" or, more accurately, "new sensations" or "new perceptions" in the writing of literature. An early example from this period is the draft of Hoshi wo nusunda chichi (The Father who stole a Star), an adaption of Ferenc Molnár's play Liliom.
Career
Kawabata started to achieve recognition for a number of his short stories shortly after he graduated, receiving acclaim for "The Dancing Girl of Izu" in 1926, a story about a melancholy student who, on a walking trip down Izu Peninsula, meets a young dancer, and returns to Tokyo in much improved spirits. This story, which explored the dawning eroticism of young love, was successful because he used dashes of melancholy and even bitterness to offset what might have otherwise been overly sweet. Most of his subsequent works explored similar themes.
In the 1920s, Kawabata was living in the plebeian district of Asakusa, Tokyo. During this period, Kawabata experimented with different styles of writing. In Asakusa kurenaidan (The Scarlet Gang of Asakusa), serialized from 1929 to 1930, he explores the lives of the demimonde and others on the fringe of society, in a style echoing that of late Edo period literature. On the other hand, his Suisho genso (Crystalline Fantasy) is pure stream-of-consciousness writing. He was even involved in writing the script for the experimental film A Page of Madness.
In 1933, Kawabata protested publicly against the arrest, torture and death of the young leftist writer Takiji Kobayashi in Tokyo by the Tokkō special political police.
Kawabata relocated from Asakusa to Kamakura, Kanagawa Prefecture, in 1934 and, although he initially enjoyed a very active social life among the many other writers and literary people residing in that city during the war years and immediately thereafter, in his later years he became very reclusive.
One of his most famous novels was Snow Country, started in 1934 and first published in installments from 1935 through 1937. Snow Country is a stark tale of a love affair between a Tokyo dilettante and a provincial geisha, which takes place in a remote hot-spring town somewhere in the mountainous regions of northern Japan. It established Kawabata as one of Japan's foremost authors and became an instant classic, described by Edward G. Seidensticker as "perhaps Kawabata's masterpiece".
After the end of World War II, Kawabata's success continued with novels such as Thousand Cranes (a story of ill-fated love); The Sound of the Mountain; The House of the Sleeping Beauties; Beauty and Sadness; and The Old Capital.
His two most important post-war works are Sembazuru (Thousand Cranes) from 1949 to 1951, and Yama no Oto (The Sound of the Mountain), 1949–1954. Sembazuru is centered on the tea ceremony and hopeless love. The protagonist is attracted to the mistress of his dead father and, after her death, to her daughter, who flees from him. The tea ceremony provides a beautiful background for ugly human affairs, but Kawabata's intent is rather to explore feelings about death. The tea ceremony utensils are permanent and forever, whereas people are frail and fleeting. These themes of implicit incest, impossible love and impending death are again explored in Yama no Oto, set in Kawabata's home town of Kamakura. The protagonist, an aging man, has become disappointed with his children and no longer feels strong passion for his wife. He is strongly attracted to someone forbidden – his daughter-in-law – and his thoughts for her are interspersed with memories of another forbidden love, for his dead sister-in-law.
The book that he himself considered his finest work, The Master of Go (1951), contrasts sharply with his other works. It is a semi-fictional recounting of a major Go match in 1938, on which Kawabata had actually reported for the Mainichi newspaper chain. It was the last game of the master Shūsai's career and he lost to his younger challenger, only to die a little over a year later. Although the novel is moving on the surface as a retelling of a climactic struggle, some readers consider it a symbolic parallel to the defeat of Japan in World War II.
Kawabata left many of his stories apparently unfinished, sometimes to the annoyance of readers and reviewers, but this goes hand to hand with his aesthetics of art for art's sake, leaving outside any sentimentalism, or morality, that an ending would give to any book. This was done intentionally, as Kawabata felt that vignettes of incidents along the way were far more important than conclusions. He equated his form of writing with the traditional poetry of Japan, the haiku.
Awards
As the president of Japanese P.E.N. for many years after the war (1948–1965), Kawabata was a driving force behind the translation of Japanese literature into English and other Western languages. He was appointed an Officer of the Order of Arts and Letters of France in 1960, and awarded Japan's Order of Culture the following year.
Nobel Prize
Kawabata was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature on 16 October 1968, the first Japanese person to receive such a distinction. In awarding the prize "for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind", the Nobel Committee cited three of his novels, Snow Country, Thousand Cranes, and The Old Capital.
Kawabata's Nobel Lecture was titled "Japan, The Beautiful and Myself" (美しい日本の私―その序説). Zen Buddhism was a key focal point of the speech; much was devoted to practitioners and the general practices of Zen Buddhism and how it differed from other types of Buddhism. He presented a severe picture of Zen Buddhism, where disciples can enter salvation only through their efforts, where they are isolated for several hours at a time, and how from this isolation there can come beauty. He noted that Zen practices focus on simplicity and it is this simplicity that proves to be the beauty. "The heart of the ink painting is in space, abbreviation, what is left undrawn." From painting he moved on to talk about ikebana and bonsai as art forms that emphasize the simplicity and the beauty that arises from the simplicity. "The Japanese garden, too, of course symbolizes the vastness of nature."
In addition to the numerous mentions of Zen and nature, one topic that was briefly mentioned in Kawabata's lecture was that of suicide. Kawabata reminisced of other famous Japanese authors who committed suicide, in particular Ryūnosuke Akutagawa. He contradicted the custom of suicide as being a form of enlightenment, mentioning the priest Ikkyū, who also thought of suicide twice. He quoted Ikkyū, "Among those who give thoughts to things, is there one who does not think of suicide?" There was much speculation about this quote being a clue to Kawabata's suicide in 1972, two years after Mishima had committed suicide.[citation needed]
Death
Kawabata apparently committed suicide in 1972 by gassing himself, but a number of close associates and friends, including his widow, consider his death to have been accidental. One thesis, as advanced by Donald Richie, was that he mistakenly unplugged the gas tap while preparing a bath. Many theories have been advanced as to his potential reasons for killing himself, among them poor health (the discovery that he had Parkinson's disease), a possible illicit love affair, or the shock caused by the suicide of his friend Yukio Mishima in 1970. Unlike Mishima, Kawabata left no note, and since (again unlike Mishima) he had not discussed significantly in his writings the topic of taking his own life, his motives remain unclear. However, his Japanese biographer, Takeo Okuno, has related how he had nightmares about Mishima for two or three hundred nights in a row, and was incessantly haunted by the specter of Mishima. In a persistently depressed state of mind, he would tell friends during his last years that sometimes, when on a journey, he hoped his plane would crash.
Selected works
| Year | Japanese Title | English Title | English Translation |
| 1926 | 伊豆の踴子 Izu no Odoriko | The Dancing Girl of Izu | 1955, 1998 |
| 1930 | 淺草紅團 Asakusa Kurenaidan | The Scarlet Gang of Asakusa | 2005 |
| 1935–1937, 1947 | 雪國 Yukiguni | Snow Country | 1956, 1996 |
| 1951–1954 | 名人 Meijin | The Master of Go | 1972 |
| 1949–1952 | 千羽鶴 Senbazuru | Thousand Cranes | 1958 |
| 1949–1954 | 山の音 Yama no Oto | The Sound of the Mountain | 1970 |
| 1954 | みづうみ（みずうみ） Mizuumi | The Lake | 1974 |
| 1961 | 眠れる美女 Nemureru Bijo | The House of the Sleeping Beauties | 1969 |
| 1962 | 古都 Koto | The Old Capital | 1987, 2006 |
| 1964 | 美しさと哀しみと Utsukushisa to Kanashimi to | Beauty and Sadness | 1975 |
| 1964 | 片腕 Kataude | One Arm | 1969 |
| 1964–1968, 1972 | たんぽぽ Tanpopo | Dandelions | 2017 |
| 掌の小説 Tenohira no Shōsetsu | Palm-of-the-Hand Stories | 1988, 2006 |