閱讀斯蒂芬·茨威格 Stefan Zweig在小说之家的作品!!! | |||||||||||||
斯蒂芬·茨威格一八八一年十一月二十八日，茨威格出生在奧匈帝國首都維也納一個猶太富商傢裏。他自幼受到良好的教育和資産階級上流社會的文藝熏陶，十六歲便在維也納《社會》雜志上發表詩作。一九年中學畢業，入維也納大學攻讀德國和法國文學，接觸了托爾斯泰和陀思妥耶夫斯基的作品，研究和翻譯過法國波德萊爾和魏爾倫、比利時凡爾哈倫的詩歌。一九零零年曾去柏林學習過一個學期。他有意識地深入社會底層，瞭解一些遭人唾棄的卑賤者的生活經歷和內心世界。一九零三年獲博士學位。
茨威格早期的詩集《銀弦》(1901)和《早年的花冠》(1906)、小說集《埃利卡·艾瓦爾德之戀》(1904)等，受當時盛行的印象主義和象徵主義的影響，缺乏內容和新意。
從一九零七年到第一次世界大戰，他在創作上漸趨成熟。除了《泰西特斯》(1907)、《海濱之屋》(1912)和《化身戲子》(1913)等劇本外，他還發表了小說集《最初的經歷》(1911)，由有聲望的萊比錫島嶼出版社出版。
一九一四年第一次世界大戰爆發。茨威格在《柏林日報》(9月19日)上發表《緻外國友人》一文，表明自己忠於同他們的友誼，以及來日和他們攜手重建歐洲文化的願望。第一次大戰期間，歐洲許多知名作傢都未能擺脫狹隘民族主義和沙文主義的影響，唯有少數人能保持清醒的頭腦，堅持反戰立場，茨威格便是其中之一。
茨威格經歷了戰後的災難：饑饉、寒冷和通貨膨脹；對他觸動最深的是社會道德的淪喪。此後的二十餘年是他的創造力最旺盛的時期，他的主要作品，大多是這一時期的産物。
一方面是傳記著作。他的《三大師》(1920)論述巴爾紮剋、狄更斯和陀斯陀耶夫斯基。接着，他撰寫了《羅曼·羅蘭》(1921)。其他的傳記著作有：《同魔鬼作鬥爭》(1923，記述三個患精神病的作傢荷爾德林、剋萊斯特和尼采)，《自畫像的名手》(1928，記述卡薩諾瓦、司湯達和托爾斯泰)，《精神療法》(1931，記述發明催眠術的奧地利醫生墨斯墨爾、所謂“教科學”創始人瑪麗·貝剋和著名精神病學者弗洛伊德)，《瑪麗亞·安托萬內特》(1932)和《瑪麗亞·斯圖亞特》(1933)等。這些著作表達了他對於以自由精神和人道主義為中心的西歐文化的尊崇。
另一方面是小說。《心的焦躁》是他唯一的長篇小說，作於一九三八年。這一時期的中短篇包括：《恐懼》(1920；1925年改寫)、《馬來狂人》(1922)、《一個陌生女人的來信》(1922)和《一個女人一生中的二十四小時》(1922)、《月光鬍同》(1922)、《看不見的珍藏》(1927)等等。他作品的基調是現實主義的，他最擅長的手法是細膩的心理描寫。他尤其着重選取資産階級社會中婦女的不幸遭遇的題材，揭露“文明人”圈子的生活空虛和道德敗壞，譴責對女性的不尊重和對人的善良品質的殘害，贊美同情、瞭解、仁愛和寬恕。他努力探索人物的精神世界，描寫道德敗壞給人帶來的情感上的痛苦，揭示個人心靈中種種抽象的美德，甚至讓已經墮落的人身上閃耀出道義的火花，他的目的是要改進資本主義社會的道德觀念和人們的精神面貌。
一九三三年希特勒上臺，一九三四年發生維也納事件，奧地利的法西斯分子要求德、奧合併，茨威格不得已遷居英國。一九三八年，奧地利並入德國後，他便加入英國籍，不久又離英赴美，一九四零年經紐約去巴西。
一九四二年二月二十三日，茨威格和他的妻子在巴西服毒自殺。他在去世之前，完成了《昨日的世界---一個歐洲人的回憶錄》，這是他一生的歷史，也是他那一代人的歷史；這是對昨日的世界，亦即對在第二次世界大戰中沉淪的資産階級世界的回憶。他死後發表的《象棋的故事》(1941)，是他的最後一篇小說，沉痛地訴說了一個心靈和才智遭到納粹摧殘的人的經歷。
Life
Zweig was the son of Moritz Zweig (1845-1926), a wealthy Jewish textile manufacturer, and Ida Zweig née Brettauer (1854-1938), from a Jewish banking family. Joseph Brettauer did business for twenty years in Ancona, Italy, where his second daughter Ida was born and grew up, too. Zweig studied philosophy at the university of Vienna and in 1904 earned a doctoral degree with a thesis on "The Philosophy of Hippolyte Taine". Religion did not play a central role in his education. "My mother and father were Jewish only through accident of birth," Zweig said later in an interview. Yet he did not renounce his Jewish faith and wrote repeatedly on Jewish themes. Although his essays were published in the Neue Freie Presse, whose literary editor was the Zionist leader Theodor Herzl, Zweig was not attracted to Herzl's Jewish nationalism.
In the First World War Zweig served in the Archives of the Ministry of War, and soon acquired a pacifist stand like his friend Romain Rolland, winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature 1915. Zweig remained pacifist all his life and advocated the unification of Europe. Like Rolland, he wrote many biographies. His Erasmus of Rotterdam he called a "concealed self-portrayal" in The World of Yesterday.
Zweig fled Austria in 1934, following Hitler's rise to power in Germany. He then lived in England (in London and from 1939 in Bath) before moving to the United States in 1940. In 1941 he went to Brazil, where in 1942 he and his second wife Lotte (née Charlotte Elisabeth Altmann) committed suicide together in Petrópolis, despairing at the future of Europe and its culture. "I think it better to conclude in good time and in erect bearing a life in which intellectual labour meant the purest joy and personal freedom the highest good on Earth," he wrote. His autobiography The World of Yesterday is a paean to the European culture he considered lost.
Work
Stefan Zweig was a prominent writer in the 1920s and 1930s. Though he is still well-known in many European countries, his work has become less familiar in the anglophone world. Since the 1990s there has been an effort on the part of several publishers (notably Pushkin Press and New York Review of Books) to get Zweig back into print in English.
Zweig is best known for his novellas (notably The Royal Game, Amok, Letter from an Unknown Woman - filmed in 1948 by Max Ophuls), novels (Beware of Pity, Confusion of Feelings, and the posthumously published The Post Office Girl) and biographies (notably Erasmus of Rotterdam, Conqueror of the Seas: The Story of Magellan, and Mary, Queen of Scotland and the Isles). At one time his works were published in English under the pseudonym 'Stephen Branch' (a translation of his real name) when anti-German sentiment was running high. His biography of Queen Marie-Antoinette was later adapted for a Hollywood movie, starring the actress Norma Shearer in the title role.
Zweig enjoyed a close association with Richard Strauss, and provided the libretto for Die schweigsame Frau (The Silent Woman). Strauss famously defied the Nazi regime by refusing to sanction the removal of Zweig's name from the program for the work's première on June 24, 1935 in Dresden. As a result, Goebbels refused to attend as planned, and the opera was banned after three performances. Zweig later collaborated with Joseph Gregor, to provide Strauss with the libretto for one other opera, Daphne, in 1937. At least one other work by Zweig received a musical setting: the pianist and composer Henry Jolles, who like Zweig had fled to Brazil to escape the Nazis, composed a song, "Último poema de Stefan Zweig", based on "Letztes Gedicht", which Zweig wrote on the occasion of his 60th birthday in November 1941.
There are important Zweig collections at the British Library and at the State University of New York at Fredonia. The British Library's Zweig Music Collection was donated to the library by his heirs in May 1986. It specialises in autograph music manuscripts, including works by Bach, Haydn, Wagner, and Mahler. It has been described as "one of the world's greatest collections of autograph manuscripts". One particularly precious item is Mozart's "Verzeichnüß aller meiner Werke" - that is, the composer's own handwritten thematic catalogue of his works.
Bibliography
The dates mentioned below are the dates of first publication in German.
Note: This bibliography is still incomplete. Please refer to the German version for more information.
Fiction
* The Love of Erika Ewald, 1904 (Original title: Die Liebe der Erika Ewald)
* Burning Secret, 1913 (Original title: Brennendes Geheimnis)
* Letter from an Unknown Woman, 1922 (Original title: Brief einer Unbekannten) - novella
* Amok, 1922 (Original title: Amok) - novella, initially published with several others in Amok. Novellen einer Leidenschaft
* Fear, 1925 (Original title: Angst. Novelle)
* The Eyes of My Brother, Forever, 1925 (Original title: Die Augen des ewigen Bruders)
* The Invisible Collection see Collected Stories below , (Original title: Die Unsichtbare Sammlung, first published in book form in 'Insel-Almanach auf das Jahr 1927')
* The Refugee, 1927 (Original title: Der Flüchtling. Episode vom Genfer See).
* Confusion of Feelings or Confusion: The Private Papers of Privy Councillor R. Von D, 1927 (Original title: Verwirrung der Gefühle) - novella initially published in the volume Verwirrung der Gefühle: Drei Novellen
* Twenty-Four Hours in the Life of a Woman, 1927 (Original title: Vierundzwanzig Stunden aus dem Leben einer Frau) - novella initially published in the volume Verwirrung der Gefühle: Drei Novellen
* Short stories, 1930 (Original title: Kleine Chronik. Vier Erzählungen) - includes Buchmendel
* Collected Stories, 1936 (Original title: Gesammelte Erzählungen) - two volumes of short stories:
1. The Chains (Original title: Die Kette)
2. Kaleidoscope (Original title: Kaleidoskop). Includes: Casual Knowledge of a Craft, Leporella, Fear, Burning Secret, Summer Novella, The Governess, Buchmendel, The Refugee, The Invisible Collection, Fantastic Night and Moonbeam Alley
* Beware of Pity, 1939 (Original title: Ungeduld des Herzens) novel
* The Royal Game or Chess Story (Original title: Schachnovelle; Buenos Aires, 1942) - novella written in 1938-41, published posthumously
* Clarissa, 1981 unfinished novel, published posthumously
* The Post Office Girl, 1982 (Original title: Rausch der Verwandlung. Roman aus dem Nachlaß; The Intoxication of Metamorphosis) - unfinished novel, published posthumously, and in 2008 for the first time in English.
Biographies and Historical Texts
* Béatrice Gonzalés-Vangell, Kaddish et Renaissance, La Shoah dans les romans viennois de Schindel, Menasse et Rabinovici, Septentrion, Valenciennes, 2005, 348 pages.
* Emile Verhaeren, 1910
* Three Masters: Balzac, Dickens, Dostoeffsky, 1920 (Original title: Drei Meister. Balzac – Dickens – Dostojewski)
* Romain Rolland. The Man and His Works, 1921 (Original title: Romain Rolland. Der Mann und das Werk)
* Nietzsche, 1925 (Originally published in the volume titled: Der Kampf mit dem Dämon. Hölderlin – Kleist – Nietzsche)
* Decisive Moments in History, 1927 (Original title: Sternstunden der Menschheit)
* Adepts in Self-Portraiture: Casanova, Stendhal, Tolstoy, 1928 (Original title: Drei Dichter ihres Lebens. Casanova – Stendhal – Tolstoi)
* Joseph Fouché, 1929 (Original title: Joseph Fouché. Bildnis eines politischen Menschen)
* Mental Healers: Franz Mesmer, Mary Baker Eddy, Sigmund Freud, 1932 (Original title: Die Heilung durch den Geist. Mesmer, Mary Baker-Eddy, Freud)
* Marie Antoinette: The Portrait of an Average Woman, 1932 (Original title: Marie Antoinette. Bildnis eines mittleren Charakters) ISBN 4-87187-855-4
* Erasmus of Rotterdam, 1934 (Original title: Triumph und Tragik des Erasmus von Rotterdam)
* Mary, Queen of Scotland and the Isles or The Queen of Scots, 1935 (Original title: Maria Stuart)
* The Right to Heresy: Castellio against Calvin, 1936 (Original title: Castellio gegen Calvin oder Ein Gewissen gegen die Gewalt)
* Conqueror of the Seas: The Story of Magellan, 1938 (Original title: Magellan. Der Mann und seine Tat) ISBN 4-87187-856-2
* Amerigo, 1944 (Original title: Amerigo. Geschichte eines historischen Irrtums) - written in 1942, published the day before he died
* Balzac, 1946 - written, as Richard Friedenthal describes in a postscript, by Zweig in the Brazilian summer capital of Petrópolis, without access to the files, notebooks, lists, tables, editions and monographs that Zweig accumulated for many years and that he took with him to Bath, but that he left behind when he went to America. Friedenthal wrote that Balzac "was to be his magnum opus, and he had been working at it for ten years. It was to be a summing up of his own experience as an author and of what life had taught him." Friedenthal claimed that "The book had been finished," though not every chapter was complete; he used a working copy of the manuscript Zweig left behind him to apply "the finishing touches," and Friedenthal rewrote the final chapters (Balzac, translated by William and Dorothy Rose [New York: Viking, 1946], pp. 399, 402).
Plays
* Tersites, 1907 (Original title: Tersites)
* Das Haus am Meer, 1912
* Jeremiah, 1917 (Original title: Jeremias)
Other
* The World of Yesterday (Original title: Die Welt von Gestern; Stockholm, 1942) - autobiography
* Brazil, Land of the Future (Original title: Brasilien. Ein Land der Zukunft; Bermann-Fischer, Stockholm 1941)
Books on Stefan Zweig
* Elizabeth Allday, Stefan Zweig: A Critical Biography, J. Philip O'Hara, Inc., Chicago, 1972
* Alberto Dines, Morte no Paraíso, a Tragédia de Stefan Zweig, Editora Nova Fronteira 1981, (rev. ed.) Editora Rocco 2004
* Alberto Dines, Tod im Paradies. Die Tragödie des Stefan Zweig, Edition Büchergilde, 2006
* Randolph J. Klawiter, Stefan Zweig. An International Bibliography, Ariadne Press, Riverside, 1991
* Donald A. Prater, European of Yesterday: A Biography of Stefan Zweig, Holes and Meier Publ., (rev. ed.) 2003
* Marion Sonnenfeld (editor), The World of Yesterday's Humanist Today. Proceedings of the Stafan Zweig Symposium, texts by Alberto Dines, Randolph J. Klawiter, Leo Spitzer and Harry Zohn, State University of New York Press, 1983
* Friderike Zweig, Stefan Zweig, Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1946 (An account of his life by his first wife)