阅读斯蒂芬·茨威格 Stefan Zweig在小说之家的作品!!! | |||||||||||||
斯蒂芬·茨威格一八八一年十一月二十八日，茨威格出生在奥匈帝国首都维也纳一个犹太富商家里。他自幼受到良好的教育和资产阶级上流社会的文艺熏陶，十六岁便在维也纳《社会》杂志上发表诗作。一九年中学毕业，入维也纳大学攻读德国和法国文学，接触了托尔斯泰和陀思妥耶夫斯基的作品，研究和翻译过法国波德莱尔和魏尔伦、比利时凡尔哈伦的诗歌。一九零零年曾去柏林学习过一个学期。他有意识地深入社会底层，了解一些遭人唾弃的卑贱者的生活经历和内心世界。一九零三年获博士学位。
茨威格早期的诗集《银弦》(1901)和《早年的花冠》(1906)、小说集《埃利卡·艾瓦尔德之恋》(1904)等，受当时盛行的印象主义和象征主义的影响，缺乏内容和新意。
从一九零七年到第一次世界大战，他在创作上渐趋成熟。除了《泰西特斯》(1907)、《海滨之屋》(1912)和《化身戏子》(1913)等剧本外，他还发表了小说集《最初的经历》(1911)，由有声望的莱比锡岛屿出版社出版。
一九一四年第一次世界大战爆发。茨威格在《柏林日报》(9月19日)上发表《致外国友人》一文，表明自己忠于同他们的友谊，以及来日和他们携手重建欧洲文化的愿望。第一次大战期间，欧洲许多知名作家都未能摆脱狭隘民族主义和沙文主义的影响，唯有少数人能保持清醒的头脑，坚持反战立场，茨威格便是其中之一。
茨威格经历了战后的灾难：饥馑、寒冷和通货膨胀；对他触动最深的是社会道德的沦丧。此后的二十余年是他的创造力最旺盛的时期，他的主要作品，大多是这一时期的产物。
一方面是传记著作。他的《三大师》(1920)论述巴尔扎克、狄更斯和陀斯陀耶夫斯基。接着，他撰写了《罗曼·罗兰》(1921)。其他的传记著作有：《同魔鬼作斗争》(1923，记述三个患精神病的作家荷尔德林、克莱斯特和尼采)，《自画像的名手》(1928，记述卡萨诺瓦、司汤达和托尔斯泰)，《精神疗法》(1931，记述发明催眠术的奥地利医生墨斯墨尔、所谓“教科学”创始人玛丽·贝克和著名精神病学者弗洛伊德)，《玛丽亚·安托万内特》(1932)和《玛丽亚·斯图亚特》(1933)等。这些著作表达了他对于以自由精神和人道主义为中心的西欧文化的尊崇。
另一方面是小说。《心的焦躁》是他唯一的长篇小说，作于一九三八年。这一时期的中短篇包括：《恐惧》(1920；1925年改写)、《马来狂人》(1922)、《一个陌生女人的来信》(1922)和《一个女人一生中的二十四小时》(1922)、《月光胡同》(1922)、《看不见的珍藏》(1927)等等。他作品的基调是现实主义的，他最擅长的手法是细腻的心理描写。他尤其着重选取资产阶级社会中妇女的不幸遭遇的题材，揭露“文明人”圈子的生活空虚和道德败坏，谴责对女性的不尊重和对人的善良品质的残害，赞美同情、了解、仁爱和宽恕。他努力探索人物的精神世界，描写道德败坏给人带来的情感上的痛苦，揭示个人心灵中种种抽象的美德，甚至让已经堕落的人身上闪耀出道义的火花，他的目的是要改进资本主义社会的道德观念和人们的精神面貌。
一九三三年希特勒上台，一九三四年发生维也纳事件，奥地利的法西斯分子要求德、奥合并，茨威格不得已迁居英国。一九三八年，奥地利并入德国后，他便加入英国籍，不久又离英赴美，一九四零年经纽约去巴西。
一九四二年二月二十三日，茨威格和他的妻子在巴西服毒自杀。他在去世之前，完成了《昨日的世界---一个欧洲人的回忆录》，这是他一生的历史，也是他那一代人的历史；这是对昨日的世界，亦即对在第二次世界大战中沉沦的资产阶级世界的回忆。他死后发表的《象棋的故事》(1941)，是他的最后一篇小说，沉痛地诉说了一个心灵和才智遭到纳粹摧残的人的经历。
Life
Zweig was the son of Moritz Zweig (1845-1926), a wealthy Jewish textile manufacturer, and Ida Zweig née Brettauer (1854-1938), from a Jewish banking family. Joseph Brettauer did business for twenty years in Ancona, Italy, where his second daughter Ida was born and grew up, too. Zweig studied philosophy at the university of Vienna and in 1904 earned a doctoral degree with a thesis on "The Philosophy of Hippolyte Taine". Religion did not play a central role in his education. "My mother and father were Jewish only through accident of birth," Zweig said later in an interview. Yet he did not renounce his Jewish faith and wrote repeatedly on Jewish themes. Although his essays were published in the Neue Freie Presse, whose literary editor was the Zionist leader Theodor Herzl, Zweig was not attracted to Herzl's Jewish nationalism.
In the First World War Zweig served in the Archives of the Ministry of War, and soon acquired a pacifist stand like his friend Romain Rolland, winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature 1915. Zweig remained pacifist all his life and advocated the unification of Europe. Like Rolland, he wrote many biographies. His Erasmus of Rotterdam he called a "concealed self-portrayal" in The World of Yesterday.
Zweig fled Austria in 1934, following Hitler's rise to power in Germany. He then lived in England (in London and from 1939 in Bath) before moving to the United States in 1940. In 1941 he went to Brazil, where in 1942 he and his second wife Lotte (née Charlotte Elisabeth Altmann) committed suicide together in Petrópolis, despairing at the future of Europe and its culture. "I think it better to conclude in good time and in erect bearing a life in which intellectual labour meant the purest joy and personal freedom the highest good on Earth," he wrote. His autobiography The World of Yesterday is a paean to the European culture he considered lost.
Work
Stefan Zweig was a prominent writer in the 1920s and 1930s. Though he is still well-known in many European countries, his work has become less familiar in the anglophone world. Since the 1990s there has been an effort on the part of several publishers (notably Pushkin Press and New York Review of Books) to get Zweig back into print in English.
Zweig is best known for his novellas (notably The Royal Game, Amok, Letter from an Unknown Woman - filmed in 1948 by Max Ophuls), novels (Beware of Pity, Confusion of Feelings, and the posthumously published The Post Office Girl) and biographies (notably Erasmus of Rotterdam, Conqueror of the Seas: The Story of Magellan, and Mary, Queen of Scotland and the Isles). At one time his works were published in English under the pseudonym 'Stephen Branch' (a translation of his real name) when anti-German sentiment was running high. His biography of Queen Marie-Antoinette was later adapted for a Hollywood movie, starring the actress Norma Shearer in the title role.
Zweig enjoyed a close association with Richard Strauss, and provided the libretto for Die schweigsame Frau (The Silent Woman). Strauss famously defied the Nazi regime by refusing to sanction the removal of Zweig's name from the program for the work's première on June 24, 1935 in Dresden. As a result, Goebbels refused to attend as planned, and the opera was banned after three performances. Zweig later collaborated with Joseph Gregor, to provide Strauss with the libretto for one other opera, Daphne, in 1937. At least one other work by Zweig received a musical setting: the pianist and composer Henry Jolles, who like Zweig had fled to Brazil to escape the Nazis, composed a song, "Último poema de Stefan Zweig", based on "Letztes Gedicht", which Zweig wrote on the occasion of his 60th birthday in November 1941.
There are important Zweig collections at the British Library and at the State University of New York at Fredonia. The British Library's Zweig Music Collection was donated to the library by his heirs in May 1986. It specialises in autograph music manuscripts, including works by Bach, Haydn, Wagner, and Mahler. It has been described as "one of the world's greatest collections of autograph manuscripts". One particularly precious item is Mozart's "Verzeichnüß aller meiner Werke" - that is, the composer's own handwritten thematic catalogue of his works.
Bibliography
The dates mentioned below are the dates of first publication in German.
Note: This bibliography is still incomplete. Please refer to the German version for more information.
Fiction
* The Love of Erika Ewald, 1904 (Original title: Die Liebe der Erika Ewald)
* Burning Secret, 1913 (Original title: Brennendes Geheimnis)
* Letter from an Unknown Woman, 1922 (Original title: Brief einer Unbekannten) - novella
* Amok, 1922 (Original title: Amok) - novella, initially published with several others in Amok. Novellen einer Leidenschaft
* Fear, 1925 (Original title: Angst. Novelle)
* The Eyes of My Brother, Forever, 1925 (Original title: Die Augen des ewigen Bruders)
* The Invisible Collection see Collected Stories below , (Original title: Die Unsichtbare Sammlung, first published in book form in 'Insel-Almanach auf das Jahr 1927')
* The Refugee, 1927 (Original title: Der Flüchtling. Episode vom Genfer See).
* Confusion of Feelings or Confusion: The Private Papers of Privy Councillor R. Von D, 1927 (Original title: Verwirrung der Gefühle) - novella initially published in the volume Verwirrung der Gefühle: Drei Novellen
* Twenty-Four Hours in the Life of a Woman, 1927 (Original title: Vierundzwanzig Stunden aus dem Leben einer Frau) - novella initially published in the volume Verwirrung der Gefühle: Drei Novellen
* Short stories, 1930 (Original title: Kleine Chronik. Vier Erzählungen) - includes Buchmendel
* Collected Stories, 1936 (Original title: Gesammelte Erzählungen) - two volumes of short stories:
1. The Chains (Original title: Die Kette)
2. Kaleidoscope (Original title: Kaleidoskop). Includes: Casual Knowledge of a Craft, Leporella, Fear, Burning Secret, Summer Novella, The Governess, Buchmendel, The Refugee, The Invisible Collection, Fantastic Night and Moonbeam Alley
* Beware of Pity, 1939 (Original title: Ungeduld des Herzens) novel
* The Royal Game or Chess Story (Original title: Schachnovelle; Buenos Aires, 1942) - novella written in 1938-41, published posthumously
* Clarissa, 1981 unfinished novel, published posthumously
* The Post Office Girl, 1982 (Original title: Rausch der Verwandlung. Roman aus dem Nachlaß; The Intoxication of Metamorphosis) - unfinished novel, published posthumously, and in 2008 for the first time in English.
Biographies and Historical Texts
* Béatrice Gonzalés-Vangell, Kaddish et Renaissance, La Shoah dans les romans viennois de Schindel, Menasse et Rabinovici, Septentrion, Valenciennes, 2005, 348 pages.
* Emile Verhaeren, 1910
* Three Masters: Balzac, Dickens, Dostoeffsky, 1920 (Original title: Drei Meister. Balzac – Dickens – Dostojewski)
* Romain Rolland. The Man and His Works, 1921 (Original title: Romain Rolland. Der Mann und das Werk)
* Nietzsche, 1925 (Originally published in the volume titled: Der Kampf mit dem Dämon. Hölderlin – Kleist – Nietzsche)
* Decisive Moments in History, 1927 (Original title: Sternstunden der Menschheit)
* Adepts in Self-Portraiture: Casanova, Stendhal, Tolstoy, 1928 (Original title: Drei Dichter ihres Lebens. Casanova – Stendhal – Tolstoi)
* Joseph Fouché, 1929 (Original title: Joseph Fouché. Bildnis eines politischen Menschen)
* Mental Healers: Franz Mesmer, Mary Baker Eddy, Sigmund Freud, 1932 (Original title: Die Heilung durch den Geist. Mesmer, Mary Baker-Eddy, Freud)
* Marie Antoinette: The Portrait of an Average Woman, 1932 (Original title: Marie Antoinette. Bildnis eines mittleren Charakters) ISBN 4-87187-855-4
* Erasmus of Rotterdam, 1934 (Original title: Triumph und Tragik des Erasmus von Rotterdam)
* Mary, Queen of Scotland and the Isles or The Queen of Scots, 1935 (Original title: Maria Stuart)
* The Right to Heresy: Castellio against Calvin, 1936 (Original title: Castellio gegen Calvin oder Ein Gewissen gegen die Gewalt)
* Conqueror of the Seas: The Story of Magellan, 1938 (Original title: Magellan. Der Mann und seine Tat) ISBN 4-87187-856-2
* Amerigo, 1944 (Original title: Amerigo. Geschichte eines historischen Irrtums) - written in 1942, published the day before he died
* Balzac, 1946 - written, as Richard Friedenthal describes in a postscript, by Zweig in the Brazilian summer capital of Petrópolis, without access to the files, notebooks, lists, tables, editions and monographs that Zweig accumulated for many years and that he took with him to Bath, but that he left behind when he went to America. Friedenthal wrote that Balzac "was to be his magnum opus, and he had been working at it for ten years. It was to be a summing up of his own experience as an author and of what life had taught him." Friedenthal claimed that "The book had been finished," though not every chapter was complete; he used a working copy of the manuscript Zweig left behind him to apply "the finishing touches," and Friedenthal rewrote the final chapters (Balzac, translated by William and Dorothy Rose [New York: Viking, 1946], pp. 399, 402).
Plays
* Tersites, 1907 (Original title: Tersites)
* Das Haus am Meer, 1912
* Jeremiah, 1917 (Original title: Jeremias)
Other
* The World of Yesterday (Original title: Die Welt von Gestern; Stockholm, 1942) - autobiography
* Brazil, Land of the Future (Original title: Brasilien. Ein Land der Zukunft; Bermann-Fischer, Stockholm 1941)
Books on Stefan Zweig
* Elizabeth Allday, Stefan Zweig: A Critical Biography, J. Philip O'Hara, Inc., Chicago, 1972
* Alberto Dines, Morte no Paraíso, a Tragédia de Stefan Zweig, Editora Nova Fronteira 1981, (rev. ed.) Editora Rocco 2004
* Alberto Dines, Tod im Paradies. Die Tragödie des Stefan Zweig, Edition Büchergilde, 2006
* Randolph J. Klawiter, Stefan Zweig. An International Bibliography, Ariadne Press, Riverside, 1991
* Donald A. Prater, European of Yesterday: A Biography of Stefan Zweig, Holes and Meier Publ., (rev. ed.) 2003
* Marion Sonnenfeld (editor), The World of Yesterday's Humanist Today. Proceedings of the Stafan Zweig Symposium, texts by Alberto Dines, Randolph J. Klawiter, Leo Spitzer and Harry Zohn, State University of New York Press, 1983
* Friderike Zweig, Stefan Zweig, Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1946 (An account of his life by his first wife)