ōu zhōu:   
英国 United Kingdom   爱尔兰 Ireland   比利时 Belgium   荷兰 Netherlands   法国 France   西班牙 Spain   葡萄牙 Portugal   意大利 Italy   希腊 Greece   奥地利 Austria   匈牙利 Hungary   德国 Germany   瑞士 Switzerland   罗马尼亚 Romania   俄罗斯 Russia   波兰 Poland   克罗地亚 Croatia (Hrvatska)   捷克 Czech   芬兰 Finland   瑞典 Sweden   挪威 Norway   冰岛 Iceland   土耳其 Turkey   丹麦 Denmark   阿尔巴尼亚 Albania   爱沙尼亚 Republic of Estonia   安道尔 Andorra   白俄罗斯 Belarus   保加利亚 The Republic of Bulgaria   波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 Bosnia and Herzegovina   梵蒂冈 Vatican City State (Holy See)   黑山 The Republic of Montenegro   拉脱维亚 Latvia   立陶宛 Republic of Lithuania   列支敦士登 Liechtenstein   卢森堡 Luxembourg   马耳他 Republic of Malta   马其顿 The Republic of Macedonia   摩尔多瓦 The Republic of Moldova   摩纳哥 Monaco   塞尔维亚 the Republic of Serbia   斯洛伐克 The Slovak Republic   斯洛文尼亚 the Republic of Slovenia   圣马力诺 San Marino   乌克兰 Ukraine   
ào dì lì Austria   shǒudōu:wéi yě nà  guógūdàimǎ: at   
  cháozhèng
ào dì lì Austriazuòzhělièbiǎo shǒudōu:wéi yě nà

lǐ 'ěr kè     tè lā kè 'ěr     cè lán    
奥地利
　　ào dì lì gòng hé guó (TheRepublicofAustria,RepublikÖsterreich)。
　　【 guó qí】　 chéng cháng fāng xíng， cháng yǔ kuān zhī bǐ wéi ３ ∶ ２。 zì shàng 'ér xià yóu hóng、 bái、 hóng sān gè píng xíng xiāng děng de héng cháng fāng xíng xiāng lián 'ér chéng， qí miàn zhèng zhōng shì 'ào dì lì guó huī tú 'àn。 cǐ qí de lái lì kě zhuī sù dào 'ào xiōng dì guó shí qī， jù shuō dāng shí de bā běn bǎo gōng jué zài yǔ yīng wáng lǐ chá yī shì jī zhàn shí， gōng jué de bái sè jūn yī jīhū quán bèi xiān xuè rǎn hóng， zhǐ yòu pèi jiàn chù liú xià yī dào bái hén。 cóng cǐ， gōng jué de jūn duì cǎi yòng hóng bái hóng wéi zhàn qí yán sè。 １ ７ ８ ６ nián yuē sè fū guó wáng 'èr shì bǎ hóng bái hóng qí zuò wéi quán jūn zhàn qí，１ ９１９ nián zhèng shì dìng wéi 'ào dì lì guó qí。 ào dì lì zhèng fǔ jī gòu、 bù cháng、 zǒng tǒng děng guān fāng dài biǎo hé zhèng fǔ zhù wài jī gòu jūn shǐ yòng dài guó huī de guó qí， yī bān chǎng hé bù yòng dài guó huī de guó qí。
　　【 guó huī】　 wéi yī zhǐ yīng。 hēi sè de xióng yīng tóu dài jīn guān， liǎng zhǎo fēn bié wò zhe jīn sè de chuí zǐ hé lián dāo， xiōng qián de dùn miàn shàng wèiguó qí tú 'àn， yīng zhǎo shàng hái tào yòu bèi dǎ duàn de suǒ liàn。 yīng shì 'ào dì lì de biāo zhì， bì xíng jīn guān xiàng zhēng shì mín， lián dāo hé chuí zǐ xiàng zhēng nóng gōng， suǒ liàn bèi dǎ duàn xiàng zhēng 'ào dì lì rén mín huò dé zì yóu、 jiě fàng。
　　【 guó gē】　《 ràng wǒ men lā qǐ shǒu lái》
　　【 guó huā】　 huǒ róng cǎo
　　【 guó niǎo】　 jiā yàn
　　【 guó shí】　 guì dàn bái shí
　　【 miàn jī】　 83871 píng fāng gōng lǐ。（ zī liào lái yuán： 2004 nián 'ào dì lì tǒng jì nián jiàn）
　　【 rén kǒu】　 805.3 wàn（ 2002 nián）。 qí zhōng wài guó rén 75.8 wàn rén， zhàn 9.4%。 shǎo shù mín zú yòu sī luò wén ní yà rén、 kè luó dì yà rén hé xiōng yá lì rén， yuē zhàn rén kǒu de 0.52%。 guān fāng yǔ yán dé yǔ。 73% de jū mín xìn fèng tiān zhù jiào。
　　【 shǒu dū】　 wéi yě nà (Wien)， rén kǒu 155 wàn rén（ 2002 nián）。
　　【 guó jiā yuán shǒu】　 zǒng tǒng hǎi yīn cí · fěi shè 'ěr（ HeinzFischer）， 2004 nián 4 yuè 25 rì dāng xuǎn， 7 yuè 8 rì jiù rèn。
　　
　　 guó jiā gài kuàng
　　 ào dì lì yì wéi “ dōng fāng de guó jiā ”。 wèi yú 'ōu zhōu zhōng bù， wéi zhù míng de shān guó， lián mián qǐ fú de 'ā 'ěr bēi sī shān héng guàn jìng nèi， měi lì de duō nǎo hé wān yán liú tǎng。 shuǐ lì， sēn lín， kuàng chǎn fēng fù， jīng jì fā dá。 shí mò， líng měi kuàng chǔ xù liàng jū shì jiè qián liè。
　　 ào dì lì dì chù 'ōu zhōu zhōng xīn， shì 'ōu zhōu zhòng yào de jiāo tōng shū niǔ。 ào dì lì de gōng yè tè diǎn shì guó yòu huà chéng dù gāo， guó yòu qǐ yè kòng zhì liǎo 95 ％ de jī chǔ gōng yè hé 85％ yǐ shàng de dòng lì gōng yè , qí chǎn zhí jí zhí gōng rén shù jūn zhàn qí zǒng shù de 70％。 zhù yào gōng yè bù mén shì cǎi kuàng、 gāng tiě、 jī xiè zhì zào、 shí yóu huà gōng、 diàn lì、 jīn shǔ jiā gōng、 qì chē zhì zào、 fǎng zhì、 fú zhuāng、 zào zhǐ、 shí pǐn děng， cǎi kuàng yè guī mó xiāng duì jiào xiǎo。 gāng tiě gōng yè zài guó mín jīng jì zhōng zhàn yòu zhòng yào dì wèi。 ào dì lì huà xué gōng yè yuán liào fēng fù , rú mù cái、 shí yóu、 tiān rán qì hé méi jiāo yóu děng , wéi huà gōng de fā zhǎn tí gōng liǎo yòu lì tiáo jiàn。 zhù yào huà gōng chǎn pǐn yòu xiān wéi sù , dàn féi hé shí huà chǎn pǐn。 jī xiè zhì zào yè zhù yào shēng chǎn gōng yè jī xiè chéng tào shè bèi , rú shuǐ lún fā diàn jī、 duō zuàn tóu cǎi méi jī、 tiě lù zhù lù jī、 mù cái jiā gōng jī hé zuāntàn shè bèi děng。 qì chē gōng yè shì 'ào dì lì jī xiè zhì zào yè de yòu yī zhù yào bù mén。 zhù yào shēng chǎn zài zhòng qì chē、 yuè yě chē、 tuō lā jī、 qiān yǐn chē、 zhuāng jiá yùn shū chē jí sǎnjiàn děng。 cǎi kuàng yè shì 'ào dì lì de chuán tǒng gōng yè , zhù yào kāi cǎi tiě kuàng、 hè méi、 wū、 gāo、 líng měi kuàng、 dà lǐ shí、 huá shí、 gāo lǐng shì、 shí yīng。 kuàng chǎn zhù yào yòu shí mò hé měi， lìng yòu hè méi、 tiě、 shí yóu hé tiān rán qì děng。 sēn lín、 shuǐ lì zī yuán fēng fù。 sēn lín zhàn guó tǔ miàn jī de 42％， yòu lín chǎng 400 wàn gōng qǐng， mù cái xù jī liàng yuē 9 ． 9 yì lì fāng mǐ。 nóng yè fā dá， jī xiè huà chéng dù gāo。 nóng chǎn pǐn zìjǐ yòu yú。 fú wù yè cóng yè rén yuán yuē zhàn láo dòng lì zǒng shù de 56％， qí zhōng lǚ yóu yè shì zuì zhòng yào de fú wù hángyè， zhù yào lǚ yóu diǎn shì dì luó 'ěr zhōu、 sà 'ěr cí bǎo zhōu、 kè 'ēn dùn zhōu hé wéi yě nà shì。 ào dì lì duì wài mào yì zài jīng jì zhōng zhàn zhòng yào dì wèi。 zhù yào chū kǒu chǎn pǐn shì gāng tiě、 jī xiè、 jiāo tōng gōng jù、 huà gōng zhì pǐn hé shí pǐn。 jìn kǒu zhù yào shì néng yuán、 yuán liào hé xiāo fèi pǐn。 nóng yè fā dá。
　　
　　 zì rán huán jìng
　　 wèi yú zhōng 'ōu nán bù de nèi lù guó。 dōng lín sī luò fá kè hé xiōng yá lì， nán jiē sī luò wén ní yà hé yì dà lì， xī lián ruì shì hé liè zhī dūn shì dēng， běi yǔ dé guó hé jié kè jiē rǎng。 shǔ hǎi yáng xìng xiàng dà lù xìng guò dù de wēn dài kuò yè lín qì hòu。 píng jūn qì wēn 1 yuè wéi － 2 ℃， 7 yuè wéi 19℃。
　　
　　 guó jiā lì shǐ
　　 gōng yuán 996 nián， shǐ shū zhōng dì yī cì tí jí“ ào dì lì”。 12 shì jì zhōng yè zài bā běn bèi gé wáng zú tǒng zhì shí qī xíng chéng gōng guó， chéng wéi dú lì guó jiā。 1278 nián kāi shǐ liǎo hā bù sī bǎo wáng cháo cháng dá 640 nián de tǒng zhì。 18 shì jì chū， hā bù sī bǎo wáng cháo lǐng tǔ kōng qián kuò dà。 1815 nián wéi yě nà huì yì hòu chéng lì liǎo yǐ 'ào wéi shǒu de dé yì zhì bāng lián， 1866 nián zài pǔ 'ào zhàn zhēng zhōng shī bài， bāng lián jiě sàn。 1867 nián yǔ xiōng yá lì qiān yuē， chéng lì 'ào xiōng dì guó。 1918 nián dì yī cì shì jiè dà zhàn jié shù hòu， dì guó jiě tǐ， chéng lì gòng hé guó。 1938 nián 3 yuè bèi xī tè lè dé guó tūn bìng。 èr zhàn hòu bèi sū、 měi、 yīng、 fǎ sì guó zhàn lǐng。 1945 nián 4 yuè chéng lì dì 'èr gòng hé guó。 1955 nián 5 yuè， sì gè zhàn lǐng guó tóng 'ào qiān dìng《 chóngjiàn dú lì hé mín zhù de 'ào dì lì guó jiā tiáo yuē》， xuān bù zūn zhòng 'ào de zhù quán hé dú lì。 10 yuè zhàn lǐng jūn chè chū， ào dì lì chóngxīn huò dé dú lì。 10 yuè 26 rì， ào guó mín yì huì tōng guò yǒng jiǔ zhōng lì fǎ， xuān bù bù cān jiā rèn hé jūn shì tóng méng， bù yǔn xǔ zài qí lǐng tǔ shàng shè lì wài guó jūn shì jī dì。 zì 1965 nián qǐ， 10 yuè 26 rì bèi dìng wéi 'ào guó qìng rì。
　　
　　 gōng yuán qián 400 nián， kè 'ěr tè rén zài cǐ jiàn lì liǎo nuò lǐ kǒng wáng guó。 gōng yuán qián 15 nián bèi luó mǎ rén zhàn lǐng。 zhōng shì jì zǎo qī gē tè rén、 bā fá lì yà rén、 ā lè màn ní rén rù jìng jū zhù， shǐ zhè yī dì qū rì 'ěr màn huà hé jī dū jiào huà。 gōng yuán 996 nián， shǐ shū zhōng dì yī cì tí jí“ ào dì lì”。 12 shì jì zhōng yè bā bēn bǎo jiā zú tǒng zhì shí qī xíng chéng gōng guó， chéng wéi dú lì guó jiā。 1276 nián bèi shén shèng luó mǎ dì guó qīn zhàn， 1278 nián， kāi shǐ liǎo hā bù sī bǎo wáng cháo cháng dá 640 nián de tǒng zhì。 1699 nián huò dé duì xiōng yá lì de tǒng zhì quán。 1804 nián fú lǎng cí 'èr shì cǎi yòng 'ào dì lì huáng dì chēng hào， 1806 nián bèi pò cí qù shén shèng luó mǎ dì guó huáng dì zhī chēng。 1815 nián， wéi yě nà huì yì hòu， chéng lì liǎo yǐ 'ào wéi shǒu de dé yì zhì bāng lián。 1860 ─ 1866 nián xiàng jūn zhù lì xiàn zhì guò dù。 1866 nián zài pǔ 'ào zhàn zhēng zhōng shī bài， bèi pò jiě sàn dé yì zhì bāng lián。 yì nián yǔ xiōng yá lì qiān dìng xié yì， chéng lì 'èr yuán zhì de 'ào xiōng dì guó。 dì yī cì shì jiè dà zhàn zhōng， ào jūn zhàn bài， dì guó suí jí wǎ jiě。 1918 nián 11 yuè 12 rì 'ào dì lì xuān bù chéng lì gòng hé guó。 1938 nián 3 yuè bèi nà cuì dé guó tūn bìng。 èr cì dà zhàn zhōng zuò wéi dé guó de yī bù fēn cān zhàn。 tóng méng guó jūn duì jiě fàng 'ào dì lì hòu， ào dì lì yú 1945 nián 4 yuè 27 rì chéng lì lín shí zhèng fǔ。 tóng nián 7 yuè， dé guó tóu jiàng hòu， ào dì lì yòu bèi sū、 měi、 yīng、 fǎ jūn zhàn lǐng， quán jìng huàfēn wéi 4 gè zhàn lǐng qū。 1955 nián 5 yuè， 4 guó yǔ 'ào dì lì qiān shǔ tiáo yuē xuān bù zūn zhòng 'ào dì lì de zhù quán hé dú lì。 1955 nián 10 yuè zhàn lǐng jūn quán bù chè zǒu。 tóng nián 10 yuè 26 rì 'ào guó mín yì huì tōng guò yǒng jiǔ zhōng lì fǎ， xuān bù bù cān jiā rèn hé jūn shì tóng méng， bù yǔn xǔ zài qí lǐng tǔ shàng shè lì wài guó jūn shì jī dì。
　　
　　 guó jiā zhèng zhì
　　2004 nián， ào zhèng jú jī běn bǎo chí wěn dìng。 zhèng dǎng lì liàng duì bǐ yòu suǒ gǎi biàn。 rén mín dǎng hé zì yóu dǎng lián hé zhèng fǔ jiā dà gè xiàng gǎi gé lì dù， tōng guò liǎo 'èr zhàn yǐ lái zuì dà guī mó de yī lǎn zǐ shuì gǎi fāng 'àn， tuī chū yǎng lǎo jīn gǎi gé、 xīn de nànmín fǎ、 ān quán jǐng chá fǎ bìng duì jiào yù jī gòu jìn xíng jīng jiǎn hé bìng， yǐ tí gāo 'ào duì wài zī de xī yǐn lì， jiǎn qīng zhèng fǔ cái zhèng fù dān， jiǎn yuán zēng xiào， gǎi shàn jiào yù guǎn lǐ tǐ xì děng。 dàn zhè xiē gǎi gé fāng 'àn， tè bié shì yǎng lǎo jīn gǎi gé chù dòng liǎo shè huì gè jiē céng de shí jì lì yì， zài shè huì jí gè dǎng nèi bù yǐn qǐ zhēng yì。 zài sà 'ěr cí bǎo zhōu děng zhōu xuǎn、 lián bāng zǒng tǒng xuǎn jǔ jí 'ōu zhōu yì huì xuǎn jǔ zhōng， rén mín dǎng hé zì yóu dǎng dé piào shuài xià jiàng， shè mín dǎng shēng shì míng xiǎn， lǜ dǎng yīn jiān chí huán bǎo hé kě chí xù fā zhǎn zhèng cè， zài zhōu xuǎn hé 'ōu zhōu yì huì xuǎn jǔ zhōng de zhī chí shuài jūn yòu jiào dà fú dù tí gāo。
　　
　　【 xiàn fǎ】　 xiàn xíng xiàn fǎ 1920 nián 11 yuè 10 rì shēng xiào。 1925 nián hé 1929 nián tōng guò liǎng xiàng fù zé。 1934 nián xiàn fǎ bèi fèi chú。 1945 nián 'ào chóngjiàn hòu xuān bù 1920 nián xiàn fǎ hé liǎng gè fù zé jì xù yòu xiào。 xiàn fǎ guī dìng， ào wéi lián bāng zhì gòng hé guó， zǒng tǒng shì guó jiā yuán shǒu， yóu pǔ xuǎn chǎn shēng， rèn qī 6 nián。 zǒng lǐ wéi zhèng fǔ shǒu nǎo。
　　
　　【 yì huì】　 yóu guó mín yì huì hé lián bāng yì huì zǔ chéng。 guó mín yì huì zhì dìng fǎ lǜ， zhù chí xīn zhèng fǔ de jiù zhí yí shì， tōng guò bù xìn rèn biǎo jué bà miǎn lián bāng zhèng fǔ jí qí chéng yuán。 lián bāng yì huì dài biǎo gè zhōu de lì yì， yòu quán jiāng guó mín yì huì tōng guò de fǎ lǜ tí 'àn bó huí， dàn rú guó mín yì huì jiān chí yuán 'àn， lián bāng yì huì bù dé zài tí yì yì。 guó mín yì huì gòng 183 xí， àn bǐ lì dài biǎo zhì chǎn shēng， rèn qī 4 nián。 běn jiè guó mín yì huì 2002 nián 11 yuè chǎn shēng， gè dǎng suǒ zhàn xí wèi： rén mín dǎng 79 xí， shè mín dǎng 69 xí， zì yóu dǎng 18 xí， lǜ dǎng 17 xí。 yì cháng rèn qī 4 nián， xiàn rèn yì cháng 'ān dé lǐ yà sī kē 'ěr (AndreasKohl， rén mín dǎng )。 lián bāng yì huì gòng 62 xí， yóu gè zhōu 'àn rén kǒu bǐ lì xuǎn pài， yì cháng yóu gè zhōu duō shù dǎng yì yuán lún liú dān rèn， rèn qī bàn nián。 guó mín yì huì hé lián bāng yì huì lián hé zǔ chéng lián bāng huì yì， zhù yào zhí néng shì jiē shòu zǒng tǒng jiù zhí xuān shì yǐ jí zài bì yào shí jué dìng duì wài xuān zhàn。
　　
　　【 zhèng fǔ】 2003 nián 2 yuè 28 rì rén mín dǎng hé zì yóu dǎng zài cì lián hé zǔ gé。 xiàn zhèng fǔ zǔ chéng rú xià： zǒng lǐ wò 'ěr fū gāng xǔ sài 'ěr (WolfgangSchüssel， rén mín dǎng )， fù zǒng lǐ jiān jiāo tōng、 chuàng xīn hé jì shù bù cháng hú bó tè gē 'ěr bā hè（ HubertGorbach， zì yóu dǎng）， wài jiāo bù cháng wū sū lā pǔ lā sī ní kè（ UrsulaPlassnik， nǚ， rén mín dǎng） , jīng jì、 láo dòng bù cháng mǎ dīng bā 'ěr téng shī tǎn yīn (MartinBartenstein， rén mín dǎng )， cái zhèng bù cháng kǎ 'ěr－ hǎi yīn cí gé lā sè (Karl-HeinzGrasser， wú dǎng pài )， nèi zhèng bù cháng lì zé pǔ luó kē pǔ (LieseProkop， nǚ， rén mín dǎng )， guó fáng bù zhǎngjūn tè pǔ lā tè (GüntherPlatter， rén mín dǎng )， sī fǎ bù cháng dí tè bó mǔ duō fū (DieterBoehmdorfer， wú dǎng pài )， nóng yè、 lín yè hé huán bǎo bù cháng yuē sè fū pǔ lǚ 'ěr（ JosefPröll， rén mín dǎng）， shè huì bǎo zhàng bù cháng wū sū lā háo pǔ nà（ UrsulaHaubner， nǚ， zì yóu dǎng）， jiào yù、 kē xué hé wén huà bù cháng yī lì suō bái gài lè（ ElisabethGehrer， nǚ， rén mín dǎng）， wèi shēng、 jiā tíng yǔ qīng nián bù cháng mǎ lì yà láo hè héng kǎ lā tè（ MariaRauch-Kallat nǚ， rén mín dǎng）。
　　
　　【 xíng zhèng qū huá】　 quán guó huá wéi 9 gè zhōu， tā men shì： bù 'ěr gēn lán、 kè 'ēn dùn、 shàng 'ào dì lì、 xià 'ào dì lì、 sà 'ěr cí bǎo、 shī dì lì yà、 dì luó 'ěr、 fú lā 'ěr bèi gé、 wéi yě nà。 zhōu yǐ xià shè shì、 qū、 zhèn（ xiāng）。
　　
　　【 sī fǎ jī gòu】　 quán guó yòu sān gè fǎ yuàn xì tǒng： xiàn fǎ fǎ yuàn， shěn lǐ shè jí xiàn fǎ、 tè bié shì dì fāng yǔ lián bāng zhèng fǔ jiū fēn de 'àn jiàn， yuàn cháng kǎ 'ěr kē lǐ nèi kè (KarlKorinek)； xíng zhèng fǎ yuàn， shěn lǐ shè jí guān fāng jī gòu jí qí gōng zuò rén yuán de xíng zhèng jiū fēn 'àn jiàn， yuàn cháng kè lāi méng sī yǎ bó lún nà (ClemensJabloner)； zuì gāo fǎ yuàn， shěn lǐ xíng shì hé mín shì 'àn jiàn， yuàn cháng yuē hàn léi shū tè (JohannRzeszut)。
　　
　　【 zhèng dǎng】　（ 1） ào dì lì rén mín dǎng (ÖsterreichischeVolkspartei)： zhí zhèng dǎng。 qián shēn shì 1887 nián jiàn lì de jī dū jiào shè huì dǎng， 1945 nián gǎi yòng xiàn míng。 zhù xí wò 'ěr fū gāng xǔ sài 'ěr (WolfgangSchüssel)。
　　（ 2） ào dì lì zì yóu dǎng (FreiheitlicheParteiÖsterreichs)： zhí zhèng dǎng。 1955 nián chéng lì， qián shēn shì“ dú lì zhě lián méng” , céng yú 1983－ 1986 nián hé shè huì dǎng zǔ chéng lián hé zhèng fǔ。 zhù xí wū sū lā háo pǔ nà (UrsulaHaubner, nǚ )。
　　（ 3） ào dì lì shè huì mín zhù dǎng (SozialdemokratischeParteiÖsterreichs)： zài yě dǎng。 1889 nián chéng lì。 1919－ 1920 nián zhí zhèng， 1934 nián bèi qǔ dì。 1945 nián gǎi míng wéi shè huì dǎng， 1991 nián６ yuè gǎi xiàn míng。 zhù xí 'ā 'ěr fú léi dé gǔ sēn bào 'ěr (AlfredGusenbauer)。
　　（ 4） lǜ dǎng（ DieGrünen）： zài yě dǎng。 zhù yào zǔ zhì shì“ lǜ sè xuǎn zé” hé“ lián hé lǜ dǎng”。 lián bāng fā yán rén（ zhù xí） yà lì shān dà fàn dé bèi lún (AlexandervanderBellen)。
　　（ 5） zì yóu lùn tán (LiberalesForum)： yì huì wài fǎn duì dǎng。 1993 nián２ yuè yóu ５ míng yuán zì yóu dǎng yì yuán chéng lì， 11 yuè chéng lì quán guó xìng zǔ zhì。 lián bāng fā yán rén（ zhù xí） yà lì shān dà zhā hè（ AlexanderZach）。
　　（ 6） ào dì lì gòng chǎn dǎng (KommunistischeParteiÖsterreichs)： yì huì wài fǎn duì dǎng。 1918 nián chéng lì。 shí xíng jí tǐ lǐng dǎo。 lián bāng lǐ shì huì zǒng shū jì wǎ 'ěr tè bài 'ěr (WalterBaier)。
　　
　　【 zhòng yào rén wù】　
　　 hǎi yīn cí fěi shè 'ěr： zǒng tǒng。 1938 nián 10 yuè 9 rì shēng yú gé lā cí shì。 1971 nián dāng xuǎn guó mín yì huì yì yuán。 1975 nián qǐ lì rèn shè mín dǎng yì huì dǎng tuán zhù xí、 lián bāng kē yán bù cháng， bìng yú 1990 nián、 1996 nián hé 1999 nián sān cì dāng xuǎn guó mín yì huì yì cháng。 2002 nián 12 yuè qǐ rèn guó mín yì huì dì 'èr yì cháng。 2004 nián 4 yuè 25 rì dāng xuǎn lián bāng zǒng tǒng， 7 yuè 8 rì jiù rèn。 céng duō cì fǎng huá。
　　
　　 wò 'ěr fū gāng xǔ sài 'ěr： zǒng lǐ。 1945 nián 6 yuè shēng yú wéi yě nà， wéi yě nà dà xué fǎ lǜ xì bì yè， bó shì xué wèi。 1968 zhì 1975 nián rèn guó mín yì huì rén mín dǎng yì huì dǎng tuán mì shū， 1975 zhì 1991 nián rèn rén mín dǎng jīng jì lián méng mì shū cháng， 1979 zhì 1989 nián rèn guó mín yì huì yì yuán， 1987 zhì 1989 nián rèn guó mín yì huì rén mín dǎng yì huì dǎng tuán fù zhù xí， 1995 nián qǐ rèn 'ào rén mín dǎng zhù xí。 1989 nián qǐ xiān hòu dān rèn lián bāng jīng jì bù cháng、 lián bāng fù zǒng lǐ jiān wài jiāo bù cháng， 2000 nián 2 yuè chū rèn lián bāng zǒng lǐ， 2003 nián 2 yuè lián rèn。 céng yú 1995 nián hé 1998 nián fǎng huá。
　　
　　
　　 guó jiā jīng jì
　　2004 nián 'ào jīng jì zēngchánglǜ wéi 1.9%， tōng péng shuài 1.8%， shī yè shuài 4.2%。 2004 nián zhù yào jīng jì shù zì rú xià：
　　
　　 guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí： 2318 yì 'ōu yuán。
　　 rén jūn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí： 2.87 wàn 'ōu yuán。
　　 guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí zēngchánglǜ： 1.9%。
　　 guó mín shōu rù： 1970.9 yì 'ōu yuán。
　　 huò bì míng chēng： ōu yuán (EURO),1 ōu yuán =100 fēn。
　　 huì shuài（ 2004 nián 12 yuè）： 1 ōu yuán =1.33 měi yuán。
　　 tōng huò péng zhàng shuài： 1.8%。
　　 shī yè shuài： 4.2%
　　
　　【 zī yuán】　 kuàng chǎn zhù yào yòu shí mò、 měi、 hè méi、 tiě、 shí yóu、 tiān rán qì děng。 sēn lín、 shuǐ lì zī yuán fēng fù。 sēn lín fù gài shuài 42%， yòu lín chǎng 400 wàn gōng qǐng， mù cái xù jī liàng yuē 9.9 yì lì fāng mǐ。
　　
　　【 gōng yè】　 2002 nián gōng yè chǎn zhí 625.9 yì 'ōu yuán， zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 28.7%。 zhù yào gōng yè bù mén yòu cǎi kuàng、 gāng tiě、 shí huà、 jī xiè zhì zào、 zào zhǐ hé fǎng zhì děng。 2002 nián gōng yè cóng yè rén yuán wéi 116.5 wàn， zhàn cóng yè rén yuán zǒng shù de 29.6%。
　　
　　 zhù yào gōng yè pǐn chǎn liàng rú xià（ dān wèi： wàn dūn）：
　　200020012002
　　 tiě kuàng 185184.3194.2
　　 shí yóu 105.6105103.2
　　 tiān rán qì（ yì lì fāng mǐ） 1819.520.1
　　（ zī liào lái yuán： 2004 nián 'ào dì lì tǒng jì nián jiàn）
　　
　　【 nóng lín yè】　 2002 nián nóng lín yè chǎn zhí wéi 68.1 yì 'ōu yuán， zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 1.4%。 nóng lín yè cóng yè rén shù 21.69 wàn， zhàn cóng yè rén yuán zǒng shù de 5.5%。 kě gēng dì zhàn quán guó miàn jī de 18%， mù chǎng zhàn 27%。 nóng yè fā dá， jī xiè huà chéng dù gāo， nóng chǎn pǐn zìjǐ yòu yú。 zhù yào nóng chǎn pǐn chǎn liàng rú xià（ dān wèi： wàn dūn）：
　　200020012002
　　 xiǎo mài hé hēi mài 150.1172.8160.5
　　 yù mǐ 185.2149.3166.7
　　 mǎ líng shǔ 69.569.568.4
　　 tián cài 263.4277.3304.3
　　 zhū niú cún lán shù（ dān wèi： wàn tóu）：
　　200020012002
　　 zhū 334.8344330.5
　　 niú 263.4211.8206.7
　　( zī liào lái yuán： tóng shàng )
　　
　　【 lǚ yóu yè】　 lǚ yóu yè fā dá。 2002 nián jiē dài yóu kè 2736 wàn rén cì， qí zhōng wài guó yóu kè 1861 wàn rén cì。 quán guó yòu gè lèi lǚ guǎn 70834 jiā， gòng yòu chuáng wèi 103.2 wàn zhāng。 zhù yào lǚ yóu diǎn shì kè 'ēn dùn zhōu、 shī dì lì yà zhōu、 sà 'ěr cí bǎo zhōu、 dì luó 'ěr zhōu hé shàng 'ào zhōu。 yóu kè zhù yào lái zì dé、 hé、 ruì ( shì )、 yīng、 yì děng guó。
　　
　　【 jiāo tōng yùn shū】 ào dì lì dì chù 'ōu zhōu zhōng bù， shì 'ōu zhōu zhòng yào de jiāo tōng shū niǔ。 jìn nián lái jiāo tōng yùn shū qíng kuàng rú xià：
　　 tiě lù： 2002 nián quán guó tiě lù zǒng cháng 5616 gōng lǐ， kè yùn liàng 1.848 yì rén cì， huò yùn liàng 8721.5 wàn dūn。
　　 gōng lù： 2001 nián quán guó gè lèi gōng lù zǒng cháng yuē 11 wàn gōng lǐ， qí zhōng gāo sù gōng lù hé kuài sù lù 1999 gōng lǐ。
　　 shuǐ yùn： nèi hé háng xiàn cháng 350 gōng lǐ。 kè chuán 331 sōu， huò chuán 142 sōu。 2002 nián duō nǎo hé huò yùn liàng 1231.6 wàn dūn。
　　 kōng yùn： ào dì lì háng kōng gōng sī、 dì luó 'ěr háng kōng gōng sī hé láo dá háng kōng gōng sī gòng tóng zǔ chéng AUA jí tuán , yòu 94 jià fēi jī , fēi wǎng 65 gè guó jiā 129 zuò chéng shì。 yòu liù gè jī chǎng， zhù yào guó jì jī chǎng shì wéi yě nà shī wēi xià tè jī chǎng。
　　
　　【 cái zhèng jīn róng】　 2000-2002 nián cái zhèng shōu zhī qíng kuàng rú xià（ dān wèi： yì 'ōu yuán）：
　　200020012002
　　 zhī chū 568604618
　　 shōu rù 528590594
　　 chì zì 401424
　　2002 nián， guó zhài 1465.5 yì 'ōu yuán， xiāng dāng yú guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 67.6%。
　　（ zī liào lái yuán： ào dì lì lián bāng cái zhèng bù wǎng zhàn）
　　
　　【 duì wài mào yì】 wài mào zài jīng jì zhōng zhàn zhòng yào dì wèi。 tóng 150 duō gè guó jiā hé dì qū yòu mào yì guān xì。 jìn jǐ nián wài mào qíng kuàng rú xià（ dān wèi： yì 'ōu yuán）：
　　　 200020012002
　　 jìn kǒu 'é 105211121104
　　 chū kǒu 'é 103911111152
　　 chā 'é -13-148
　　（ zī liào lái yuán： 2004 nián 'ào dì lì tǒng jì nián jiàn）
　　 zhù yào chū kǒu chǎn pǐn shì gāng tiě、 jī xiè、 jiāo tōng gōng jù、 huà gōng zhì pǐn hé shí pǐn。 jìn kǒu zhù yào shì néng yuán、 yuán liào hé xiāo fèi pǐn。 dé guó、 yì dà lì hé měi guó shì 'ào 2002 nián sān gè zuì dà de mào yì huǒ bàn。
　　
　　【 duì wài tóu zī】 1991 nián chéng lì“ dōng xī fāng jī jīn”， gǔ lì dào dōng 'ōu guó jiā tóu zī， zhèng fǔ dān bǎo fēng xiǎn。 2002 nián 'ào zài guó wài tóu zī 'é 60 yì 'ōu yuán , qí zhōng zài dōng 'ōu dì qū zhí jiē tóu zī yuē 30 yì 'ōu yuán。
　　
　　【 fā zhǎn yuán zhù】 2003 nián fā zhǎn yuán zhù 'é 4.45 yì měi yuán， zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 0.2%。 fā zhǎn yuán zhù de zhòng diǎn shì nóng yè、 shuǐ lì、 wèi shēng、 néng yuán、 jī chǔ shè shī、 zhí yè péi xùn、 kē xué hé zuò hé tí gōng jiǎng xué jīn děng。
　　
　　【 wài guó zī běn】 2002 nián wài guó zài 'ào zhí jiē tóu zī wéi 16 yì 'ōu yuán， bǐ qián yī nián jiǎn shǎo 75%， dá dào 1995 nián yǐ lái de zuì dī zhí。 gòng yòu yuē 400 jiā qǐ yè zài 'ào tóu zī， dé guó shì 'ào zuì zhù yào de tóu zī lái yuán guó。
　　
　　【 rén mín shēng huó】　 shí xíng quán guó shè huì bǎo xiǎn hé jiù jì zhì dù， zhù yào yòu yī liáo、 shī yè、 tuì xiū hé shì gù sì dà lèi bǎo xiǎn。 2001 nián gōng rén yuè píng jūn jìng gōng zī 1701 ōu yuán， zhí yuán yuè píng jūn jìng gōng zī 2090 ōu yuán。 2000 nián měi qiān rén yōng yòu xiǎo qì chē 688.5 liàng , diàn shì jī 970 tái , diàn bīng xiāng 980 tái , diàn huà 870 bù。 2000 nián quán guó gòng yòu zhuān yè yī shēng 17445 rén。 yī yuàn 312 jiā， bìng chuáng 72008 zhāng。
　　
　　 guó jiā jūn shì
　　 ào dì lì fáng wù yóu lián bāng zhèng fǔ fù zé。 zǒng tǒng wéi wǔ zhuāng bù duì zuì gāo tǒng shuài， zhèng fǔ zé tōng guò guó fáng bù cháng duì bù duì shí shī zuò zhàn zhǐ huī。 1993 nián qǐ shí xíng xīn de yì wù bīng yì zhì， xīn bīng fú wán 6 gè yuè de jī běn yì hòu， jìn xíng 1 gè yuè de zōng hé yǎn xí， bìng zài cǐ hòu 10 nián nèi wán chéng wéi qī 1 gè yuè de fù xùn。 duì yú bù néng fú bīng yì de qīng nián shí xíng mín yì zhì。
　　 ào píng shí bīng lì 3.5 wàn rén， biān wéi 3 gè jūn、 wéi yě nà jūn qū hé 1 gè háng kōng shī。 dì yī、 dì 'èr jūn xià xiá 3 gè zhōu jūn qū； dì sān jūn chú xià xiá 2 gè zhōu jūn qū wài， lìng xià xiá dì sān、 sì、 jiǔ zhuāng jiá bīng lǚ； wéi yě nà jūn qū xià xiá dì 'èr qīng bù bīng tuán； háng kōng shī yuē 6000 rén， xià xiá 3 gè háng kōng tuán。 ào yòu dòng yuán bù duì（ jí mín bīng yù bèi yì） 7.5 wàn rén， biān wéi 8 gè bù bīng lǚ hé 26 gè běn tǔ fáng yù tuán。 2003 nián guó fáng yù suàn 17.2 yì 'ōu yuán， zhàn zǒng yù suàn zhī chū de 2.8%。
　　
　　 wén huà jiào yù
　　【 jiào yù】　 xué líng 'ér tóng xiǎng shòu 9 nián yì wù jiào yù， xué fèi、 shū fèi hé shàng xué jiāo tōng fèi yóu guó jiā fù dān。 fán chí yòu gāo zhōng bì yè wén píng kě miǎn shì shàng dà xué。 2003 nián 'ào jiào yù jīng fèi gòng jì 57.5 yì 'ōu yuán， zhàn zǒng yù suàn zhī chū de 9.4%。 2002 nián yòu gè lèi zhōng xiǎo xué、 zhí yè xué xiào 6715 suǒ， zài xiào xué shēng 123.3 wàn rén， dà xué 19 suǒ， dà xué shēng 19.7 wàn rén。 zhù míng de wéi yě nà dà xué chuàng lì yú 1365 nián， xì dé yǔ qū zuì gǔ lǎo de dà xué zhī yī。
　　
　　【 xīn wén chū bǎn】　 2002 nián quán guó yòu gè lèi bào zhǐ 245 zhǒng， qí zhōng rì bào 31 zhǒng， zhù yào bào zhǐ 2002 nián fā xíng liàng wéi：《 huáng guān bào》 101.8 wàn fèn，《 xìn shǐ bào》 25.8 wàn fèn，《 xīn wén bào》 12.4 wàn fèn，《 biāo zhǔn bào》 11.1 wàn fèn。 zhù yào zá zhì sān zhǒng：《 xīn wén zhōu kān》 30.4 wàn fèn；《 cè miàn》 zhōu kān 10.6 wàn fèn，《 qū shì》 jīng jì yuè kān 8.2 wàn fèn。
　　 ào dì lì tōng xùn shè： 1946 nián jiàn lì， yǐ xiàng 'ào bào zhǐ hé diàn tái tí gōng shì jiè gè dà tōng xùn shè de xiāo xī wéi zhù， yòu shí yě fā bù 'ào guān fāng xiāo xī。
　　1924 nián jiàn lì guǎng bō diàn tái。 2001 nián gòng yòu 5 jiā diàn tái， bìng yòng dé、 yīng、 fǎ、 xī sì zhǒng yǔ yán duì wài guǎng bō。 1957 nián kāi bō diàn shì jié mù， xiàn yòu sān tào jié mù。
　　
　　【 wén huà】
　　 tán qǐ 'ào dì lì， wú rén bù zhī qí yīnyuè hègē jù。 ào dì lì lì shǐ shàng chǎn shēng liǎo zhòng duō míng yáng shì jiè de yīnyuè jiā： hǎi dùn、 mò zhā tè、 shū bó tè、 yuē hàn · shī tè láo sī， hái yòu chū shēng dé guó dàn cháng qī zài 'ào dì lì shēng huó de bèi duō fēn děng。 zhè xiē yīnyuè dà shī zài liǎng gè duō shì jì zhōng， wéi 'ào dì lì liú xià liǎo jí qí fēng hòu de wén huà yí chǎn， xíng chéng liǎo dú tè de mín zú wén huà chuán tǒng。 ào dì lì sà 'ěr sī bǎo yīnyuè jié shì shì jiè shàng lì shǐ zuì yōu jiǔ、 shuǐ píng zuì gāo、 guī mó zuì dà de gǔ diǎn yīnyuè jié zhī yī。 yī nián yī dù de wéi yě nà xīn nián yīnyuè huì kě wèi shì jiè shàng tīng zhòng zuì duō de yīnyuè huì。 jiàn yú１８６９ nián de huáng jiā gē jù yuàn（ xiàn míng wéi yě nà guó jiā gē jù yuàn） shì shì jiè zuì yòu míng de gē jù yuàn zhī yī， ér wéi yě nà 'ài lè yuètuán zé shì jǔ shì gōng rèn de shì jiè shàng shǒu qū yī zhǐ de jiāo xiǎng yuètuán。
　　 ào dì lì xué líng 'ér tóng xiǎng shòu jiǔ nián yì wù jiào yù。 xué fèi、 shū fèi hé shàng xué jiāo tōng fèi jūn yóu guó jiā fù dān。 fán chí yòu gāo zhōng bì yè wén píng zhě kě miǎn shì shàng dà xué。 zhù míng de wéi yě nà dà xué chuàng lì yú１３６５ nián， xì dé yǔ qū zuì gǔ lǎo de dà xué。
　　 zài 'ào dì lì dào zhù rén jiā zuò kè huò yìng yāo fù yàn， kě zhe shēn sè zhuāng， yě kě zhe qiǎn sè zhuāng； jiào zhèng shì de zhòng yào chǎng hé（ lì rú yòu jiào zhòng yào de rén wù cān jiā） yìng zhe shēn sè zhuāng， yǐ shì zhuāng zhòng， cān jiā hūn lǐ huò shēng rì qìng zhù huó dòng kě zhe qiǎn sè zhuāng； tīng yīnyuè huì、 kàn gē jù xū zhe shēn sè zhuāng。 ào dì lì de cān guǎn yǐ " gē zǐ " zuò wéi cān guǎn de xīng jí biāo zhì。 " gē zǐ " yuè duō， cān guǎn yuè gāo jí， zuì gāo wéi sì xīng jí。 yàn qǐng kě fēn wéi gōng zuò yàn qǐng hé sī rén yàn qǐng liǎng zhǒng。 rú xì gōng zuò yàn qǐng lǐ wù kě miǎn； sī rén yàn qǐng zé xū dài lǐ pǐn。 qù wén： rì shí wǔ cān de 'ào dì lì rén >>>
　　
　　【 míng shèng gǔ jì】
　　 wéi yě nà guó jiā gē jù yuàn (StateOperaTheatreofVienna) shì shì jiè shàng yī liú de dà xíng gē jù yuàn， shì“ yīnyuè zhī dū” wéi yě nà de zhù yào xiàng zhēng， sù yòu“ shì jiè gē jù zhōng xīn” zhī chēng。 jiàn yú１８６９ nián， yuán shì huáng jiā gōng tíng jù yuàn， qí qián shēn shì１７ shì jì wéi yě nà chéng bǎo guǎng chǎng mù jié gòu bāo xiāng jù yuàn，１８６９ nián qiān dào shì qū de huán xíng jiē bàng。１９１８ nián gōng tíng jù yuàn biàn wéi guó yòu， chēng guó jiā gē jù yuàn。 èr zhàn shí bèi zhà dé zhǐ shèng xià jǐ chù duàn yuán cán bì， zhàn hòu chóngjiàn， zhěng xiū１ ０ nián， huī fù jiù guān。 wài mào gǔ sè gǔ xiāng， zhěng gè wǔ tái qū wán quán xiàn dài huà， pèi yòu zuì xiān jìn de yīn xiǎng shè bèi。１９５５ nián１１ yuè yǐ yǎn chū bèi duō fēn de fèi dé lì 'ào qìng zhù zài shēng。 gē jù yuàn wéi luó mǎ shì hóng wěi jiàn zhù。 qián tīng hé cè tīng dū yòng dà lǐ shí chè chéng， nèi bù huì yòu jīng měi bì huà hé guà yòu dà yīnyuè jiā hé míng yǎn yuán zhào piàn。 guān zhòng xí gòng yòu６ céng， kě róng yòu zuò guān zhòng１６００ duō rén。
　　 wéi yě nà yīnyuè tīng (MusicHallVienna)： ào dì lì wéi yě nà zuì gǔ lǎo yě zuì xiàn dài huà de yīnyuè tīng， shì měi nián jǔ xíng“ wéi yě nà xīn nián yīnyuè huì” de fǎ dìng chǎng suǒ。 shǐ jiàn yú１８６７ nián，１８６９ nián jùn gōng。 shì yì dà lì wén yì fù xīng shì jiàn zhù。 wài qiáng huáng hóng liǎng sè xiāngjiàn， wū dǐng shàng shù lì zhe xǔ duō yīnyuè nǚ shén diāo xiàng， gǔ yǎ bié zhì。１８７０ nián１ yuè６ rì， yīnyuè tīng de jīn sè dà yǎn zòu tīng jǔ xíng shǒu chǎng yǎn chū。１８７２ nián dào１８７５ nián jiān zhù míng yīnyuè jiā bó lā mǔ sī céng fù zé zǔ zhì yīnyuè tīng de yǎn zòu huì。１９３９ nián kāi shǐ， měi nián１ yuè１ rì zài cǐ jǔ xíng wéi yě nà xīn nián yīnyuè huì， hòu yīn zhàn zhēng yī dù zhōng duàn，１９５９ nián yòu chóngxīn huī fù。 tīng nèi yòu shōu cáng guǎn， guǎn fēn liǎng shì。 yī jiān shì zhǎn lǎn shì， dìng qī jǔ xíng shōu cáng pǐn zhǎn lǎn， gōng rén cān guān； yī jiān shì dàng 'àn shì， yī biān de shū jià shàng fàng mǎn dà liàng lì dài shǒu xiě de、 mù kè de、 qiān yìn de yīnyuè shū jí héyuè pǔ， lìng yī biān shì yī pái tiě guì， cáng yòu yīnyuè dà shī de lè gǎo、 shū xìn hé qí tā shǒu jì， qí zhōng yòu mò zhā tè de lè gǎo： zuì hòu yī gè jiāo xiǎng qū děng。 wū zǐ zhōng jiān shì yī cháng pái zhuō zǐ， gōng yán jiū zhě chá yuè zī liào zhī yòng。 dàng 'àn shì yuán wéi bó lā mǔ sī de bàn gōng shì， tā lín zhōng qián yī zài zhǔ fù， yào bǎ tā zhēn cáng de jǐ qiān cè yīnyuè shū jí héyuè pǔ quán bù juān xiàn gěi dàng 'àn shì。 yīnyuè tīng shǔ yú 'ào dì lì yīnyuè zhī yǒu xié huì， xié huì yōng yòu huì yuán７０００ duō rén， jù shuō shì shì jiè shàng lì shǐ zuì jiǔ、 rén shù zuì duō de yīnyuè zǔ zhì。
　　 sà 'ěr cí bǎo (Salzburg) shì 'ào dì lì xī běi bù sà 'ěr cí bǎo zhōu shǒu fǔ， bīn lín duō nǎo hé zhī liú sà 'ěr chá hè hé， shì 'ào dì lì běi bù jiāo tōng、 gōng yè jí lǚ yóu zhōng xīn。 zhè lǐ shì dà zuòqǔ jiā mò zhā tè de chū shēng dì， sù yòu“ yīnyuè yì shù zhōng xīn” zhī chēng。 sà 'ěr cí bǎo１０７７ nián shè shì， gōng yuán８ shì jì─１８ shì jì wéi tiān zhù jiào dà zhù jiào zhù dì hé huó dòng zhōng xīn。１８０２ nián sà 'ěr cí bǎo tuō lí zōng jiào tǒng zhì，１８０９ nián， gēn jù《 shè 'ēn bù lóng tiáo yuē》 guī bā fá lì yà， wéi yě nà huì yì（１８１ ４ héng１８１５ nián） jué dìng guī hái gěi 'ào dì lì。 zhè lǐ de jiàn zhù yì shù kān yǔ yì dà lì de wēi ní sī hé fó luó lún sà xiāng pì měi， yòu“ běi fāng luó mǎ” zhī chēng。 chéng shì fēn bù zài sà 'ěr chá hè hé liǎng 'àn， wēi yǐ zài bái xuě 'ái 'ái de 'ā 'ěr bēi sī shān fēng zhī jiān。 chéng shì bèi cāng yù de dǒu shān wéi rào， chōng mǎn mèi lì。 hé yòu 'àn nán shān pō de huò 'ěr hēng sà 'ěr cí bǎo（１１ shì jì）， lì jīng９００ nián fēng yǔ， réng wēi 'é tǐng lì， shì zhōng 'ōu dì qū bǎo cún zuì wán hǎo、 guī mó zuì dà de yī zuò zhōng shì jì chéng bǎo。 běn ní dí kè yǐn xiū dào yuàn jiàn yú７ shì jì mò， cháng qī yǐ lái shì dāng dì bù dào huó dòng de zhōng xīn。 shèng fāng jì huì jiào táng jiàn yú１２２３ nián。 mó fǎng luó mǎ shèng jiào táng de dà jiào táng jiàn yú１７ shì jì chū， shì 'ào dì lì dì yī zuò yì dà lì shì de jiàn zhù。 dà zhù jiào zhái dǐ shì１６ héng１８ shì jì de yī zuò wén yì fù xīng shì gōng diàn。 mǐ lā bèi 'ěr gōng yuán shì１７ shì jì wéi sà 'ěr cí bǎo dà zhù jiào jiàn zào de huáng gōng，１８ shì jì yòu jīng kuò jiàn， xiàn zài shì bāo kuò gōng diàn、 jiào táng、 huā yuán、 bó wù guǎn děng de yóu lǎn zhōng xīn。 chéng shì nán bù shì１７ shì jì jiàn zào de huáng jiā huā yuán， yǐ“ shuǐ de yóu xì” zhù chēng。 huā yuán nèi jiàn zhù wù de mén bàng yán xià， dào lù liǎng bàng dōuyòu 'àn dào shuǐ guǎn bù shí pēn shè， shuǐ huā fēi jiàn， yǔ lián wù zhàng。 zǒu jìn huā yuán nèi yī zuò rén gōng duī qì de shān dòng， chán chán de liú shuǐ fā chū liǎo２６ zhǒng niǎo míng de shēng yīn， zǔ chéng yī qū yuè 'ěr dòng tīng de kōng shān niǎo yǔ。 zài yī chù yóu jī xiè zhuāng zhì kòng zhì de wǔ tái shàng， tōng guò shuǐ liú de zuò yòng，１５６ gè huó dòng xiǎo rén zài xiàn liǎo zhè lǐ３００ duō nián qián xiǎo zhèn shēng huó de qíng jǐng。 zǒu jìn sà 'ěr cí bǎo， wú chù bù jiàn mò zhā tè de zōng jì。１７５６ nián１ yuè２７ rì， dà zuòqǔ jiā mò zhā tè chū shēng zài chéng zhōng liáng shí jiē９ hào。１９１７ nián mò zhā tè de gù jū bèi bì wéi bó wù guǎn。
　　 mò zhā tè gù jū（ MozartstSeburtuts） ào dì lì１８ shì jì zhù míng yīnyuè dà shī mò zhā tè chū shēng de dì fāng。 tā zuò luò zài sà 'ěr cí bǎo shì liáng shí dà jiē９ hào。 zhè shì yī zuò jīn huáng sè de６ céng lóu jiàn zhù。 gōng yuán１７５６ nián１ yuè２７ rì mò zhā tè jiù dàn shēng zài zhè lǐ， bìng dù guò liǎo tā de tóng nián。 xī zhā tè１４ suì bèi rèn mìng wéi gōng tíng yuèshī。１７８１ nián， tā xiàng gōng tíng tí chū cí chéng， qiān jū wéi yě nà， cóng 'ér dǎ kāi wéi yě nà gǔ diǎn yīnyuè de dà mén， zhí dào１７９１ nián１ yuè５ rì shì shì。 wèile jì niàn tā，１９１７ nián bǎ zhè lǐ bì wéi mò zhā tè gù jū bó wù guǎn。 guǎn nèi chén liè zhe mò zhā tè shēng qián shǐ yòng guò de xiǎo tí qín、 mù qín hé gāng qín、 qīn bǐ xiě de yuèpǔ、 shū xìn yǐ jí qīn zì shè jì de wǔ tái jù lán tú děng。 guǎn nèi rú jīn hái zhēn cáng zhe mò zhā tè de yī lǚ jīn sè tóu fā。 gù jū qián miàn shì mò zhā tè quán shēn tóng xiàng。 mò zhā tè gù jū shì dào sà 'ěr cí bǎo de yóu kè men bì dào zhī chù。 zài bó wù guǎn nèi chén liè yòu mò zhā tè de yī lǚ jīn fā hé shàonián shí shǐ yòng de xiǎo tí qín、 yuèpǔ。 guǎn qián de mò zhā tè guǎng chǎng shàng shù yòu mò zhā tè quán shēn tóng xiàng。 guǎng chǎng fù jìn hái yòu mò zhā tè yīnyuè zhuān kē xué xiào děng； lián shāng diàn chū shòu de qiǎo kè lì táng guǒ děng yě dū yǐ mò zhā tè mìng míng。 sà 'ěr cí bǎo lì shǐ shàng jiù yǐ yīnyuè zhī chéng wén míng， gāi chéng měi nián dū jǔ xíng guó jì yīnyuè jié huó dòng。 bāo kuò sà 'ěr cí bǎo guó jì yīnyuè jié（ wéi qī５ zhōu）， sà 'ěr cí bǎo fù huó jié yīnyuè jié（ wéi qī２ zhōu）， sà 'ěr cí bǎo guó jì yì shù jié（ wéi qī５ zhōu）。 qí zhōng sà 'ěr cí bǎo guó jì yīnyuè jié de qián shēn jí１８７７ zhì１９１０ nián jǔ xíng duō cì de mò zhā tè yīnyuè jié。 tā yǐ wéi yě nà guó lì gē jù yuàn（ shì jiè shí dà jù yuàn） hé wéi yě nà 'ài lè guǎn xián yuètuán（ shì jiè sān dà 'ài lè guǎn xián yuètuán zhī yī） wéi zhù， guǎng fàn jiē nà shì jiè gè guó de zhù míng jiāo xiǎng yuètuán、 zhǐ huī jiā、 dú zòu jiā hé dú chàng jiā。 sà 'ěr cí bǎo guó jì yīnyuè jié yǐ chéng wéi shì jiè yīnyuè shèng huì。
　　 wéi yě nà duō nǎo tǎ (DonauTowerinVienna) wèi yú shì qū běi miàn de duō nǎo hé gōng yuán nèi， yú１９６４ nián jiàn chéng。 tǎ gāo２５２ mǐ， tǎ dǐ zhí jìng３１ mǐ。 duō nǎo tǎ gāo sǒng rù yún， wéi wéi yě nà shì róng huá chū yī tiáo xīn de kōng zhōng lún kuò xiàn。 tǎ nèi shè yòu liǎng bù gāo sù diàn tī， yóu rén kě chéng diàn tī cóng tǎ dǐ zhí shēng dào１６５ mǐ gāo de diàn tī zhōng diǎn。 zài diàn tī zhōng diǎn shàng xià gè５ mǐ chù， fēn bié shì lù tiān kā fēi guǎn hé shì nèi kā fēi guǎn。 dēng shàng１７０ mǐ gāo de lù tiān kā fēi guǎn， dùn gǎn lěng fēng pū miàn， hán qì bī rén， dàn fǔ shǒu xià kàn què yòu rén shàng jiǔ tiān zhī gǎn。 jìn rù１６０ mǐ gāo de shì nèi kā fēi guǎn， dùn jué wēn nuǎn rú chūn。 píng chuāng jí mù yuǎn tiào， yuǎn fāng wēi 'é de 'ā 'ěr bēi sī shān hé chuān chéng 'ér guò de lán sè duō nǎo hé jìn shōu yǎn dǐ。 yóu yú liǎng gè kā fēi guǎn huán tǎ 'ér jiàn， qí dì bǎn gòu jià tóng tǎ zhóu xiāng lián， gù néng yǐ３ zhǒng sù dù wéi rào gāo tǎ zhuàndòng， xíng chéng bié zhì de xuánzhuàn kā fēi tīng， kā fēi tīng měi gé３９ fēn zhōng zì zhuǎn yī zhōu。 suí zhe kā fēi tīng de zhuàndòng， chuāng wài de jǐng sè yě suí zhī màn màn yí dòng。 yóu rén kě biān pǐn cháng yǐn pǐn， biān lǐng lüè wéi yě nà fán huá dedōu shì fēng mào hé chéng jiāo de tián yuán fēng guāng。
　　 wéi yě nà shè 'ēn bù lóng gōng (SchonbrunnCastleinVienna) shè 'ēn bù lóng gōng wèi yú 'ào dì lì shǒu dū wéi yě nà xī nán bù， yì chēng“ měi quán gōng”， shì 'ào dì lì hā bù sī bǎo wáng shì de bì shǔ lí gōng。１６９４ nián yóu mǎ lì yà · tè lì sà nǚ wáng xià lìng xiū jiàn。 zhěng zuò gōng diàn zhàn dì２．６ wàn píng fāng mǐ， shāo xùn yú fǎ guó de fán 'ěr sài gōng。 gōng nèi gòng yòu１４００ gè fáng jiān， qí zhōng４４ jiān shì yǐ１８ shì jì 'ōu zhōu liú xíng de luò kě kě shì jiàn zhù fēng gé xiū zhuāng de， xiān qiǎo huá měi、 yōu yǎ bié zhì； cǐ wài， hái yòu yǐ dōng fāng gǔ diǎn yàng shì zhuāng xiū de tīng táng， rú xiāng qiàn zǐ tán、 hēi tán、 xiàng yá de zhōng guó shì hé shì yǐ ní jīn hé tú qī de rì běn shì。 fáng jiān nèi bù de shì pǐn hé chén shè yě yǔ jiàn zhù fēng gé xiāng yī zhì， zài lín láng mǎn mùdì táo cí bǎi shè zhōng， yóu yǐ míng cháo wàn lì nián jiān de cǎi cí dà pán hé miáo huā gǔ píng zuì wéi zhēn guì。 gōng nèi yòu hā bù sī bǎo wáng cháo lì dài dì wáng shè yàn de cān tīng hé huá lì de wǔ tīng， xiàn zài 'ào dì lì zhèng fǔ réng zài nà lǐ jǔ xíng wǔ huì huò kuǎn dài gè guó wài jiāo shǐ jié。 zài gōng nèi， gōng rén cān guān de jǐ liàng mǎ lì yà · tè lì sà nǚ wáng jiā miǎn dà diǎn shí shǐ yòng de liú jīn mǎ chē， háo huá wú bǐ， yǐn rén zhù zú。 zài cháng láng shàng， guà mǎn liǎo hā bù sī bǎo wáng cháo lì dài huáng dì de xiào xiàng hé jì lù tā men shēng huó chǎng jǐng de tú huà yǐ jí mǎ lì yà · tè lì sà nǚ wáng１６ gè nǚ 'ér de xiào xiàng huà， qí zhōng zuì rě rén xǐ 'ài de shì fǎ guó guó wáng lù yì shí liù de huáng hòu mǎ lì · ān dōng niè tè shàonǚ shí dài de huà xiàng， qí yōu yǎ xì nì de bǐ diào jiāng dāng shí wáng cháo háo huá de shèng jǐng hé shē lì de shēng huó jìn xiàn yú huà shàng。 hòu lái， zài zhè zuò gōng diàn lǐ zhǎngdà de mǎ lì huáng hòu tóng qí fū jūn lù yì shí liù yī qǐ zài fǎ guó dà gé mìng zhōng bèi sòng shàng duàn tóu tái。 zài fáng jiān hé huí láng de guǎi jiǎo chù shì gè zhǒng shì yàng de huǒ lú， qí zhōng 'é shì de dà huǒ lú zào xíng zuì wéi qí tè， kān chēng yī jǐng。 zài gōng diàn hòu miàn shì yī zuò bā luó tè shì de dà huā yuán， měi dāng bǎi huā shèng kāi zhī jì， yuán zhōng qí huā yì huì fēn fāng yí rén， lìng rén liú lián wàng fǎn， gèng zēng tiān liǎo lí gōng zhī měi。 ná pò lún céng liǎng cì zhàn lǐng guò wéi yě nà， liǎng cì dū jū zhù zài zhè lǐ。 zhù míng zuòqǔ jiā mò zhā tè yòu nián shí qī yě céng zài lí gōng de gōng tíng wǔ tái shàng wéi nǚ huáng yǎn zòu guò gāng qín。 ná pò lún zhàn bài hòu，１８１４ nián９ yuè héng１８１５ nián６ yuè， zhè lǐ céng jǔ xíng guò yòu míng de guā fēn 'ōu zhōu de wéi yě nà huì yì。 dāng shí de 'ào dì lì shǒuxiàng méi tè niè yǐ qí zòng héng bǎi hé de shǒu wàn， zài 'ōu zhōu zhū liè qiáng zhī jiān wán nòng jūn shì píng héng wài jiāo， xiǎn hè yī shí。
　　
　　【 lì shǐ míng rén】
　　 wò 'ěr fū gāng · mò zhā tè（ WolfgangMozart，１７５６－１７９１ )： ào dì lì wěi dà de zuòqǔ jiā， wéi yě nà gǔ diǎn lè pài de jié chū dài biǎo。 chū shēn yú sà 'ěr cí bǎo gōng tíng yuèshī jiā tíng， hěn xiǎo jiù xiǎn lù chū jí gāo de yīnyuè tiān fù， jí xīng yǎn zòu hé zuòqǔ dū shí fēn chū sè， liù suì jí chuàng zuò liǎo yī shǒu xiǎo bù wǔ qū， bìng zài 'ōu zhōu lǚ xíng yǎn chū huò dé liǎo chéng gōng， bèi yù wéi“ shén tóng”。 1773 nián rèn sà 'ěr sī bǎo dà zhù jiào gōng tíng yuèshī， 1781 nián bù mǎn zhù jiào duì tā de yán lì guǎn shù 'ér fèn rán cí zhí， lái dào liǎo wéi yě nà， zǒu shàng liǎo jiān nán de zì yóu yīnyuè jiā dào lù。 mò zhā tè de quán bù zuò pǐn zhōng yáng yì zhe tā zhuī qiú mín zhù zì yóu de sī xiǎng， bìng bèng fā chū zài jù dà shè huì yā lì xià de míng kuài、 lè guān qíng xù。 tā guǎng fàn cǎi yòng gè zhǒng yuèqǔ xíng shì， chéng gōng de bǎ dé、 ào、 yì děng guó de mín zú yīnyuè hé 'ōu zhōu de chuán tǒng yīnyuè yòu jī de lián xì zài yī qǐ， fù yú tā men shēn kè de sī xiǎng nèi róng hé wán měi de xíng shì， wéi xī fāng yīnyuè de fā zhǎn kāipì liǎo zhǎn xīn de dào lù。 qí chuàng zuò shǒu fǎ xīn yíng， xuán lǜ chún pǔ yōu měi， zhì tǐ gān jìng xì zhì， pèi qì zhù zhòng yīn sè xiào guǒ， fā huī liǎo fù diào yīnyuè de jī jí zuò yòng， duì hòu shì yīnyuè chuàng zuò chǎn shēng jí dà de yǐng xiǎng。 tā zài duǎn cù de yī shēng zhōng gòng chuàng zuò liǎo qī shí wǔ bù zuò pǐn， liú xià liǎo《 fèi jiā luó de hūn lǐ》、《 táng huáng》、《 hòu gōng yòu táo》、《 mó dí》 děng zhù míng gē jù， shǐ gē jù chéng wéi jù yòu shì mín tè diǎn de xīn tǐ cái。 bìng zuò yòu dà liàng jiāo xiǎng qū、 xié zòu qū、 gāng qín qū hé shì nèi lè chóngzòu。
　　 fú lǎng cí · shū bǎi tè（ FranzSchubert，１７９７－１８２８）： zuòqǔ jiā、 làng màn zhù yì yīnyuè de kāi chuàng zhě zhī yī。 shēng yú１７９７ nián１ yuè３１ rì， fù qīn shì wéi yě nà jìn jiāo de yī suǒ xiǎo xué de xiào cháng， yòu１９ gè hái zǐ， shū bǎi tè zuì xiǎo。 tā zì yòu xǐ huān yīnyuè，８ suì kāi shǐ suí fù、 xiōng xué xí tí qín hé gāng qín，１１ suì shí jìn rù miǎn fèi jì dú de shén xué yuàn hé chàng tuán。１８１１ nián chuàng zuò dì yī shǒu gēqǔ《 hā jiā 'ěr de bēi 'āi》，１６ suì dào tā fù qīn de xiǎo xué lǐ dāng jiào yuán。 tā yī biān jiāokè、 yī biān jìn xíng yīnyuè chuàng zuò。１７ suì wéi gē dé de shī piān《 fǎng chē bàng de gé lāi qīng》、《 yě méi guī》 děng pǔ qū。１８ suì nà nián， yī tiān wǔ hòu， tā ná qǐ gē dé de xù shì shī《 mó wáng》 lái dú， hū rán xīn qíng jī dàng， yī xiǎo shí hòu， kuài zhì rén kǒu de shì jiè míng qū《 mó wáng》 dàn shēng liǎo。 zhè shǒu míng qū， lì jí hōng dòng liǎo wéi yě nà， shǐ tā cóng cǐ zǒu shàng yīnyuè chuàng zuò zhī lù。 shū bǎi tè zhǐ huó liǎo３３ suì， dàn tā yī shēng què xiě liǎo６３４ shǒu yì shù gēqǔ。 cǐ wài， tā hái xiě liǎo８ bù jiāo xiǎng qū、 yī xiē chóngzòu、 zòu míng qū， jí xīng qū hé qí tā yīnyuè zuò pǐn，《 xiǎo yè qū》 yǐ qí shēn qíng、 yōu měi wéi shì rén suǒ zàn shǎng。 shū bó tè cǎi yòng hé shēng shàng de sè cǎi biàn huà， yòng gè zhǒng yīnyuè tǐ cái xíng shì lái kè huá gè rén de xīn lǐ huó dòng， fù yòu dà zì rán de hé xié hé shēng mìng lì de qì xī， tā jiāng shùn xī jiān de xiá xiǎng xíng zhī yú lè pǔ， bǎ gǎn shòu dào de yī qiē huà wéi yīnyuè xíng xiàng， gòu chéng liǎo tā dú tè de làng màn zhù yì de xuán lǜ。 tā hěn chóng bài bèi duō fēn，１８２２ nián， shū bǎi tè dài zhe xīn fā biǎo de zuò pǐn qù jiàn bèi duō fēn， qià hǎo bèi duō fēn chū qù liǎo。 hòu lái bèi duō fēn zài bìng zhōng fā xiàn zhè shǒu qǔzǐ， shuō“ zhè zuò pǐn chōng mǎn liǎo shén qí de huǒ huā”。 kě shì， dāng shū bǎi tè zài qù bài jiàn bèi duō fēn shí， bèi duō fēn yǐ bìng wēi bù néng shuō huà liǎo。 shū bǎi tè lín zhōng shí yào qiú qīn yǒu jiāng tā zàng zài bèi duō fēn bàng biān， xiàn zài tā liǎ de tóng xiàng bìng lì zài wéi yě nà guǎng chǎng shàng。
　　 xiǎo yuē hàn · shī tè láo sī（ JohannStrauss，１８２５－１８９９）： lǎo yuē hàn · shī tè láo sī de 'ér zǐ， ào dì lì zhù míng de qīng yīnyuè zuòqǔ jiā。 chū shēng zài fēng xíng tiào wǔ de wéi yě nà yī gè yīnyuè jiā jiā tíng， yǔ fù qīn tóng míng。 qí chuàng zuò yǐ《 lán sè de duō nǎo hé》、《 wéi yě nà sēn lín de gù shì》、《 yì shù jiā de shēng huó》、《 chūn zhī shēng》 děng yī bǎi 'èr shí yú shǒu wéi yě nà yuán wǔ qū zhù chēng， bèi hòu rén guànyǐ“ yuán wǔ qū zhī wáng” de tóu xián。 tā céng dài lǐng yuèduì fǎng wèn 'ōu zhōu gè guó， shǐ wéi yě nà yuán wǔ qū fēngmǐ quán 'ōu zhōu。 tā de yuán wǔ qū dú jù tè sè， xuán lǜ hān chàng， róu měi dòng tīng， jié zòu zì yóu， shēng jī 'àng rán， shì měi nián wéi yě nà xīn nián yīnyuè huì de zhù yào qū mù。 tā hái zuò yòu《 léi míng diàn shǎn》 děng yī bǎi 'èr shí duō shǒu yuán zì jié kè de bō 'ěr kǎ wǔ qū jí jǐ shí shǒu qí tā wǔ qū。 1870 nián qǐ chuàng zuò liǎo《 biān fú》、《 luó mǎ kuáng huān jié》、《 ā lǐ bā bā yǔ sì shí dà dào》、《 jí bǔ sài nán jué》 děng shí liù bù qīng gē jù， duì yú 'ōu zhōu qīng gē jù de fā zhǎn yòu zhe xiāng dāng shēn yuǎn de yǐng xiǎng。
　　 sī dì fēn · cí wēi gé（ stephenzweig１８８１ ～１９４２）： ào dì lì zhù míng xiǎo shuō jiā、 zhuànjì zuò jiā， chū shēn yú fù yù de yóu tài jiā tíng。 qīng nián shí dài zài wéi yě nà hé bólín gōng dú zhé xué hé wén xué。 hòu qù shì jiè gè dì yóu lì， jié shí luó màn · màn lán hé luó dān děng rén， bìng shòu dào tā men de yǐng xiǎng。 dì yī cì shì jiè dà zhàn shí cóng shì fǎn zhàn gōng zuò， chéng wéi zhù míng de hé píng zhù yì zhě。 èr shí nián dài fù sū lián， rèn shí liǎo gāo 'ěr jī。１９３４ nián zāo nà cuì qū zhú， xiān hòu liú wáng yīng guó、 bā xī。１９４２ nián zài gū jì yǔ gǎn jué lǐ xiǎng pò miè zhōng yǔ qī zǐ shuāng shuāng zì shā。 cí wēi gé zài shī、 duǎn lùn、 xiǎo shuō、 xì jù hé rén wù zhuànjì xiě zuò fāng miàn jūn yòu guò rén de zào yì， yóu yǐ xiǎo shuō hé rén wù zhuànjì jiàn cháng。 dài biǎo zuò yòu xiǎo shuō《 zuì chū de jīng lì》、《 mǎ lái kuáng rén》、《 kǒng jù》、《 gǎn jué de hùn luàn》、《 rén de mìng yùn zhuǎn zhé diǎn》、《 yī gè mò shēng nǚ rén de lái xìn》、《 xiàng qí de gù shì》、《 yī gè nǚ rén yī shēng zhōng de 'èr shí sì xiǎo shí》、《 wēi xiǎn de lián mǐn》 děng； zhuànjì《 sān wèi dà shī》、《 tóng jīng líng de dǒu zhēng》、《 sān gè miáo mó zì jǐ shēng huó de shī rén》 děng。 cí wēi gé duì xīn lǐ xué yǔ fú luò yī dé xué shuō gǎn xīng qù， zuò pǐn shàn cháng xì zhì de xìng gé kè huà， yǐ jí duì qí tè mìng yùn xià gè rén zāo yù hé xīn líng de rè qíng de miáo mó。
　　 fú luò yī dé · xī gé méng dé（ FreudSigmund1856-1939）： ào dì lì jīng shén kē、 shén jīng kē yī shēng、 xīn lǐ xué jiā， jīng shén fēn xī xué pài de chuàng shǐ rén。１８５６ nián５ yuè６ rì chū shēng yú mó lā wéi yà yī yóu tài shāng rén zhī jiā， shì qí fù mǔ bā gè zǐ nǚ zhōng de zhǎngzǐ。 tā４ suì shí suí jiā rén qiān jū wéi yě nà。１７ suì kǎo rù wéi yě nà dà xué yī xué yuàn，１８８１ nián huò yī xué bó shì xué wèi。 hòu kāi yè xíng yī， dān rèn lín chuáng shén jīng zhuān kē yī shēng， zhōng shēng cóng shì jīng shén bìng de lín chuáng zhì liáo gōng zuò。 zài tàn xún jīng shén bìng bìng yuán fāng miàn， fú luò yī dé pāo qì liǎo dāng shí zhàn zhù liú de shēng lǐ bìng yīn shuō， zhú bù zǒu xiàng liǎo xīn lǐ bìng yīn shuō， chuàng lì liǎo xīn lǐ fēn xī xué shuō（ Psychoanalysis， yòu yì jīng shén fēn xī）， rèn wéi jīng shén bìng qǐ yuán yú xīn lǐ nèi bù dòng jī de chōng tū。 tā sī kǎo mǐn ruì、 fēn xī jīng xì、 tuī duàn xún huí dì jìn、 gòu sī bù bù qū rù， tàn tǎo wèn tí zhōng， wǎng wǎng yǐn shù wén xué、 lì shǐ、 yī xué、 zhé xué、 zōng jiào děng cái liào， jiē shì chū rén men xīn líng de dǐ céng。 zhù yào zhù zuò yòu：《 mèng de jiě shì》（ 1900 nián）、《 xìng xué sān lùn》（ 1905 nián）、《 xīn lǐ fēn xī dǎo lùn》（ 1910 nián）、《 wén míng jí qí quē xiàn》（ 1929 nián）。１８８６ nián yǔ mǎ suō · bó lāi sī jié hūn， yù yòu sān nán sān nǚ， nǚ 'ér Ａ · fú luò yī dé hòu lái yě chéng wéi zhù míng de xīn lǐ xué jiā。
　　 kǎ fū kǎ（ FranzKafka， 1883～ 1924）： ào dì lì xiǎo shuō jiā。１８８３ nián７ yuè３ rì shēng yú bù lā gé yī gè yóu tài shāng rén jiā tíng，１８ suì rù bù lā gé dà xué xué xí wén xué hé fǎ lǜ，１９０４ nián kāi shǐ xiě zuò， zhù yào zuò pǐn wéi４ bù duǎn piān xiǎo shuō jí hé３ bù cháng piān xiǎo shuō。 kě xī shēng qián dà duō wèi fā biǎo，３ bù cháng piān yě jūn wèi xiě wán。 kǎ fū kǎ shì 'ōu zhōu zhù míng de biǎo xiàn zhù yì zuò jiā。 tā shēng huó zài 'ào xiōng dì guó xíng jiāng bēng kuì de shí dài， yòu shēn shòu ní cǎi、 bǎi gé sēn zhé xué yǐng xiǎng， duì zhèng zhì shì jiàn yě yī zhí bào bàng guān tài dù， gù qí zuò pǐn dà dū yòng biàn xíng huāng dàn de xíng xiàng hé xiàng zhēng zhí jué de shǒu fǎ， biǎo xiàn bèi chōng mǎn dí yì de shè huì huán jìng suǒ bāo wéi de gū lì、 jué wàng de gè rén。 chéng wéi xíjuǎn 'ōu zhōu de“ xiàn dài rén de kùn huò” de jí zhōng tǐ xiàn， bìng zài 'ōu zhōu xiān qǐ liǎo yī zhèn yòu yī zhèn de“ kǎ fū kǎ rè”。 qí zuì zhù míng de zuò pǐn yòu jiè xiǎo dòng wù fáng bèi dí hài de dǎn zhàn xīn lǐ， biǎo xiàn zī běn zhù yì shè huì xiǎo rén wù shí kè nán yǐ zì bǎo de jīng shén zhuàng tài hé zài chōng mǎn dí yì de huán jìng zhōng de gū lì jué wàng qíng xù de duǎn piān xiǎo shuō《 dì dòng》（１９２３ nián）； tōng guò xiǎo zhí yuán sà mǔ shā tū rán biàn chéng yī zhǐ shǐ jiā réndōu yàn 'è de dà jiá chóng de huāng dàn qíng jié， biǎo xiàn xiàn dài shè huì bǎ rén biàn chéng nú lì nǎi zhì“ fēi rén” de“ yì huà” xiàn xiàng de duǎn piān xiǎo shuō《 biàn xíng jì》（１９１２ nián）； xiě tǔ dì zhàngliáng yuán Ｋ zài xiàng zhēng shén mì quán lì huò wú xíng jiā suǒ tǒng zhì de chéng bǎo miàn qián yù jìn bù néng， yù tuì bù dé， zhǐ néng zuò yǐ dài bì de cháng piān xiǎo shuō《 chéng bǎo》； jiè yínháng zhí yuán yuē sè fū ·Ｋ mò míng qí miào bèi“ bǔ”， yòu mò míng qí miào bèi shā hài de huāng dàn shì jiàn， jiē lù zī běn zhù yì shè huì sī fǎ zhì dù fǔ bài jí qí fǎn rén mín běn zhì de cháng piān xiǎo shuō《 shěn pàn》 děng。
　　
　　
　　 duì wài guān xì
　　2004 nián， ào duì wài guān xì fā zhǎn píng wěn。 ào jiān chí yǐ 'ōu méng wéi wài jiāo yǐ tuō， jī jí tuī dòng 'ōu méng shēn huà hé dōng kuò， dà lì gǒng gù hé fā zhǎn yǔ zhōng dōng 'ōu guó jiā guān xì。 5 yuè 'ōu méng dōng kuò hòu， ào cóng xī rì lěng zhàn qián yán hé 'ōu méng dōng bù biān jiè zhuǎn 'ér chéng wéi 'ōu zhōu de zhōng xīn dì dài。 rú jīn 'ào wài jiāo yǐ gèng duō dì yǔ 'ōu méng zhěng tǐ wài jiāo lián xì zài yī qǐ， zài guó jì shì wù zhōng， yóu qí zài shì guān 'ào hé 'ōu méng zhěng tǐ lì yì wèn tí shàng， xū yǔ 'ōu méng xié diào yī zhì。 ào jī jí xún qiú jiā qiáng yǔ zhōng dōng 'ōu lín guó de guān xì， tuī dòng kāi zhǎn yǔ dōng 'ōu lín guó de qū yù hé zuò， wéi hù gāi dì qū de wěn dìng， wéi běn guó fā zhǎn chuàng zào liáng hǎo de zhèng zhì、 jīng jì huán jìng。 cǐ wài。 ào hái jī jí tuò zhǎn yǔ měi、 é、 zhōng děng dà guó guān xì。 ào zhù zhāng 'ōu méng yǔ měi xiāo chú fēn qí， jiàn lì xīn xíng de píng děng huǒ bàn guān xì。 tóng shí， ào hái jī jí tuī dòng 'ōu méng yǔ 'é fā zhǎn cháng qī wěn dìng de zhàn lüè huǒ bàn guān xì。
　　
　　【 duì dāng qián zhòng dà guó jì wèn tí de tài dù】 guān yú 'ōu méng yī tǐ huà wèn tí。 rèn wéi 'ōu méng yìng jiā qiáng gòng tóng wài jiāo hé 'ān quán zhèng cè jiàn shè， jìn kuài jiàn lì 'ōu méng dú lì 'ān quán fáng wù tǐ xì， jiā qiáng 'ōu zhōu zài miàn lín jú bù chōng tū shí de gān yù néng lì。 ōu méng yìng tí gāo jué cè hé xíng dòng néng lì， zhì dìng tǒng yī xiàn fǎ， bìng zuì zhōng chéng wéi gāo dù yī tǐ huà de lián bāng。 qiáng diào dà xiǎo chéng yuán guó yìng yī lǜ píng děng， zhōng xiǎo guó jiā zhǐ yòu jié chéng lì yì gòng tóng tǐ cái néng gèng yòu xiào dì wéi hù gè zì zài lián méng nèi de lì yì。 zhù zhāng 'ōu méng gè jī gòu jiān quán lì píng héng， wéi chí 'ōu méng lún zhí zhù xí zhì， gè xīn lǎo chéng yuán guó zài 'ōu méng wěi yuán huì yōng yòu yī gè biǎo jué xí wèi。
　　 guān yú 'ōu méng dōng kuò wèn tí。 rèn wéi 'ōu méng dōng kuò jiāng cháng jiǔ què bǎo 'ōu zhōu de hé píng yǔ wěn dìng， duì wéi hù hé cù jìn 'ōu méng zhōu biān dì qū nǎi zhì shì jiè de hé píng、 wěn dìng yǔ fā zhǎn jù yòu zhòng yào zhàn lüè yì yì。 dōng kuò jiāng jìn yī bù zēng qiáng 'ōu méng zōng hé shí lì， kuò dà qí zài guó jì wǔ tái shàng de fā yán quán。 ōu méng hái yìng xiàng dōng 'ōu、 dōng nán 'ōu hé dì zhōng hǎi dì qū kuò dà。 dōng kuò jiāng shǐ 'ào 'ān quán huán jìng dé dào gēn běn gǎi shàn， yě jiāng gěi 'ào dài lái jīng jì lì yì。
　　 guān yú zhōng dōng wèn tí。 rèn wéi zhōng dōng wèn tí de hé xīn shì bā lè sī tǎn wèn tí， guān xì dào dì qū wěn dìng nǎi zhì shì jiè hé píng， zhǐ yào zhōng dōng wèn tí cún zài， kǒng bù zhù yì wèn tí jiù bù kě néng dé dào gēn běn jiě jué。 zhōng dōng wèn tí yìng yǐ tán pàn fāng shì jiě jué， yǐ bā fēn bié jiàn guó、 hé píng xiāng chù shì jiě jué bā yǐ wèn tí de wéi yī tú jìng，“ tǔ dì huàn hé píng” yuán zé yìng yú yǐ jiān chí。 zhī chí měi、 é、 ōu méng hé lián hé guó sì fāng wéi jiě jué zhōng dōng wèn tí suǒ zuò de nǔ lì， rèn wéi yìng tuī dòng shí xiàn zhōng dōng“ lù xiàn tú” jìhuà。
　　 guān yú fǎn kǒng wèn tí。 jiān jué fǎn duì gè zhǒng xíng shì de kǒng bù zhù yì， rèn wéi shì jiè gè guó yìng gòng tóng nǔ lì jiā qiáng fǎn kǒng， lián hé guó yìng zài guó jì fǎn kǒng dǒu zhēng zhōng chéng dān lǐng dǎo zé rèn。 dàn tóng shí rèn wéi， yìng fáng zhǐ yǐ fǎn kǒng wéi míng qīn fàn mín zhù quán lì。 zhù zhāng jiāng fǎn kǒng fáng kǒng yǔ wéi hù rén quánxiàng jié hé， jī jí péi yǎng gòng tóng de zhèng zhì wén huà hé jià zhí guān， cù jìn bù tóng wén míng jiān de duì huà。
　　 guān yú yī lā kè wèn tí。 bù zàn chéng měi yīng děng guó zài méi yòu lián hé guó shòu quán de qíng kuàng xià duì yī shǐ yòng wǔ lì， rèn wéi měi yīng yìng jìn zǎo jié shù zhàn lǐng bìng jiāng zhù quán guī hái gěi yī rén mín。 lián hé guó yìng zài yī chóngjiàn wèn tí shàng qǐ zhù dǎo zuò yòng。 biǎo shì yuàn zài 'ōu méng hé lián hé guó kuàng jià nèi jī jí cānyù yī zhàn hòu chóngjiàn， bìng xiàng yī tí gōng rén dào zhù yì yuán zhù。
　　 guān yú cháo hé wèn tí。 rèn wéi cháo hé wèn tí yuán zì cháo xiān wéi bèi suǒ zuò de guó jì chéng nuò， xún qiú fā zhǎn hé zhì zào hé wǔ qì。 zhī chí guó jì yuán zǐ néng jī gòu de lì chǎng， yào qiú cháo bì xū chè dǐ fàng qì hé wǔ yán fā jìhuà。 rèn wéi yìng yǐ hé píng fāng shì jiě jué cháo hé wèn tí， duì běi jīng liù fāng huì tán chí jī jí kěn dìng tài dù， rèn wéi zhōng guó zài wěn dìng cháo xiān bàn dǎo jí dì qū jú shì zhōng qǐ dào liǎo zhòng yào de jī jí zuò yòng。
　　
　　【 tóng zhōng guó de guān xì】 1971 nián 5 yuè 28 rì tóng zhōng guó jiàn lì wài jiāo guān xì， jiàn jiāo hòu liǎng guó guān xì fā zhǎn zhèng cháng。
　　2003 nián， zhōng 'ào liǎng guó guān xì liáng hǎo。 zuì gāo fǎ yuàn yuàn cháng xiào yáng（ 1 yuè）、 zhōng gòng zhōng yāng zhèng zhì jú wěi yuán、 shū jì chù shū jì、 zǔ zhì bù bù cháng hè guó qiáng（ 7 yuè） fǎng 'ào。 ào lián bāng yì huì cháng wù fù yì cháng hā sài 'ěr bā hè（ 4 yuè）、 ào wài cháng fèi léi luó－ wǎ 'ěr dé nà (11 yuè )、 lián bāng yì huì yì cháng 'ā gé 'ěr (11 yuè ) hé 'ào shè huì bǎo zhàng bù bù cháng háo pǔ tè (11 yuè ) xiāng jì fǎng huá。 jīng mào guān xì bǎo chí jiào kuài zēngzhǎng， jiào yù、 kē jì、 wén huà děng gè lǐng yù de jiāo liú yǔ hé zuò jìn yī bù jiā qiáng。 2003 nián shuāng biān mào yì 'é wéi 17.79 yì měi yuán， tóng bǐ zēng jiā 29.4％。 qí zhōng zhōng fāng xiàng 'ào chū kǒu 6.74 yì měi yuán， jìn kǒu 11.05 yì měi yuán。 4 yuè， ào lián bāng shāng huì zhù xí lāi tè 'ěr fǎng huá。
　　2004 nián liǎng guó guān xì jì xù bǎo chí liáng hǎo fā zhǎn shì tóu， liǎng guó gāo céng hù fǎng pín fán。 quán guó rén dà cháng wěi huì fù wěi yuán cháng wáng zhào guó（ 7 yuè）、 quán guó zhèng xié zhù xí jiǎ qìng lín（ 8 yuè） xiāng jì shuài tuán fǎng 'ào。 ào sī fǎ bù cháng bó mǔ dào 'ěr fū（ 2 yuè）、 jīng jì láo dòng bù cháng bā 'ěr téng shī tài yīn（ 3 yuè）、 cái zhèng bù cháng gé lā sè（ 5 yuè）、 guó mín yì huì dì 'èr yì cháng pǔ lā mò（ 7 yuè）、 fù zǒng lǐ jiān jiāo tōng、 chuàng xīn hé kē jì bù cháng gē 'ěr bā hè（ 11 yuè） děng fēn bié fǎng huá。 2004 nián liǎng guó mào yì zǒng 'é wéi 22.9 yì měi yuán， bǐ shàng nián zēngzhǎng 28.8%。 qí zhōng wǒ chū kǒu 7.8 yì měi yuán， zēngzhǎng 15.8%； jìn kǒu 15.1 yì měi yuán， zēngzhǎng 36.8%。
　　 zhōng guó zhù 'ào dì lì dà shǐ： lú yǒng huá。 zhōng guó zhù 'ào dà shǐ guǎn guǎn zhǐ： Metternichgasse4,1030Wien。 diàn huà：（ 431） 714314948。 diàn chuán： 135794 Ｃ Ｈ Ｉ Ｎ ＢＡ。 chuán zhēn：（ 431） 7136816。 shāng wù chù diàn huà：（ 431） 714314921。 chuán zhēn：（ 431） 714314922。 qiān zhèng chù diàn huà：（ 431） 7103648。
　　 ào dì lì zhù huá dà shǐ： shǐ wěi（ HansDietmarSchweisgut）。 guǎn zhǐ： 100600， běi jīng jiàn wài xiù shuǐ nán jiē 5 hào。 diàn huà： 65322061。 diàn chuán： 22258， chuán zhēn： 65321505。 shāng wù chù diàn huà： 65321677。 diàn chuán： 22270， chuán zhēn： 65321149。 qiān zhèng chù diàn huà： 65322061
　　
　　【 tóng měi guó de guān xì】 zhòng shì yǔ měi guó guān xì。 ào suī duì měi dān biān zhù yì qīng xiàng shí yòu pī píng， dàn rèn wéi měi shì shì jiè wéi yī chāo qiáng， ōu měi yòu guǎng fàn gòng tóng lì yì， zhù yì zài yī zhàn děng wèn tí shàng bù dǐng zhuàng měi， jiā qiáng yǔ měi“ huǒ bàn guān xì” fú hé 'ào gēn běn lì yì。 duì měi mào yì 'é： 2002 nián 'ào chū kǒu 40 yì 'ōu yuán， jìn kǒu 37.4 yì 'ōu yuán。 měi shì 'ào zài 'ōu méng yǐ wài zuì dà de mào yì huǒ bàn。
　　
　　【 tóng 'é luó sī jí dōng 'ōu guó jiā de guān xì】 shí fēn kàn zhòng 'é zài shí xiàn 'ōu zhōu hé píng、 wěn dìng hé fā zhǎn fāng miàn de“ guān jiàn zuò yòng”， yǐ jí 'é shì chǎng qián lì hé zì rán zī yuán， zài tuī dòng 'ōu méng yǔ 'é jiàn lì quán miàn hé zuò guān xì de tóng shí， móu qiú jiā qiáng 'ào 'é shuāng biān guān xì。 2003 nián， ào zǒng lǐ xǔ sài 'ěr hé wài cháng wǎ 'ěr dé nà xiāng jì fǎng 'é。 liǎng guó jīng mào guān xì fā zhǎn jiào kuài。 2002 nián 'ào xiàng 'é chū kǒu 9.58 yì 'ōu yuán， jìn kǒu 10.32 yì 'ōu yuán。 é shì 'ào dì 17 dà chū kǒu guó hé dì 15 dà jìn kǒu guó。
　　 zhòng shì yǔ zhōng dōng 'ōu guó jiā de guān xì， zhù zhāng yǐ chuán tǒng guān xì wéi jī chǔ， yǐ 'ōu méng dōng kuò wéi qì jī， yǔ zhōng dōng 'ōu guó jiā jiàn lì“ zhàn lüè huǒ bàn guān xì”。 2002 nián， ào duì zhōng dōng 'ōu dì qū mào yì chū kǒu 'é 135.87 yì 'ōu yuán， zhàn qí zǒng chū kǒu 'é de 17.6%; jìn kǒu 'é wéi 101.91 yì 'ōu yuán， zhàn qí zǒng jìn kǒu 'é de 13.2%。 ào 70% de duì wài tóu zī liú xiàng gāi dì qū。
　　
　　【 tóng 'ōu méng de guān xì】 1995 nián zhèng shì jiā rù 'ōu zhōu lián méng， 1999 nián 1 yuè 1 rì chéng wéi shǒu pī 'ōu yuán guó。 2000 nián 2 yuè 4 rì 'ào rén mín dǎng yǔ yòu yì zhèng dǎng zì yóu dǎng lián hé shàng tái zhí zhèng， ōu méng 14 guó jí duì 'ào cǎi qǔ liǎo dòng jié shuāng biān gāo céng wǎng lái、 jiàng dī wài jiāo jiē chù jí bié hé tíng zhǐ zài guó jì jī gòu zhōng duì 'ào rén xuǎn zhī chí de zhèng zhì zhì cái。 tóng nián 9 yuè， ōu méng zài duì 'ào nèi wài zhèng cè jìn xíng píng gū hòu jiě chú zhì cái。 ào yǔ 'ōu méng jí qí chéng yuán guó guān xì suí zhī zhú bù huī fù zhèng cháng。 ào wài mào zhù yào jí zhōng zài 'ōu méng guó jiā。 2002 nián 'ào duì 'ōu méng mào yì chū kǒu 'é wéi 465.17 yì 'ōu yuán， zhàn qí chū kǒu zǒng 'é de 60.1%； jìn kǒu 'é wéi 506.78 yì 'ōu yuán， zhàn qí jìn kǒu zǒng 'é de 65.7%。
　　【 tóng dé guó de guān xì】 yóu yú dé zài 2000 nián 'ào yòu yì zhèng dǎng zì yóu dǎng rù gé yī shì shàng zài 'ōu méng nèi dài tóu duì 'ào zhì cái， shuāng biān guān xì yī dù biàn lěng。 suí zhe 2001 nián 5 yuè dé guó zǒng lǐ shī luó dé fǎng 'ào， liǎng guó jiāo wǎng zēng duō， guān xì zhú jiàn huī fù zhèng cháng。 dé shì 'ào zuì dà de mào yì huǒ bàn， 2002 nián 'ào yǔ dé mào yì 'é zhàn 'ào wài mào zǒng 'é de 36.2%， ào xiàng dé chū kǒu 247.8 yì 'ōu yuán， cóng dé jìn kǒu 310.9 yì 'ōu yuán。


　　Austria (German: Österreich) (Österreich (help·info)), officially the Republic of Austria (German: Republik Österreich) (Republik Österreich (help·info)), is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It borders both Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The capital is the city of Vienna on the Danube River.
　　
　　The origins of modern Austria date back to the ninth century, when the territory of Upper and Lower Austria became increasingly populated. The name "Ostarrichi" is first documented in an official document from 996. Since then this word has developed into the Österreich.
　　
　　Austria is a parliamentary representative democracy comprising nine federal states and is one of six European countries that have declared permanent neutrality and one of the few countries that includes the concept of everlasting neutrality in its constitution. Austria has been a member of the United Nations since 1955 and joined the European Union in 1995.
　　
　　Etymology
　　The German name Österreich is derived from Old German Ostarrîchi "Eastern Territory". The name was Latinized as "Austria", thus it has no direct etymological connection with the name of Australia, which derives from Latin Australis meaning The South (however, both words ultimately derive from Proto-Indo-European *aust- "dawn"). Reich can also mean "empire," and this connotation is the one that is understood in the context of the Austrian/Austro-Hungarian Empire, Holy Roman Empire, although not in the context of the modern Republic of Österreich. The term probably originates in a vernacular translation of the Medieval Latin name for the region: Marchia orientalis, which translates as "eastern marches" or "eastern borderland", as it was situated at the eastern edge of the Holy Roman Empire, that was also mirrored in the name Ostmark, for a short period applied after the Anschluss to Germany. However, Friedrich Heer, one the most important Austrian historians in the 20th century, stated in his book Der Kampf um die österreichische Identität (The Struggle Over Austrian Identity), that the Germanic form ostarrîchi was not a translation of the Latin word, but both resulted from a much older term originating in the Celtic languages of ancient Austria: More than 2,500 years ago, the major part of the actual country was called Norig by the Celtic population (Hallstatt culture); No- or Nor- meant East or Eastern, whereas Rig is the related to the modern German Reich; realm (among other things). Accordingly, Norig would essentially mean ostarrîchi and Österreich, thus Austria. The Celtic name was eventually Latinized to noricum, when the Romans conquered and Romanized the country that later became Austria. The name of Noricum was then used to designate the Roman province.
　　
　　The current official designation is the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich). It was originally known after the fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire from 1918 as the Republic of German Austria (Republik Deutschösterreich) , but the state was forced to change its name to "Republic of Austria" in 1919 by the Treaty of Saint-Germain. The name was changed again during the Austro-fascist regime (1934–1938) , into Federal State of Austria (Bundesstaat Österreich) , but restored after regaining independence and the birth of the Second Austrian Republic (1955–present).
　　
　　During the period of monarchy, Austria was known as the Austrian Empire (Kaisertum Österreich) ; however no official designation existed since the empire was strongly multiethnic. After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, the empire became known as Austria-Hungary reflecting the dual monarchy character.
　　
　　History
　　
　　Prehistory and the Middle Ages
　　
　　Coats of arms of the Habsburg EmperorSettled in prehistoric times, the central European land that is now Austria was occupied in pre-Roman times by various Celtic tribes. The Celtic kingdom of Noricum was claimed by the Roman Empire and made a province. After the fall of the Roman Empire, of which most of Austria was part (all parts south of the Danube), the area was invaded by Bavarians, Slavs and Avars. Charlemagne conquered the area in 788 and encouraged colonization and Christianity. As part of Eastern Francia, the core areas that now encompass Austria were bequeathed to the house of Babenberg. The area was known as the marchia Orientalis and was given to Leopold of Babenberg in 976.
　　
　　The first record showing the name Austria is from 996 where it is written as Ostarrîchi, referring to the territory of the Babenberg March. The term Ostmark is not historically ascertained and appears to be a translation of marchia orientalis that came up only much later.
　　
　　The following centuries were characterized by the settlement of the country. In 1156 the Privilegium Minus elevated Austria to the status of a duchy. In 1192, the Babenbergs also acquired the Duchy of Styria.
　　
　　With the death of Frederick II in 1246, the line of the Babenbergers went extinct. Otakar II of Bohemia effectively controlled the duchies of Austria, Styria and Carinthia after that. His reign came to an end with his defeat at Dürnkrut at the hand of Rudolf I of Germany in 1278. Thereafter, until World War I, Austria's history was largely that of its ruling dynasty, the Habsburgs.
　　
　　Rise of the Habsburgs
　　In the 14th and 15th centuries, the Habsburgs began to accumulate other provinces in the vicinity of the Duchy of Austria. In 1438, Duke Albert V of Austria was chosen as the successor to his father-in-law, Emperor Sigismund. Although Albert himself only reigned for a year, from then on, every emperor of the Holy Roman Empire was a Habsburg, with only one exception.
　　
　　The Habsburgs began also to accumulate lands far from the Hereditary Lands. In 1477, Archduke Maximilian, only son of Emperor Frederick III, married the heiress Maria of Burgundy, thus acquiring most of the Low Countries for the family. His son Philip the Fair married the heiress of Castile and Aragon, and thus acquired Spain and its Italian, African, and New World appendages for the Habsburgs.
　　
　　In 1526, following the Battle of Mohács, Austrian rulers expanded their territories, bringing Bohemia and the part of Hungary not occupied by the Ottomans under their rule. Ottoman expansion into Hungary led to frequent conflicts between the two powers, particularly evident in the so-called Long War of 1593 to 1606.
　　
　　Austria as a European Power
　　
　　The Congress of Vienna by Jean-Baptiste Isabey, 1819.See also: Congress of Vienna, Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, and Austria-Hungary
　　The long reign of Leopold I (1657–1705) saw the culmination of the Austrian conflict with the Turks. Following the successful defense of Vienna in 1683, a series of campaigns resulted in the return of all of Hungary to Austrian control by the Treaty of Carlowitz in 1699. The later part of the reign of Emperor Charles VI (1711–1740) saw Austria relinquish many of these fairly impressive gains, largely due to Charles's apprehensions at the imminent extinction of the House of Habsburg. Charles was willing to offer concrete advantages in territory and authority in exchange for other powers' worthless recognitions of the Pragmatic Sanction that made his daughter Maria Theresa his heir. With the rise of Prussia the Austrian–Prussian dualism began in Germany.
　　
　　Map of Austria-HungaryAustria became engaged in the war with Revolutionary France, which lasted until 1797 and at the beginning proved unsuccessful for Austria. Defeats by Napoleon meant the end of the old Holy Roman Empire in 1806. Just two years before the abolition of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, in 1804 the Empire of Austria was founded, which was transformed in 1867 into the dual-monarchy Austria-Hungary. However, in 1814 Austria was part of the Allied forces invading France and conquering it. Following the Napoleonic wars Austria emerged from the Congress of Vienna in 1815 as one of four of the continent's dominant powers (together with Russia, Prussia and defeated France). In 1815 the German Confederation, (German: Deutscher Bund) was founded under the presidency of Austria. Austria and Prussia were the leading powers of the German Confederation. Its central institution was the Bundesversammlung in Frankfurt. Because of unsolved social, political and national conflicts some of the German inhabitants took part in the 1848 revolution to create a unified Germany. The Frankfurt Parliament in the St. Paul's Church elected the arch duke Johann of Habsburg as a Reichsverweser, an administrator of the German Empire. For a new German empire would have been possible three options: a Greater Germany, Großdeutschland, with the German-speaking territories of the Habsburg Empire; a Greater Austrian solution, Großösterreich, the German Confederation with the whole Habsburgian territories; and a smaller German solution, Kleindeutsche, the German Confederation without Austria at all. As Austria was not willing to relinquish its German-speaking territories to what would become the German Empire of 1848 the parliament offered the crown to the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm IV. Austria grew out of Germany; Prussia grew in. In 1864 Austria and Prussia fought together against Denmark, to free the independent duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. Austria and Prussia could not agree on a solution to the administration of Schleswig and Holstein, which led to the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. Austria, together with most of the other German states, was defeated by Prussia in the Battle of Königgrätz in Bohemia. Austria had to leave the German Confederation and subsequently no longer took part in German politics. After 1871, it was one of two Empires: the German Empire to the north and Austria-Hungary to the south.
　　
　　The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, the Ausgleich, provided for a dual sovereignty, the empire of Austria and the kingdom of Hungary, under Franz Joseph I, who ruled until his death on 21 November 1916. The Austrian-Hungarian rule of this diverse empire included various Slav groups such as Poles, Ukrainians, Czechs, Slovaks, Slovenes, Serbs and Croats, as well as large Italian and Romanian communities. As a result, ruling Austria-Hungary became increasingly difficult in an age of emerging nationalist movements. Yet the central government tried its best to be accommodating in some respects; minorities were entitled to schools in their own language, for example.
　　
　　World War I and its aftermath
　　The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo in 1914 by Gavrilo Princip (a member of the Serbian nationalist group the Black Hand) was the immediate cause for the outbreak of World War I, leading to the downfall and the end of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. War left the country in political chaos and economic ruin, the Central Powers (being Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Germany and Turkey) having been defeated in 1918. The Empire was broken up - Austria, with most of the German-speaking parts became a republic (see Treaty of Saint-Germain) and the remaining subordinate territories became independent states. However, over 3 million German Austrians found themselves living outside of the Allied inspired borders of the Austrian Republic in the nations of Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Hungary and Italy. A particular large German minority was found in the newly-established Czechoslovakia with the entire historic German populations of Bohemia, Moravia and Austrian Silesia cut off from their motherland of Austria. Austria was also deprived of half of Tyrol, which was awarded to Italy as a prize for entering the war on the Allied side. Austria has sustained this loss to the present day and this had been a major source of friction with Italy until the 1980s. Today the situation in Alto Adige/South Tyrol is resolved, serving as a model for inter-ethnic and transnational cooperation in Europe.
　　
　　Between 1918 and 1919, Austria was officially known as the Republic of German Austria (Republik Deutschösterreich). Many territories it claimed under its control included regions that were later assigned to neighboring nations. Not only did the Entente powers forbid German Austria to unite with Germany, they also forbade the name; it was therefore changed to the Republic of Austria. The monarchy was dissolved in 1919 and a parliamentary democracy was set up under the constitution of 10 November 1920.
　　
　　In the autumn of 1922, Austria was granted an international loan supervised by the League of Nations. The purpose of the loan was to avert bankruptcy, stabilize the currency, and improve its general economic condition. With the granting of the loan, Austria passed from an independent state to the control exercised by the League of Nations. At the time, the real ruler of Austria became the League, through its commissioner in Vienna. The commissioner was a Dutchman not formally part of the Austrian government. Austria had fallen under an international receivership, which had not been seen openly since Lord Cromer became the financial adviser to the bankrupt Khedivial Government of Egypt a little less than half a century earlier.
　　
　　Austrofascism and the Third Reich
　　
　　The First Austrian Republic, lasted until 1933 when Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss dissolved parliament and established an autocratic regime tending towards Italian fascism, (Austrofascism) in order, partly, to check the power of Nazis who were still advocating union with Germany. The two big parties at this time —the Social Democrats and the Conservatives— had paramilitary armies, which fought each other. The "Heimwehr" (later integrated into the "Vaterländische Front"), the paramilitary arm of the Conservative party supported Dollfuss's Fascist regime; the "Republikanischer Schutzbund", was the military arm of the Social Democrats which was outlawed in 1933 but still existed underground - civil war was to break out.
　　
　　After the Austrian Civil War in February 1934, several members of the Schutzbund were executed, the Social Democratic party was outlawed and many of its members were imprisoned or emigrated. In May of that year the Fascists introduced a new constitution ("Maiverfassung") which cemented Dollfuss's power but on 25 July he was assassinated in a Nazi coup attempt.
　　
　　His successor Kurt Schuschnigg, struggled to keep Austria independent (even a restoration of the Habsburgs was contemplated), but on 12 March 1938 German troops occupied the country and established a plebiscite confirming union with Germany. Hitler was himself a native of Austria who had lost Austrian citizenship in 1925. Hitler proclaimed the annexation (Anschluss) of Austria by Germany. Austria was incorporated into the Third Reich and ceased to exist as an independent state. The Nazis called Austria "Ostmark" until 1942 when it was again renamed and called "Alpen-Donau-Reichsgaue." Some Austrians joined the resistance, but many more joined the German armed forces (Wehrmacht).
　　
　　Vienna fell on 13 April 1945 during the Soviet Vienna Offensive. This was just before the total collapse of the Third Reich, the defeat of Nazi Germany, the fall of Berlin, and the end of the war in May. Karl Renner astutely set up a Provisional Government in Vienna in April with the tacit approval of the victorious Soviet forces, and declared Austria's secession from the Third Reich.
　　
　　After the defeat of Germany, Allied Occupation
　　
　　Much like Germany, Austria, too, was divided into a British, a French, a Soviet and an American Zone and governed by the Allied Commission for Austria. Largely owing to Karl Renner's action on April 27th in setting up a Provisional Government, however, there was a subtle difference in the treatment of Austria by the Allies. The Austrian Government was recognized and tolerated by the Four Powers. Austria, in general, was treated as though it had been originally invaded by Germany and liberated by the Allies.
　　
　　Although the Eastern part of Austria, including the greater Vienna area, lay in the Soviet Zone, the capital itself was equally divided into four occupational zones. Outside of Vienna, however, travel across zone borders, in particular leaving or entering the Soviet zone, was difficult and time-consuming if possible at all. During the time of the Berlin Air Lift, Soviet military pressure was increased further, but could be successfully overcome by skillful military, political and diplomatic influence on the part of the other Allies.
　　
　　On 15 May 1955 Austria regained full independence by concluding the Austrian State Treaty with the Four Occupying Powers. On 26 October 1955 Austria was declared "permanently neutral" by act of Parliament, which it remains to this day.
　　
　　Recent history
　　The political system of the Second Republic came to be characterized by the system of Proporz, meaning that most posts of some political importance were split evenly between members of the Social Democrats (Labour Party) and the People's Party (Conservatives).
　　
　　Interest group representations with mandatory membership (e.g. for workers, businesspeople, farmers etc.) grew to considerable importance and were usually consulted in the legislative process, so that hardly any legislation was passed that did not reflect widespread consensus. The Proporz and consensus systems largely held even during the years between 1966 and 1983, when there were non-coalition governments, but this era has now passed.
　　
　　Austria today has five major political parties: The SPÖ (Labour Party) , the ÖVP (Conservatives) , the "Greens" (Environmental, social-liberal) and FPÖ/BZÖ (both right-wing, nationalist). SPÖ and ÖVP share about 75% of the parliamentary mandates, while the remaining 25% are divided between the other three parties.
　　
　　Austria became a member of the European Union in 1995 and retained its constitutional neutrality, like some other EU members, such as Sweden. The major parties SPÖ and ÖVP have contrary opinions about the future status of Austria's military neutrality: While the SPÖ supports a neutral role in the EU (together with other neutral EU members like Sweden), the ÖVP argues for stronger integration into the EU's security policy; even a future NATO is not ruled out by some ÖVP politicians. Since the "permanent neutrality" forms part of the Austrian constitution, a two-thirds majority in the Austrian parliament would be needed for such a change in policy.
　　
　　
　　Politics
　　
　　Austrian Parliament in ViennaMain article: Politics of Austria
　　
　　Political system
　　The Parliament of Austria is located in Vienna, the nation's largest city and capital. Austria became a federal, parliamentarian, democratic republic through the Federal Constitution of 1920. It was reintroduced in 1945 to the nine states of the Federal Republic. The head of state is the Federal President, who is directly elected by popular vote. The chairman of the Federal Government is the Federal Chancellor, who is appointed by the president. The government can be removed from office by either a presidential decree or by vote of no confidence in the lower chamber of parliament, the Nationalrat.
　　
　　The Parliament of Austria consists of two chambers. The composition of the Nationalrat is determined every five years by a general election in which every citizen over 16 years (since 2007) is allowed to vote to fill its 183 seats. A recent extension of that term from four to five years will become effective after the next election. While there is a general threshold of 4 percent for all parties at federal elections (Nationalratswahlen) , there remains the possibility to gain a direct seat, or Direktmandat, in one of the 43 regional election districts. The Nationalrat is the dominant chamber in the formation of legislation in Austria. However, the upper house of parliament, the Bundesrat has a limited right of veto (the Nationalrat can — in almost all cases — ultimately pass the respective bill by voting a second time. This is referred to as 'Beharrungsbeschluss, lit. "vote of persistence"). A convention, called the Österreich -Konvent was convened in June 30, 2003 to decide upon suggestions to reform the constitution, but has failed to produce a proposal that would receive the two thirds of votes in the Nationalrat necessary for constitutional amendments and/or reform. However, some important parts of the final report were generally agreed upon and are still expected to be implemented.
　　
　　Recent political developments
　　In February 2000 the conservative People's Party formed a coalition with the controversial nationalistic Freedom Party, headed by Jörg Haider. The (at that time) 14 other member states of the European Union - but not the EU itself - condemned Austria's new coalition and froze diplomatic contacts. These measures were commonly referred to as "sanctions" although they were more or less just motions of diplomatic unfriendliness. Given the controversy, Haider chose not to join the government, but he continued to wield influence from the sidelines. This was not, however, the first time that the Republic of Austria had displeased international opinion. In 1986, the population voted for Kurt Waldheim as president despite his revelation that he had been active in the Wehrmacht as an intelligence officer during World War II.
　　
　　In September 2002, the coalition between the People's Party and the Freedom Party dissolved after a shake-up in the Freedom Party. In November 2002, the People's Party made large gains in general elections again. After a lot of coalition talks with other parties, the People's Party again formed a government with the Freedom Party in February 2003 with Wolfgang Schüssel as Chancellor.
　　
　　After general elections held in October 2006, the Social Democrats emerged as the largest party, whereas the People's Party lost about 8% in votes. Political realities prohibited any of the two major parties from forming a coalition with smaller parties. In January 2007 the People's Party and Social Democrats formed a Grand Coalition with the social democrat Alfred Gusenbauer as Chancellor.
　　
　　Foreign policy
　　
　　The 1955 Austrian State Treaty ended the occupation of Austria following World War II and recognized Austria as an independent and sovereign state. In October 1955, the Federal Assembly passed a constitutional law in which "Austria declares of her own free will her perpetual neutrality." The second section of this law stated that "in all future times Austria will not join any military alliances and will not permit the establishment of any foreign military bases on her territory." Since then, Austria has shaped its foreign policy on the basis of neutrality.
　　
　　Austria began to reassess its definition of neutrality following the fall of the Soviet Union, granting overflight rights for the UN-sanctioned action against Iraq in 1991, and, since 1995, contemplating participation in the EU's evolving security structure. Also in 1995, it joined the Partnership for Peace and subsequently participated in peacekeeping missions in Bosnia.
　　
　　Austria attaches great importance to participation in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and other international economic organizations, and it has played an active role in the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE).
　　
　　
　　Energy politics
　　In 1972, the country began construction of a nuclear-powered electricity-generation station at Zwentendorf on the River Danube, following a unanimous vote in parliament. However, in 1978, a referendum voted approximately 50.5% against nuclear power, 49.5% for, and parliament subsequently unanimously passed a law forbidding the use of nuclear power to generate electricity.
　　
　　Austria currently produces more than half of its electricity by hydropower. Together with other renewable energy sources such as wind, solar and biomass powerplants, the electricity supply from renewable energy amounts to nearly 80% of total use in Austria. The rest is produced by gas and oil powerplants.
　　
　　
　　Military
　　
　　The manpower of the Austrian Armed Forces ("Bundesheer") mainly relies on conscription. All males who have reached the age of eighteen and are found fit get recruited for a six months long military service, which can be postponed under some circumstances. Conscientious objection is legally possible and obliges to serve an institutionalized nine months civilian service instead. Only since 1998, women can volunteer to become professional soldiers.
　　
　　The main sectors of the Bundesheer are Joint Forces (Streitkräfteführungskommando, SKFüKdo) which consist of Land Forces (Landstreitkräfte) , Air Forces (Luftstreitkräfte) , International Missions (Internationale Einsätze) , and Special Forces (Spezialeinsatzkräfte) ; next to Mission Support (Kommando Einsatzunterstützung; KdoEU) and Command Support (Kommando Führungsunterstützung; KdoFüU). In 2004, Austria expends about 0.9% of its GDP for defense. The Army currently has about 45,000 soldiers, of which about half are conscripts. As head of state, Austrian President (currently Heinz Fischer) is nominally the Commander-in-Chief of the Bundesheer. In practical reality, however, command of the Austrian Armed Forces is almost exclusively exercised by the Minister of Defense, currently Norbert Darabos.
　　
　　With the end of the Cold War, and more importantly the removal of the former heavily guarded "Iron Curtain" separating Austria and Hungary, the Austrian military have been assisting Austrian border guards in trying to prevent border crossings by illegal immigrants. This assistance came to an end when Hungary joined the EU Schengen area in 2008, for all intents and purposes abolishing "internal" border controls between treaty states. Some politicians have called for a prolongation of this mission, but the legality of this is heavily disputed. In accordance with the Austrian constitution, armed forces may only be deployed in a limited number of cases, mainly to defend the country and aid in cases of national emergencies, such as in the wake of natural disasters etc. They may generally not be used as auxiliary police forces.
　　
　　Despite, or perhaps because of, its self-declared status of permanent neutrality, Austria has a long and proud tradition of engaging in UN-led peacekeeping and other humanitarian missions. The Austrian Forces Disaster Relief Unit (AFDRU) , in particular, an all-volunteer unit with close ties to civilian specialists (rescue dog handlers, etc) enjoys a reputation as a quick (standard deployment time is 10 hours) and efficient SAR unit. Currently, larger contingents of Austrian forces are deployed in Bosnia, Kosovo and, since 1974, on the Golan Heights.
　　
　　
　　States
　　
　　As a federal republic, Austria is divided into nine states (German: 'Bundesländer'). These states are then divided into districts (Bezirke) and cities (Statutarstädte). Districts are subdivided into municipalities (Gemeinden). Cities have the competencies otherwise granted to both districts and municipalities. The states are not mere administrative divisions but have some distinct legislative authority separate from the federal government.
　　
　　 State (Bundesland) Capital Population Rank
　　
　　1 Burgenland Eisenstadt 280,350 9
　　2 Carinthia (Kärnten) Klagenfurt 560,753 6
　　3 Lower Austria (Niederösterreich) St. Pölten 1,588,545 2
　　4 Upper Austria (Oberösterreich) Linz 1,405,986 3
　　5 Salzburg Salzburg 529,085 7
　　6 Styria (Steiermark) Graz 1,203,986 4
　　7 Tyrol (Tirol) Innsbruck 698,472 5
　　8 Vorarlberg Bregenz 364,611 8
　　9 Vienna (Wien) Vienna (Wien) 1,660,534 1
　　
　　
　　Geography
　　
　　Austria is a largely mountainous country due to its location in the Alps. The Central Eastern Alps, Northern Limestone Alps and Southern Limestone Alps are all partly in Austria. Of the total area of Austria (84 000 km² or 32,000 sq. mi) , only about a quarter can be considered low lying, and only 32% of the country is below 500 meters (1,640 ft). The high mountainous Alps in the west of Austria flatten somewhat into low lands and plains in the east of the country.
　　
　　Austria can be divided into five areas. The biggest area are the Austrian Alps, which constitute 62% of Austria's total area. The Austrian foothills at the base of the Alps and the Carpathians account for around 12% of its area. The foothills in the east and areas surrounding the periphery of the Pannoni low country amount to about 12% of the total landmass. The second greater mountain area (much lower than the Alps) is situated in the north. Known as the Austrian granite plateau, it is located in the central area of the Bohemian Mass, and accounts for 10% of Austria. The Austrian portion of the Vienna basin comprises the remaining 4%.
　　
　　Phytogeographically, Austria belongs to the Central European province of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom. According to the WWF, the territory of Austria can be subdivided into four ecoregions: the Central European mixed forests, Pannonian mixed forests, Alps conifer and mixed forests and Western European broadleaf forests.
　　
　　
　　Climate
　　The greater part of Austria lies in the cool/temperate climate zone in which humid westerly winds predominate. With over half of the country dominated by the Alps the alpine climate is the predominant one. In the East, in the Pannonian Plain and along the Danube valley, the climate shows continental features with less rain than the alpine areas. Although Austria is cold in the winter, in the summer temperatures can be relatively warm reaching 20-35 degrees Celsius.
　　
　　The six highest mountains in Austria are:
　　
　　Name Height (m) Height (ft) Range
　　Großglockner &0000000000003797.0000003,797 &0000000000012457.00000012,457 Hohe Tauern
　　Wildspitze &0000000000003768.0000003,768 &0000000000012362.00000012,362 Ötztal Alps
　　Weißkugel &0000000000003739.0000003,739 &0000000000012267.00000012,267 Ötztal Alps
　　Großvenediger &0000000000003674.0000003,674 &0000000000012054.00000012,054 Hohe Tauern
　　Similaun &0000000000003606.0000003,606 &0000000000011831.00000011,831 Ötztal Alps
　　Großes Wiesbachhorn &0000000000003571.0000003,571 &0000000000011715.00000011,715 Hohe Tauern
　　
　　Economy
　　
　　Modern ViennaAustria is one of the 10 richest countries in the world in terms of GDP per capita, has a well-developed social market economy, and a very high standard of living. Until the 1980s, many of Austria's largest industry firms were nationalised; in recent years, however, privatisation has reduced state holdings to a level comparable to other European economies. Labour movements are particularly strong in Austria and have large influence on labour politics. Next to a highly-developed industry, international tourism is the most important part of the national economy.
　　
　　Germany has historically been the main trading partner of Austria, making it vulnerable to rapid changes in the German economy. But since Austria became a member state of the European Union it has gained closer ties to other European Union economies, reducing its economic dependence on Germany. In addition, membership in the EU has drawn an influx of foreign investors attracted by Austria's access to the single European market and proximity to EU aspiring economies. Growth in GDP accelerated in recent years and reached 3.3% in 2006.
　　
　　Education
　　
　　Responsibility for educational oversight in Austria lies partly at the Austrian states (Bundesländer), and partly with the federal government. Optional kindergarten education is provided for all children between the ages of three and six years. School attendance is compulsory for nine years, i.e. usually to the age of fifteen. The Programme for International Student Assessment, coordinated by the OECD, currently ranks Austria's education as the 18th best in the world, being significantly higher than the OECD average.
　　
　　Primary education lasts for four years. Alongside Germany, secondary education includes two main types of schools based on a pupil's ability as determined by grades from the primary school: the Gymnasium for the more gifted children which normally leads to the Matura which is a requirement for access to universities and the Hauptschule which prepares pupils for vocational education but also for further education (HTL = institution of higher technical education; HAK = commercial academy; HBLA = institution of higher education for economic business; etc.), where you also get the Matura.
　　
　　The Austrian university system had been open to any student who passed the Matura examination until recently. A 2006 bill allowed the introduction of entrance exams for studies such as Medicine. Currently all EU students are charged a fee of about €370 per semester for all university studies. A recent OECD report criticized the Austrian education system for the low number of students attending universities and the overall low number of academics compared to other OECD countries.
　　
　　Demographics
　　
　　Austria's population estimate in October 2006 was 8,292,322. The population of the capital, Vienna, exceeds 1.6 million (2.2 million with suburbs) , representing about a quarter of the country's population and is known for its vast cultural offerings and high standard of living.
　　
　　In contrast to the capital, other cities do not exceed 1 million inhabitants: the second largest city Graz is home to 250,099 inhabitants, followed by Linz (188,968), Salzburg (150,000), and Innsbruck (117,346). All other cities have fewer than 100,000 inhabitants.
　　
　　German-speaking Austrians, by far the country's largest group, form roughly 90% of Austria's population. The Austrian federal states of Carinthia and Styria are home to a significant indigenous Slovenian speaking minority with around 14,000 members (Austrian census; unofficial numbers of Slovene groups speak of up to 50,000). In the east-most Bundesland, Burgenland (formerly part of the Hungarian half of Austria-Hungary) about 20,000 Austrian citizens speak Hungarian and 30,000 speak Croatian. The remaining number of Austria's people are of non-Austrian descent, many from surrounding countries, especially from the former East Bloc nations. So-called guest workers (Gastarbeiter) and their descendants, as well as refugees from Yugoslav wars and other conflicts, also form an important minority group in Austria. Since 1994 the Roma-Sinti (gypsies) are an officially recognized ethnic minority in Austria.
　　
　　According to census information published by Statistik Austria for the year 2001 there were a total of 710,926 foreign nationals living in Austria. Of these, 124,392 speak German as their mother tongue (presumably immigrants from Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, the Slovenes and also the South Tyrolian part of northern Italy.) The next largest populations of linguistic and ethnic groups are 240,863 foreign nationals from the former Yugoslavia (Serbian being the largest number of these at 135,376, followed by Croatian at 105,487); 123,417 Turkish nationals; 25,155 whose native tongue is English; 24,446 Albanian; 17,899 Polish; 14,699 Hungarian; 12,216 Romanian; 7,982 Arabs; 6,902 Slovenes (not including the autochthonous minority); 6,891 Slovaks; 6,707 Czech; 5,916 Persian; 5,677 Italian; 5,466 Russian; 5,213 French; 4,938 Chinese; 4,264 Spanish; 3,503 Bulgarian. The populations of the rest fall off sharply below 3,000.
　　
　　The mother tongue of the population by prevalence, is German (88.6%) followed by Turkish (2.3%) , Serbian (2.2%) , Croatian (1.6%) , Hungarian (0.5%) and Bosnian (0.4%).
　　
　　The official language, German, is spoken by almost all residents of the country. Austria's mountainous terrain led to the development of many distinct German dialects. All of the dialects in the country, however, belong to Austro-Bavarian groups of German dialects, with the exception of the dialect spoken in its western-most Bundesland, Vorarlberg, which belongs to the group of Alemannic dialects. There is also a distinct grammatical standard for Austrian German with a few differences to the German spoken in Germany.
　　
　　As of 2006, some of the Austrian states introduced standardised tests for new citizens, to assure their language ability, cultural knowledge and accordingly their ability to integrate into the Austrian society.
　　
　　
　　Politics concerning ethnic groups (Volksgruppenpolitik)
　　An estimated 13,000 to 40,000 Slovenes in the Austrian state of Carinthia (the Carinthian Slovenes) as well as Croats (around 30,000) and Hungarians in Burgenland were recognized as a minority and have enjoyed special rights following the Austrian State Treaty (Staatsvertrag) of 1955. The Slovenes in the Austrian state of Styria (estimated at a number between 1,600 and 5,000) are not recognized as a minority and do not enjoy special rights, although the State Treaty of July 27, 1955 states otherwise.
　　
　　The right for bilingual topographic signs for the regions where Slovene- and Croat-Austrians live alongside the Germanic population (as required by the 1955 State Treaty) is still to be fully implemented. Many Carinthians are afraid of Slovenian territorial claims, pointing to the fact that Yugoslav troops entered the state after each of the two World Wars and considering that some official Slovenian atlases show parts of Carinthia as Slovenian cultural territory. The current governor, Jörg Haider, has made this fact a matter of public argument in autumn 2005 by refusing to increase the number of bilingual topographic signs in Carinthia. A poll by the Kärntner Humaninstitut conducted in January 2006 states that 65% of Carinthians are not in favour of an increase of bilingual topographic signs, since the original requirements set by the State Treaty of 1955 have already been fulfilled according to their point of view. Another interesting phenomenon is the so called "Windischen-Theorie" stating that the Slovenes can be split in two groups: actual Slovenes and Windische (a traditional German name for Slavs) , based on differences in language between Austrian Slovenes, who were taught Slovenian standard language in school and those Slovenes who spoke their local Slovenian dialect but went to German schools. The term Windische was applied to the latter group as a means of distinction. This theory was never generally accepted and fell out of use some decades ago.
　　
　　Religion
　　
　　Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, also Charles I of Spain, Austrian Habsburg
　　ruler and one of the major figures of the Counter-Reformation.At the end of the twentieth century, about 74% of Austria's population were registered as Roman Catholic, while about 5% considered themselves Protestants. Both these numbers have been in decline for decades, especially Roman Catholicism, which has suffered an increasing number of seceders from the church. Austrian Catholics are obliged to pay a mandatory tax (calculated by income —about 1%) to the Austrian Roman Catholic Church, which might (have) act(ed) as an incentive to leave the church.
　　
　　About 12% of the population declare that they have no religion. Of the remaining people, about 180,000 are members of Eastern Orthodox Churches and about 8,100 are Jewish. It has to be noted that the Austrian Jewish Community of 1938 – Vienna alone counted more than 200,000 - was reduced to solely 4,000 to 5,000 after the Second World War. The influx of Eastern Europeans, especially from the former Yugoslav nations, Albania and particularly from Turkey largely contributed to a substantial Muslim minority in Austria — around 340,000 are registered as members of various Muslim communities. Buddhism, which was legally recognized as a religion in Austria in 1983 has a following of 20,000 (10,402 at the 2001 census).
　　
　　According to the most recent Eurobarometer Poll 2005,
　　
　　54% of Austrian citizens responded that "they believe there is a God".
　　34% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force".
　　8% answered that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force".
　　While northern and central Germany was the origin of the Reformation, Austria (and Bavaria) was the heart of the Counter-Reformation in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, when the absolute monarchy of Habsburg imposed a strict regime to maintain Catholicism's power and influence among Austrians. The Habsburgs viewed themselves as the vanguard of Roman Catholicism and all other confessions and religions were oppressed. In 1781, Emperor Joseph II issued a Patent of Tolerance that allowed other Christian confessions a limited freedom of worship. Religious freedom was declared a constitutional right in the Austro-Hungarian Ausgleich in 1867 thus paying tribute to the fact that the monarchy was home of numerous religions beside Roman Catholicism such as Greek, Serbian, Romanian, Russian, and Bulgarian Orthodox Christians (Austria neighboured the Ottoman empire for centuries) , and both Calvinist and Lutheran Protestants.
　　
　　Austria continued to remain largely influenced by Catholicism. After 1918, First Republic Catholic leaders such as Theodor Innitzer and Ignaz Seipel took leading positions within or close to Austria's government and increased their influence during the time of the Austrofascism —Catholicism was treated much like a state religion by Engelbert Dollfuss and Kurt Schuschnigg. Although Catholic leaders welcomed the Germans in 1938 during the Anschluss of Austria into Germany, Austrian Catholicism stopped its support of Nazism later on and many former religious public figures became involved with the resistance during the Third Reich. After 1945, a stricter secularism was imposed in Austria, and religious influence on politics declined.
　　
　　Music
　　
　　Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791).Austria's past as a European power and its cultural environment have generated a broad contribution to various forms of art, most notably among them music. Austria has been the birthplace of many famous composers such as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Joseph Haydn, Franz Schubert, Anton Bruckner, Johann Strauss, Sr., Johann Strauss, Jr. and Gustav Mahler as well as members of the Second Viennese School such as Arnold Schoenberg, Anton Webern and Alban Berg.
　　
　　Vienna has long been especially an important center of musical innovation. Eighteenth and nineteenth century composers were drawn to the city due to the patronage of the Habsburgs, and made Vienna the European capital of classical music. During the Baroque period, Slavic and Hungarian folk forms influenced Austrian music. Vienna's status began its rise as a cultural center in the early 1500s, and was focused around instruments including the lute. Ludwig van Beethoven spent the better part of his life in Vienna.
　　
　　Austria's current national anthem was chosen after World War II to replace the traditional Austrian anthem by Joseph Haydn. The composition, which was initially attributed to Mozart, was most likely not composed by Mozart himself.
　　
　　Austria has also produced one notable jazz musician, keyboardist Josef Zawinul who helped pioneer electronic influences in jazz as well as being a notable composer in his own right. Falco was an internationally acclaimed pop and rock musician.
　　
　　Art and architecture
　　
　　The Belvedere Palace, an example of Baroque architecture.Among Austrian Artists and architects one can find painters Gustav Klimt, Oskar Kokoschka, Egon Schiele and Friedensreich Hundertwasser, photographer Inge Morath or architect Otto Wagner.
　　
　　Science, philosophy and economics
　　
　　Sigmund Freud in 1938Austria was the cradle of numerous scientists with international reputations. Among them are Ludwig Boltzmann, Ernst Mach, Victor Franz Hess and Christian Doppler, prominent scientists in the nineteenth century. In the twentieth century, contributions by Lise Meitner, Erwin Schrödinger and Wolfgang Pauli to nuclear research and quantum mechanics were key to these areas' development during the 1920s and 1930s. A present-day quantum physicist is Anton Zeilinger, noted as the first scientist to demonstrate quantum teleportation.
　　
　　In addition to physicists, Austria was the birthplace of two of the greatest philosophers of the twentieth century, Ludwig Wittgenstein and Karl Popper. In addition to them biologists Gregor Mendel and Konrad Lorenz as well as mathematician Kurt Gödel and engineers such as Ferdinand Porsche and Siegfried Marcus were Austrians.
　　
　　A focus of Austrian science has always been medicine and psychology, starting in medieval times with Paracelsus. Eminent physicians like Theodore Billroth, Clemens von Pirquet, and Anton von Eiselsberg have built upon the achievements of the 19th century Vienna School of Medicine. Austria was home to psychologists Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, Paul Watzlawick and Hans Asperger and psychiatrist Viktor Frankl.
　　
　　The Austrian School of Economics, which is prominent as one of the main competitive directions for economic theory, is related to Austrian economists Joseph Schumpeter, Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk, Ludwig von Mises, and Friedrich Hayek.
　　
　　Other noteworthy Austrian-born émigrés include the management thinker Peter Drucker and the 38th Governor of California, Arnold Schwarzenegger.
　　
　　Literature
　　
　　Complementing its status as a land of artists and scientists, Austria has always been a country of poets, writers, and novelists. It was the home of novelists Arthur Schnitzler, Stefan Zweig, Thomas Bernhard, Franz Kafka, and Robert Musil, of poets Georg Trakl, Franz Werfel, Franz Grillparzer, Rainer Maria Rilke, and Adalbert Stifter, and of writer Karl Kraus.
　　
　　Famous contemporary playwrights and novelists are Nobel prize winner Elfriede Jelinek and writer Peter Handke.
　　
　　Cuisine
　　
　　Austria's cuisine is derived from the cuisine of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In addition to native regional traditions, it has been influenced above all by Hungarian, Czech, Jewish, Italian and Bavarian cuisines, from which both dishes and methods of food preparation have often been borrowed. The Austrian Cuisine is therefore one of the most multi and transcultural cuisines in Europe.
　　
　　Typical Austrian dishes include Wiener Schnitzel, Schweinsbraten, Kaiserschmarren, Knödel, Sachertorte and Tafelspitz. There are also Kasnockn, a macaroni dish with fresh Pinzgauer cheese and parsley, and Eierschwammerl (chanterelle) dishes. The Eierschwammerl are the native yellow, tan mushrooms. These mushrooms are delicious, especially when in a thick Austrian soup, or on regular meals.
　　
　　The candy PEZ was invented in Austria. Austria is also famous for its Apfelstrudel.
　　
　　Sports
　　
　　Skiing slopes at Sankt Anton am ArlbergThe most popular sport in Austria is alpine skiing and Austria shows constant dominance in the Nations-Cup. Similar sports such as snowboarding or ski-jumping are also widely popular. The most popular team sport in Austria is football. However, Austria rarely has international success in this discipline, though the 2008 UEFA European Football Championship is jointly being held with Switzerland. Besides football, Austria also has professional national leagues for most major team sports including ice hockey and basketball. Bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton are also popular events with a permanent track located in Igls, which hosted bobsleigh and luge competitions for the 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics held in Innsbruck.
 

pínglún (0)