马木留克（Mamluk、Mamluke、Mameluk、Mameluke，又名马木鲁克、马穆鲁克、马木路克），从公元第九到第十六世纪之间服务于阿拉伯哈里发和阿尤布王朝苏丹的奴隶兵。后来，随着哈里发的式微和阿尤布王朝的解体，他们逐渐成为强大的军事统治集团，并建立了自己的布尔吉王朝（Burji dynasty），统治埃及达三百年之久（1250年－1517年）。
起源
最早的马木留克服务于公元9世纪阿拔斯王朝的巴格达。他们来自于高加索地区和黑海北部。当时那里有各种游牧民，如格鲁吉亚人、切尔卡斯人和钦察突厥人。大多数游牧民都不是穆斯林。
马木留克大多是由奴隶贩子抓到并贩卖到中东地区的。他们因为没有任何政治背景而受到哈里发们的青睐。中东当地的军人大多忠诚于当地的酋长和大家族，而不是哈里发。马木留克由于身份低微，拥有对哈里发个人很高的忠诚度。一旦叛乱发生，马木鲁克往往成为敉平叛乱的得力工具。马木鲁克也经常被作为雇佣军使用。打仗靠钦察奴隶，这是中世纪中亚与埃及的一个特殊现象。
历史
从十字军东征时代到拿破仑战争以前，钦察奴隶兵是一群令人闻风丧胆的军队，他们机动性很高，不过，随着火枪的发明，那些钦察奴隶兵也渐渐溃败，更于拿破仑战争销声匿迹。
缘起
自从回教世界统治了阿拉伯半岛、伊朗高原和北非之后，当地的君主和领主纷纷招募一群骁勇善战的骑士，君主和领主会以俸禄支付作为薪资，因此他们即为忠于他们的主人。他们配有一把短弯刀（SCIMITAR）和圆形盾牌，后期有佩带手枪。
十字军东征时代
十一世纪的十字军东征，基督徒很快的便占领圣地耶路撒冷，由于阿拉伯奴隶兵无法对付突如其来的攻势，但随着突尼斯战役的结束，十字军东征告尾声，阿拉伯奴隶兵团也更加强大，使基督徒不再进攻圣地。
奥斯曼帝国的统治
奥斯曼帝国的苏丹（国王之意）苏莱曼大帝，扩充版图至埃及、阿拉伯半岛，阿拉伯奴隶兵在北非的征战上，也功劳不小。
拿破仑战争
拿破仑在结束意大利战役之后为了切断英国对于印度的经济命脉，决定远征埃及，这次拿破仑在金字塔战役和到叙利亚的远征中，成功打败阿拉伯奴隶兵，拿破仑使用了整个师的兵力组成方阵再以大炮加以掩护，甚至曾在某次遭遇战中打败了七倍于己的兵力，但随着土耳其的参战和英国海军在尼罗河口的胜利，法国对埃及的统治也因为未能攻克雅克城以及法国在欧洲主战场的严峻形势而结束，但阿拉伯奴隶兵并未销声匿迹。拿破仑著名的禁卫军中，就有一只是由阿拉伯奴隶兵所组成的。
电脑游戏
帝国时代II和帝国时代III，皆有设计阿拉伯奴隶兵。帝国时代II，奴隶兵是萨拉森种族的特殊单位，在城堡时代中的城堡中训练，属于骑兵系的远距反骑兵单位，骑着骆驼，以丢弯刀攻击，可升级成精锐阿拉伯奴隶兵。帝国时代III，奴隶兵则是以佣兵的身分在游戏中，只有英国、法国、西班牙、葡萄牙、德国、奥斯曼人，在要塞时代能运送阿拉伯奴隶兵，但是他们占很多人口数，高达四个。本身使用弯刀攻击，而且骑着马匹，生命值高。王国的兴起中的阿拉伯奴隶兵则是埃及火药时代的特殊单位，他们骑着马，双手皆有持枪，是由古典时代的双轮战车和中世纪的重装双轮战车升级而成，可以在启蒙时代改良成为皇室阿拉伯奴隶兵（参见：帝国时代II、帝国时代III、王国的兴起）
The Mamluk Sultanate was a regime composed of mamluks who ruled Egypt and Syria from the mid-1200s to the early 1500s. Mamluks were of mixed ancestry but mainly Kipchak Turks. While Mamluks were purchased, their status was above ordinary slaves, who were not allowed to carry weapons or perform certain tasks. Mamluks were considered to be “true lords,” with social status above freeborn Egyptians.
Rise to power
Mamluk regiments constituted the backbone of the late Ayyubid military. Each sultan and high-ranking amir had his private corps, and the sultan as-Salih Ayyub (r. 1240-1249) had especially relied on this means to maintaining power. His mamluks, numbering between 800 and 1,000 horsemen, were called the Bahris, after the Arabic word bahr (بحر), meaning sea or large river, because their barracks were located on the island of Rawda in the Nile. They were mostly drawn from among the Kipchak Turks who controlled the steppes north of the Black Sea.
In 1249 Louis IX led a crusade on an invasion of Egypt, capturing Damietta and then proceeding slowly southward. As they advanced, as-Salih Ayyub died and was succeeded by his son al-Mu`azzam Turanshah, but before Turanshah could arrive at the front, the Bahri mamluks defeated the crusaders at the Battle of Al Mansurah and captured Louis, effectively ending the crusade. Turanshah proceeded to place his own entourage and especially his own mamluks, called Mu`azzamis, in positions of authority to the detriment of Bahri interests. Four weeks after Louis' capture, on 2 May 1250, a group of Bahris assassinated Turanshah.
Wars with Mongols and Crusaders
Following the death of Turanshah a ten-year period of political instability in Egypt and Syria ensued as various factions competed for control. In 1254, when a rival faction under the leadership of Qutuz became powerful, most of the Bahris fled Cairo and took service with Ayyubid amirs in Syria. Meanwhile, the Mongols under the command of Hulegu invaded the Middle East in force. They sacked Baghdad in 1258 and proceeded westward, capturing Aleppo and Damascus. Qutuz and the Bahris agreed to put aside their differences to face the common threat. They met a contingent of Mongols at the Battle of `Ayn Jalut and defeated them. With the Mongol threat temporarily over, rivalries among the mamluks revived, and Baybars, a leading Bahri, assassinated Qutuz and claimed the sultanate.
Government and Society
The Mamluk Households
The mamluks were organized into households under the leadership of an ustad. Mamluks had intense loyalty to their ustad and to their comrades in the regiment. The loyalty of a mamluk to his comrades was called khushdashiya (Arabic: خشداشية)
Mamluks' sons did not enter the ranks of the mamluks, and tended to blend in with the wider society. The ranks of the mamluks were always replenished by importing fresh slaves from abroad.
The Ulama
Art and Architecture
As part of their chosen role as defenders of Islamic orthodoxy, the Mamluks sponsored numerous religious buildings, including mosques, madrasas and khanqahs. Though some construction took place in the provinces, the vast bulk of these projects took place in the capital. Many Mamluk buildings in Cairo survive until today, particularly in the district of Old Cairo.