mǎ mù liú kè（ Mamluk、 Mamluke、 Mameluk、 Mameluke，
yòu míng mǎ mù lǔ kè、
mǎ mù lǔ kè、
mǎ mù lù kè），
cóng gōng yuán dì jiǔ dào dì shí liù shì jì zhī jiān fú wù yú '
ā lā bó hā lǐ fā hé '
ā yóu bù wáng cháo sū dān de nú lì bīng。
hòu lái，
suí zhe hā lǐ fā de shì wēi hé '
ā yóu bù wáng cháo de jiě tǐ，
tā men zhú jiàn chéng wéi qiáng dà de jūn shì tǒng zhì jí tuán，
bìng jiàn lì liǎo zì jǐ de bù '
ěr jí wáng cháo（ Burjidynasty），
tǒng zhì '
āi jí dá sān bǎi nián zhī jiǔ（ 1250
nián － 1517
nián）。
qǐ yuán
zuì zǎo de mǎ mù liú kè fú wù yú gōng yuán 9
shì jì '
ā bá sī wáng cháo de bā gé dá。
tā men lái zì yú gāo jiā suǒ dì qū hé hēi hǎi běi bù。
dāng shí nà lǐ yòu gè zhǒng yóu mù mín，
rú gé lǔ jí yà rén、
qiē '
ěr kǎ sī rén hé qīn chá tū jué rén。
dà duō shù yóu mù mín dōubù shì mù sī lín。
mǎ mù liú kè dà duō shì yóu nú lì fàn zǐ zhuā dào bìng fàn mài dào zhōng dōng dì qū de。
tā men yīn wéi méi yòu rèn hé zhèng zhì bèi jǐng '
ér shòu dào hā lǐ fā men de qīng lái。
zhōng dōng dāng dì de jūn rén dà duō zhōng chéng yú dāng dì de qiú cháng hé dà jiā zú，
ér bù shì hā lǐ fā。
mǎ mù liú kè yóu yú shēn fèn dī wēi，
yōng yòu duì hā lǐ fā gè rén hěn gāo de zhōng chéng dù。
yī dàn pàn luàn fā shēng，
mǎ mù lǔ kè wǎng wǎng chéng wéi mǐ píng pàn luàn de dé lì gōng jù。
mǎ mù lǔ kè yě jīng cháng bèi zuò wéi gù yōng jūn shǐ yòng。
dǎ zhàng kào qīn chá nú lì，
zhè shì zhōng shì jì zhōng yà yǔ '
āi jí de yī gè tè shū xiàn xiàng。
lì shǐ
cóng shí zì jūn dōng zhēng shí dài dào ná pò lún zhàn zhēng yǐ qián，
qīn chá nú lì bīng shì yī qún lìng rén wén fēng sàng dǎn de jūn duì，
tā men jī dòng xìng hěn gāo，
bù guò，
suí zhe huǒ qiāng de fā míng，
nà xiē qīn chá nú lì bīng yě jiàn jiàn kuì bài，
gèng yú ná pò lún zhàn zhēng xiāo shēng nì jì。
yuán qǐ
zì cóng huí jiào shì jiè tǒng zhì liǎo '
ā lā bó bàn dǎo、
yī lǎng gāo yuán hé běi fēi zhī hòu，
dāng dì de jūn zhù hé lǐng zhù fēn fēn zhāo mù yī qún xiāo yǒng shàn zhàn de qí shì，
jūn zhù hé lǐng zhù huì yǐ fèng lù zhī fù zuò wéi xīn zī，
yīn cǐ tā men jí wéi zhōng yú tā men de zhù rén。
tā men pèi yòu yī bǎ duǎn wān dāo（ SCIMITAR）
hé yuán xíng dùn pái，
hòu qī yòu pèi dài shǒu qiāng。
shí zì jūn dōng zhēng shí dài
shí yī shì jì de shí zì jūn dōng zhēng，
jī dū tú hěn kuài de biàn zhàn lǐng shèng dì yé lù sǎ lěng，
yóu yú '
ā lā bó nú lì bīng wú fǎ duì fù tū rú qí lái de gōng shì，
dàn suí zhe tū ní sī zhàn yì de jié shù，
shí zì jūn dōng zhēng gào wěi shēng，
ā lā bó nú lì bīng tuán yě gèng jiā qiáng dà，
shǐ jī dū tú bù zài jìn gōng shèng dì。
ào sī màn dì guó de tǒng zhì
ào sī màn dì guó de sū dān（
guó wáng zhī yì）
sū lāi màn dà dì，
kuò chōng bǎn tú zhì '
āi jí、
ā lā bó bàn dǎo，
ā lā bó nú lì bīng zài běi fēi de zhēng zhàn shàng，
yě gōng láo bù xiǎo。
ná pò lún zhàn zhēng
ná pò lún zài jié shù yì dà lì zhàn yì zhī hòu wèile qiē duàn yīng guó duì yú yìn dù de jīng jì mìng mài，
jué dìng yuǎn zhēng '
āi jí，
zhè cì ná pò lún zài jīn zì tǎ zhàn yì hé dào xù lì yà de yuǎn zhēng zhōng，
chéng gōng dǎ bài '
ā lā bó nú lì bīng，
ná pò lún shǐ yòng liǎo zhěng gè shī de bīng lì zǔ chéng fāng zhèn zài yǐ dà pào jiā yǐ yǎn hù，
shèn zhì céng zài mǒu cì zāo yù zhàn zhōng dǎ bài liǎo qī bèi yú jǐ de bīng lì，
dàn suí zhe tǔ '
ěr qí de cān zhàn hé yīng guó hǎi jūn zài ní luó hé kǒu de shèng lì，
fǎ guó duì '
āi jí de tǒng zhì yě yīn wéi wèi néng gōng kè yǎ kè chéng yǐ jí fǎ guó zài '
ōu zhōu zhù zhàn chǎng de yán jùn xíng shì '
ér jié shù，
dàn '
ā lā bó nú lì bīng bìng wèi xiāo shēng nì jì。
ná pò lún zhù míng de jìn wèi jūn zhōng，
jiù yòu yī zhǐ shì yóu '
ā lā bó nú lì bīng suǒ zǔ chéng de。
diàn nǎo yóu xì
dì guó shí dài II
hé dì guó shí dài III，
jiē yòu shè jì '
ā lā bó nú lì bīng。
dì guó shí dài II，
nú lì bīng shì sà lā sēn zhǒng zú de tè shū dān wèi，
zài chéng bǎo shí dài zhōng de chéng bǎo zhōng xùn liàn，
shǔ yú qí bīng xì de yuǎn jù fǎn qí bīng dān wèi，
qí zhe luò tuó，
yǐ diū wān dāo gōng jī，
kě shēng jí chéng jīng ruì '
ā lā bó nú lì bīng。
dì guó shí dài III，
nú lì bīng zé shì yǐ yōng bīng de shēnfèn zài yóu xì zhōng，
zhǐ yòu yīng guó、
fǎ guó、
xī bān yá、
pú táo yá、
dé guó、
ào sī màn rén，
zài yào sài shí dài néng yùn sòng '
ā lā bó nú lì bīng，
dàn shì tā men zhàn hěn duō rén kǒu shù，
gāo dá sì gè。
běn shēn shǐ yòng wān dāo gōng jī，
ér qiě qí zhe mǎ pǐ，
shēng mìng zhí gāo。
wáng guó de xīng qǐ zhōng de '
ā lā bó nú lì bīng zé shì '
āi jí huǒ yào shí dài de tè shū dān wèi，
tā men qí zhe mǎ，
shuāng shǒu jiē yòu chí qiāng，
shì yóu gǔ diǎn shí dài de shuāng lún zhàn chē hé zhōng shì jì de zhòng zhuāng shuāng lún zhàn chē shēng jí '
ér chéng，
kě yǐ zài qǐ méng shí dài gǎi liáng chéng wéi huáng shì '
ā lā bó nú lì bīng（
cān jiàn：
dì guó shí dài II、
dì guó shí dài III、
wáng guó de xīng qǐ）
The Mamluk Sultanate was a regime composed of mamluks who ruled Egypt and Syria from the mid-1200s to the early 1500s. Mamluks were of mixed ancestry but mainly Kipchak Turks. While Mamluks were purchased, their status was above ordinary slaves, who were not allowed to carry weapons or perform certain tasks. Mamluks were considered to be “true lords,” with social status above freeborn Egyptians.
Rise to power
Mamluk regiments constituted the backbone of the late Ayyubid military. Each sultan and high-ranking amir had his private corps, and the sultan as-Salih Ayyub (r. 1240-1249) had especially relied on this means to maintaining power. His mamluks, numbering between 800 and 1,000 horsemen, were called the Bahris, after the Arabic word bahr (بحر), meaning sea or large river, because their barracks were located on the island of Rawda in the Nile. They were mostly drawn from among the Kipchak Turks who controlled the steppes north of the Black Sea.
In 1249 Louis IX led a crusade on an invasion of Egypt, capturing Damietta and then proceeding slowly southward. As they advanced, as-Salih Ayyub died and was succeeded by his son al-Mu`azzam Turanshah, but before Turanshah could arrive at the front, the Bahri mamluks defeated the crusaders at the Battle of Al Mansurah and captured Louis, effectively ending the crusade. Turanshah proceeded to place his own entourage and especially his own mamluks, called Mu`azzamis, in positions of authority to the detriment of Bahri interests. Four weeks after Louis' capture, on 2 May 1250, a group of Bahris assassinated Turanshah.
Wars with Mongols and Crusaders
Following the death of Turanshah a ten-year period of political instability in Egypt and Syria ensued as various factions competed for control. In 1254, when a rival faction under the leadership of Qutuz became powerful, most of the Bahris fled Cairo and took service with Ayyubid amirs in Syria. Meanwhile, the Mongols under the command of Hulegu invaded the Middle East in force. They sacked Baghdad in 1258 and proceeded westward, capturing Aleppo and Damascus. Qutuz and the Bahris agreed to put aside their differences to face the common threat. They met a contingent of Mongols at the Battle of `Ayn Jalut and defeated them. With the Mongol threat temporarily over, rivalries among the mamluks revived, and Baybars, a leading Bahri, assassinated Qutuz and claimed the sultanate.
Government and Society
The Mamluk Households
The mamluks were organized into households under the leadership of an ustad. Mamluks had intense loyalty to their ustad and to their comrades in the regiment. The loyalty of a mamluk to his comrades was called khushdashiya (Arabic: خشداشية)
Mamluks' sons did not enter the ranks of the mamluks, and tended to blend in with the wider society. The ranks of the mamluks were always replenished by importing fresh slaves from abroad.
The Ulama
Art and Architecture
As part of their chosen role as defenders of Islamic orthodoxy, the Mamluks sponsored numerous religious buildings, including mosques, madrasas and khanqahs. Though some construction took place in the provinces, the vast bulk of these projects took place in the capital. Many Mamluk buildings in Cairo survive until today, particularly in the district of Old Cairo.