'āi Ancient Egypt   tuō wáng cháo Ptolemaic Egypt   āi luó tǒng zhì shí Roman rule in Egypt   ā 'āi Arab Egypt   ào màn 'āi Ottoman Egypt    hǎn · ā wáng cháo Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty   xiàn dài 'āi Modern Egypt   

   'āi wén míng yuē chū xiàn zài gōng yuán qián 5 qiān niánzài yuē qián 3100 nián 'āi chéng wéi tǒng de guó jiāyóu lǎo tǒng zhìzhī hòu de 'āi yīn chēng wéi lǎo 'āi qián 332 nián shí 'āi bèi shān zhēng hòu bèi tuō wáng cháosuī rán chēng lǎotǒng zhì 'āi shí dài jié shùāi xué jiā tōng cháng 'āi shǐ huàfēn wéi qián wáng cháo shí zǎo wáng cháo shí wáng guó shí zhōng jiān zhōng wáng guó shí 'èr zhōng jiān xīn wáng guó shí sān zhōng jiān 'āi hòu děng 9 shí zhōng qián wáng cháo shí shì 'āi tǒng zhī qián de wén míng chū zǎo wáng cháo shí shì 'āi lǎo tǒng zhì zhú jiàn xíng chéng de shí zhōngxīn wáng guó shí shì guó jiā tǒng lǎo zhōng yāng quán de wén míng fán róng shí ér èrsān zhōng jiān shì guó jiā fēn lièhuò bèi wài qīn lüè lǎo quán mòluò de shí zuì hòu de 'āi hòu shì 'āi shòu dào wài qīn lüè tǒng zhìzhú jiàn bèi mín zhēng de shí
  
   'āi shí wáng cháo
  
   'āi shǐ bān bèi huàfēn wéi 8 huò 9 shí qián wáng cháo shí zǎo wáng cháo shí wáng guó shí zhōng jiān zhōng wáng guó shí 'èr zhōng jiān xīn wáng guó shí sān zhōng jiān 'āi hòu zhè shì hòu lái 'āi xué jiā gēn 'āi guó jiā tǒng fán róng zhōng yāng zhèng quán děng qíng kuàng jìn xíng de huàfēnér shì 'āi rén de huàfēn biāo zhǔn 'āi zǎo de 'āi rén bìng huàfēn shǐ shí shí bēi( en:PalermoStone, yòu 'āi zuì chū dào wáng cháo zhōng de lǎo liè biǎoliè lǎo shí bìng jìn xíng rèn huàfēnhòu lái 'āi rén gēn lǎo de chū shēn jìn xíng huàfēn lín wáng míng biǎo( TurinKinglist, zhì shǎo zhì 'èr shí wáng cháodàn cán quē quán)。 xiàn dài tōng yòng de 30 huò 31 'āi wáng cháo shì yóu tuō wáng cháo zǎo 'āi màn niè tuō zàiāi shǐ》( wén: Aegyptiaca) shū zhōng chū deyóu āi shǐyuán shū jīng shī huàfēn wáng cháo de biāo zhǔn xiàn zài qīng chǔ 'āi shí wáng cháo rèn lǎo shì shì 'āi shí wáng cháo zuì hòu rèn lǎo de àn shuō yīnggāi huà wéi wáng cháo zhōngér zhī hòu de shì shì shì de hòu dàiquè bèi tóng guī shí wáng cháoāi xué jiā tuī màn niè tuō de huàfēn biāo zhǔn shì fēn gēn shén huà chuán shuō fēn gēn shǐ shì shí fēn gēn yòu de huàfēn jìn xíng debìng wán quán gēn lǎo jiā jìn xíng shàng miàn de jiě shì wéi shì tǒng 'āi zhú liǎo wài qīn lüè zhěyīn kāi shǐ liǎo xīn de shí dàiwáng cháo)。 zài wáng cháo 'èr wáng cháo de huàfēn shàngmàn niè tuō néng gēn shén huà zōng jiào biāo zhǔnshǐ liǎng wáng cháo dōuyòu 9 lǎoyīn wéi 9 zhè shù zài 'āi shì shén shèng de xiē 'āi xué jiā shì pāo màn niè tuō de huàfēnér chóngxīn jìn xíng gèng de huàfēndàn yóu yuē dìng chéng de yīn duō shù zhù zuò xué zhě hái zhí yán yòng zhè huàfēn
   qián wáng cháo shí
  
   jīn 9000 duō nián qiánrén men zài luó dìng kāi shǐ zài 'àn biān jiàn fáng bìng jìn xíng nóng xùmù shēng chǎn huó dòng jīn 7000 duō nián qiánāi rén kāi shǐ shǐ yòng tóng wéi wén míng de xíng chéng diàn dìng liǎo chǔzhī hòu 'āi jìn qián wáng cháo yòu chēng wéi 'ā shí yòu zhì jiē méng dào qián wáng cháo 'èr 'ěr sài shí ), āi yòu zhì wáng quán què zài chū de wén zhōng zhǎo dào xiàng zhēng wáng quán de yīng shén de xíng xiàng 'ěr sài shí hòu guó jiā chū xiàndàn miàn hěn xiǎorén kǒu duōsuí hòu guó jiā zhī jiān duàn zhēng zhànzhú jiàn tǒng chéng wéi luó shàng yóu luó hǎi kǒu sān jiǎo zhōu de shàng 'āi xià 'āi liǎng guó jiāxiàng xíng wén zài zhè shí hòu chū xiànbìng yán yòng liǎo 3500 nián
  
   gōng yuán qián 3100 nián zuǒ yòuchuán shuō shàng 'āi guó wáng měi tǒng shàngxià 'āi jiàn wáng cháodìng mèng fěi jīn kāi luó jiāo), chéng wéi 'āi lǎo 'āi cóng kāi shǐ liǎo wáng cháo shí shí de 'āi jīng bèi liǎo wén míng de běn zhēng yòu xíng zhèng guān yuánshì bīngzōng jiàowén děng
  
   zǎo wáng cháo shí wáng guó shí zhōng jiān
  
   'āi tǒng zhī hòuzài hěn cháng duàn shí jiān shì wěn dìng dezhè duàn shí jiān jīng liǎo cóng wáng cháo dào liù wáng cháo gòng liù wáng cháoshí jiān yuē wéi qián 3100 nián dào qián 2270 nián 'āi shǐ xué jiā màn niè tuō jiāng chēng wéi wáng guó shí zhè shì 'āi shǐ shàng nóng shǒu gōng shāng jiàn zhù děng xiàng shì quán miàn zhǎn de wěi shí dàiquè liǎo guān liáo zhì wéi chǔ dejūn zhù cái de zhuān zhì tǒng zhìbìng qiě chū xiàn liǎo jīn liù wáng cháo hòuwáng quán shuāi luò lǎo shī liǎo duì guó jiā de kòng zhìguó jiā kāi shǐ fēn lièshǐ chēng zhōng jiān shí ”( qián 2270 nián qián 2060 nián)。 zhè zhǒng fēn liè xíng shì dào shí wáng cháo chóngxīn tǒng
  
   zhōng wáng guó shí 'èr zhōng jiān xīn wáng guó shí
  
   zhī hòu 'āi jìn 'èr zhèng zhì yǐn dìng zhōng wáng guó shí qián 2060 niánqián 1785 nián)。 āi zài shí 'èr wáng cháo shí qiān jīn 'āi suǒ), kāi shǐ shǐ yòng qīng tóng shí 'āi de jiāo wǎng kuò shí sān wáng cháo shí zhèng quán yòu jiě,“ 'èr zhōng jiān shí kāi shǐ shí 'āi zāo dào wài de qīn lüèqīn lüè zhě wéi jià chē zuò zhàn de suǒ rén men zhàn lǐng liǎo 'āi běi de fēn jiàn liǎo cháng 100 duō nián detài yáng shén zài de tǒng zhì”( qián 1720 nián dào qián 1570 nián)。 āi rén zài zhè jiān xué liǎo suǒ rén de zhàn shù shí wáng cháo de 'ā shì qián 1570 nián jiāng suǒ rén zhú chū guó jìngchóngxīn tǒng 'āi kāi shǐ liǎo shí wáng cháozhè zhī hòu bèi chēng wéi xīn wáng guó shí qián 1570 niánqián 1070 nián)。 shí wáng cháo guó qiáng shèngduì wài pín fán dòng zhàn zhēngshí jiǔ wáng cháo shí 'āi guó shēng liǎo dié shí zhàn jīng guò 16 nián zhī jiǔ de zhàn zhēngzuì hòu měi 'èr shì wáng qiān dìng yuē gào zhōng shí de 'āi chéng wéi liǎo guótǒng zhì fàn wéi běi nán dào luó héng kuà běi fēi
   sān zhōng jiān shí hòu jié shù
  
   āi dào liǎo 'èr shí wáng cháo hòu liè de dǎo zhì guó shuāi jiékāi shǐ liǎo kuà yuè 5 wáng cháo de sān zhōng jiān shí qián 1070 niánqián 664 nián), jiān de wáng cháo yòu 'èr shí èr shí 'èrèr shí sānèr shí 'èr shí wáng cháoāi 'èr shí liù wáng cháo jìn 'āi hòu zuì zhōng zài qián 525 nián bèi 'ā měi guó suǒ miè 'āi shí dài jié shù liǎo rén zài 'āi jiàn liǎo 'èr shí wáng cháo sān shí wáng cháoāi 'èr shí liù wáng cháo hòu fǎn kàng rén chéng gōng nèi zhànjiàn liǎo duǎn zàn de 'èr shí èr shí jiǔ sān shí wáng cháoqián 332 nián 'āi yòu bèi shān suǒ tǒng zhì shān hòu jiāng tuō shì zhàn lǐng liǎo 'āi jiàn liǎo tuō wáng cháo bèi chēng wéi lǎodàn dāng shí de 'āi jīng shì chè zài wài rén de tǒng zhì xià liǎo


  Ancient Egypt was an ancient civilization of eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt. The civilization coalesced around 3150 BC with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh, and it developed over the next three millennia. Its history occurred in a series of stable Kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods. Ancient Egypt reached its pinnacle during the New Kingdom, after which it entered a period of slow decline. Egypt was conquered by a succession of foreign powers in this late period, and the rule of the pharaohs officially ended in 31 BC when the early Roman Empire conquered Egypt and made it a province.
  
  The success of ancient Egyptian civilization stemmed partly from its ability to adapt to the conditions of the Nile River Valley. The predictable flooding and controlled irrigation of the fertile valley produced surplus crops, which fueled social development and culture. With resources to spare, the administration sponsored mineral exploitation of the valley and surrounding desert regions, the early development of an independent writing system, the organization of collective construction and agricultural projects, trade with surrounding regions, and a military intended to defeat foreign enemies and assert Egyptian dominance. Motivating and organizing these activities was a bureaucracy of elite scribes, religious leaders, and administrators under the control of a pharaoh who ensured the cooperation and unity of the Egyptian people in the context of an elaborate system of religious beliefs.
  
  The many achievements of the ancient Egyptians include the quarrying, surveying and construction techniques that facilitated the building of monumental pyramids, temples, and obelisks; a system of mathematics, a practical and effective system of medicine, irrigation systems and agricultural production techniques, the first known ships, Egyptian faience and glass technology, new forms of literature, and the earliest known peace treaty. Egypt left a lasting legacy. Its art and architecture were widely copied, and its antiquities carried off to far corners of the world. Its monumental ruins have inspired the imaginations of travellers and writers for centuries. A newfound respect for antiquities and excavations in the early modern period led to the scientific investigation of Egyptian civilization and a greater appreciation of its cultural legacy, for Egypt and the world.


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