gǔ '
āi jí wén míng dà yuē chū xiàn zài gōng yuán qián 5
qiān nián,
zài yuē qián 3100
nián '
āi jí chéng wéi tǒng yī de guó jiā,
yóu fǎ lǎo tǒng zhì,
zhī hòu de '
āi jí yīn cǐ yě chēng wéi fǎ lǎo '
āi jí。
qián 332
nián shí '
āi jí bèi yà lì shān dà dà dì zhēng fú,
hòu bèi tuō lè mì wáng cháo(
suī rán yě zì chēng fǎ lǎo)
tǒng zhì,
gǔ '
āi jí shí dài jié shù。
āi jí xué jiā tōng cháng bǎ gǔ '
āi jí lì shǐ huàfēn wéi qián wáng cháo shí qī、
zǎo wáng cháo shí qī、
gǔ wáng guó shí qī、
dì yī zhōng jiān qī、
zhōng wáng guó shí qī、
dì '
èr zhōng jiān qī、
xīn wáng guó shí qī、
dì sān zhōng jiān qī hé gǔ '
āi jí hòu qī děng 9
gè shí qī,
qí zhōng qián wáng cháo shí qī shì '
āi jí tǒng yī zhī qián de wén míng chū qī,
zǎo wáng cháo shí qī shì gǔ '
āi jí fǎ lǎo tǒng zhì zhú jiàn xíng chéng de shí qī,
gǔ、
zhōng、
xīn wáng guó shí qī zé shì guó jiā tǒng yī,
fǎ lǎo zhōng yāng jí quán de wén míng fán róng shí qī,
ér dì yī、
èr、
sān zhōng jiān qī zé shì guó jiā fēn liè,
huò bèi wài zú qīn lüè,
fǎ lǎo quán lì mòluò de shí qī,
zuì hòu de gǔ '
āi jí hòu qī shì '
āi jí shòu dào wài zú qīn lüè hé tǒng zhì,
zhú jiàn bèi qí tā mín zú zhēng fú de shí qī。
gǔ '
āi jí shí qī hé wáng cháo
gǔ '
āi jí lì shǐ yī bān bèi huàfēn wéi 8
huò 9
gè shí qī,
jí qián wáng cháo shí qī、
zǎo wáng cháo shí qī、
gǔ wáng guó shí qī、
dì yī zhōng jiān qī、
zhōng wáng guó shí qī、
dì '
èr zhōng jiān qī、
xīn wáng guó shí qī、
dì sān zhōng jiān qī hé gǔ '
āi jí hòu qī,
zhè shì hòu lái '
āi jí xué jiā gēn jù gǔ '
āi jí guó jiā tǒng yī、
fán róng yǐ jí zhōng yāng zhèng fǔ quán lì děng qíng kuàng jìn xíng de huàfēn,
ér bù shì gǔ '
āi jí rén zì jǐ de huàfēn biāo zhǔn。
gǔ '
āi jí zǎo qī de '
āi jí rén sì hū bìng bù huàfēn lì shǐ shí qī,
lì rú bā lè mò shí bēi( en:PalermoStone,
kè yòu gǔ '
āi jí zuì chū dào dì wǔ wáng cháo zhōng qī de fǎ lǎo liè biǎo)
liè jǔ fǎ lǎo shí bìng bù jìn xíng rèn hé huàfēn。
hòu lái '
āi jí rén zé gēn jù fǎ lǎo de chū shēn dì jìn xíng huàfēn,
rú dū lín wáng míng biǎo( TurinKinglist,
zhì shǎo jì lù zhì dì '
èr shí wáng cháo,
dàn cán quē bù quán)。
xiàn dài tōng yòng de 30
huò 31
gè '
āi jí wáng cháo zé shì yóu tuō lè mì wáng cháo zǎo qī gǔ '
āi jí jì sì màn niè tuō zài《
āi jí shǐ》(
xī là wén: Aegyptiaca)
yī shū zhōng tí chū de,
yóu yú《
āi jí shǐ》
yuán shū yǐ jīng yí shī,
qí huàfēn wáng cháo de biāo zhǔn xiàn zài bù qīng chǔ。
lì rú '
āi jí dì shí bā wáng cháo dì yī rèn fǎ lǎo yǎ hè mó sī yī shì shì '
āi jí dì shí qī wáng cháo zuì hòu yī rèn fǎ lǎo kǎ mó sī de dì dì,
àn shuō yīnggāi huà wéi yī gè wáng cháo zhōng。
ér zhī hòu de tú tè mó sī yī shì zé bù shì yǎ hè mó sī yī shì de hòu dài,
què bèi tóng guī rù dì shí bā wáng cháo。
āi jí xué jiā tuī cè màn niè tuō de huàfēn biāo zhǔn shì bù fēn gēn jù shén huà chuán shuō、
bù fēn gēn jù lì shǐ shì shí、
bù fēn gēn jù yǐ yòu de huàfēn jìn xíng de,
bìng bù wán quán gēn jù fǎ lǎo jiā zú jìn xíng。
lì rú shàng miàn de lì zǐ kě yǐ jiě shì wéi yǎ hè mó sī yī shì tǒng yī '
āi jí,
qū zhú liǎo wài zú qīn lüè zhě,
yīn cǐ kāi shǐ liǎo yī gè xīn de shí dài(
wáng cháo)。
zài dì yī wáng cháo hé dì '
èr wáng cháo de huàfēn shàng,
màn niè tuō kě néng gēn jù shén huà hé zōng jiào biāo zhǔn,
shǐ liǎng gè wáng cháo dōuyòu 9
gè fǎ lǎo,
yīn wéi 9
zhè yī shù zì zài gǔ '
āi jí shì shén shèng de。
yī xiē '
āi jí xué jiā shì tú pāo qì màn niè tuō de huàfēn,
ér chóngxīn jìn xíng gèng hé lǐ de huàfēn,
dàn yóu yú yuē dìng sú chéng de yīn sù,
dà duō shù zhù zuò hé xué zhě dū hái yī zhí yán yòng zhè yī huàfēn。
qián wáng cháo shí qī
jù jīn 9000
duō nián qián,
rén men zài ní luó hé hé gǔ dìng jū,
kāi shǐ zài '
àn biān jiàn lì fáng wū,
bìng jìn xíng nóng yè hé xùmù yè shēng chǎn huó dòng。
jù jīn 7000
duō nián qián,
āi jí rén kāi shǐ shǐ yòng tóng qì,
wéi wén míng de xíng chéng diàn dìng liǎo jī chǔ。
zhī hòu gǔ '
āi jí jìn rù qián wáng cháo yī qī,
yòu chēng wéi '
ā mǔ lā tè shí qī,
sī yòu zhì hé jiē jí méng yá。
dào qián wáng cháo '
èr qī(
jí gé '
ěr sài shí qī),
āi jí sī yòu zhì hé wáng quán què lì,
zài chū tǔ de wén wù zhōng kě yǐ zhǎo dào xiàng zhēng wáng quán de hé lǔ sī yīng shén de xíng xiàng。
gé '
ěr sài shí qī hòu qī,
guó jiā chū xiàn,
dàn miàn jī hěn xiǎo,
rén kǒu bù duō,
suí hòu guó jiā zhī jiān bù duàn zhēng zhàn,
zhú jiàn tǒng yī chéng wéi ní luó hé shàng yóu hé gǔ dì qū hé ní luó hé rù hǎi kǒu sān jiǎo zhōu dì qū de shàng '
āi jí hé xià '
āi jí liǎng gè guó jiā。
xiàng xíng wén zì yě zài zhè gè shí hòu chū xiàn,
bìng yán yòng liǎo 3500
yú nián。
gōng yuán qián 3100
nián zuǒ yòu,
chuán shuō shàng '
āi jí guó wáng měi ní sī tǒng yī shàng、
xià '
āi jí,
jiàn lì dì yī wáng cháo,
dìng dū mèng fěi sī(
jīn kāi luó xī jiāo),
chéng wéi gǔ '
āi jí dì yī gè fǎ lǎo,
gǔ '
āi jí cóng cǐ kāi shǐ liǎo wáng cháo shí qī。
cǐ shí de '
āi jí yǐ jīng jù bèi liǎo wén míng de jǐ gè jī běn tè zhēng,
bǐ rú yòu xíng zhèng guān yuán、
shì bīng、
zōng jiào、
wén zì děng。
zǎo wáng cháo shí qī、
gǔ wáng guó shí qī hé dì yī zhōng jiān qī
gǔ '
āi jí tǒng yī zhī hòu,
zài hěn cháng yī duàn shí jiān shì wěn dìng de,
zhè duàn shí jiān jīng lì liǎo cóng dì yī wáng cháo dào dì liù wáng cháo gòng liù gè wáng cháo,
shí jiān dà yuē wéi qián 3100
nián dào qián 2270
nián。
gǔ '
āi jí lì shǐ xué jiā màn niè tuō jiāng qí chēng wéi “ gǔ wáng guó shí qī ”。
zhè shì gǔ '
āi jí shǐ shàng nóng yè、
shǒu gōng yè、
shāng yè、
jiàn zhù yè děng gè xiàng shì yè quán miàn fā zhǎn de dì yī gè wěi dà shí dài。
què lì liǎo yǐ guān liáo tǐ zhì wéi jī chǔ de、
jūn zhù dú cái de zhuān zhì tǒng zhì,
bìng qiě chū xiàn liǎo jīn zì tǎ。
dì liù wáng cháo yǐ hòu,
wáng quán shuāi luò,
fǎ lǎo shī qù liǎo duì guó jiā gè dì qū de kòng zhì,
guó jiā kāi shǐ fēn liè,
shǐ chēng“
dì yī zhōng jiān shí qī”(
qián 2270
nián - qián 2060
nián)。
zhè zhǒng fēn liè xíng shì dào shí yī wáng cháo chóngxīn tǒng yī。
zhōng wáng guó shí qī、
dì '
èr zhōng jiān qī hé xīn wáng guó shí qī
zhī hòu '
āi jí jìn rù dì '
èr gè zhèng zhì yǐn dìng qī jí zhōng wáng guó shí qī(
qián 2060
nián-
qián 1785
nián)。
āi jí zài shí '
èr wáng cháo shí qiān dū dǐ bǐ sī(
jīn '
āi jí lú kè suǒ),
kāi shǐ shǐ yòng qīng tóng qì。
cǐ shí qī '
āi jí yǔ xù lì yà、
kè lǐ tè de jiāo wǎng kuò dà。
shí sān wáng cháo shí zhèng quán yòu wǎ jiě,“
dì '
èr zhōng jiān shí qī”
kāi shǐ,
cǐ shí qī '
āi jí dì yī cì zāo dào wài zú de qīn lüè,
qīn lüè zhě wéi jià chē zuò zhàn de xǐ kè suǒ rén,
tā men zhàn lǐng liǎo '
āi jí běi bù de dà bù fēn dì qū,
jiàn lì liǎo cháng dá 100
duō nián de“
tài yáng shén bù zài de tǒng zhì”(
qián 1720
nián dào qián 1570
nián)。
āi jí rén zài zhè qī jiān xué xí liǎo xǐ kè suǒ rén de zhàn shù hé wǔ qì,
shí qī wáng cháo de '
ā hè mó sī yī shì yú qián 1570
nián jiāng xǐ kè suǒ rén zhú chū guó jìng,
chóngxīn tǒng yī '
āi jí,
kāi shǐ liǎo dì shí bā wáng cháo,
zhè zhī hòu bèi chēng wéi xīn wáng guó shí qī(
qián 1570
nián-
qián 1070
nián)。
dì shí bā wáng cháo guó lì qiáng shèng,
duì wài pín fán fā dòng zhàn zhēng。
shí jiǔ wáng cháo shí '
āi jí yǔ hè tī dì guó fā shēng liǎo kǎ dié shí zhàn yì,
jīng guò 16
nián zhī jiǔ de zhàn zhēng,
zuì hòu yǐ lā měi xī sī '
èr shì yǔ hè tī wáng hā tú xī lì sī qiān dìng hé yuē gào zhōng。
cǐ shí de '
āi jí chéng wéi liǎo yī gè dà dì guó,
tǒng zhì fàn wéi běi qǐ xù lì yà,
nán dào ní luó hé dì sì pù bù,
héng kuà běi fēi hé xī yà。
dì sān zhōng jiān shí qī、
hòu qī hé jié shù
āi jí dào liǎo '
èr shí wáng cháo yǐ hòu,
yī xì liè de nú lì qǐ yì dǎo zhì guó lì shuāi jié,
kāi shǐ liǎo kuà yuè 5
gè wáng cháo de dì sān zhōng jiān shí qī(
qián 1070
nián-
qián 664
nián),
qí jiān de wáng cháo yòu dì '
èr shí yī、
èr shí '
èr、
èr shí sān、
èr shí sì hé '
èr shí wǔ wáng cháo。
āi jí zì dì '
èr shí liù wáng cháo jìn rù gǔ '
āi jí hòu qī,
zuì zhōng zài qián 525
nián bèi bō sī '
ā qì měi ní dé dì guó suǒ miè,
gǔ '
āi jí shí dài jié shù liǎo。
bō sī rén zài '
āi jí jiàn lì liǎo dì '
èr shí qī wáng cháo hé dì sān shí yī wáng cháo,
āi jí '
èr shí liù wáng cháo hòu yì fǎn kàng bō sī rén chéng gōng hé nèi zhàn,
jiàn lì liǎo duǎn zàn de dì '
èr shí bā、
èr shí jiǔ hé sān shí wáng cháo。
qián 332
nián '
āi jí yòu bèi yà lì shān dà dà dì suǒ tǒng zhì,
yà lì shān dà sǐ hòu,
qí bù jiāng tuō lè mì yī shì zhàn lǐng liǎo '
āi jí,
jiàn lì liǎo tuō lè mì wáng cháo,
yě bèi chēng wéi fǎ lǎo,
dàn dāng shí de '
āi jí yǐ jīng shì chè dǐ zài wài zú rén de tǒng zhì xià liǎo。
Ancient Egypt was an ancient civilization of eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt. The civilization coalesced around 3150 BC with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh, and it developed over the next three millennia. Its history occurred in a series of stable Kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods. Ancient Egypt reached its pinnacle during the New Kingdom, after which it entered a period of slow decline. Egypt was conquered by a succession of foreign powers in this late period, and the rule of the pharaohs officially ended in 31 BC when the early Roman Empire conquered Egypt and made it a province.
The success of ancient Egyptian civilization stemmed partly from its ability to adapt to the conditions of the Nile River Valley. The predictable flooding and controlled irrigation of the fertile valley produced surplus crops, which fueled social development and culture. With resources to spare, the administration sponsored mineral exploitation of the valley and surrounding desert regions, the early development of an independent writing system, the organization of collective construction and agricultural projects, trade with surrounding regions, and a military intended to defeat foreign enemies and assert Egyptian dominance. Motivating and organizing these activities was a bureaucracy of elite scribes, religious leaders, and administrators under the control of a pharaoh who ensured the cooperation and unity of the Egyptian people in the context of an elaborate system of religious beliefs.
The many achievements of the ancient Egyptians include the quarrying, surveying and construction techniques that facilitated the building of monumental pyramids, temples, and obelisks; a system of mathematics, a practical and effective system of medicine, irrigation systems and agricultural production techniques, the first known ships, Egyptian faience and glass technology, new forms of literature, and the earliest known peace treaty. Egypt left a lasting legacy. Its art and architecture were widely copied, and its antiquities carried off to far corners of the world. Its monumental ruins have inspired the imaginations of travellers and writers for centuries. A newfound respect for antiquities and excavations in the early modern period led to the scientific investigation of Egyptian civilization and a greater appreciation of its cultural legacy, for Egypt and the world.