馬木留剋（Mamluk、Mamluke、Mameluk、Mameluke，又名馬木魯剋、馬穆魯剋、馬木路剋），從公元第九到第十六世紀之間服務於阿拉伯哈裏發和阿尤布王朝蘇丹的奴隸兵。後來，隨着哈裏發的式微和阿尤布王朝的解體，他們逐漸成為強大的軍事統治集團，並建立了自己的布爾吉王朝（Burji dynasty），統治埃及達三百年之久（1250年－1517年）。
起源
最早的馬木留剋服務於公元9世紀阿拔斯王朝的巴格達。他們來自於高加索地區和黑海北部。當時那裏有各種遊牧民，如格魯吉亞人、切爾卡斯人和欽察突厥人。大多數遊牧民都不是穆斯林。
馬木留剋大多是由奴隸販子抓到並販賣到中東地區的。他們因為沒有任何政治背景而受到哈裏發們的青睞。中東當地的軍人大多忠誠於當地的酋長和大傢族，而不是哈裏發。馬木留剋由於身份低微，擁有對哈裏發個人很高的忠誠度。一旦叛亂發生，馬木魯剋往往成為敉平叛亂的得力工具。馬木魯剋也經常被作為雇傭軍使用。打仗靠欽察奴隸，這是中世紀中亞與埃及的一個特殊現象。
歷史
從十字軍東徵時代到拿破侖戰爭以前，欽察奴隸兵是一群令人聞風喪膽的軍隊，他們機動性很高，不過，隨着火槍的發明，那些欽察奴隸兵也漸漸潰敗，更於拿破侖戰爭銷聲匿跡。
緣起
自從回教世界統治了阿拉伯半島、伊朗高原和北非之後，當地的君主和領主紛紛招募一群驍勇善戰的騎士，君主和領主會以俸祿支付作為薪資，因此他們即為忠於他們的主人。他們配有一把短彎刀（SCIMITAR）和圓形盾牌，後期有佩帶手槍。
十字軍東徵時代
十一世紀的十字軍東徵，基督徒很快的便占領聖地耶路撒冷，由於阿拉伯奴隸兵無法對付突如其來的攻勢，但隨着突尼斯戰役的結束，十字軍東徵告尾聲，阿拉伯奴隸兵團也更加強大，使基督徒不再進攻聖地。
奧斯曼帝國的統治
奧斯曼帝國的蘇丹（國王之意）蘇萊曼大帝，擴充版圖至埃及、阿拉伯半島，阿拉伯奴隸兵在北非的徵戰上，也功勞不小。
拿破侖戰爭
拿破侖在結束意大利戰役之後為了切斷英國對於印度的經濟命脈，决定遠征埃及，這次拿破侖在金字塔戰役和到敘利亞的遠征中，成功打敗阿拉伯奴隸兵，拿破侖使用了整個師的兵力組成方陣再以大炮加以掩護，甚至曾在某次遭遇戰中打敗了七倍於己的兵力，但隨着土耳其的參戰和英國海軍在尼羅河口的勝利，法國對埃及的統治也因為未能攻剋雅剋城以及法國在歐洲主戰場的嚴峻形勢而結束，但阿拉伯奴隸兵並未銷聲匿跡。拿破侖著名的禁衛軍中，就有一隻是由阿拉伯奴隸兵所組成的。
電腦遊戲
帝國時代II和帝國時代III，皆有設計阿拉伯奴隸兵。帝國時代II，奴隸兵是薩拉森種族的特殊單位，在城堡時代中的城堡中訓練，屬於騎兵係的遠距反騎兵單位，騎着駱駝，以丟彎刀攻擊，可升級成精銳阿拉伯奴隸兵。帝國時代III，奴隸兵則是以傭兵的身分在遊戲中，衹有英國、法國、西班牙、葡萄牙、德國、奧斯曼人，在要塞時代能運送阿拉伯奴隸兵，但是他們占很多人口數，高達四個。本身使用彎刀攻擊，而且騎着馬匹，生命值高。王國的興起中的阿拉伯奴隸兵則是埃及火藥時代的特殊單位，他們騎着馬，雙手皆有持槍，是由古典時代的雙輪戰車和中世紀的重裝雙輪戰車升級而成，可以在啓蒙時代改良成為皇室阿拉伯奴隸兵（參見：帝國時代II、帝國時代III、王國的興起）
The Mamluk Sultanate was a regime composed of mamluks who ruled Egypt and Syria from the mid-1200s to the early 1500s. Mamluks were of mixed ancestry but mainly Kipchak Turks. While Mamluks were purchased, their status was above ordinary slaves, who were not allowed to carry weapons or perform certain tasks. Mamluks were considered to be “true lords,” with social status above freeborn Egyptians.
Rise to power
Mamluk regiments constituted the backbone of the late Ayyubid military. Each sultan and high-ranking amir had his private corps, and the sultan as-Salih Ayyub (r. 1240-1249) had especially relied on this means to maintaining power. His mamluks, numbering between 800 and 1,000 horsemen, were called the Bahris, after the Arabic word bahr (بحر), meaning sea or large river, because their barracks were located on the island of Rawda in the Nile. They were mostly drawn from among the Kipchak Turks who controlled the steppes north of the Black Sea.
In 1249 Louis IX led a crusade on an invasion of Egypt, capturing Damietta and then proceeding slowly southward. As they advanced, as-Salih Ayyub died and was succeeded by his son al-Mu`azzam Turanshah, but before Turanshah could arrive at the front, the Bahri mamluks defeated the crusaders at the Battle of Al Mansurah and captured Louis, effectively ending the crusade. Turanshah proceeded to place his own entourage and especially his own mamluks, called Mu`azzamis, in positions of authority to the detriment of Bahri interests. Four weeks after Louis' capture, on 2 May 1250, a group of Bahris assassinated Turanshah.
Wars with Mongols and Crusaders
Following the death of Turanshah a ten-year period of political instability in Egypt and Syria ensued as various factions competed for control. In 1254, when a rival faction under the leadership of Qutuz became powerful, most of the Bahris fled Cairo and took service with Ayyubid amirs in Syria. Meanwhile, the Mongols under the command of Hulegu invaded the Middle East in force. They sacked Baghdad in 1258 and proceeded westward, capturing Aleppo and Damascus. Qutuz and the Bahris agreed to put aside their differences to face the common threat. They met a contingent of Mongols at the Battle of `Ayn Jalut and defeated them. With the Mongol threat temporarily over, rivalries among the mamluks revived, and Baybars, a leading Bahri, assassinated Qutuz and claimed the sultanate.
Government and Society
The Mamluk Households
The mamluks were organized into households under the leadership of an ustad. Mamluks had intense loyalty to their ustad and to their comrades in the regiment. The loyalty of a mamluk to his comrades was called khushdashiya (Arabic: خشداشية)
Mamluks' sons did not enter the ranks of the mamluks, and tended to blend in with the wider society. The ranks of the mamluks were always replenished by importing fresh slaves from abroad.
The Ulama
Art and Architecture
As part of their chosen role as defenders of Islamic orthodoxy, the Mamluks sponsored numerous religious buildings, including mosques, madrasas and khanqahs. Though some construction took place in the provinces, the vast bulk of these projects took place in the capital. Many Mamluk buildings in Cairo survive until today, particularly in the district of Old Cairo.