亞洲:
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| 東亞 East Asia 國家代碼: |
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東亞是亞洲大陸東部的一個區域；就地理及政治而論，本區包括以下幾個次區域及政治區劃：
* 東亞大陸： o 中華人民共和國： + 中國大陸（含近陸島嶼） + 香港特別行政區 + 澳門特別行政區 + 南海諸島（部分管轄） + 另外，中華人民共和國亦聲稱擁有臺灣本島及其附屬島嶼，包括澎湖群島和釣魚臺列嶼的主權（但皆未實際管轄）。 o 蒙古國 * 西太平洋島鏈或花彩列島： o 俄羅斯實際管轄的庫頁島和千島群島 o 日本（也可狹義列為東北亞，主要以北海道、本州、四國和九州四大島組成），以及伊豆諸島、小笠原群島和實際管轄的琉球群島（衝繩縣） o 中華民國 （含臺灣本島及附屬島嶼、澎湖群島、金門群島、烏丘、 馬祖列島、東沙群島、南沙群島中的太平島和中洲島；亦宣稱擁有釣魚臺列嶼及中國的主權，實際未管理） * 朝鮮半島（也可狹義列為東北亞）： o 朝鮮民主主義人民共和國 o 大韓民國 以下國傢或地區，在某些情況下也會被列入東亞的範圍： * 俄羅斯的遠東領土（東西伯利亞） * 地理上屬於東南亞的越南，由於文化上屬於東亞文化圈，有時也被列為東亞的範圍。 有時，東亞的範圍被廣義地界定為東北亞（包括東“西伯利亞”、蒙古、中國大陸、香港、澳門、朝鮮半島、日本列島、琉球群島以及臺灣）和東南亞（包括中印半島以及馬來群島、印尼群島和菲律賓群島）的總和，這定義在西方學術界和傳媒很普遍。 自然地理 東亞地區位於亞洲東部，太平洋西岸。總面積約12,000,000平方公裏，約占全球大陸面積的9%。地形西高東低，成三級階梯：第一級為青藏高原，第二級為係列盆地和高原，第三級為低平原、丘陵和一些海島。 東部沿海地區季風氣候顯著，是世界上最典型的亞熱帶、溫帶季風氣候區，即東亞季風區，氣候濕潤溫和；西部內陸地區溫帶大陸性氣候典型，屬幹旱、半幹旱氣候區；青藏高原地區為高地氣候區。 主要洋流有黑潮和親潮。 本區人口超過15億，占亞洲全體的40%，約當世界全體的四分之一。本區也是世界人口密度最高的地區之一；平均每平方公裏約130人，相當於世界人口密度平均值（每平方公裏約40人）的3倍。 人文及歷史 民族與上古歷史 本區人種以蒙古利亞種為主，集中在沿海及河𠔌平原。民族分佈大致可分為屬漢藏語係的漢族和藏族，屬阿爾泰語係的蒙古族、滿洲族，以及語係有爭議的朝鮮族、大和民族等。 自距今約二千年前的上古時代以來，由發源於黃河流域（中原）的華夏文明所建立的中央集權帝國，即為本區最主要的權威。在中華帝國比較強盛的時期，與周邊各遊牧或定居民族經常透過建立朝貢關係，互通有無；有時則以武力加以驅逐。中華帝國的領域在前3世紀至前1世紀間往南方及西北方大幅擴張，間接或直接造成南洋和中亞地區的民族大遷徙；然後在3、13－14世紀、17等世紀時，遭到北方的遊牧民族大舉侵入，甚至遭到徵服。然而由於華夏文明根深蒂固且華夏民族人口衆多，這些曾經侵入或徵服中華帝國的民族——例如鮮卑、契丹、女真、蒙古等──後來都因程度不同地采用華夏的典章制度，而被完全或部分融入華夏民族當中。這些民族交流及融合的歷史，雖然許多時候充滿殘酷的殺戮，但最終的結果是擴張了華夏民族的血緣，並豐富了華夏文明的內涵。 此外，東亞其他許多定居的農耕民族，如朝鮮族、越族、大和民族等，自古即深受華夏文明的影響；使用漢字是這些民族的傳統文化當中最為顯著的共同點，因此這些民族活動的領域也被稱為漢字文化圈。 發源於今日日本本州中部地區的大和民族，在約5世紀時，於今日的近畿一帶建立起一強大的王國；大和王朝一面仿效華夏帝國的中央集權體製，一面以武力徵服島內其他的民族，逐漸發展成統治日本諸島的帝國。 前現代的國際關係 華夏與大和兩個帝國的影響力在朝鮮半島交會，在前現代史上曾幾度於此兵戎相見。然而大體而言，直到十五世紀海外拓殖及貿易興盛起來以前，兩國的歷史軌跡呈現平行發展的態勢。〔請參閱白村江之戰、文永·弘安之役、倭寇、文祿·慶長之役或壬辰衛國戰爭〕 十六世紀起，自歐洲渡海東來的西班牙、葡萄牙、荷蘭等勢力開始直接與東亞文明交流；海上貿易網絡的建立，以及西洋作物和熱兵器的輸入，相當程度影響了中、日兩國的食物供應能力和戰爭型態，間接對兩國爾後的歷史軌跡造成雖不明顯、實極重大的影響。例如，海上貿易和“鐵炮”（火槍）的引進及運用，相當大程度影響了十六世紀日本內部地區勢力的消長，相當大程度地左右了日本戰國時代群豪爭霸的結果。又例如番薯等新作物的種植雖緩和了華夏民族領域可耕地開發飽和的問題，卻因食物供給的改變造成中國人口自十八世紀起暴增的結果；爾後，過多的人口成為中國至今難以擺脫的沉重包袱。另一方面，與“遠東（The Far East）”貿易的需求，提供了歐洲勢力在美、非、亞洲各地大力發展殖民主義的誘因；影響所及，給其晚近資本主義及工業革命的興起，創造了有利的客觀條件。 到了十九世紀，前述發展的長期影響，已經造成了歐洲與東亞之間經濟和科技發展程度的巨大差距。受到新興西洋勢力英國、法國、美國等強大軍事優勢的壓迫，此時東亞的三個傳統“王國”——清帝國、江戶幕府和朝鮮王朝——均被迫接受以歐洲為核心的國際政治及貿易體係，並步入現代化轉型的歷史新階段。 東亞的現代化與國族建構 受到歐洲民族國傢概念的衝擊，以及同時代意大利、德意志建國成功的刺激，十九世紀後半業以後的中、日、韓三國政治史，可是說就是一部在現代化轉型的背景下，形塑各自國族的“建國史”。 日本的尊王攘夷思潮、倒幕運動，以及朝嚮建立中央集權的內戰和地方制度變革，首先帶來其建國的成功；經過“明治維新”的長期改革，原本屬於封建體係的日本，在十九世紀末轉型成一個德國式君主立憲的國傢。在亟欲仿效西方帝國主義的心態，以及社會達爾文主義思想的推波助瀾下，日本積極將其勢力伸入朝鮮半島，終於引發甲午戰爭；戰爭的結果，决定性地改變了交戰雙方，以及朝鮮和此前作為清國領土的臺灣的歷史軌跡（請參閱臺灣日治時代）。 日本在二十世紀初期逐漸步上軍國主義之途，是其本身政治體製及國際戰略形勢交互作用的結果。在日清、日俄與一戰等戰爭接連獲勝的“激勵”下，日本海內外少壯軍人逾發驕縱，而貴族或文人政府均無力加以約束，終於釀成中日戰爭升高以及太平洋戰爭爆發等慘禍，使日本及相關鄰國均付出極為慘痛的代價。戰後的日本政體被依照美國理念加以改造，變成一個實施代議民主及實質內閣製的國傢。 朝鮮在十九世紀後半葉國際局勢的左右下，首先脫離對中國的宗主關係，又被日本強行納入勢力範圍，終於在二十世紀初遭到兼併。然而在好不容易獨立、卻又立刻失去自己國傢的重大刺激下，韓國人民經歷日本卅多年的殖民統治，反而更加堅定了必須建立自己國傢的國族意識；終於在第二次世界大戰結束以後，在同盟國列強的共識下恢復了韓國的主權。然而，在美蘇冷戰背景下於1950年爆發的韓戰，造成朝鮮半島政權的分裂：在蘇中共援助下控製半島北方的朝鮮民主主義人民共和國長期實施不適合其國力的、較為純粹的共産主義、計劃經濟；在美英等國支援下控製半島南方的大韓民國則實施國傢資本主義，政治上幾度經歷軍方幹政的睏擾，終於在1990年代達成民主化。南北雙方長期實行不同政、經、社會制度的結果，實質上在朝鮮半島上創造了兩個截然不同的國傢；在各方面都存在巨大差異的情形下，朝韓國族的未來統一，勢必在現實面遭遇重大的挑戰。 中國最初的現代化努力，在清帝國的統治階層和傳統官僚結合的強大保守勢力製肘，以及的人口問題的拖纍下，未能獲得顯著的成功。1911年爆發的革命，終結了這個由非華夏民族所建立的傳統帝國的統治；換言之，這個革命具有民族主義及追求現代化的雙重意義。然而，革命之後的中國，隨着中央集權權威的崩潰，不久即陷入混亂的局面，無法有效推展任何現代化轉型所需的政、經、社會改革，且無力排拒諸多外國勢力的幹擾。在此狀況下，重建對內的權威和對外的主權可以說是二十世紀上半葉中國建國歷程中最關鍵的課題。 國民革命軍在北伐戰爭和中原大戰的勝利，在重建中央權威上奠定了一定的基礎。接着在世界大戰的背景下，對日抗戰的勝利，給中國帶來了與歐西列強建立平等關係的契機。最後，1949年共産黨革命的成功，以及經過從1950年代中期延續到1970年代中期的衆多全國性群衆運動的政治動員，終於在客觀上達成了建立一個“中國國族”的歷史目標。此外，中華人民共和國直接參與朝鮮戰爭，以及它在1970年代以後扮演美蘇兩強之間關鍵法碼的戰略轉變，均在客觀上導致了中國全球戰略地位提升的結果。 最後，中國國共內戰的結果，在1950年代冷戰態勢升高的背景下，形成由國民黨所領導的政權在臺灣重建其治權的事實。沿用中華民國的國名和憲政體製，以及在美援的支持下，國府在臺灣建立了一個實施國傢資本主義的一黨專政體製；經濟自1970年代開始快速發展，政治上則在1990年代達成民主化。此一時期，在臺灣的中華民國政權與在中國大陸的中華人民共和國政權之間的關係，從較早軍事、意識型態的衝突，到晚近政治疏離、經濟合作的態勢，錯綜復雜（請參閱臺灣問題）；另外，臺灣內部也有脫離中國獨立建國的聲音，以及若幹試圖發展臺灣國族的政治意識（請參閱臺灣獨立運動）。 綜上所述，現代東亞區域內的三大國族——中國、日本、韓國——都在現代化轉型的過程中，飽經磨難，纔終於形成今日的幾個國傢。儘管從民族主義的角度出發，中國和韓國都是尚未完成統一的國傢；然而在實際的國際政經關係中，本區域內的各個國傢或政權，分別以不同的模式陸續開展政治、經濟、社會、科技、軍事等方面的現代化轉型，除朝鮮民主主義人民共和國外，大體上均獲得成功。 政治與經濟 由於上述各國在現代化轉型中取得成功，本區域在世界上的政治、經濟重要性正日益提升。當前中華人民共和國已取得戰略和經貿大國的地位，日本在經貿和科技方面占有領先地位，中華民國和大韓民國也都在世界經貿體係中爭得一席之地；此外，上述幾個經濟體間的分工合作和貿易整合，更在世界貿易組織（World Trade Organization）、亞洲太平洋經濟合作組織（Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation）等國際組織的框架下日趨緊密。依此趨勢，二十一世紀的東亞，有成為世界一個新經貿核心的潛力。 然而在廣泛采取經貿合作的同時，區域內幾個國傢之間依然存在相當程度的政治歧見，以及潛在的戰略競爭意識。除了朝鮮半島和臺灣海峽兩岸的政治問題以外，日本和中、韓兩國因為二戰的歷史而形成的民族情緒摩擦，也是影響區域政治穩定的一個因素。另外，即使冷戰已經結束，美國和俄羅斯作為戰略大國，在本區域的國際事務中仍保有相當程度的影響力；此一層關係更是將區域事務與全球戰略局勢整個聯繫起來，形成一個錯綜復雜的國際政治網絡。 傳統經濟活動 就傳統經濟而言，因東亞大陸人口相對集中於東南沿海地帶，本區勞力密集的農業和手工業較為發達；配合亞熱帶溫暖潮濕的氣候條件，平地種植水稻、養殖蠶絲，丘陵種植茶葉等均為重要營生。北方的溫帶氣候區則較多種植麥、黍、高粱等作物。 由於耕地不足，海産自古即為大和民族主要的食物來源；日本漁業至今仍相當發達。 十九世紀下半葉，臺灣出産的樟腦曾是世界主要的供應源；後來茶葉、砂糖陸續成為重要的出口品。二十世紀下半葉，隨着整體經濟轉型，臺灣農業逐漸往精緻方向發展，香蕉、蓮霧、芭樂等品項出口成績不俗，贏得“水果王國”的稱號。 本區西部內陸地區氣候乾燥，農業較不發達，人口相對稀少；不過在內外蒙古遼闊的草原地帶，畜牧業、畜産品加工相當興盛。長期以來，中國若幹西北邊城與俄羅斯、蒙古、哈薩剋等國之間的邊境貿易，也十分發達；雙方互易有無，延續中古以來“絲路”貿易的傳統。 中華人民共和國的政經概況 中華人民共和國成立以來，由於政治因素，與西方國傢之間的貿易幾近斷絶；在與美蘇關係均不良好的時期，由於取得先進技術的管道受限，中國的工業現代化進程相當緩慢。然而，自1978年開始改革開放政策以來，在外來技術和資金投資的刺激和帶動下，經濟發展日益活絡，生産技術也得以加速進步。這段時期投入中國大陸的外資主要來自美國、日本、大韓民國、臺灣、香港（包含來自各地的轉投資）等地；隨着外資的涌入及産業的興盛，珠江三角洲、長江三角洲及其它東部沿海一帶等經濟開放區域以及內陸部分城市迅速發展成高度資本化、工業化的地區。 1990年代以來，由於全球産業分工造成的規模經濟優勢，使得中國在世界貿易體係中扮演愈發重要的角色。中國産業近年來以生産出口導嚮的製品為主，至2006年時中國大陸的總體國內生産毛額已位列世界第四，僅次於美國、日本和德國；此外，日益蓬勃的營建業和國內市場，也使得中國大陸成為世界原物料、能源等的主要進口國。2001年被接納加入世界貿易組織標志著中國大陸經貿發展與世界主流體係更為緊密結合的趨勢。 另一方面，中國與俄國在軍事武器、能源、工業器械、日用品等方面的貿易關係十分密切。從中華人民共和國與俄羅斯、哈薩剋斯坦、烏茲別剋斯坦、吉爾吉斯斯坦和塔吉剋斯坦共六國組成上海合作組織（Shanghai Cooperation Organization），以及中俄合作構築東北亞天然氣管綫的動作，可以看出中國大陸在正面迎接來自西方的資本主義全球化之際，亦相當重視經營區域性的戰略夥伴以及能源安全佈局。 香港、澳門的政經概況 在英國統治時期，香港發展成一個世界商業、金融活動匯集的國際要港。中國大陸改革開放以來，香港順勢成為中國內地迎接外來投資，以及原物料産品轉運的最主要窗口；隨着香港與中國內地的經濟整合，珠江三角洲地區乃被帶動而發展成中國大陸另外一個産業高度開發的地區。香港當前的經濟活動以航運、物流、金融、旅遊和服務業為主，並開始致力於高科技研究。中國另一個較早國際化的城市澳門，經濟尚稱發達，經濟以旅遊和服務業為主。 日本的政經概況 二戰戰後，日本首先靠供應韓戰前綫的軍需品重建其經濟。1960年代以後，經濟迅速發展，企業得以纍積大量的資本。1970年代以後，日本資本、技術密集的精密製造業已十分發達，外銷的汽車、傢用電器等類産品席捲全球市場，一度嚴重威脅到美國的同類産業。隨着經濟快速成長，東京—橫濱、大阪—神戶等商業中心一一發展成為高度資本化的大都會區。 這段時期日本製造業在技術改進和産品外銷等方面所取得的重大成就，奠定了日本在世界名列前矛的雄厚經濟基礎。雖然經歷美日貿易摩擦、泡沫經濟破滅等打擊，導致1990年代以來的日本經濟發展趨勢呈現停滯，今日的日本仍為世界領先的經濟體，國內生産毛額排名世界第二，僅次於美國。當前日本的産業以服務業、航運、金融、高科技研發等為主。 日本的戰略兩難：後冷戰時期的美日安全保障同盟與日中政治摩擦。 韓國的政經概況 冷戰、軍人政權、民主化。對日關係、國傢統一問題。 大韓民國與中華民國、新加坡、香港並稱“亞洲四小竜”；經濟現代化自1970年代以來取得顯著的成功。韓國近年來的主力産業為電子、通訊産品以及汽車製造業；尤其液晶顯示器在全球供應網絡當中擁有極高的市場占有率。 中華民國的政經概況 從原先的威權統治，到今天的民主化、本土化，目前有外交孤立、中國統一、臺灣獨立等問題。與中華人民共和國的關係：軍事對抗→三不政策→開放交流→政治僵局。 以農業發展工業、進口替代、加工出口、産業結構轉型。中華民國的近年來的主力産業為電子、通訊産品，以及汽車的代工生産；尤其以電腦零組件在全球供應網絡當中擁有極高的市場占有率。另外也有跨海峽雙邊經貿合作。 朝鮮的政經概況 高度極權統治。國傢統一問題。六方會談、導彈試射、核武試爆。 朝鮮民主主義人民共和國的計劃經濟，經濟並不發達，以傳統農業和軍事工業為主。國際禁運、軍武輸出、邊界貿易。 其他相關地區 越南當前正仿效中國的改革模式，實施革新開放政策，以吸引外資為主；2006年世界貿易組織通過接納越南加入的文件，標志著越南融入資本主義全球經貿體係的重要轉變。2007年1月11日越南正式加入WTO。 蒙古缺乏現代化工業基礎，經濟仍以畜牧業為主。 東南亞國傢聯盟（Association of Southeastern Asian Nations，ASEAN、中文簡稱“東協”，大陸稱為“東盟”），以及“東協加三（中華人民共和國、日本、大韓民國）”自由貿易區。 * East Asia: o People: + Chinese mainland (including the islands near the mainland) + Hong Kong SAR + Macao Special Administrative Region + South China Sea Islands (part of the jurisdiction) + In addition, the PRC also claims to have the island of Taiwan and its affiliated islands, including the Penghu Islands and the sovereignty of Diaoyu Island (but still not real jurisdiction). o Mongolia * Western Pacific island chain, or flower color Islands: o the actual jurisdiction of Russian Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands o Japan (also available in Northeast Asia as a narrow, mainly in Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu, the four major islands), and the Izu islands, Ogasawara Islands and the actual jurisdiction of the Ryukyu Islands (Okinawa) o Republic of China (Including the island of Taiwan and affiliated islands, the Penghu Islands, Kinmen Islands, Wuchiu, Matsu Islands, East Sand Islands, the Nansha Islands in the Pacific islands and in the Island; also claimed the Diaoyu islands and China's sovereignty, not the actual management) * Korean Peninsula (Northeast Asia can be as narrow): o Korea o Republic of Korea The following countries or regions, in some cases will also be included in the scope of East Asia: * Russia's Far Eastern territories (Eastern Siberia) * Southeast Asia, Vietnam is geographically, culturally belongs to the East Asian cultural circle, sometimes as the scope of East Asia. Sometimes, the scope of East Asia are broadly defined as Northeast Asia (including East "Siberian", Mongolia, China, Hong Kong, Macau, the Korean Peninsula, the Japanese archipelago, the Ryukyu Islands and Taiwan) and Southeast Asia (including India and Malaysia Peninsula Indonesia and the Philippines Islands) the sum, which is defined in Western academia and the media are common. Physical Geography East Asia, located in eastern Asia, the Pacific West Coast. The total area of about 12,000,000 square kilometers, accounting for 9% of global land area. Topography from west to east, into three steps: The first level, the Tibetan Plateau, the second stage for the series of basins and plateaus, the third level is low plains, hills and a few islands. Monsoon climate in eastern coastal areas significantly, is the world's most typical subtropical, temperate monsoon climate zone, that the East Asian monsoon, humid climate mild; western inland region has a continental climate typical of an arid, semi-arid climate zone; Qinghai-Tibet Plateau highlands region climate zones. Major ocean currents are the Kuroshio and Oyashio. More than 1.5 billion population of the region, accounting for 40% of the whole of Asia, about a quarter when all the world. The area is also the world one of the highest population density; average of about 130 people per square kilometer, the equivalent of the world's average population density (about 40 people per square kilometer) 3 times. Humanities and History Nation and ancient history Elijah the area kind of race to Mongolia, mainly concentrated in the coastal and valley plains. National distribution is a Sino-Tibetan language family can be divided into the Han and Tibetan, Altaic languages are Mongolian, Manchu family, and the controversial Korean language, large and ethnic. Back some two thousand years ago, since ancient times has been originated in the Yellow River Basin by the (Central China) and Chinese civilization created centralized empire, is the leading authority in this area. Comparison of the prosperous period of the Chinese Empire, the nomadic or _set_tled with the neighboring nation to establish tributary relations through regular exchange of needed goods; sometimes Zeyi force to be expelled. Areas of the Chinese Empire to the first three centuries before the 1st century to the south and the north-west between the substantial expansion of indirect or direct result of the South Pacific and Central Asia, the great national movement; then 3,13-14 century, the 17th century, etc., were to large-scale invasion of northern nomads, and even being conquered. However, due to deep-rooted Chinese culture and Chinese national population, the Chinese Empire has invaded or conquered nation - such as Xianbei, Khitan, Jurchen, Mongolia ─ ─ later due to varying degrees by China's laws and institutions, which were completely or partially them into the Chinese nation. The exchange and integration of national history, although in many cases full of brutal killings, but the end result is the expansion of the Chinese nation's blood, and enriched the connotation of Chinese civilization. In addition, many other East Asian nation to _set_tle in farming, such as Korean, the more ethnic, big and national, etc., has always been that the influence by the Chinese civilization; use of Chinese characters is the traditional culture of these peoples were the most significant common ground, these national activities area is also known as Chinese cultural circle. Today originated in the large central region of Honshu and the nation, at about the 5th century, in the Kinki area today to establish a powerful kingdom; Japanese imperial dynasty, the Chinese side to follow a centralized system, the other side to use force to conquer the island nation, gradually developed into a rule of the Japanese islands of the empire. Pre-modern international relations China and Japan the influence of the two empires intersection in the Korean Peninsula, the first in modern history has been to war several times here. Generally speaking, however, until the fifteenth century, overseas colonization and trade flourished before the History presents two parallel developments of the situation. Please refer to the white village 〔Battle River, Man Battle Wing Hong An, pirates, Lu Wen Qing length of service or Imjin Patriotic War〕 Since the sixteenth century, from Europe across the sea east of Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands and other forces began to communicate directly with the East Asian civilization; establishment of networks of maritime trade, and Western weapons plants and heat input affect the certain extent in China and Japan Food supply capacity and type of war, indirectly causing the History of the two later while not significant, very significant impact on implementation. For example, the maritime trade and the "Lilium" (rifle) the introduction and use, to a large extent affected the sixteenth century, growth and decline of the Japanese forces within the region, to a large extent to the Warring States Period of Japan Qunhao about the results of hegemony. Another example is the planting of new crops such as sweet potato, although the field of Chinese people to ease the development of saturation of arable land, because of changes in food supply caused by China's population jumped from the eighth century the results; later, China has become too difficult for the population get rid of the heavy burden. On the other hand, the "Far East (The Far East)" trade needs, providing a European force in the United States, Africa and Asia to develop the incentive of colonialism; a consequence, to its recent industrial revolution, capitalism and the rise of create a favorable environment. In the nineteenth century, the long-term impact of the aforementioned development, has caused the economic and between Europe and East Asia, the huge gap between the level of technological development. By the emerging Western forces of Britain, France, the United States and other powerful military superiority of oppression, this time the three East Asian traditional "kingdom" - the Qing Empire, and North Korea, the Edo Shogunate dynasty - were forced to accept the core of international politics in Europe and trade system, and the historical transition into a new stage of modernization. East Asia's modernization and nation building Concept by the impact of European nation-state, as well as contemporary Italian, German nation-building success of the stimulation of industry in the latter half of the nineteenth century after China, Japan, ROK political history, but that is a transformation in the modern context, shape their nation's "founding history." Japan Zunwangrangyi thoughts, down screen movement, and civil war towards the establishment of centralized and local institutional change, first brought the success of its founding; after the "Meiji Restoration" of the long-term reform, originally belonged to the feudal system of Japan, the transformation in the nineteenth century constitutional monarchy into a German national. Anxious to follow the example of Western imperialism in the mentality and ideology of social Darwinism fueled, Japan actively stretching its forces on the Korean Peninsula, and finally lead to the Sino; outcome of the war, decisively changed the warring parties, as well as North Korea and had Qing the territory of the History of Taiwan (see the era of Japanese rule in Taiwan.) Japan's militarism in the early twentieth century progressive step on the way, is its own political system and the result of interaction between the international strategic situation. Clear in Japan, the Russo-Japanese War and other wars with a series of winning the "incentives", the Japanese sent abroad more than arrogant young soldiers, and nobles, or civilian government are unable to be restrained, and finally lead to increased Sino-Japanese War and Pacific War disaster of outbreaks, both the Japanese and the related neighbors is very painful price to pay. Japan's postwar political system is in accordance with the United States to transform the concept into a real implementation of representative democracy and the state cabinet system. North Korea in the latter half of the nineteenth century about the international situation, the first from China's sovereign relationship, and be forced into the Japanese sphere of influence, and finally was merged in the early twentieth century. However, in the hard-won independence, but immediately lost a significant stimulation of their own country, Japan, the Korean people experienced thirty years of colonial rule, but more determined to establish their own country's national consciousness; finally in World War II, consensus in the Allied powers restored Korea's sovereignty. However, in the context of the US-Soviet Cold War, the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950, the separatist regime in the Korean peninsula: the assistance of the Soviet Communist control of the northern peninsula, the DPRK is not suitable for long-term implementation of its national power, the more pure communism planned economy; in the U.S. and UK support for the Republic of Korea under the control of the southern peninsula is the implementation of state capitalism, political, military interference in government affairs on the problems experienced several times, finally reaching democratization in the 1990s. Long-established north and south sides of different political, economic and social system results, in essence, on the Korean peninsula created two very different countries; in every case there is a huge difference toward the future of a unified Korean nation, is bound in the real face major challenges encountered. National Revolutionary Army in the Northern Expedition and the Central Plains War victory, laid in the reconstruction of the central authority on a certain foundation. Then, in the context of World War II, victory in the War of Resistance against Japan, brought to China and the Osiris powers to establish equal relations opportunity. Finally, the success of Communist revolution in 1949, and Jing Guo extended from the mid-1950s to the mid-1970s a number of national mass movement and political mobilization, finally reaching the objective of establishing a "Chinese nation" objective history. In addition, the direct involvement of People's Republic of Korean War, and it plays in the 1970s after the Soviet Union a two-key method between the strategic shift codes are objectively lead to the status of China's global strategy to enhance the results. In summary, the three modern East Asian nation in the region - China, Japan, South Korea - all in the modernization process of transformation, the pool of suffering, finally formed a few countries today. Although from the perspective of nationalism, China and South Korea are unified country has not been completed; However, in actual international political and economic relations, the various countries within the region or regime, respectively, carried out one after another in different patterns of political, economic, social science and technology, the modernization of the military, etc., in addition to the DPRK, the general were to be successful. Political and economic Since these countries to succeed in the modern transformation of the region in the world political and economic importance is rising. The current strategy of the People's Republic has made great power status and economic, trade and technology, Japan occupies a leading position in the Republic of China and the Republic of Korea are also gaining a position in the world trade system; In addition, the division of labor among several economies and trade integration, but also in the WTO (World Trade Organization), Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) framework of international organizations such as closer. So trends, the twenty-first century, East Asia, has become the core of a new economic and trade potential. However, widespread adoption of economic and trade cooperation, several countries in the region still exists between the degree of political differences, and awareness of potential strategic competition. In addition to the Korean Peninsula and the Taiwan Strait political issues, Japan and between China and Korea because of the history of World War II and the formation of national sentiment friction, impact of regional political stability is also a factor. In addition, even if the Cold War has ended, the United States and Russia as strategic a big country in international affairs in the region still retains a considerable degree of influence; Ci level is the relationship to regional affairs and global strategic situation Zhengge, to form a complex international political network. Traditional economic activities To traditional economic terms, because the East Asian population is relatively concentrated in the southeast mainland coast, the area of labor-intensive agriculture and handicrafts more developed; with warm and humid subtropical climate, ground rice, silk farming, cultivation of tea, are important hill make a living. The northern temperate climate zone were more likely to grow wheat, millet, sorghum and other crops. The shortage of arable land, seafood is the Congress and the nation since ancient times, the main source of food; Japanese fishing still is well developed. Half of the nineteenth century, Taiwan was the world camphor produced major sources of supply; was tea, sugar gradually become an important export. Half of the twentieth century, with the overall economic transformation, the direction of Taiwan's agricultural development gradually to the delicate, banana, wax apple, guava and other items impressive export performance, won the "fruit kingdom" in the title. The West inland dry climate, agriculture in the less developed, relatively small population; but the vast grassland areas, including Mongolia, livestock, livestock products flourished. Over the years, a number of northwest border town of China and Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan and other countries border trade between, but also very well developed; the two sides without reciprocity, continuing since the Middle Ages "Silk Road" trade tradition. Republic of China's political and economic overview Since the 1990s, the global division of labor resulting from economies of scale, making China the world trading system in the increasingly important role to play. China's industrial production in recent years, mainly export-oriented products to mainland China in 2006 the overall gross domestic product, has been ranked fourth in the world after the United States, Japan and Germany; In addition, the booming construction industry and domestic market, but also made China become the world's raw materials, energy and other major importing countries. 2001 was admitted to the World Trade Organization, China marked the mainstream of economic development and world trends in system more closely. On the other hand, China and Russia in military weapons, energy, industrial equipment, daily necessities and other aspects of trade relations are very close. From the Republic of China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan of six-nation Shanghai Cooperation Organization (Shanghai Cooperation Organization), and the Sino-Russian cooperation in Northeast Asia natural gas pipeline to build the action, we can see that China is in the positive to meet the globalization of capitalism from the West on the occasion, also attached considerable importance to the strategic business partners and regional energy security layout. Hong Kong, Macao's political and economic overview In the period of British rule, Hong Kong developed into a world business, international financial activities to Hong Kong together. Since the reform and opening up in China, Hong Kong, mainland China advantage of the opportunity to meet foreign investment, as well as the main raw material product transfer window; as Hong Kong's economic integration with Mainland China, the Pearl River Delta region is being driven and developed into other industries in Mainland China highly developed areas. The economic activities in shipping, logistics, finance, tourism and service-oriented, high-tech research and start working. Another Chinese city of Macau earlier international economy are fairly well-developed economy based on tourism and service industries. Japan's political and economic overview World War II World War, Korean War, the Japanese front-line first by the supply of munitions to rebuild its economy. After the 1960s, rapid economic development, enterprises can accumulate a large amount of capital. After 1970, the Japanese capital and technology-intensive manufacturing sector has been highly developed precision, the export of automobiles, household appliances and other products swept the global market, once a serious threat to the United States of similar industries. With the rapid economic growth, Tokyo - Yokohama, Osaka - Kobe and other commercial centers one by one to become highly capitalized in the metropolitan area. During this period in Japanese manufacturing products for export and other technological improvements and significant achievements with regard to lay the top in the world of Japan's strong economic base spear. Although the experience of the US-Japan trade friction, combat and other economic bubble burst, leading to the Japanese economy since the 1990s has stagnated the development trends of today's Japan is still the world's leading economies, gross domestic product, ranks second only to the United States. The current Japanese industry to services, shipping, finance, high-tech R & D based. Japan's strategic dilemma: post-Cold War US-Japan security alliance and Japan-China political friction. South Korea's political and economic overview Cold War, the military regime, and democratization. Japan relations, national reunification. Republic of Korea and the Republic of China, Singapore, Hong Kong and said the "Asian Tigers"; economic modernization since the 1970s, achieved remarkable success. South Korea's main industries in recent years, electronic, telecommunications and automotive industry; particular LCD in global supply network which has a high market share. Republic of China's political and economic overview From the previous authoritarian rule, to today's democratic, localized, there are diplomatic isolation, the reunification of China, Taiwan independence and other issues. Relationship with the PRC: Three No policy of military confrontation → → → open exchange of political deadlock. Agricultural development of industry, import substitution, export processing and industrial restructuring. Republic of China in recent years, the main industry, the electronics, communications products, and automotive OEM production; especially computer components in the global supply network which has a high market share. There is also a cross-Strait economic and trade cooperation. North Korea's political and economic overview A high degree of totalitarian rule. National reunification. The six-party talks, missile tests, nuclear tests. Korea's planned economy, the economy is not developed, traditional agriculture and the military-industrial-based. International embargo, the military force output, the border trade. Other related areas Follow the example of Vietnam is currently China's reform model, the implementation of reform and opening up policies to attract foreign-based; in 2006 by the World Trade Organization accepted Vietnam's accession to the file, marking the Vietnam into the global capitalist economic system, an important change. January 11, 2007 Vietnam officially joined the WTO. Mongolia's lack of modern industrial base, the economy is still the main livestock. ASEAN (Association of Southeastern Asian Nations, ASEAN, the Chinese referred to as "ASEAN", the mainland as "ASEAN"), and the "ASEAN plus three (Republic of China, Japan, the Republic of Korea)," Free Trade Area. |
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