东亚:
|
| 韩国 Korea (South) 首都:首尔 国家代码: kr |
 韩国国名：大韩民国 Republic of Korea 简称：韩国 Korea 韩国〔Korea〕是一个位于东北亚朝鲜半岛南端的国家。西南濒临黄海，东南是朝鲜海峡及对马海峡，东边被日本海包围着。北面隔着三八线非军事区与朝鲜民主主义人民共和国相邻。大韩民国于1948年由原大韩民国临时政府国会议长李承晚立国，国号延用日本殖民前的朝鲜王朝（即李氏朝鲜，1897年改国号为“大韩帝国”）。 国名由来： “韩”称呼最早源于韩国人/朝鲜人的祖先：三韩 “韩国”与“朝鲜”这两个名称，在历史上曾经混用。 中国清朝政府在甲午战争（1894——1895）战败后，在《马关条约》中放弃对朝鲜半岛的宗主权，承认朝鲜半岛独立。1897年，朝鲜王宣布建制称帝，建立“大韩帝国”，“韩”第一次正式成为朝鲜半岛国号。 1910年朝鲜半岛沦为日本殖民地。 1919年4月11日，“大韩民国临时政府”在上海成立，1945年，日本投降后迁回国，成为了今天的韩国。 【韩国地理】 地理位置 韩国位于朝鲜半岛南部。朝鲜半岛地处亚洲大陆的东北部，自北向南延伸，全长1，100公里。韩国的领海与太平洋最西部的海域交汇。韩国的面积为99，000平方公里。 地质构造 山地占朝鲜半岛面积的三分之二左右,地形具多样性，低山、丘陵和平原交错分布。低山和丘陵主要分布在中部和东部，海拔多在500米以下。太白山脉纵贯东海岸，构成半岛南部地形的脊梁；其向黄海侧伸出的几条平行山脉组成低山丘陵地带，有太白山脉、庆尚山脉、小白山脉等，其中雪岳山、五台山等山峰以风景优美著称。东北至西南走向的小白山脉最高峰为智异山，海拔1915米。汉拿山位于济州岛的中心，海拔1950米，是韩国的第一高峰自古相传有神仙在汉拿山上生活,因此过去曾把汉拿山叫做瀛州山，并且同金刚山、智异山一起被誉为三座神山。 平原主要分布于南部和西部，海拔多在200米以下。黄海沿岸有汉江平原、湖南平原等平原，南海沿岸有金海平原、全南平原及其它小平原。 河流湖泊 就其幅员而言，韩国拥有相对多的河流。最长的河流分别是洛东江和汉江，是半岛南部地区两条主要河流。洛东江长525千米，流入日本海；汉江长514千米，流入黄海，是中部地区的重要水系。其他河流还有：锦江、蟾津江、临津江等。韩国湖泊较少，最大的天然湖是位于济州岛汉拿山顶火山口的白鹿潭，海拔1850 米，湖面直径约30 米，周长1 公里，深约6 米。最大的人工湖是昭阳湖，位于江原道春川市东北13 公里处，1973 年建成，面积6930 万平方米。此外还有一些面积较小的湖，如插桥湖、木津湖等。 资源 矿产资源较少，已发现的矿物有280多种，其中有经济价值的约50多种。有开采利用价值的矿物有铁、无烟煤、铅、锌、钨等，但储量不大。由于自然资源匮乏，主要工业原料均依赖进口。 气候 属温带季风气候，海洋性特征显著。冬季漫长寒冷，夏季炎热潮湿，春秋两季相当短。冬季最低气温达-12℃，夏季最高气温可达37℃。年平均降水量1500毫米左右，其中6—8月雨量较大，六月到八月的降雨量为全年的70%。年均降水量约为1500毫米,降水量由南向北逐步减少。 韩国四季分明，春、秋两季较短；夏季炎热、潮湿；冬季寒冷、干燥，时而下雪。 韩国各地区之间温差较大，平均温度为6摄氏度（43华氏度）至16摄氏度（61华氏度）。在全年最热的8月份，平均温度为19摄氏度（66华氏度）至27摄氏度（81华氏度）。而在全年最冷的1月份，平均温度则在零下8摄氏度（17华氏度）7摄氏度（43华氏度）。 早春时节常常刮风下雨，大风带来亚洲内陆沙漠的“黄沙”，俗称沙尘暴，近年来有逐渐增加的趋势。到了4月中旬，天气转暖，韩国农民每年就在这时平整秧田准备种植水稻。夏秋两季多台风，夏季会有梅雨期。 【简况】 国旗 1882年，朝鲜使臣朴泳孝和金玉筠即将出使日本，临行前向中国清朝北洋政府请求将中国的龙旗作为国旗使用，北洋政府回复称藩属国不能用五爪龙旗只能用四爪龙旗。由于当时朝鲜当局对日渐没落的清廷已经有些不买账了，所以不接受清廷的要求。其时奉李鸿章之命出使朝鲜的中国使节马建忠（中国近代大语言学家，当时和其兄复旦大学创始人马相伯一起出使朝鲜）建议朝鲜政府采用中国传统的太极八卦旗作为国旗使用，这个建议得到了朝鲜政府的采纳 ，所以，最早的朝鲜国旗是一面不折不扣的白底黑色图案的太极八卦旗。后来，一名英国驻朝鲜的使节用西方美学 的角度为这面太极八卦旗做了修改，去掉了八卦中的四卦，把剩下的四卦斜向对称拉伸，使整个国旗图案呈长方形 ，把阴阳鱼图案改为红蓝两色，这样才有了现在我们看到的韩国太极旗。 国徽 最后修订与1948年，1950年正式起用。国徽中央为一朵盛开着的玫瑰花。玫瑰花的底色白色象征着和平与纯洁，黄色象征着繁荣与昌盛。花朵的中央被一幅红蓝阴阳图代替，它不仅是韩国乃至全朝鲜族文化的一个传统象征，而且在此代表着国家行政与大自然规律的和谐。一条白色饰带环绕着木槿花，饰带上缝着国名大韩民国四字。此特点与朝鲜的国徽设计相同。 国花 木槿花是韩国的国花。花开时节，木槿树枝会生出许多花苞， 一朵花凋落后，其它的花苞会连续不断地 开，开得春意盎然，春光 灿烂。因此，韩国人也叫它“无穷花”。 【重要节日】 韩国民众最重视中秋节及圣诞节。 1月1日 元旦─新年，1月1日、2日为国家规定的公休日。国历正月初一／民俗日─也称阳历新年，以祭祖的家庭典礼、特制的食物、传统游戏来庆祝。全家人团聚，亲朋好友间互相拜年欢度佳节。 3月1日 独立运动纪念日 纪念1919年3月1日反抗日本殖民统治的独立运动。 4月5日 植树节 这一天，政府官员、教师、学生以及全国各地成千上万的韩国人按照政府的重新造林计划植树。 5月5日 儿童节 这一天为儿童举行各种庆祝活动，让他们与父母一起尽情游玩。 8月15日 光复节 1945年的这一天，韩国从日本35年的殖民统治中解放出来，获得独立。 阴历8月15日 中秋节(或称丰收节) 这是一年中重要的全国性节日之一。这一天要摆设筵席，各家要在家族墓地举行纪念仪式，晚上要一起赏月。 阴历10月3日 开天节 这一天是传说中檀君于公元前2333年建立韩国的日子。 12月25日 圣诞节 和西方一样，基督教徒和其他国民都庆贺这个节日，纪念耶稣诞生。 【国家政要】 现任总统：李明博，2007年12月当选，于2008年2月25日宣誓就职； 总理：韩升洙（Han Seung-soo）。2008年2月任职。 【人口与语言】 韩国总人口4905.3万（2007年），全国为单一的朝鲜族〔韩方称：韩民族〕，属“三韩后裔”，通用韩语，民族服饰为“韩服”。 在此说明一下： 韩语与朝鲜语略有不同。因为战后南北韩长期分裂，使得南北语言也出现略微差异。一般将南韩惯用的表达方式称为“韩语”，将北朝鲜惯用的表达方式称为“朝鲜语”。 【宗教信仰】 萨满教 萨满教起源与中国东北民族，是韩国最古老、最原始的一种宗教，起源于原始社会人们对自然和鬼神的崇拜。朝鲜新石器时代的先民信奉泛灵论，认为山川、天体、岩石、树木等自然界万物皆有灵魂。而且他们认为人类也有灵魂，并且永不消亡。他们想念善良的神灵会给予人带来吉祥，而邪恶的神灵则会带来恶运。至今，萨满教仍是韩国人的基础宗教，部分人仍保留着萨满教的信仰。而对现代人来说，萨满教仪式中富有表现力的驱妖降魔的内容，则成了音乐、舞蹈、戏剧等现代艺术中一个多姿多彩的组成部分。 佛教 佛教是公元4世纪由中国传入朝鲜半岛的。佛教作为韩国历史悠入的宗教教派，一直对韩国的政治、经济、文化产生着巨大的影响。现在韩国佛教共有26个宗派，9,200多座寺庙和1,100多万名信徒，是信徒最多的宗教。 儒教 儒教是公元前6世纪中国孔子创立的伦理和宗教信仰。儒教的基本伦理思想为仁、义、礼、智，是用于齐家治国的一种伦理体系。 公元初期儒教传入朝鲜半岛。千百年来，儒教的伦理道德思想和生活哲学一直影响着韩国。时至今日，儒教思想已经渗透、扎根于韩国社会之中，这尤其体现在教育、礼仪等方面。同时，它在韩国的经济发展、社会现代化进程中也发挥了重要的作用。 【首都介绍】 韩国首都：首尔（Seoul，旧译“汉城”），人口1050万（2007年）。 2003年12月，韩国国会通过《新行政首都特别法》，决定将行政首都从首尔（旧译“汉城”）迁往中部地区。2004年8月，韩国政府最终确定并正式公布了新行政首都的地址，位于韩中部地区的燕歧—公州将成为新的行政首都。韩国政府定于2007年7月在燕歧-公州动工建设新行政首都，在2020年和2030年分别形成拥有30万和50万人口的城市。自2012年至2014年，韩国主要国家行政机关将迁往新行政首都。 2004年10月，韩国宪法法院裁决，韩国国会2003年12月通过的《新行政首都特别法》违反宪法。韩国政府制订的将行政首都从“首尔”（即“汉城”）迁往中部地区的计划将因此被迫停止执行。 2005年1月，原汉城市（即现在的“首尔市”）市长李明博在汉城市政府举行记者招待会，宣布把“汉城”的中文翻译名称改为“首尔”。首尔历史悠久，古时因位于汉江之北，得名“汉阳”。14世纪末朝鲜王朝定都汉阳后，改名为“汉城”。近代韩国受日本殖民统治期间，汉城改称“京城”。1945年朝鲜半岛光复后，更名为韩语固有词，罗马字母标记为“SEOUL”，seoul是韩语中首都名称的译音。 【行政区划】 现有1个特别市：“首尔”（即“汉城”）特别市； 9个道（相当于省）：京畿道、江原道、忠清北道、忠清南道、全罗北道、全罗南道、庆尚北道、庆尚南道、济州道； 6个广域市（相当于直辖市）：釜山、大邱、仁川、光州、大田、蔚山。 【政治】 韩国现行宪法是1987年10月全民投票通过的新宪法，1988年2月25日起生效。新宪法规定，韩国实行三权鼎立、依法治国的体制。根据这部新宪法，总统是国家元首和全国武装力量司令，在政府系统和对外关系中代表整个国家，总统任期5年，不得连任。总统是内外政策的制定者，可向国会提出立法议案等;同时，总统也是国家最高行政长官，负责各项法律法规的实施。总统通过由15-30人组成并由其主持的国务会议行使行政职能。作为总统主要行政助手的国务总理由总统任命，但须经国会批准。国务总理有权参与制定重要的国家政策。总统无权解散国会，但国会可用启动弹劾程序的方式对总统进行制约，使其最终对国家宪法负责。韩国实行一院制。国会是国家立法机构，任期4年，国会议长任期2年。宪法赋予国会的职能除制定法律外，还包括批准国家预算、外交政策、对外宣战等国家事务，以及弹劾总统的权力。韩国法院共分三级:大法院、高等法院和地方法院。大法院是最高法庭，负责审理对下级法院和军事法庭作出的裁决表示不服的上诉案件。大法官由总统任命，国会批准。大法官的任期为6年，不得连任，年满70岁必须退位。 韩国宪法法院 修宪草案未来17年基本国防政策 韩国将建立适应现代战争的新型军队组建“无所不在”部队。 韩国总统官邸青瓦台 （Chong Wa Dae）位于首尔钟路区世宗路一号。这里原来是高丽王朝的离宫，1426年朝鲜王朝建都汉城后，把它做为景福宫后园，修建了隆武堂、庆农斋和练武场等一些建筑物，并开了一块国王的亲耕地。1927年日本入侵后毁掉五云阁以外的所有建筑，建立了朝鲜总督官邸。1945年日本投降后变为军政长官官邸。1948年8月大韩民国成立的同时，它成为总统官邸并改名为景武台 （Kyung Mu Dae）。1960年4月19日推翻李承晚政权后，尹谱善当选总统并入主景武台。不久，因为尹谱善忌“武”字并为了同美国白宫相对应，给白墙蓝瓦的这群建筑起名为青瓦台，所以也有人称其为“蓝宫”（Blue House）。现在，青瓦台主楼为总统官邸，有总统办公室、接见厅、会议室、居室，配楼有秘书室、警护室和迎宾楼等。 【经济】 2007年韩国GDP突破10000亿美元，人均GDP突破20000美元，世界第11大经济体。 从20世纪60年代开始，韩国政府成功地推行以增长为主的经济政策，70年代之后正式走上发展经济的轨道，创造了举世闻名的“汉江奇迹”。 到80年代，韩国一改贫穷与落后的面貌，呈现出繁荣和富裕的景象，成为国际市场上一个具有竞争力的国家。并于1988年举办了汉城奥运会。如今，韩国经济实力雄厚，钢铁、汽车、造船、电子、纺织等已成为韩国的支柱产业，其中造船和汽车制造等行业更是享誉世界。韩国的电子工业发展迅速，为世界十大电子工业国之一。近年来，韩国重视IT产业，不断加大投入，IT技术水平和产量均居世界前列。韩国曾是个传统的农业国。随着工业化的进程， 农业在韩国经济中所占的比例越来越小， 地位日见低下。韩国是农产品主要进口国家，进口量趋于增长，但其农业市场对外国的参与极为敏感，是个对外开放程度较小的经济部门。 韩国耕地面积为195万公顷，主要分布在西部和南部平原、丘陵地区，约占国土总面积的22%。韩国矿产资源较少，已发现的矿物有280多种，有经济价值的50多种。有开采利用价值的矿物有铁、无烟煤、铅、锌、钨等，但储藏量不大。由于自然资源匮乏，主要工业原料均依赖进口。工业主要部门有钢铁、汽车、造船、电子、化学、纺织等。浦项钢铁厂是世界第二大钢铁联合企业。2002年汽车产量320万辆，居世界第6位。造船订单标准货船吨数759万吨，重新成为世界第一。电子工业以高技术密集型产品为主，为世界十大电子工业国之一。半导体集成电路发展迅速。近年来韩国重视IT产业，不断加大投入。 由于受1997年亚洲金融危机的影响，韩国近年来的经济一直处于低靡的萧条。也就是俗称的“经济不景气”。 【文化】 韩国的文化受中国影响十分明显，早在唐朝时期，朝鲜半岛的新济国就专门派人到中国学习中国的文化以及治国的策略，甚至有些东西直接照搬照抄地拿回去，中国的文化对新济国影响十分久远，新济也因为吸收了中国的文化而强大起来因此统一了朝鲜半岛。 韩国是个具有悠久历史和灿烂文化的国家，在文学艺术等方面都有自己的特色。韩国的美术主要包括绘画、书法、版画、工艺、装饰等，既继承了民族传统，又吸收了外国美术的特长。韩国的绘画分东洋画和西洋画，东洋画类似中国的国画，用笔、墨、纸、砚表现各种话题。此外还有各类华丽的风俗画。与中国、日本一样，书法在韩国是一种高雅的艺术形式。韩国人素以喜爱音乐和舞蹈而著称。韩国现代音乐大致可分为“民族音乐”和“西洋音乐”两种。民族音乐又可分为“雅乐”和“民俗乐”两种。雅乐是韩国历代封建王朝在宫廷举行祭祀、宴会等各种仪式时由专业乐队演奏的音乐，通称“正乐”或“宫廷乐”。民俗乐中有杂歌、民谣、农乐等。乐器常用玄琴、伽耶琴、杖鼓、笛等。韩国民俗乐的特色之一是配上舞蹈。韩国舞蹈非常重视舞者肩膀、胳膊的韵律。道具有扇、花冠、鼓。韩国的舞蹈以民族舞和宫廷舞为中心，多姿多彩。韩国的戏剧起源于史前时期的宗教仪式，主要包括假面具、木偶剧、曲艺、唱剧、话剧等5类。其中假面具又称“假面舞”，为韩国文化象征，在韩国传统戏剧中占有极为重要的地位。 韩食以泡菜文化为特色，一日三餐都离不开泡菜。韩国传统名菜烧肉、泡菜、冷面已经成了世界名菜。 韩国是一个十分重视教育的国家。全国各类大专院校数以千计。延世大学和高丽大学等享誉世界，此外，还有成均馆大学、西江大学、中央大学、庆熙大学、汉阳大学、檀国大学、建国大学、忠国大学、世宗大学、梨花女子大学、庆北大学、忠北大学、浦项工业大学、釜山大学、釜山外国语大学、仁荷大学、仁济大学等享有名誉。 【服饰】 韩国传统服装 韩服是韩国的传统服装，起源于中国明朝的服装，优雅且有品位。近代被洋服替代，只有在节日和有特殊意义的日子里穿。女性的传统服装是短上衣和宽长的裙子，看上去很优雅；男性以裤子、短上衣、背心、马甲显出独特的品位。白色为基本色，根据季节、身份，所选用的材料和色彩都不同。在结婚等特别的仪式中， 一般平民也穿戴华丽的衣裳和首饰。最近，增加实用性的生活韩服很受欢迎。 【新闻出版】 新闻业发达。截至2002年，共有新闻机构260家。报社60家，其中10家全国性综合报纸，38家地方综合报纸，7家经济类报纸，2家外文报纸和3家体育报纸。《朝鲜日报》、《中央日报》、《东亚日报》、《韩国日报》、《大韩每日》和《京乡新闻》为6大全国性韩文日报，除《大韩每日》外，其他报纸均属私营。《朝鲜日报》发行量最大，于1920年3月5日创刊。《东亚日报》于1920年4月1日创刊。《中央日报》于1965年9月22日创刊。 通讯社 联合通信，1980年12月由合同通信社和东洋通信社合并而成，1999年再合并内外通信，是韩国新闻媒体共办的一个合作性通讯社。该通讯社在华盛顿、纽约、洛杉矶、东京、巴黎、伦敦、曼谷、布宜诺斯艾利斯、布鲁塞尔、开罗、香港、莫斯科和北京设有分社。 韩国有10家全国性广播公司，另有地方广播公司59家，有线广播公司81家。 韩国广播公司（KBS）1927年开始试播，自1953年开始对外广播，政府控股广播公司，拥有全国性广播网，目前用韩、英、汉、法、日等11种语言播音。电视台成立于1961年12月，自1996年7月起开通两个频道的卫星电视节目，主要以数字信号播放。 文化广播公司（MBC）1961年12月开办，拥有全国性广播网，电视台成立于1969年8月，在各大城市有卫星转播站。 首尔广播公司电视台（SB）1991年12月开播。 基督教广播公司（CBS）1954年开办，私营，主要播送新闻、娱乐以及教育和宗教节目。其电视节目也有一定影响。 远东广播电台（FEBC）1956年12月开办，每周播送100小时的韩、英、汉、俄语节目。 大韩民国军队广播电台建于1954年，专门为军队播音。 驻韩美军广播电台1950年10月开始播音。同其电视台一起，专为驻韩美军及其家属服务，用英语全天播音。 交通广播电台和电视台1990年6月成立。 教育广播电台和电视台1990年12月成立。 韩国共有39个电视台，其中20个是商业电视台。 韩国自1995年起开播有线电视，发展迅速。因特网普及率较高，截至2002年底，上网人数达2627万名，占全国人口的55.1%。 出版业发达，注册出版社共有12700多家。杂志种类繁多，创停刊频繁。 通讯社 联合通信，１９８０年１２月由合同通信社和东洋通信社合并而成，１９９９年再合并内外通信，是韩国新闻媒体共办的一个合作性通讯社。该通讯社在华盛顿、纽约、洛杉矶、东京、巴黎、伦敦、曼谷、布宜诺斯艾利斯、布鲁塞尔、开罗、香港、莫斯科和北京设有分社。 韩国有１０家全国性广播公司，另有地方广播公司５９家，有线广播公司８１家。 韩国广播公司（KBS）１９２７年开始试播，自１９５３年开始对外广播，政府控股广播公司，拥有全国性广播网，目前用韩、英、汉、法、日等11种语言播音。电视台成立于１９６１年１２月，自１９９６年７月起开通两个频道的卫星电视节目，主要以数字信号播放。 文化广播公司（MBC）１９６１年１２月开办，拥有全国性广播网，电视台成立于１９６９年８月，在各大城市有卫星转播站。首尔（旧译“汉城”）广播公司电视台１９９１年１２月开播。 基督教广播公司（CBS）１９５４年开办，私营，主要播送新闻、娱乐以及教育和宗教节目。其电视节目也有一定影响。 远东广播电台（FEBC）１９５６年１２月开办，每周播送１００小时的韩、英、汉、俄语节目。 大韩民国军队广播电台建于１９５４年，专门为军队播音。 驻韩美军广播电台１９５０年１０月开始播音。同其电视台一起，专为驻韩美军及其家属服务，用英语全天播音。 交通广播电台和电视台１９９０年６月成立。 教育广播电台和电视台１９９０年１２月成立。 韩国共有３９个电视台，其中２０个是商业电视台。 韩国自１９９５年起开播有线电视，发展迅速。因特网普及率较高，截至２００２年底，上网人数达２６２７万名,占全国人口的５５.１％。 出版业发达，注册出版社共有１２７００多家。杂志种类繁多，创停刊频繁。 【历史名人】 李舜臣（1545-1598）：民族英雄。出身于没落士大夫家庭，幼时家境贫寒。他颇有学问，能骑善射，32岁时武举登科，从此开始军旅生涯。他刚直不阿、一生忧国忧民，追求正义，几处逆境而无悔无怨。47岁任全罗左道水军节度使后，积极操练水军，构筑防御阵地，并创建了铁甲战舰龟船，防范倭寇的进犯。当时日本丰臣秀吉已经完成了国内四岛的统一，妄图以武力征服朝鲜和中国。1592年，他率领20多万大军进犯朝鲜并攻陷汉城（现译“[font id=Mark style="COLOR: #ee6600; BACKGROUND-COLOR: yellow"]首尔[/font]”），占领了大半个朝鲜半岛，韩国称这一段历史为“壬辰倭乱”。应朝鲜王朝之请，明朝派兵出援，从此开始了长达7年的中朝两国军民共同抗击日寇的战争，史称“壬辰卫国战争”。李舜臣将军和中国水军并肩作战，多次击败日军，屡立奇功。1598年12月，他与明朝水军重创敌寇，在激战中不幸中弹身亡。两年后，朝廷为表彰他的功绩，封他为一级宣武功臣。1643年即他死后的45年，赠谥“忠武”。从此，朝鲜半岛人民为了纪念他，称他为“忠武公”。供奉着李舜臣将军灵位的显忠祠建于1706年，位于芳华山脚下，周围群山环抱，祠内松柏成荫。显忠祠占地50多万平方米，除了“本殿”之外，还有“号”、“古宅”、“家庙”以及李氏家族使用过的水井等古式建筑。有关李舜臣将军的历史资料和当年他与倭寇海战时使用过的武器等实物，明朝皇帝赐与他的都督印、令牌和斩刀等8件赐品的复制件，则被精心地保存在“遗物馆”里。每逢4月28日，即李舜臣诞生的日子，显忠祠都要举行祭祀活动。显忠祠在日本帝国主义的残酷镇压下一度荒颓，1945年日本投降后，纪念忠武公的活动得以恢复。1966年，韩国政府将此地辟为“圣域”，重建显忠祠，园区的综合景观工程一直持续到1974年。 【韩国简史】 古朝鲜时代 中国的史籍中有“东夷”，意即东边的民族（夷含有贬义）。东夷是华夏民族对东方民族的称呼，并非单指某一族群。其认定范围也随之更改。从黄帝时期的山东，河南一带，到中国东北，再到日后秦汉时期的朝鲜半岛，日本列岛。朝鲜和韩国认为：现代朝鲜人可能是东夷的一支.朝鲜半岛据说有五千年历史，但是因为缺少直接证据，中国以及日本史学界并不予以承认。朝鲜历史根据传说最远可以追溯至檀君建国。在数十万年前，朝鲜半岛之上已有原始人类居住。朝鲜半岛的旧石器时代始于公元前70万年，公元前10世纪开始进入青铜器时代。到了公元前4世纪进入铁器时代。韩国和朝鲜史学家猜想朝鲜人原来是生活在亚洲北面大陆的阿尔泰语系各民族，逐渐迁移到朝鲜半岛北部而衍变而来，从公元前4世纪，在北部形成了一个奴隶制国家，史称古朝鲜。而在半岛南部由土著部落形成几个部落联盟，沃沮、濊、马韩、辰韩、弁韩。后来马韩统一三韩，称辰国。 箕子时代 中国历史上所记载的朝鲜最早是西周灭商之后，商朝遗臣箕子到朝鲜半岛与当地土著建立了“箕氏侯国”。公元前3世纪末，朝鲜历史上第一次有所记载。在中国汉代的历史学家司马迁的著作《史记》中记载，商代最后一个国王纣的兄弟箕子在周武王伐纣后，带着商代的礼仪和制度到了朝鲜半岛北部，被那里的人民推举为国君，并得到周朝的承认而成为诸侯。史称“箕子朝鲜”。 根据韩国人的历史书《三国遗事》所载，檀君的后人在箕子来到朝鲜之后，带著人民南迁，以免和箕子带来的人做成冲突。这些人后来成为了三韩的始祖。箕子时代在朝鲜半岛持续了近一千年。根据《太原鲜于氏世谱》，朝鲜的鲜于氏源自箕子时代的后人。而他们从箕子开始，一共经历了41代君主，直到公元前1世纪才被燕人卫满取代。其后代箕准逃至南方，与三韩合流。据说三韩中的“辰韩”便是箕子后代。高丽时代，朝鲜王朝时期，由于儒学兴盛的关系，箕子是受到极大的推崇与赞赏。朝鲜人时常以“箕圣”来称呼箕子，而称自己的国家叫“箕圣国”。 卫氏时代 根据《史记》，燕国的将军卫满率移民进入朝鲜半岛，并成为箕子朝鲜的宫相。于公元前194年在平壤一带建立卫氏政权，推翻了箕子朝鲜的政权。这是朝鲜历史上第二个王朝，称“卫氏时代”。目前没能够考古学的考证对卫氏朝鲜的建国过程。 汉四郡与三韩时代 公元前108年汉武帝功灭卫氏朝鲜，在朝鲜半岛北部设立乐浪、玄菟、临屯、真番四郡，史称“汉四郡”。 公元前82年，因为古朝鲜人和当地部族的抵抗，废止临屯和真番的两郡。公元前75年玄菟郡迁移到辽东。乐浪郡，在朝鲜半岛北部迁移很多次，王莽政权的新朝时乐浪独立，在公元30年东汉（后汉）朝廷收复乐浪郡。 在东汉末年，辽东的公孙氏（《三国演义》中有公孙渊）分乐浪郡南部设带方郡，在朝鲜半岛南部的土著的韩人建立以辰韩、马韩和弁韩为中心的辰国，同时存在伽倻等小国。 三国时代 由于汉朝解体，进入三国及后来的东晋十六国和南北朝的大战乱，虽然在西晋，十六国时期的鲜卑慕容氏的前燕都曾控制过原来汉朝在朝鲜北部的领地，但最终还是因为集中注意力在中原的争夺而逐渐丧失了对该地区的控制力，于是，在中国东北南部形成了高句丽王国，并逐渐强大，最强盛时曾控制中国辽东地区和朝鲜半岛北部的原”汉四郡“地区；与此同时前1世纪中叶，辰国也开始解体。其旧领内出现的新罗、百济开始日渐强盛，公元4世纪，朝鲜半岛形成了高句丽、新罗、百济的三国鼎立时期。史称“前三国时期” 在公元前后（《三国史记》记载在公元前一世纪中），朝鲜半岛上出现了三大政权：新罗（前57年－935年）、高句丽（前37年－668年）、百济（前18年－660年）。在半岛南端还有伽倻等政权。各国互相攻伐，同时也出现了朝鲜半岛历史上的一个比较繁荣的时期。百济是由马韩部落发展起来的，新罗是辰韩中一个小部落形成的。百济依靠向中国南朝各代朝廷遣使朝贡的方式，从中国吸收文化并向日本传播。 伽倻与任那日本府 在日本方面，有一部分学者认为位于朝鲜半岛南端弁韩（今庆尚南道）地区的伽倻等政权是当时日本大和朝廷在朝鲜半岛的殖民地“任那日本府”。半岛三国中的百济为抵御高句丽和新罗的侵攻而接近日本，想借由日本牵制两国。日本则企图利用此一形势在朝鲜半岛建立自己的势力。由此导致了四世纪时大和朝廷出兵新罗，占领弁韩，设置日本府进行统治。 512年，百济遣使要求大和朝廷割让任那四县以补偿被高句丽占领的北部领土。当时的大和朝廷因无力继续统治朝鲜南部地区，不得不答应百济的要求。562年，任那日本府被新罗所灭。 而在朝鲜和韩国方面，很多学者否认当时在朝鲜半岛存在日本殖民地任那。相反的，他们认为在日本列岛上存在着许多被百济，伽倻和新罗统治的小国，在半岛各国相互争雄之时也曾竞相利用其在日本列岛各属国的力量。 在日本，根据“高天原神话”(记纪神话)，有过倭国统治任那的见解。从1960年代开始，在韩国朝鲜再验证记纪神话上的有关任那日本府的记述，结果否认记纪神话的可靠性，从1970年代开始日本历史学界也得到大概同样的结论。 同样的三国关于高句丽“好太王碑”碑文的解读也存在很多争论，甚至有朝鲜学者指好太王碑碑文曾遭旧日本陆军参谋本部篡改。 新罗时代 新罗以向唐朝称臣的条件与新兴的唐朝结盟，高宗在位时，唐朝大军于公元660年联合新罗功灭百济，又于668年和借道新罗和百济故地南北夹击并功灭高句丽，并由大将薛仁贵在高句丽与百济旧地建立安东都护府。由于出现反抗以及当时唐朝还要防御突厥的威胁，676年唐军从百济故地撤退并将该地转交新罗，新罗最终得以统一朝鲜半岛大部，定都庆州，效仿唐朝的国家制度进行统治。 9世纪，各地农民起义，900年部队将领甄萱称王，建后百济国，定都光州；903年起义僧侣金弓裔称王，于新罗北及西北建泰封国（先号摩震国），定都铁原，918年王建建立高丽王朝，此后定国号“高丽”，和原新罗并称为“后三国时期”。 新罗935年亡于高丽，新罗时代结束。 高丽时代 918年，后高句丽的弓裔王的部将王建被部将拥立为王，迁都至自己的家乡开城（松岳），改国号为“高丽”。935年灭新罗，936年灭后百济，建立高丽王朝。993年被辽国击败，被迫断绝和宋朝关系，向辽国称臣，1127年被迫臣服金国。在抵御契丹和女真期间，军人势力大增，1170年和1173年，以武将郑仲夫为首，发生两次政变，政变军人废立国王，大杀贵族文官，最终建立了武将崔忠献挟持国王的“都房”政权。 1231年蒙古军进攻高丽，1258年崔氏政权跨台，国王投降蒙古。不服投降蒙古的三别沙发动抗蒙古战争，1273年蒙古占领济州岛，结束抗蒙古战争。1280年元朝为了进攻日本在朝鲜半岛设置征东行省，在高丽首都派遣“达鲁花赤”控制高丽国政，高丽国王只能住在江华岛上。1281年随着进攻日本失败曾一度解散征东行省，1287年复设征东行省，并以高丽王兼任征东行省达鲁花赤，成为元朝的藩属国，直到1356年恭愍王回复时高丽朝廷才重新掌握统治权。 朝鲜王朝时代 1368年明朝推翻元朝，1370年高丽朝贡明朝，1387年朱元璋要进攻原东北元朝属地，但是高丽国内仍然支持蒙古残余势力。 1388年高丽国王派都统使李成桂进攻辽东，李成桂则早已决心归附明朝，于是他从鸭绿江边回兵占领首都开城发动政变，1392年废黜国王自立，向明朝遣使称臣，遵照眀太祖朱元璋的旨意，改国号为朝鲜，取“朝日鲜明”之意，定都汉阳。此时代被日本称为“李氏朝鲜”，这个名称在多数的历史界一直沿用至今。 1401年，太宗开始接受从明朝的册封成为“朝鲜国王”。正式确立与中国保持到近代的属国关系。 1469年完成的《经国大典》确立了新的政治制度。 李氏朝鲜实行推崇儒学、排斥佛教的政策。 1591年日本关白丰臣秀吉率兵20万侵入朝鲜，一度占领平壤。中国明朝派军援朝，1598年日军被中朝联军击溃，朝鲜将领李舜臣和中国将领邓子龙互相支援,最后都壮烈牺牲。此段历史史称“壬辰倭乱”，现代中国称为“万历援朝战争”。 1618年明朝和后金作战，朝鲜派军援助明朝，1636年清军攻占朝鲜，国王投降，该向清朝朝贡，成为清朝的册封国。 1894年朝鲜爆发大规模农民起义，朝鲜朝廷无力镇压，而向清朝求援。于是，6月6日清朝援军在牙山登陆，而日本军队也以次为借口趁机于7月6日在仁川登陆，并发动壬午事变，占领汉阳，强迫朝鲜签定不平等的《济物浦条约》（济物浦即今天的仁川）。并且组织亲日派政府，镇压了农民起义。 1894年日本进攻驻朝鲜的清军，挑起了中日甲午战争。 1895年4月，清军失败，签定《中日马关条约》，同意放弃朝鲜的宗主权，于是日本控制下的朝鲜朝廷宣布终止与清朝的册封关系。同年，日本暗杀了有反日倾向的明成皇后。 1896年高宗在俄国支持下称帝登极，成立大韩帝国，从此朝鲜改为韩。1904年日俄战争后，俄国战败，朝鲜政权彻底被日本控制。 日本统治时期 日本于1910年8月迫使韩国政府同之签定《日朝合并条约》，正式吞并朝鲜半岛，沦为了日本的殖民地，并设立朝鲜总督府，进行殖民统治。日本将韩国王室封为日本贵族，让高宗退位，拥立顺宗。 大韩民国临时政府 1919年3月1日，朝鲜半岛因日本禁止在学校内使用朝鲜民族语言，展开大规模反抗活动。柳宽顺等青年学子在今日汉城钟路区的塔洞公园发表“三一独立宣言”，并把独立宣言传遍全国。这些独立活动引起国民的反抗，并冲击各地的日本警察机关，而引致日本警察的暴力镇压。史称“三一运动”。同年，朝鲜半岛独立运动领导人先后在海参崴、上海、汉城成立临时政府。最后，三处临时政府并于上海“大韩民国临时政府”。临时政府获得中国国父孙中山领导的护法政府以及法国、波兰等国的承认。1939年上海沦陷后，临时政府几次迁移，最终于1940年9月迁至当时中国的战时陪都重庆。在中国政府帮助下，朝鲜半岛复国运动人士在中国成立“韩国光复军”和“朝鲜义勇队”。1941年12月7日太平洋战争爆发，临时政府于12月9日向日本宣战。 1942年5月15日，中国军事委员会决定将两支武装合并为韩国光复军，交由临时政府直接统辖。1945年11月23日，大韩民国临时政府迁回国内，光复军也于次年返国。 朝鲜共产党武装 从1932年起，朝鲜共产党人金日成领导的游击队在中国东北开展抗日游击活动。金日成抗日部队曾在1937年占领朝鲜北部的普天堡镇，1941年被迫退出到苏联。 朝鲜战争 1945年日本投降，以北纬38度线为界，分别由苏联和美国军队接收。在美苏的各自支持下于1948年8月成立大韩民国，1948年9月成立朝鲜民主主义人民共和国。1950年6月25日朝鲜祖国解放战争爆发，朝鲜人民军期初一路胜利，将韩国国军压制到釜山一带，于是美国决心介入，派兵于9月15日在仁川登陆，朝鲜人民军面临被美韩军队拦腰斩断之势，被迫撤退。并被美军一路压制到鸭绿江一带。战火烧到鸭绿江边，严重威胁东北边疆的安宁，这使得成立才一年有余的新中国也被迫介入。10月19日中国人民志愿军跨过鸭绿江，开始抗美援朝。10月25日，志愿军首战歼灭南韩六师。经过反复的拉锯战以后，双方最终决定1953年7月27日以临时分界线（三八线）为界，中朝联军同美国主导下的联合国军签定停战协定，并由联合国指派永久中立国瑞士及瑞典驻军于共同警备区域，以监察两国在边境的军事行动。1958年10月26日，中国人民志愿军全部撤离朝鲜半岛，而美国至今仍有军队驻扎在韩国。 【外交】 第二次世界大战后，由于冷战需要，韩国以对美、日外交为主。20世纪70年代初开始推行门户开放政策。1998年2月，金大中就任总统后，继续致力于巩固与美、日的同盟关系，同时加强与中、俄的友好关系。在对朝政策上，金大中推行“阳光政策”，提出互不使用武力、不搞吸收统一、加强南北交流与合作的“对北三原则”，主张以结束朝鲜半岛冷战结构的“一揽子方案”根本解决朝鲜半岛问题。 韩国向朝鲜提供大量大米、小麦、化肥、水泥、重油等援助。韩国于1991年9月17日同朝鲜一起加入联合国。2003年2月，卢武铉总统就任后，强调发展韩美互惠平等关系，促进韩中日东北亚区域合作，同时加强同俄、东盟、欧盟等其他国家的关系，积极参与地区和国际事务。2007年10月，韩国总统卢武铉访问朝鲜，宣布对朝鲜提供17亿美元援助，以加强南北经济合作。 与中国关系 中华人民共和国政府1992年以前，只承认朝鲜民主主义人民共和国是代表朝鲜半岛唯一合法政府。但是随着冷战结束，国际关系缓和，中韩两国人民交流加深，建交只是时间问题。1992年8月24日，中韩两国建交。建交后两国各方面关系发展迅速。2003年7月，卢武铉总统对中国进行国事访问，两国发表联合声明，宣布建立全面合作伙伴关系。2005年11月，国家主席胡锦涛对韩国进行国事访问，并出席在韩国釜山举行的亚太经合组织第十三次领导人非正式会议。2006年10月13日，卢武铉总统对中国进行工作访问。2007年4月，温家宝总理对韩国进行正式访问。同年12月，韩国总理韩德洙访华。 目前，中国是韩国第一大贸易伙伴，最大的出口市场和最大的投资对象国，韩国是中国的第三大贸易伙伴和第四大外商直接投资来源地。2006年，中韩两国双边贸易额达1340亿美元，同比增长20％。 【领土争端】 独岛问题 独岛（Dokdo或Tokdo）是韩国方面的称谓，日本方面称竹岛（Take shima）。独岛位于郁陵岛东南角，是韩国最东端。1417年，朝鲜太宗实录记载了于山岛（于山岛是否是竹岛仍有争议，也可能是郁陵岛），安抚使金麟雨从于山岛回来的时候，连同大竹子、芋头、水牛皮，连同住民带回三人，并报告了岛上的情况，有住家15户男女共计86人，竹岛面积0.2km。 苏岩礁问题 苏岩礁是中华人民共和国神圣不可分割的领土，但现在被韩国非法军事占领。 Official Name: Republic of Korea, Republic of Korea Abbreviations: South Korea Korea 〕 〔Korea South Korea is the one in the southern tip of the Korean peninsula in Northeast Asia countries. Southwest near the Yellow Sea, southeast of the Korean Strait and Tsushima Strait, the east surrounded by the Sea of Japan. North Korea across the military demarcation line and adjacent to the demilitarized zone. Republic of Korea, Republic of Korea in 1948, the original founding of the Provisional Government of National Assembly Speaker Syngman Rhee, the country continue to use the Japanese colonial rule before the Joseon Dynasty (that of Korean, to change the country for the 1897 "Great Korean Empire"). State Name Origin: "Han" call originated from the Korean / Korean ancestors: Sam Han "Korea" and "North Korea" the two names in the history of ever mix. Chinese Qing government in Sino (1894--1895) after the defeat, in the "Treaty of Shimonoseki" in the case of the Korean peninsula to give up sovereignty, recognition of independence of the Korean peninsula. In 1897, King announced that formed the Korean emperor, a "Korean Empire", "Han" became the first Korean peninsula of the country. The Korean Peninsula in 1910 became a colony of Japan. April 11, 1919, "Korean Provisional Government" in Shanghai in 1945, after Japan surrendered to move back into today's South Korea. Geography】 【Korea Location South Korea is located south of the Korean peninsula. The Korean Peninsula is located in the northeast Asian continent, from north to south length of 1,100 km. South Korea's territorial waters and the waters of the westernmost intersection of the Pacific. South Korea's area of 99,000 square kilometers. Geological structure Plain, mainly in the south and west, more than 200 meters above sea level. Plain of the Yellow Sea Han River along the coast, Hunan plains plains, the South China Sea along the coast Jin Haiping the original, full-South Plains and other small plains. Rivers and lakes In terms of its link with South Korea has a relatively large number of rivers. The longest river is the Nakdong River and Han River, respectively, are the two major rivers in southern peninsula. Nakdong River 525 kilometers long, into the Sea of Japan; the Han River 514 kilometers long, into the Yellow Sea, is a major river systems in central region. Other rivers include: Jin Jiang, Seomjin River, Imjin River and so on. South Korea smaller lakes, the largest natural lake is located in Jeju Island, Halla summit crater White Deer Lake, elevation 1850 meters, the lake is about 30 meters in diameter, the circumference of 1 km, about 6 meters deep. Largest artificial lake is Zhaoyang Lake, located in Chuncheon City, Gangwon Province, 13 kilometers northeast, built in 1973, an area of 69,300,000 square meters. There are also some smaller lakes, such as plug Bridge Lake, Lake Kizu. Resources Fewer mineral resources have been discovered 280 kinds of minerals, of which about 50 kinds of economic value. Exploitation of valuable minerals are iron, coal, lead, zinc, tungsten, etc., but not reserves. As natural resources, mainly of industrial raw materials are imported. Climate A temperate monsoon climate, maritime significant features. Long and cold winter, hot and humid in summer, spring and fall quite short. Winter minimum temperature of -12 ℃, the highest temperature in summer can reach 37 ℃. Average annual rainfall of 1500 mm, of which the larger rainfall from June to August, June to August rainfall for the whole year of 70%. Average annual precipitation is about 1,500 mm of precipitation from south to north gradually decreased. South Korea four seasons, spring and autumn short; summer hot and humid; winter cold, dry, and sometimes snow. Large temperature difference between regions of South Korea, the average temperature is 6 degrees Celsius (43 degrees Fahrenheit) to 16 degrees Celsius (61 degrees Fahrenheit). The hottest August in the year, the average temperature is 19 degrees Celsius (66 degrees Fahrenheit) to 27 degrees Celsius (81 degrees Fahrenheit). In January the coldest year round average temperature of minus 8 in degrees Celsius (17 Fahrenheit) 7 degrees Celsius (43 degrees Fahrenheit). Often windy early spring rains, high winds inland deserts in Asia brings the "yellow sand", commonly known as dust storms, there is a growing trend in recent years. To mid-April, the weather gets warmer, South Korean farmers formed each year at this time for planting rice seedling. More typhoons in summer and autumn, summer is the rainy season. 【Brief Introduction】 Flag In 1882, the Korean envoy Pak Yong Xiao and Jin Yujun be ambassador to Japan, before leaving the Northern Chinese Qing government to request the dragon flag as the national flag of China to use, the Northern vassal state government responded that the flag can not be noted that dragons can only use four Claw Dragon flag. At that time, the declining North Korean authorities to the Qing court had some not buy, so do not accept the request of the Qing court. The order of the time Feng Li of the Chinese ambassador to DPRK envoys Ma Jianzhong (China Modern Great linguists, Fudan University, was the founder and his brother Peter with the mission to North Korea Ma) recommended the DPRK government in the traditional Chinese Tai Chi Bagua flag as the national flag to use, This proposal was adopted by the DPRK government, therefore, the first Korean national flag is white with black side of the letter patterns of Tai Chi Bagua flag. Later, a British envoy in North Korea's point of view of Western aesthetics Bagua Tai Chi for this side flag was revised to remove the gossip in the hexagrams, the remaining hexagrams diagonal symmetric stretch, the entire flag design was rectangular, the yin and yang into red and blue fish patterns, so that now we see only the South Korean national flag. National emblem Last revised in 1948, officially only use 1950. Central is a national emblem of roses in full bloom. The background color of white roses symbolizes peace and purity, yellow symbol of prosperity and prosperity. Flowers, red and blue yin and yang, the central figure is a place, it is not only South Korea and the whole a traditional symbol of Korean culture, and in behalf of the state administration and the harmony laws of Nature. A white ribbon around the hibiscus, ribbons stitched on the four-character country name Republic of Korea. This design features the same with North Korea's national emblem. Flower Althea is South Korea's national flower. Blooming season, will give birth to many branches of Hibiscus bud, a flower litter, the other buds will be continuously Open, bloom spring, spring brilliant. Therefore, the Koreans call it "endless flowers." 】 【Important festivals Mid-South Korean people and the most important Christmas. January 1 ─ New Year New Year's Day, January 1, 2, as the state's public holiday. First day solar calendar / Folk ─ also known as the Gregorian calendar New Year's Day to worship the family ceremony, special food, traditional games to celebrate. Family reunion, family and friends to celebrate each other New Year celebrations. March 1 Independence Movement Day Memorial March 1, 1919 against Japanese colonial rule of the independence movement. April 5 Arbor Day On this day, government officials, teachers, students, and hundreds of thousands of Koreans around the country according to government reforestation program to plant trees. May 5 Children's Day This day, held a variety of celebration activities for children so that they enjoy with their parents play. August 15 Independence Day On this day in 1945, South Korea from Japan's colonial rule 35 years of the liberation and independence. Lunar August 15 Mid-Autumn Festival (or Harvest Festival) This is year one of the important national holiday. To this day a feast, each to hold the ceremony in the family cemetery, at night with the moon. Lunar October 3rd Foundation Day This day is the legendary Dangun established in 2333 BC the day South Korea. December 25 Christmas Day Like the West, Christians and other people are celebrating this holiday, commemorating the birth of Jesus. State leaders】 【 Current president: Lee Myung-bak, elected in December 2007, at the February 25, 2008 sworn in; Prime Minister: Han Seung-soo (Han Seung-soo). Office in February 2008. Population and Language】 【 Korea's total population of 49,053,000 (2007), a single Korean nation 〔South Korea, said: Korean National〕, is a "three Korean descent", General Korean national dress as a "hanbok." Elaborate here: Korean and Korean is slightly different. South and North Korea because of the long-term post-war division, making the North-South language also appears slightly different. Generally the preferred way of expression in South Korea as "Korean", the usual expression of North Korea as "Korean." 】 【Religion Shamanism Buddhism Buddhism in the 4th century from China into the Korean peninsula. You as the Korean history of Buddhism into the religious denominations, has been South Korea's political, economic, and cultural have a huge impact. Now there are 26 Korean Buddhist sect, more than 9,200 temples and 1,100 million adherents, most religious believers. Confucianism 6th century BC, Confucianism was founded by the Chinese Confucian ethics and religious beliefs. Confucian ethics as the basic benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, is for an ethical rule regulating the family system. Introduced to the Korean peninsula early AD Confucianism. Thousands of years, Confucian ethical thought and philosophy of life has affected South Korea. Today, Confucian thought has permeated, rooted in Korean society, This is especially true in education, etiquette and so on. Meanwhile, in Korea it is economic development, social modernization process also played an important role. 【Introduction】 capital Korea Capital: Seoul (Seoul, the old translation of "Seoul"), population 10,500,000 (2007). December 2003, South Korean National Assembly passed the "new administrative capital special law" to determine the administrative capital from Seoul (the old translation of "Seoul") to move to the central region. August 2004, the South Korean government officially announced the end to identify and address the new administrative capital, is located in the central region Yan Qi Han - the public will become the new state administrative capital. South Korean government is scheduled for July 2007 in Yan Qi - Gongju start building a new administrative capital, in 2020 and 2030 were formed with 30 million and 50 million people in the city. From 2012 to 2014, South Korea's major national executive will be relocated to the new administrative capital. October 2004, the Constitutional Court of Korea ruled that South Korean National Assembly in December 2003 adopted the "new administrative capital of the special law" unconstitutional. South Korean government established the administrative capital from the "Seoul" (that is, "Seoul"), plans to move to the central region will therefore be forced to stop the execution. January 2005, former Seoul (which is now the "Seoul"), the municipal government in Seoul Mayor Lee Myung-bak held a press conference to announce the "Seoul" Chinese translation of the name "Seoul." Seoul has a long history in ancient times due to the north of the Han River, the name "Hanyang." The late 14th century Joseon Dynasty capital in Hanyang, the renamed "Seoul." Modern Korea by Japanese colonial rule, Seoul was renamed the "capital." After the retrocession of the Korean Peninsula in 1945, changed its name to the inherent Korean words, Roman letters marked "SEOUL", seoul is a transliteration of the name in Korean capital. 【Administrative division Present a special city: "Seoul" (that is, "Seoul") Special City; 9 Road (equivalent to provinces): Gyeonggi, Gangwon, Chungbuk, Chungnam, Jeonbuk, South Jeolla Province, Gyeongbuk, Gyeongnam, Jeju; 6 Metropolitan City (equivalent to municipalities): Busan, Daegu, Incheon, Gwangju, Daejeon, Ulsan. Political】 【 South Korea current constitution was in October 1987 a new constitution adopted by referendum, February 25, 1988 come into effect. The new Constitution, South Korea, the implementation of three powers, the rule of law system. According to the new constitution, the president is head of state and the nation's armed forces commander in the government system and the external relations on behalf of the entire country, 5-year presidential term, non-renewable. The formulation of domestic and foreign policy the president is, could such legislative proposals to Congress; the same time, the president is the highest of the Chief Executive, responsible for the implementation of various laws and regulations. Composed of the President through the 15-30 cabinet meeting chaired by the exercise of its administrative functions. Assistant chief executive as president the Prime Minister appointed by the President, subject to congressional approval. Prime Minister right to participate in development of important national policies. President no power to dissolve Congress, but Congress start impeachment proceedings can be a way to constrain the president, to end the country constitutionally responsible. Korean unicameral. Congress is the national legislature, for 4 years, Speaker of the House term of 2 years. In addition to the functions of the Constitution gives Congress to make laws, but also including the approval of the national budget, foreign policy, declare war and other national affairs, and the impeachment of the president's powers. South Korean court is divided into three levels: the Supreme Court, High Court and District Court. The Supreme Court is the highest court, hears of the lower court's ruling and said the military court refuses to accept the appeals. Judges appointed by the President, Congress for approval. Justice for a term of 6 years shall not be re-elected, at least 70 years of age must step down. The draft constitution Constitutional Court of Korea the next 17 years, Korea will establish a basic national defense policy to adapt to modern warfare, the new military formation of the "ubiquitous" force. 【Economy】 South Korean GDP in 2007 exceeded one trillion U.S. dollars, per capita GDP exceeded 20,000 U.S. dollars, the world's 11th largest economy. 60's from the 20th century, the Korean government has successfully pursued a growth-oriented economic policies, 70 years after the official took the track of economic development, creating a world-famous "Han River Miracle." To 80 years, Korea has changed the face of poverty and backwardness, showing a scene of prosperity and wealth, the international market, a competitive country. Held at the Seoul Olympics in 1988. Today, the Korean economy strong, steel, automobiles, shipbuilding, electronics, textiles, etc., have become the pillar industry of South Korea, where shipbuilding and automotive industries is world-renowned. South Korea's electronics industry has developed rapidly, as one of the world's top ten electronics industry. In recent years, emphasis Korea IT industry, increasing investment, IT technology and production rank in the world. South Korea had been a traditional agricultural country. With the industrialization process of agriculture in the Korean economy getting smaller and smaller proportion, position, an increasing low. South Korea is the main importing countries of agricultural products, imports tend to increase, but its agricultural market to foreign participation is extremely sensitive to a lesser extent, opening up sectors of the economy. South Korea land area of 195 million hectares, mainly in the western and southern plains, hilly areas, accounting for about 22% of the total land area. Fewer mineral resources Korea has 280 kinds of minerals are found, there are 50 kinds of economic value. Exploitation of valuable minerals are iron, coal, lead, zinc, tungsten, etc., but not reserves. As natural resources, mainly of industrial raw materials are imported. Main sectors of industrial steel, automobile, shipbuilding, electronics, chemical, textile and so on. Pohang Iron and Steel Plant is the world's second largest steel company. Production of 3.2 million vehicles in 2002, ranking first in the world 6. Standard orders ship tonnage of 7.59 million tons cargo, once again become the world. Intensive products with high-tech electronics industry mainly for one of the world's top ten electronics industry. The rapid development of semiconductor integrated circuits. Attention in recent years, South Korean IT industry, increasing investment. Due to the 1997 Asian financial crisis, Korea's recent economic slump has been in malaise. Also known as "the economic downturn." 【Culture】 Korean culture by the Chinese influence is very obvious, as early as the Tang Dynasty, the Korean Peninsula, the new economic States dedicated staff to study in China China's culture and strategy of governing the country, and even a direct copy copy some things to get back, the Chinese culture economic impact of the new country is very old, the new economy because China's culture absorbed stronger so reunification of the Korean peninsula. South Korea is a long history and splendid culture of the country, in literature and art have their own characteristics. Korean art including painting, calligraphy, prints, crafts, decoration, while carrying the national tradition, but also absorbed the strong points of foreign art. Korea Oriental art of painting and Western painting sub, like the Chinese painting Oriental paintings, pen, ink, paper, ink performance of a variety of topics. There are also various types of beautiful custom painting. With China, Japan, the calligraphy in Korea is an elegant art form. Koreans are known for known for love of music and dance. Korean modern music can be divided into "folk music" and "Western music" two. Folk music can be divided into "elegant music" and "folk music" two. South Korean court music is held in feudal dynasties in court ritual, ceremony, banquet and other music played by a professional orchestra, known as "being happy" or "court music." Miscellaneous songs in folk music, folk, music and other farmers. Xuan Qin commonly used instrument, Gaya piano, stick drums, flute and so on. One of the characteristics of Korean folk music is accompanied by dance. South Korea attached great importance to the dancers dance the shoulder, arm of the rhythm. Road with a fan, Corolla, drums. South Korean court dance and folk dance to the center, colorful. Korean drama originated in prehistoric religious ceremonies, including a mask, puppet show, singing, singing opera, drama, Category 5. One mask, also known as "Mask Dance", as a symbol of Korean culture in Korean traditional drama occupies a very important position. Korean food with kimchi and cultural features, three meals a day can not do without kimchi. Korean traditional dishes of roasted pork, pickles, cold has become a world famous dish. Korea is a great emphasis on education of the country. Thousands of types of colleges and universities nationwide. Yonsei University and Korea University, world renowned, addition, Sungkyunkwan University, Sogang University, Central University and Kyung Hee University, Hanyang University, Dankook University, Konkuk University, Chung National University, Sejong University, Ewha Women's University, Gyeongbuk University, Chungbuk National University, Pohang University, Pusan University, Pusan University of Foreign Studies, Inha University, Inje University, etc. have reputation. 【Apparel】 Korean traditional clothing Hanbok is traditional Korean clothing, originated in the Ming Dynasty costumes, elegant and tasteful. Modern alternatives are tailor only in festivals and days of special significance to wear. Women's traditional costume is a long jacket and wide skirt, looks very elegant; men with pants, jacket, vest, waistcoat showing a unique taste. White as the basic color, according to the season, identity, the choice of materials and colors are different. Marriage and other special ceremony, usually civilians wearing gorgeous clothes and jewelry. Recently, the increasing availability of life hanbok is very popular. Press 【】 Journalism developed. As of 2002, a total of 260 news organizations. 60 newspapers, including 10 comprehensive national newspapers, 38 local comprehensive newspapers, 7 economic class newspapers, two newspapers and three foreign language sports newspaper. "Chosun Ilbo", "Central Daily", "Dong-a Ilbo", "Korea Daily", "Korea Daily" and "Kung Hyabg Daily News" for six major national Korean newspaper, in addition to "Korea Daily", the Other newspapers are private. "Chosun Ilbo," the largest circulation in March 5, 1920 founding. "East Asia Journal" in April 1, 1920 Publication. "Central Daily" on September 22, 1965 founding. News agency Yonhap News Agency, December 1980 and Japan by the Contract Agency of Agency of the merger in 1999, then combined internal and external communications, is run by South Korean news media were a cooperative news agency. The agency in Washington, New York, Los Angeles, Tokyo, Paris, London, Bangkok, Buenos Aires, Brussels, Cairo, Hong Kong, Moscow and Beijing bureaus. South Korea has 10 national broadcasting company, and another 59 local broadcasters, cable broadcasting company 81. Korean Broadcasting System (KBS) 1927 began test broadcasts of foreign radio since 1953, the government controlled radio company, with a national broadcast network, now with the Korean, English, Chinese, French, Japanese and other broadcasts in 11 languages. Television was established in December 1961, starting from July 1996 opening of two channels of satellite TV programs, mainly in the digital signal playback. Cultural Broadcasting Corporation (MBC) 1961 年 12 月 run, with a national broadcast network and television stations was established in August 1969, in the major cities have satellite relay station. Seoul Broadcasting Corporation Television (SB) 1991 年 12 月 air. Christian Broadcasting Company (CBS) 1954 年 run, private, mainly broadcast news, entertainment and educational and religious programs. The TV program also have some impact. News agency Yonhap News Agency, December 1980 and Japan by the Contract Agency of Agency of the merger in 1999, then combined internal and external communications, is run by South Korean news media were a cooperative news agency. The agency in Washington, New York, Los Angeles, Tokyo, Paris, London, Bangkok, Buenos Aires, Brussels, Cairo, Hong Kong, Moscow and Beijing bureaus. South Korea has 10 national broadcasting company, and another 59 local broadcasters, cable broadcasting company 81. Korean Broadcasting System (KBS) 1927 began test broadcasts of foreign radio since 1953, the government controlled radio company, with a national broadcast network, now with the Korean, English, Chinese, French, Japanese and other broadcasts in 11 languages. Television was established in December 1961, starting from July 1996 opening of two channels of satellite TV programs, mainly in the digital signal playback. Cultural Broadcasting Corporation (MBC) 1961 年 12 月 run, with a national broadcast network and television stations was established in August 1969, in the major cities have satellite relay station. Seoul (the old translation of "Seoul"), ABC Television began broadcasting in December 1991. Christian Broadcasting Company (CBS) 1954 年 run, private, mainly broadcast news, entertainment and educational and religious programs. The TV program also have some impact. Far East Radio (FEBC) 1956 年 12 月 run, broadcasting 100 hours per week of Korean, English, Chinese and Russian programs. Republic of Korea armed forces radio station was built in 1954 specifically for the military broadcasting. USFK radio station began broadcasting in October 1950. Together with its television stations, U.S. troops and their families for services, broadcasting in English all day. Traffic Radio and Television was established in June 1990. Educational radio and television stations _set_ up in December 1990. A total of 39 South Korean television stations, of which 20 are commercial television stations. South Korean cable television broadcasting since 1995, has developed rapidly. Higher Internet penetration, the end of 2002 reached 26.27 million online population, accounting for 55.1% of the population. Publishing industry developed, more than 12,700 total registered publishers. A wide range of magazines, a frequent ceased publication. Celebrity】 【History Yi Sun-sin (1545-1598): a national hero. Decline of literati born in the family, childhood family was poor. He is quite learned, can ride and shooting, 32 years old Martial Davydenko, began his military career. His outspoken, and his concern for the fate, the pursuit of justice, several adversity no regrets no regrets. Any 47-year-old navy Jiedushi Cholla sect, the active naval exercises, to build defensive positions, and created the turtle ship armored warships to guard against pirates of the invasion. At that time Japan has completed the domestic Toyotomi Hideyoshi unified the four islands in an attempt to use force to conquer Korea and China. In 1592, he led more than 20 million troops to invade North Korea and captured Seoul (now translated "[font id = Mark style =" COLOR: # ee6600; BACKGROUND-COLOR: yellow "] Seoul [/ font]"), occupying more than half the Korean peninsula, South Korea, said this piece of history as the "Japanese invasion chaos." The request of the Korean dynasty, the Ming Dynasty sent troops to the aid, thus beginning the 7 years of the common fight against the Japanese and Korean War soldiers and civilians, known as the "Imjin Patriotic War." General Yi Sun-sin and the Chinese army fought alongside the water, repeatedly beat the Japanese, repeated Li Qigong. December 1598, he was hit with the Ming navy invaders, shot and killed in the tragic battle. Two years later, the court in recognition of his achievements, Xuanwu him as a hero. 1643 that 45 years after his death, presented posthumous "Admiral." Since then, the people of the Korean Peninsula to commemorate him, called him "Admiral." Dedicated to the souls of General Yi Sun-sin's Memorial Temple was built in 1706, is located at the foot of Fang Shan, surrounded by mountains, Temple Neisong Bo trees. Hyeonchungsa an area of 50 million square meters, in addition to the "Temple", there are "No", "Mansion", "Family Temple" and the Lee family used wells and other ancient architecture. Information about the history of General Yi Sun-sin, and when he was a sea battle with pirates and other kind of weapons used by the Ming emperor to bestow his captaincy India, tokens, and the chopper, give products such as eight copies were carefully stored in "Legacy Museum" in. Every April 28, the day of the birth of Yi Sun-sin, Hyeonchungsa festival to be held. Hyeonchungsa brutal suppression of the Japanese imperialists in the next Duhuang decadent, after the Japanese surrender in 1945, Ji Nianzhong force to restore the public's activities. In 1966, the South Korean government this land turned into "sacred" to rebuild Memorial Temple, the park's integrated landscape works continued until 1974. History】 【Korea Ancient Korea Times China's history books in the "East Yi", which means east of the national (Yi derogatory.) Dong Yi is the Chinese nation called the nation of the East, not only refers to a group. Also will change the scope of their finds. From the Yellow Emperor during the Shandong, Henan area, northeast China, to the future of the Qin and Han Dynasty Korean Peninsula and Japan Islands. North and South Korea that: modern North Korea may be the one Dongyi. On the Korean Peninsula are said to have five thousand years of history, but because of the lack of direct evidence, the Chinese and Japanese history scholars not to be recognized. According to legend, as far as Korean history can be traced to the founding of Tangun. Hundreds of thousands of years ago, on the Korean Peninsula have been the original human habitation. Paleolithic beginning in the Korean Peninsula 70 million years BC to the 10th century into the Bronze Age. To the 4th century BC into the Iron Age. North and South Korea Korean historians conjecture turned out to be living in the north of mainland Asia, Altaic nations, and gradually migrated to the north and the Evolution of the Korean Peninsula come from the 4th century BC, in the north to form a slavery, known to history as the ancient North Korea. The southern part of the peninsula formed by the several tribes of indigenous tribal alliance, Wal-ju, dirt, Mahan, Han Chen, Bian Han. Later, Mahan III unified Korea, said Chen country. Chi-tzu Times Recorded in Chinese history, North Korea, after the first commercial off the Western Zhou Dynasty, Shang Chen Chi-tzu left the Korean Peninsula was established with the local indigenous "Kei's Hou." The late 3rd century BC, the first time North Korea has been documented. In the Han Dynasty and the writings of the historian Sima Qian, "Historical Records" in the records, the last king of Shang King Zhou's brother, King Wu Chi-tzu in the weeks after the liturgy and the system with the Shang Dynasty to the north of the Korean Peninsula, where people are elected as monarch, and became recognized by the Chou princes. Known as "Ji Zi Korea." Wei's age According to "Historical Records", Yan Wei generals full rate of immigration into the Korean peninsula, and became North Korea's Ji Zi Gong phase. 194 BC established in the vicinity of Pyongyang's health regime, overthrew the regime of North Korean Ji Zi. This is the second dynasty, Korean history, "the Guardian's era." Archaeological research is not currently able to North Korea's founding on the health process. Four counties and three times the Han Han 108 BC Emperor Wu Wei's power off North Korea, in the northern part of the establishment of the Korean Peninsula, music waves Xuantu, temporary Tuen, true fan four counties, known as "Han-four counties." BC 82, because the ancient Korean people and the resistance of the local tribes, repealed the Provisional Tuen and true fan of the two counties. BC Xuantu County for 75 years moved to Liaodong. Le Long County, northern migration in the Korean peninsula many times, when Wang Mang power of the new music wave toward independence 30 years of Eastern Han Dynasty in the year (after Chinese) county court to recover music wave. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Kung-sun's Liaodong ("Three Kingdoms" in Gongsun Yuan) County in the southern sub-wave music with a side county located in the south of the Korean Peninsula to establish indigenous Korean chen South Korea, Malaysia and South Korea as the center of Byeonhan Chen States, while small countries such as the existence of Gaya. Three Kingdoms Period After BC ("Three Kingdoms" written in the first century BC), appeared on the Korean peninsula three regimes: the new Law (the former 57 years -935 years), Koguryo (37 years -668 years ago), Baekje ( The first 18 years -660 years). Southern tip of the peninsula there is Gaya and other regime. Each attack the country, there has also been the history of the Korean Peninsula, a relatively prosperous period. Baiji is a blog developed Mahan, Chen Silla Korea and the formation of a small tribe. Baiji relies on behalf of the Chinese imperial emissary Southern tributary of the way to Japan from China in absorption of cultural transmission. Gaya that the Japanese government with any In Japan, some scholars believe that at the southern tip of the Korean Peninsula Byeonhan (now Gyeongnam) and other areas of Gaya was the Yamato regime on the Korean peninsula, the colonial court, "either that the Japanese government." Peninsula, in the three countries to resist the Goguryeo and Baekje Silla Qingong and close to Japan, would like to take from Japan to contain China. Japan is attempting to take advantage of this situation on the Korean Peninsula and to establish their own forces. Which led to a four-century Japanese imperial court sent troops to Silla, occupying Byeonhan, _set_ting the Japanese government to rule. 512, Baekje sent envoys asked Congress and the court to cede any of the four counties to compensate for Koguryo occupied the northern territories. Congress and the court then ruled North Korea due to their inability to continue to the southern region, had agreed to the request of Baekje. 562, he was that the Japanese government was destroyed by Silla. In North and South Korea, many scholars deny the existence in the Korean Peninsula was a Japanese colony of any that. Instead, they believe that there are many on the Japanese archipelago was Baekje, Gaya and Shilla ruled the small country, with each other for hegemony in the peninsula when the country also are competing in the Japanese archipelago, the country of its strength. In Japan, under the "high days of the original myth" (credited century mythology), there have been any rule Woguo that view. From the 1960s, North Korea and then in South Korea on the verification Jiji myth that the Japanese government on account of any results deny the myth of the reliability of Jiji, the history of Japan since the 1970s scholars have been about the same conclusion. The same three countries on the Koguryo "too good King Stele" there are many controversial interpretation, and even the king is too good Korean scholars that the old monument inscription Japanese Army General Staff who have been tampered with. Silla Silla allegiance to the Tang Dynasty Tang Dynasty, the conditions and the emerging alliance, the reign of Emperor Tang Dynasty 660 AD, the joint force in the power off Baekje Silla, and in 668 years and the route through the old haunt Silla and Baekje South attack and destroy Goguryeo power by general Xue Rengui Baekje in Korea and established the old Anton Dohobu. As a result of defense against the Turks, and even then the threat of the Tang Dynasty, 676 years old haunt Tangjun retreat from the Baekje and Silla the way forward, Silla unified the Korean Peninsula and finally most of capital in Gyeongju, follow the example of countries Tang system rule. 9th century, around the peasant uprising, military generals 900 years kings Chen Xuan, built after the Baekje capital in Gwangju; 903 monks in golden bow-American uprising king, in the North and Northwest built Silla Taebong country (the first number Morocco earthquake country), the original capital in iron, 918 Wang established the Koryo dynasty, then _set_ the country, "Korea", and the original Shilla and known as the "post-Three Kingdoms period." 935 die in Silla Korea, Silla end. Korea Times 918 years after the king of Goguryeo's arch-born Wang Department will be crowned as the king of the Ministry, moved the capital to open their home city (Songak), changing the country as "Korea." 935 off Silla, Baekje out after 936 years, the establishment of the Koryo dynasty. Liao 993 was defeated, and the Song Dynasty was forced to sever relations, allegiance to the Liao, Jin in 1127 was forced to surrender. Khitan and the Jurchen in the period against the military forces in surge, 1170 and 1173, led by generals Zhengzhong Fu, the occurrence of two coup, military coup dethronement king, nobles big kill civilian, the eventual establishment of a military officer held hostage by the King Cui Zhong Xian " all rooms "regime. 1231 Mongol offensive Korea, Cui regime collapse in 1258, the king surrendered Mongolia. Against surrender of the three other sand Mongolia launched the war against Mongolia, the Mongolian occupation of Jeju Island in 1273, ending the war against Mongolia. In order to attack Japan in 1280 the Yuan Dynasty _set_ in the Korean Peninsula levy East province, the capital deployed in Korea, "Daru flower red" control state affairs of Korea, Korea king can only live in Ganghwa island. With the failure of 1281 once the dissolution of the Japanese attack symptoms Eastern Province, and 1287 re-established the East province of levy, and the king of Korea and red flowers Daru Renzheng Dong province, a Yuan vassal state until the 1356 Gong Min Wang reply only to regain control when the Koryo court the right to rule. Joseon era 1368 Ming Dynasty overthrew the Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty tribute Korea in 1370, 1387 Northeast Yuan emperor to attack the original colony, but the country still supports Mongolia Korea remnants. 1388 reunification of Korea are the king sent to Lichenggui attack Liaodong Lichenggui allegiance to the Ming dynasty is already determined, so he returned from the Yalu River to open the capital city of the occupation soldiers staged a coup in 1392 deposed king of self-reliance and allegiance to the Ming envoy, in accordance with Ming too ancestral emperor's will, changing the country as the DPRK, which means "Asahi clear," meaning capital in Hanyang. This time by the Japanese as "Lee Korea", the name in most of the history profession has been in use ever since. 1401, began to receive from the Ming Taizong canonized as "the Korean king." Formally established with China to the modern vassal relationship. 1469 to complete the "ceremony by the country," established a new political system. Respected practice of Korean Confucianism, Buddhism, the policy exclusion. 1591 Japan 20 million off white Toyotomi Hideyoshi invaded Korea shuaibing, was occupied Pyongyang. Chinese Ming Dynasty sent troops to Support Korea, 1598 allied forces defeated the Japanese by North Korea, the Korean generals generals Dengzi Long Yi Sun-sin and China support each other, eventually died a heroic death. This section of history known as the "Japanese invasion chaos" of modern China as "Wanli Korea War." After the Ming Dynasty and the 1618 gold operations, North Korea sent troops to aid the Ming dynasty, the Qing in 1636 North Korea captured the king to surrender, the tribute to the Qing dynasty, the Qing Dynasty became canonized country. 1894, North Korea large-scale peasant uprising broke out, unable to suppress the Korean court, and for help to the Qing Dynasty. Then, on June 6 at the Asan landing reinforcements Qing Dynasty, and the Japanese armed forces are an inferior race as an excuse to take the opportunity on July 6 in the Inchon landing, and launched the Horse Incident, the occupation of Hanyang, forcing North Korea signed the unequal "economic matter Pu Treaty "(ie Jemulpo Incheon today.) And organized pro-Japanese government suppressed the peasant uprising. 1894 Japanese attack on the garrison stationed in Korea, provoked the Sino-Japanese War. April 1895, the Qing defeat, signed the "Sino-Japanese Treaty of Shimonoseki," agreed to give up sovereignty of the DPRK's case, then under Japanese control of Korea and the Qing court announced the termination of relations between canonized. In the same year, the Japanese assassinated the Empress has anti-Japanese tendencies. 1896 Emperor Tang emperor in the support of most of Russia, the establishment of the Korean Empire, from North Korea to South Korea. After the Russo-Japanese War in 1904, Russia defeated Japan's North Korean regime has been completely controlled. Japanese rule Japan in August 1910 forced the South Korean government signed with the "Japan-North Korea Annexation Treaty", the official annexation of the Korean Peninsula, became a colony of Japan, and the establishment of the Korean Government House, the colonial rule. Japan, Korea, Japan crowned royal nobles, so that Emperor abdicated, Yong Li Shun cases. Korean Provisional Government May 15, 1942, the Chinese Military Commission decided to merge the two armed Korean Independence Army, by the interim government to rule directly. November 23, 1945, the Korean Provisional Government to move back home, Guangfu Army the following year to return. Armed North Korean Communist Party From 1932 onwards, the North Korean communist leader Kim Il Sung's guerrillas in northeast China to carry out anti-Japanese guerrilla activities. Kim Il Sung in 1937, Japanese troops occupied the northern part of Prudential Town of North Korea, was forced to withdraw to the Soviet Union in 1941. Korean War 1945, Japan surrendered to the boundary line of latitude 38 degrees, respectively, received from the Soviet Union and the United States armed forces. In support of the Soviet Union in their respective August 1948 the establishment of the Republic of Korea, Democratic People's Republic was established in September 1948. June 25, 1950 the Korean Fatherland Liberation War, the Korean People's Army at the beginning all the way to victory, the ROK armed forces to suppress the Pusan area, so the U.S. decided to intervene, sending troops on 15 September at Inchon, South Korea Korean People's Army in danger of being cut down the middle of the military situation, forced to retreat. Suppressed by the U.S. military all the way to the Yalu River area. War to the Yalu River, a serious threat to the peace of Northeast Frontier, which makes more than a year before the establishment of new China was forced to intervene. October 19th Chinese People's Volunteers crossed the Yalu River, started the Korean War. October 25, volunteers to wipe out the first battle in South Korea six divisions. After repeated after the tug of war, both sides finally decided July 27, 1953 a temporary demarcation line (military demarcation line) for the sector, North Korea under the US-led coalition with the signing of the Armistice Agreement UN forces by the United Nations appointed a permanent neutral Switzerland and Swedish troops in the Joint Security Area, to monitor military operations on the border between the two countries. October 26, 1958, the Chinese People's Volunteers withdraw from the Korean peninsula, while the U.S. still has troops stationed in South Korea. Foreign】 【 After World War II, the Cold War needs, South Korea to the United States and Foreign-based. In the early 20th century, 70 open door policy was introduced. February 1998, Kim Dae-jung became president, continue to work to consolidate the United States and Japan alliance, while strengthening and in friendly relations with Russia. Policy toward the DPRK, Kim implementation of the "sunshine policy" to bring non-use of force and avoid absorbing unity, strengthen North-South exchanges and cooperation of the "Three Principles of the North" and advocated an end to the Cold War structure on the Korean Peninsula, "package" fundamental solution to the Korean Peninsula issue. North Korea to provide a lot of rice, wheat, fertilizer, cement, heavy oil and other aid. South Korea on September 17, 1991 with North Korea to join the United Nations. February 2003, President Roh Moo-hyun took office, emphasizing the development of ROK-US relationship of mutual equality, and promote cooperation in Northeast Asia, Japan and Korea, while strengthening cooperation with Russia, ASEAN, EU relations with other countries to actively participate in regional and international affairs. October 2007, South Korean President Roh Moo-hyun visited the DPRK, the DPRK announced 1.7 billion U.S. dollars to provide assistance to strengthen North-South economic cooperation. Relationship with China At present, China is South Korea's largest trading partner, largest export market and largest investment destination, South Korea is China's third largest trading partner and fourth largest source of foreign direct investment. In 2006, China and South Korea bilateral trade reached 134 billion U.S. dollars, an increase of 20%. 】 【Territorial disputes Dokdo Dokdo (Dokdo, or Tokdo) is the title of South Korea, Japan called Takeshima (Take shima). Dokdo is located in the southeast corner Ulleungdo, South Korea is the eastern end. 1417, North Korea Taizong recorded at Island Records (whether in the Island Bamboo Island is still controversial, it may be Ulleungdo), An Fushi Yu Jin Lin came back from the Island, when, together with a large bamboo, taro , buffalo, together with the residents back to three, and report the case of the island, there are a total of 86 houses 15 men and women who, Bamboo Island area of 0.2km. Su reef issues Su sacred rocks is an inalienable part of the PRC, but is now illegal military occupation of Korea. |
|