東亞:
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| 韓國 Korea (South) 首都:首爾 國家代碼: kr |
 韩国國名：大韓民國 Republic of Korea 簡稱：韓國 Korea 韓國〔Korea〕是一個位於東北亞朝鮮半島南端的國傢。西南瀕臨黃海，東南是朝鮮海峽及對馬海峽，東邊被日本海包圍着。北面隔着三八綫非軍事區與朝鮮民主主義人民共和國相鄰。大韓民國於1948年由原大韓民國臨時政府國會議長李承晚立國，國號延用日本殖民前的朝鮮王朝（即李氏朝鮮，1897年改國號為“大韓帝國”）。 國名由來： “韓”稱呼最早源於韓國人/朝鮮人的祖先：三韓 “韓國”與“朝鮮”這兩個名稱，在歷史上曾經混用。 中國清朝政府在甲午戰爭（1894——1895）戰敗後，在《馬關條約》中放棄對朝鮮半島的宗主權，承認朝鮮半島獨立。1897年，朝鮮王宣佈建製稱帝，建立“大韓帝國”，“韓”第一次正式成為朝鮮半島國號。 1910年朝鮮半島淪為日本殖民地。 1919年4月11日，“大韓民國臨時政府”在上海成立，1945年，日本投降後遷回國，成為了今天的韓國。 【韓國地理】 地理位置 韓國位於朝鮮半島南部。朝鮮半島地處亞洲大陸的東北部，自北嚮南延伸，全長1，100公裏。韓國的領海與太平洋最西部的海域交匯。韓國的面積為99，000平方公裏。 地質構造 山地占朝鮮半島面積的三分之二左右,地形具多樣性，低山、丘陵和平原交錯分佈。低山和丘陵主要分佈在中部和東部，海拔多在500米以下。太白山脈縱貫東海岸，構成半島南部地形的脊梁；其嚮黃海側伸出的幾條平行山脈組成低山丘陵地帶，有太白山脈、慶尚山脈、小白山脈等，其中雪嶽山、五臺山等山峰以風景優美著稱。東北至西南走嚮的小白山脈最高峰為智異山，海拔1915米。漢拿山位於濟州島的中心，海拔1950米，是韓國的第一高峰自古相傳有神仙在漢拿山上生活,因此過去曾把漢拿山叫做瀛州山，並且同金剛山、智異山一起被譽為三座神山。 平原主要分佈於南部和西部，海拔多在200米以下。黃海沿岸有漢江平原、湖南平原等平原，南海沿岸有金海平原、全南平原及其它小平原。 河流湖泊 就其幅員而言，韓國擁有相對多的河流。最長的河流分別是洛東江和漢江，是半島南部地區兩條主要河流。洛東江長525千米，流入日本海；漢江長514千米，流入黃海，是中部地區的重要水係。其他河流還有：錦江、蟾津江、臨津江等。韓國湖泊較少，最大的天然湖是位於濟州島漢拿山頂火山口的白鹿潭，海拔1850 米，湖面直徑約30 米，周長1 公裏，深約6 米。最大的人工湖是昭陽湖，位於江原道春川市東北13 公裏處，1973 年建成，面積6930 萬平方米。此外還有一些面積較小的湖，如插橋湖、木津湖等。 資源 礦産資源較少，已發現的礦物有280多種，其中有經濟價值的約50多種。有開採利用價值的礦物有鐵、無煙煤、鉛、鋅、鎢等，但儲量不大。由於自然資源匱乏，主要工業原料均依賴進口。 氣候 屬溫帶季風氣候，海洋性特徵顯著。鼕季漫長寒冷，夏季炎熱潮濕，春秋兩季相當短。鼕季最低氣溫達-12℃，夏季最高氣溫可達37℃。年平均降水量1500毫米左右，其中6—8月雨量較大，六月到八月的降雨量為全年的70%。年均降水量約為1500毫米,降水量由南嚮北逐步減少。 韓國四季分明，春、秋兩季較短；夏季炎熱、潮濕；鼕季寒冷、乾燥，時而下雪。 韓國各地區之間溫差較大，平均溫度為6攝氏度（43華氏度）至16攝氏度（61華氏度）。在全年最熱的8月份，平均溫度為19攝氏度（66華氏度）至27攝氏度（81華氏度）。而在全年最冷的1月份，平均溫度則在零下8攝氏度（17華氏度）7攝氏度（43華氏度）。 早春時節常常颳風下雨，大風帶來亞洲內陸沙漠的“黃沙”，俗稱沙塵暴，近年來有逐漸增加的趨勢。到了4月中旬，天氣轉暖，韓國農民每年就在這時平整秧田準備種植水稻。夏秋兩季多臺風，夏季會有梅雨期。 【簡況】 國旗 1882年，朝鮮使臣樸泳孝和金玉筠即將出使日本，臨行前嚮中國清朝北洋政府請求將中國的竜旗作為國旗使用，北洋政府回覆稱藩屬國不能用五爪竜旗衹能用四爪竜旗。由於當時朝鮮當局對日漸沒落的清廷已經有些不買賬了，所以不接受清廷的要求。其時奉李鴻章之命出使朝鮮的中國使節馬建忠（中國近代大語言學家，當時和其兄復旦大學創始人馬相伯一起出使朝鮮）建議朝鮮政府采用中國傳統的太極八卦旗作為國旗使用，這個建議得到了朝鮮政府的采納 ，所以，最早的朝鮮國旗是一面不折不扣的白底黑色圖案的太極八卦旗。後來，一名英國駐朝鮮的使節用西方美學 的角度為這面太極八卦旗做了修改，去掉了八卦中的四卦，把剩下的四卦斜嚮對稱拉伸，使整個國旗圖案呈長方形 ，把陰陽魚圖案改為紅藍兩色，這樣纔有了現在我們看到的韓國太極旗。 國徽 最後修訂與1948年，1950年正式起用。國徽中央為一朵盛開着的玫瑰花。玫瑰花的底色白色象徵着和平與純潔，黃色象徵着繁榮與昌盛。花朵的中央被一幅紅藍陰陽圖代替，它不僅是韓國乃至全朝鮮族文化的一個傳統象徵，而且在此代表着國傢行政與大自然規律的和諧。一條白色飾帶環繞着木槿花，飾帶上縫着國名大韓民國四字。此特點與朝鮮的國徽設計相同。 國花 木槿花是韓國的國花。花開時節，木槿樹枝會生出許多花苞， 一朵花凋落後，其它的花苞會連續不斷地 開，開得春意盎然，春光 燦爛。因此，韓國人也叫它“無窮花”。 【重要節日】 韓國民衆最重視中秋節及聖誕節。 1月1日 元旦─新年，1月1日、2日為國傢規定的公休日。國歷正月初一／民俗日─也稱陽歷新年，以祭祖的家庭典禮、特製的食物、傳統遊戲來慶祝。全家人團聚，親朋好友間互相拜年歡度佳節。 3月1日 獨立運動紀念日 紀念1919年3月1日反抗日本殖民統治的獨立運動。 4月5日 植樹節 這一天，政府官員、教師、學生以及全國各地成千上萬的韓國人按照政府的重新造林計劃植樹。 5月5日 兒童節 這一天為兒童舉行各種慶祝活動，讓他們與父母一起盡情遊玩。 8月15日 光復節 1945年的這一天，韓國從日本35年的殖民統治中解放出來，獲得獨立。 陰歷8月15日 中秋節(或稱豐收節) 這是一年中重要的全國性節日之一。這一天要擺設筵席，各傢要在傢族墓地舉行紀念儀式，晚上要一起賞月。 陰歷10月3日 開天節 這一天是傳說中檀君於公元前2333年建立韓國的日子。 12月25日 聖誕節 和西方一樣，基督教徒和其他國民都慶賀這個節日，紀念耶穌誕生。 【國傢政要】 現任總統：李明博，2007年12月當選，於2008年2月25日宣誓就職； 總理：韓升洙（Han Seung-soo）。2008年2月任職。 【人口與語言】 韓國總人口4905.3萬（2007年），全國為單一的朝鮮族〔韓方稱：韓民族〕，屬“三韓後裔”，通用韓語，民族服飾為“韓服”。 在此說明一下： 韓語與朝鮮語略有不同。因為戰後南北韓長期分裂，使得南北語言也出現略微差異。一般將南韓慣用的表達方式稱為“韓語”，將北朝鮮慣用的表達方式稱為“朝鮮語”。 【宗教信仰】 薩滿教 薩滿教起源與中國東北民族，是韓國最古老、最原始的一種宗教，起源於原始社會人們對自然和鬼神的崇拜。朝鮮新石器時代的先民信奉泛靈論，認為山川、天體、岩石、樹木等自然界萬物皆有靈魂。而且他們認為人類也有靈魂，並且永不消亡。他們想念善良的神靈會給予人帶來吉祥，而邪惡的神靈則會帶來惡運。至今，薩滿教仍是韓國人的基礎宗教，部分人仍保留着薩滿教的信仰。而對現代人來說，薩滿教儀式中富有表現力的驅妖降魔的內容，則成了音樂、舞蹈、戲劇等現代藝術中一個多姿多彩的組成部分。 佛教 佛教是公元4世紀由中國傳入朝鮮半島的。佛教作為韓國歷史悠入的宗教教派，一直對韓國的政治、經濟、文化産生着巨大的影響。現在韓國佛教共有26個宗派，9,200多座寺廟和1,100多萬名信徒，是信徒最多的宗教。 儒教 儒教是公元前6世紀中國孔子創立的倫理和宗教信仰。儒教的基本倫理思想為仁、義、禮、智，是用於齊傢治國的一種倫理體係。 公元初期儒教傳入朝鮮半島。千百年來，儒教的倫理道德思想和生活哲學一直影響着韓國。時至今日，儒教思想已經滲透、紮根於韓國社會之中，這尤其體現在教育、禮儀等方面。同時，它在韓國的經濟發展、社會現代化進程中也發揮了重要的作用。 【首都介紹】 韓國首都：首爾（Seoul，舊譯“漢城”），人口1050萬（2007年）。 2003年12月，韓國國會通過《新行政首都特別法》，决定將行政首都從首爾（舊譯“漢城”）遷往中部地區。2004年8月，韓國政府最終確定並正式公佈了新行政首都的地址，位於韓中部地區的燕歧—公州將成為新的行政首都。韓國政府定於2007年7月在燕歧-公州動工建設新行政首都，在2020年和2030年分別形成擁有30萬和50萬人口的城市。自2012年至2014年，韓國主要國傢行政機關將遷往新行政首都。 2004年10月，韓國憲法法院裁决，韓國國會2003年12月通過的《新行政首都特別法》違反憲法。韓國政府製訂的將行政首都從“首爾”（即“漢城”）遷往中部地區的計劃將因此被迫停止執行。 2005年1月，原漢城市（即現在的“首爾市”）市長李明博在漢城市政府舉行記者招待會，宣佈把“漢城”的中文翻譯名稱改為“首爾”。首爾歷史悠久，古時因位於漢江之北，得名“漢陽”。14世紀末朝鮮王朝定都漢陽後，改名為“漢城”。近代韓國受日本殖民統治期間，漢城改稱“京城”。1945年朝鮮半島光復後，更名為韓語固有詞，羅馬字母標記為“SEOUL”，seoul是韓語中首都名稱的譯音。 【行政區劃】 現有1個特別市：“首爾”（即“漢城”）特別市； 9個道（相當於省）：京畿道、江原道、忠清北道、忠清南道、全羅北道、全羅南道、慶尚北道、慶尚南道、濟州道； 6個廣域市（相當於直轄市）：釜山、大邱、仁川、光州、大田、蔚山。 【政治】 韓國現行憲法是1987年10月全民投票通過的新憲法，1988年2月25日起生效。新憲法規定，韓國實行三權鼎立、依法治國的體製。根據這部新憲法，總統是國傢元首和全國武裝力量司令，在政府係統和對外關係中代表整個國傢，總統任期5年，不得連任。總統是內外政策的製定者，可嚮國會提出立法議案等;同時，總統也是國傢最高行政長官，負責各項法律法規的實施。總統通過由15-30人組成並由其主持的國務會議行使行政職能。作為總統主要行政助手的國務總理由總統任命，但須經國會批準。國務總理有權參與製定重要的國傢政策。總統無權解散國會，但國會可用啓動彈劾程序的方式對總統進行製約，使其最終對國傢憲法負責。韓國實行一院製。國會是國傢立法機構，任期4年，國會議長任期2年。憲法賦予國會的職能除製定法律外，還包括批準國傢預算、外交政策、對外宣戰等國傢事務，以及彈劾總統的權力。韓國法院共分三級:大法院、高等法院和地方法院。大法院是最高法庭，負責審理對下級法院和軍事法庭作出的裁决表示不服的上訴案件。大法官由總統任命，國會批準。大法官的任期為6年，不得連任，年滿70歲必須退位。 韓國憲法法院 修憲草案未來17年基本國防政策 韓國將建立適應現代戰爭的新型軍隊組建“無所不在”部隊。 韓國總統官邸青瓦臺 （Chong Wa Dae）位於首爾鐘路區世宗路一號。這裏原來是高麗王朝的離宮，1426年朝鮮王朝建都漢城後，把它做為景福宮後園，修建了隆武堂、慶農齋和練武場等一些建築物，並開了一塊國王的親耕地。1927年日本入侵後毀掉五雲閣以外的所有建築，建立了朝鮮總督官邸。1945年日本投降後變為軍政長官官邸。1948年8月大韓民國成立的同時，它成為總統官邸並改名為景武臺 （Kyung Mu Dae）。1960年4月19日推翻李承晚政權後，尹譜善當選總統並入主景武臺。不久，因為尹譜善忌“武”字並為了同美國白宮相對應，給白墻藍瓦的這群建築起名為青瓦臺，所以也有人稱其為“藍宮”（Blue House）。現在，青瓦臺主樓為總統官邸，有總統辦公室、接見廳、會議室、居室，配樓有秘書室、警護室和迎賓樓等。 【經濟】 2007年韓國GDP突破10000億美元，人均GDP突破20000美元，世界第11大經濟體。 從20世紀60年代開始，韓國政府成功地推行以增長為主的經濟政策，70年代之後正式走上發展經濟的軌道，創造了舉世聞名的“漢江奇跡”。 到80年代，韓國一改貧窮與落後的面貌，呈現出繁榮和富裕的景象，成為國際市場上一個具有競爭力的國傢。並於1988年舉辦了漢城奧運會。如今，韓國經濟實力雄厚，鋼鐵、汽車、造船、電子、紡織等已成為韓國的支柱産業，其中造船和汽車製造等行業更是享譽世界。韓國的電子工業發展迅速，為世界十大電子工業國之一。近年來，韓國重視IT産業，不斷加大投入，IT技術水平和産量均居世界前列。韓國曾是個傳統的農業國。隨着工業化的進程， 農業在韓國經濟中所占的比例越來越小， 地位日見低下。韓國是農産品主要進口國傢，進口量趨於增長，但其農業市場對外國的參與極為敏感，是個對外開放程度較小的經濟部門。 韓國耕地面積為195萬公頃，主要分佈在西部和南部平原、丘陵地區，約占國土總面積的22%。韓國礦産資源較少，已發現的礦物有280多種，有經濟價值的50多種。有開採利用價值的礦物有鐵、無煙煤、鉛、鋅、鎢等，但儲藏量不大。由於自然資源匱乏，主要工業原料均依賴進口。工業主要部門有鋼鐵、汽車、造船、電子、化學、紡織等。浦項鋼鐵廠是世界第二大鋼鐵聯合企業。2002年汽車産量320萬輛，居世界第6位。造船訂單標準貨船噸數759萬噸，重新成為世界第一。電子工業以高技術密集型産品為主，為世界十大電子工業國之一。半導體集成電路發展迅速。近年來韓國重視IT産業，不斷加大投入。 由於受1997年亞洲金融危機的影響，韓國近年來的經濟一直處於低靡的蕭條。也就是俗稱的“經濟不景氣”。 【文化】 韓國的文化受中國影響十分明顯，早在唐朝時期，朝鮮半島的新濟國就專門派人到中國學習中國的文化以及治國的策略，甚至有些東西直接照搬照抄地拿回去，中國的文化對新濟國影響十分久遠，新濟也因為吸收了中國的文化而強大起來因此統一了朝鮮半島。 韓國是個具有悠久歷史和燦爛文化的國傢，在文學藝術等方面都有自己的特色。韓國的美術主要包括繪畫、書法、版畫、工藝、裝飾等，既繼承了民族傳統，又吸收了外國美術的特長。韓國的繪畫分東洋畫和西洋畫，東洋畫類似中國的國畫，用筆、墨、紙、硯表現各種話題。此外還有各類華麗的風俗畫。與中國、日本一樣，書法在韓國是一種高雅的藝術形式。韓國人素以喜愛音樂和舞蹈而著稱。韓國現代音樂大致可分為“民族音樂”和“西洋音樂”兩種。民族音樂又可分為“雅樂”和“民俗樂”兩種。雅樂是韓國歷代封建王朝在宮廷舉行祭祀、宴會等各種儀式時由專業樂隊演奏的音樂，通稱“正樂”或“宮廷樂”。民俗樂中有雜歌、民謠、農樂等。樂器常用玄琴、伽耶琴、杖鼓、笛等。韓國民俗樂的特色之一是配上舞蹈。韓國舞蹈非常重視舞者肩膀、胳膊的韻律。道具有扇、花冠、鼓。韓國的舞蹈以民族舞和宮廷舞為中心，多姿多彩。韓國的戲劇起源於史前時期的宗教儀式，主要包括假面具、木偶劇、麯藝、唱劇、話劇等5類。其中假面具又稱“假面舞”，為韓國文化象徵，在韓國傳統戲劇中占有極為重要的地位。 韓食以泡菜文化為特色，一日三餐都離不開泡菜。韓國傳統名菜燒肉、泡菜、冷面已經成了世界名菜。 韓國是一個十分重視教育的國傢。全國各類大專院校數以千計。延世大學和高麗大學等享譽世界，此外，還有成均館大學、西江大學、中央大學、慶熙大學、漢陽大學、檀國大學、建國大學、忠國大學、世宗大學、梨花女子大學、慶北大學、忠北大學、浦項工業大學、釜山大學、釜山外國語大學、仁荷大學、仁濟大學等享有名譽。 【服飾】 韓國傳統服裝 韓服是韓國的傳統服裝，起源於中國明朝的服裝，優雅且有品位。近代被洋服替代，衹有在節日和有特殊意義的日子裏穿。女性的傳統服裝是短上衣和寬長的裙子，看上去很優雅；男性以褲子、短上衣、背心、馬甲顯出獨特的品位。白色為基本色，根據季節、身份，所選用的材料和色彩都不同。在結婚等特別的儀式中， 一般平民也穿戴華麗的衣裳和首飾。最近，增加實用性的生活韓服很受歡迎。 【新聞出版】 新聞業發達。截至2002年，共有新聞機構260傢。報社60傢，其中10傢全國性綜合報紙，38傢地方綜合報紙，7傢經濟類報紙，2傢外文報紙和3傢體育報紙。《朝鮮日報》、《中央日報》、《東亞日報》、《韓國日報》、《大韓每日》和《京鄉新聞》為6大全國性韓文日報，除《大韓每日》外，其他報紙均屬私營。《朝鮮日報》發行量最大，於1920年3月5日創刊。《東亞日報》於1920年4月1日創刊。《中央日報》於1965年9月22日創刊。 通訊社 聯合通信，1980年12月由合同通信社和東洋通信社合併而成，1999年再合併內外通信，是韓國新聞媒體共辦的一個合作性通訊社。該通訊社在華盛頓、紐約、洛杉磯、東京、巴黎、倫敦、曼𠔌、布宜諾斯艾利斯、布魯塞爾、開羅、香港、莫斯科和北京設有分社。 韓國有10傢全國性廣播公司，另有地方廣播公司59傢，有綫廣播公司81傢。 韓國廣播公司（KBS）1927年開始試播，自1953年開始對外廣播，政府控股廣播公司，擁有全國性廣播網，目前用韓、英、漢、法、日等11種語言播音。電視臺成立於1961年12月，自1996年7月起開通兩個頻道的衛星電視節目，主要以數字信號播放。 文化廣播公司（MBC）1961年12月開辦，擁有全國性廣播網，電視臺成立於1969年8月，在各大城市有衛星轉播站。 首爾廣播公司電視臺（SB）1991年12月開播。 基督教廣播公司（CBS）1954年開辦，私營，主要播送新聞、娛樂以及教育和宗教節目。其電視節目也有一定影響。 遠東廣播電臺（FEBC）1956年12月開辦，每周播送100小時的韓、英、漢、俄語節目。 大韓民國軍隊廣播電臺建於1954年，專門為軍隊播音。 駐韓美軍廣播電臺1950年10月開始播音。同其電視臺一起，專為駐韓美軍及其傢屬服務，用英語全天播音。 交通廣播電臺和電視臺1990年6月成立。 教育廣播電臺和電視臺1990年12月成立。 韓國共有39個電視臺，其中20個是商業電視臺。 韓國自1995年起開播有綫電視，發展迅速。因特網普及率較高，截至2002年底，上網人數達2627萬名，占全國人口的55.1%。 出版業發達，註册出版社共有12700多傢。雜志種類繁多，創停刊頻繁。 通訊社 聯合通信，１９８０年１２月由合同通信社和東洋通信社合併而成，１９９９年再合併內外通信，是韓國新聞媒體共辦的一個合作性通訊社。該通訊社在華盛頓、紐約、洛杉磯、東京、巴黎、倫敦、曼𠔌、布宜諾斯艾利斯、布魯塞爾、開羅、香港、莫斯科和北京設有分社。 韓國有１０傢全國性廣播公司，另有地方廣播公司５９傢，有綫廣播公司８１傢。 韓國廣播公司（KBS）１９２７年開始試播，自１９５３年開始對外廣播，政府控股廣播公司，擁有全國性廣播網，目前用韓、英、漢、法、日等11種語言播音。電視臺成立於１９６１年１２月，自１９９６年７月起開通兩個頻道的衛星電視節目，主要以數字信號播放。 文化廣播公司（MBC）１９６１年１２月開辦，擁有全國性廣播網，電視臺成立於１９６９年８月，在各大城市有衛星轉播站。首爾（舊譯“漢城”）廣播公司電視臺１９９１年１２月開播。 基督教廣播公司（CBS）１９５４年開辦，私營，主要播送新聞、娛樂以及教育和宗教節目。其電視節目也有一定影響。 遠東廣播電臺（FEBC）１９５６年１２月開辦，每周播送１００小時的韓、英、漢、俄語節目。 大韓民國軍隊廣播電臺建於１９５４年，專門為軍隊播音。 駐韓美軍廣播電臺１９５０年１０月開始播音。同其電視臺一起，專為駐韓美軍及其傢屬服務，用英語全天播音。 交通廣播電臺和電視臺１９９０年６月成立。 教育廣播電臺和電視臺１９９０年１２月成立。 韓國共有３９個電視臺，其中２０個是商業電視臺。 韓國自１９９５年起開播有綫電視，發展迅速。因特網普及率較高，截至２００２年底，上網人數達２６２７萬名,占全國人口的５５.１％。 出版業發達，註册出版社共有１２７００多傢。雜志種類繁多，創停刊頻繁。 【歷史名人】 李舜臣（1545-1598）：民族英雄。出身於沒落士大夫家庭，幼時傢境貧寒。他頗有學問，能騎善射，32歲時武舉登科，從此開始軍旅生涯。他剛直不阿、一生憂國憂民，追求正義，幾處逆境而無悔無怨。47歲任全羅左道水軍節度使後，積極操練水軍，構築防禦陣地，並創建了鐵甲戰艦龜船，防範倭寇的進犯。當時日本豐臣秀吉已經完成了國內四島的統一，妄圖以武力徵服朝鮮和中國。1592年，他率領20多萬大軍進犯朝鮮並攻陷漢城（現譯“[font id=Mark style="COLOR: #ee6600; BACKGROUND-COLOR: yellow"]首爾[/font]”），占領了大半個朝鮮半島，韓國稱這一段歷史為“壬辰倭亂”。應朝鮮王朝之請，明朝派兵出援，從此開始了長達7年的中朝兩國軍民共同抗擊日寇的戰爭，史稱“壬辰衛國戰爭”。李舜臣將軍和中國水軍並肩作戰，多次擊敗日軍，屢立奇功。1598年12月，他與明朝水軍重創敵寇，在激戰中不幸中彈身亡。兩年後，朝廷為表彰他的功績，封他為一級宣武功臣。1643年即他死後的45年，贈謚“忠武”。從此，朝鮮半島人民為了紀念他，稱他為“忠武公”。供奉着李舜臣將軍靈位的顯忠祠建於1706年，位於芳華山腳下，周圍群山環抱，祠內鬆柏成蔭。顯忠祠占地50多萬平方米，除了“本殿”之外，還有“號”、“古宅”、“傢廟”以及李氏傢族使用過的水井等古式建築。有關李舜臣將軍的歷史資料和當年他與倭寇海戰時使用過的武器等實物，明朝皇帝賜與他的都督印、令牌和斬刀等8件賜品的復製件，則被精心地保存在“遺物館”裏。每逢4月28日，即李舜臣誕生的日子，顯忠祠都要舉行祭祀活動。顯忠祠在日本帝國主義的殘酷鎮壓下一度荒頽，1945年日本投降後，紀念忠武公的活動得以恢復。1966年，韓國政府將此地闢為“聖域”，重建顯忠祠，園區的綜合景觀工程一直持續到1974年。 【韓國簡史】 古朝鮮時代 中國的史籍中有“東夷”，意即東邊的民族（夷含有貶義）。東夷是華夏民族對東方民族的稱呼，並非單指某一族群。其認定範圍也隨之更改。從黃帝時期的山東，河南一帶，到中國東北，再到日後秦漢時期的朝鮮半島，日本列島。朝鮮和韓國認為：現代朝鮮人可能是東夷的一支.朝鮮半島據說有五千年歷史，但是因為缺少直接證據，中國以及日本史學界並不予以承認。朝鮮歷史根據傳說最遠可以追溯至檀君建國。在數十萬年前，朝鮮半島之上已有原始人類居住。朝鮮半島的舊石器時代始於公元前70萬年，公元前10世紀開始進入青銅器時代。到了公元前4世紀進入鐵器時代。韓國和朝鮮史學家猜想朝鮮人原來是生活在亞洲北面大陸的阿爾泰語係各民族，逐漸遷移到朝鮮半島北部而衍變而來，從公元前4世紀，在北部形成了一個奴隸製國傢，史稱古朝鮮。而在半島南部由土著部落形成幾個部落聯盟，沃沮、濊、馬韓、辰韓、弁韓。後來馬韓統一三韓，稱辰國。 箕子時代 中國歷史上所記載的朝鮮最早是西周滅商之後，商朝遺臣箕子到朝鮮半島與當地土著建立了“箕氏侯國”。公元前3世紀末，朝鮮歷史上第一次有所記載。在中國漢代的歷史學家司馬遷的著作《史記》中記載，商代最後一個國王紂的兄弟箕子在周武王伐紂後，帶着商代的禮儀和制度到了朝鮮半島北部，被那裏的人民推舉為國君，並得到周朝的承認而成為諸侯。史稱“箕子朝鮮”。 根據韓國人的歷史書《三國遺事》所載，檀君的後人在箕子來到朝鮮之後，帶著人民南遷，以免和箕子帶來的人做成衝突。這些人後來成為了三韓的始祖。箕子時代在朝鮮半島持續了近一千年。根據《太原鮮於氏世譜》，朝鮮的鮮於氏源自箕子時代的後人。而他們從箕子開始，一共經歷了41代君主，直到公元前1世紀纔被燕人衛滿取代。其後代箕準逃至南方，與三韓合流。據說三韓中的“辰韓”便是箕子後代。高麗時代，朝鮮王朝時期，由於儒學興盛的關係，箕子是受到極大的推崇與贊賞。朝鮮人時常以“箕聖”來稱呼箕子，而稱自己的國傢叫“箕聖國”。 衛氏時代 根據《史記》，燕國的將軍衛滿率移民進入朝鮮半島，並成為箕子朝鮮的宮相。於公元前194年在平壤一帶建立衛氏政權，推翻了箕子朝鮮的政權。這是朝鮮歷史上第二個王朝，稱“衛氏時代”。目前沒能夠考古學的考證對衛氏朝鮮的建國過程。 漢四郡與三韓時代 公元前108年漢武帝功滅衛氏朝鮮，在朝鮮半島北部設立樂浪、玄菟、臨屯、真番四郡，史稱“漢四郡”。 公元前82年，因為古朝鮮人和當地部族的抵抗，廢止臨屯和真番的兩郡。公元前75年玄菟郡遷移到遼東。樂浪郡，在朝鮮半島北部遷移很多次，王莽政權的新朝時樂浪獨立，在公元30年東漢（後漢）朝廷收復樂浪郡。 在東漢末年，遼東的公孫氏（《三國演義》中有公孫淵）分樂浪郡南部設帶方郡，在朝鮮半島南部的土著的韓人建立以辰韓、馬韓和弁韓為中心的辰國，同時存在伽倻等小國。 三國時代 由於漢朝解體，進入三國及後來的東晉十六國和南北朝的大戰亂，雖然在西晉，十六國時期的鮮卑慕容氏的前燕都曾控製過原來漢朝在朝鮮北部的領地，但最終還是因為集中註意力在中原的爭奪而逐漸喪失了對該地區的控製力，於是，在中國東北南部形成了高句麗王國，並逐漸強大，最強盛時曾控製中國遼東地區和朝鮮半島北部的原”漢四郡“地區；與此同時前1世紀中葉，辰國也開始解體。其舊領內出現的新羅、百濟開始日漸強盛，公元4世紀，朝鮮半島形成了高句麗、新羅、百濟的三國鼎立時期。史稱“前三國時期” 在公元前後（《三國史記》記載在公元前一世紀中），朝鮮半島上出現了三大政權：新羅（前57年－935年）、高句麗（前37年－668年）、百濟（前18年－660年）。在半島南端還有伽倻等政權。各國互相攻伐，同時也出現了朝鮮半島歷史上的一個比較繁榮的時期。百濟是由馬韓部落發展起來的，新羅是辰韓中一個小部落形成的。百濟依靠嚮中國南朝各代朝廷遣使朝貢的方式，從中國吸收文化並嚮日本傳播。 伽倻與任那日本府 在日本方面，有一部分學者認為位於朝鮮半島南端弁韓（今慶尚南道）地區的伽倻等政權是當時日本大和朝廷在朝鮮半島的殖民地“任那日本府”。半島三國中的百濟為抵禦高句麗和新羅的侵攻而接近日本，想藉由日本牽製兩國。日本則企圖利用此一形勢在朝鮮半島建立自己的勢力。由此導致了四世紀時大和朝廷出兵新羅，占領弁韓，設置日本府進行統治。 512年，百濟遣使要求大和朝廷割讓任那四縣以補償被高句麗占領的北部領土。當時的大和朝廷因無力繼續統治朝鮮南部地區，不得不答應百濟的要求。562年，任那日本府被新羅所滅。 而在朝鮮和韓國方面，很多學者否認當時在朝鮮半島存在日本殖民地任那。相反的，他們認為在日本列島上存在着許多被百濟，伽倻和新羅統治的小國，在半島各國相互爭雄之時也曾競相利用其在日本列島各屬國的力量。 在日本，根據“高天原神話”(記紀神話)，有過倭國統治任那的見解。從1960年代開始，在韓國朝鮮再驗證記紀神話上的有關任那日本府的記述，結果否認記紀神話的可靠性，從1970年代開始日本歷史學界也得到大概同樣的結論。 同樣的三國關於高句麗“好太王碑”碑文的解讀也存在很多爭論，甚至有朝鮮學者指好太王碑碑文曾遭舊日本陸軍參謀本部篡改。 新羅時代 新羅以嚮唐朝稱臣的條件與新興的唐朝結盟，高宗在位時，唐朝大軍於公元660年聯合新羅功滅百濟，又於668年和藉道新羅和百濟故地南北夾擊並功滅高句麗，並由大將薛仁貴在高句麗與百濟舊地建立安東都護府。由於出現反抗以及當時唐朝還要防禦突厥的威脅，676年唐軍從百濟故地撤退並將該地轉交新羅，新羅最終得以統一朝鮮半島大部，定都慶州，效仿唐朝的國傢制度進行統治。 9世紀，各地農民起義，900年部隊將領甄萱稱王，建後百濟國，定都光州；903年起義僧侶金弓裔稱王，於新羅北及西北建泰封國（先號摩震國），定都鐵原，918年王建建立高麗王朝，此後定國號“高麗”，和原新羅並稱為“後三國時期”。 新羅935年亡於高麗，新羅時代結束。 高麗時代 918年，後高句麗的弓裔王的部將王建被部將擁立為王，遷都至自己的家乡開城（鬆嶽），改國號為“高麗”。935年滅新羅，936年滅後百濟，建立高麗王朝。993年被遼國擊敗，被迫斷絶和宋朝關係，嚮遼國稱臣，1127年被迫臣服金國。在抵禦契丹和女真期間，軍人勢力大增，1170年和1173年，以武將鄭仲夫為首，發生兩次政變，政變軍人廢立國王，大殺貴族文官，最終建立了武將崔忠獻挾持國王的“都房”政權。 1231年蒙古軍進攻高麗，1258年崔氏政權跨臺，國王投降蒙古。不服投降蒙古的三別沙發動抗蒙古戰爭，1273年蒙古占領濟州島，結束抗蒙古戰爭。1280年元朝為了進攻日本在朝鮮半島設置徵東行省，在高麗首都派遣“達魯花赤”控製高麗國政，高麗國王衹能住在江華島上。1281年隨着進攻日本失敗曾一度解散徵東行省，1287年復設徵東行省，並以高麗王兼任徵東行省達魯花赤，成為元朝的藩屬國，直到1356年恭愍王回覆時高麗朝廷纔重新掌握統治權。 朝鮮王朝時代 1368年明朝推翻元朝，1370年高麗朝貢明朝，1387年朱元璋要進攻原東北元朝屬地，但是高麗國內仍然支持蒙古殘餘勢力。 1388年高麗國王派都統使李成桂進攻遼東，李成桂則早已决心歸附明朝，於是他從鴨緑江邊回兵占領首都開城發動政變，1392年廢黜國王自立，嚮明朝遣使稱臣，遵照眀太祖朱元璋的旨意，改國號為朝鮮，取“朝日鮮明”之意，定都漢陽。此時代被日本稱為“李氏朝鮮”，這個名稱在多數的歷史界一直沿用至今。 1401年，太宗開始接受從明朝的册封成為“朝鮮國王”。正式確立與中國保持到近代的屬國關係。 1469年完成的《經國大典》確立了新的政治制度。 李氏朝鮮實行推崇儒學、排斥佛教的政策。 1591年日本關白豐臣秀吉率兵20萬侵入朝鮮，一度占領平壤。中國明朝派軍援朝，1598年日軍被中朝聯軍擊潰，朝鮮將領李舜臣和中國將領鄧子竜互相支援,最後都壯烈犧牲。此段歷史史稱“壬辰倭亂”，現代中國稱為“萬歷援朝戰爭”。 1618年明朝和後金作戰，朝鮮派軍援助明朝，1636年清軍攻占朝鮮，國王投降，該嚮清朝朝貢，成為清朝的册封國。 1894年朝鮮爆發大規模農民起義，朝鮮朝廷無力鎮壓，而嚮清朝求援。於是，6月6日清朝援軍在牙山登陸，而日本軍隊也以次為藉口趁機於7月6日在仁川登陸，並發動壬午事變，占領漢陽，強迫朝鮮簽定不平等的《濟物浦條約》（濟物浦即今天的仁川）。並且組織親日派政府，鎮壓了農民起義。 1894年日本進攻駐朝鮮的清軍，挑起了中日甲午戰爭。 1895年4月，清軍失敗，簽定《中日馬關條約》，同意放棄朝鮮的宗主權，於是日本控製下的朝鮮朝廷宣佈終止與清朝的册封關係。同年，日本暗殺了有反日傾嚮的明成皇后。 1896年高宗在俄國支持下稱帝登極，成立大韓帝國，從此朝鮮改為韓。1904年日俄戰爭後，俄國戰敗，朝鮮政權徹底被日本控製。 日本統治時期 日本於1910年8月迫使韓國政府同之簽定《日朝合併條約》，正式吞併朝鮮半島，淪為了日本的殖民地，並設立朝鮮總督府，進行殖民統治。日本將韓國王室封為日本貴族，讓高宗退位，擁立順宗。 大韓民國臨時政府 1919年3月1日，朝鮮半島因日本禁止在學校內使用朝鮮民族語言，展開大規模反抗活動。柳寬順等青年學子在今日漢城鐘路區的塔洞公園發表“三一獨立宣言”，並把獨立宣言傳遍全國。這些獨立活動引起國民的反抗，並衝擊各地的日本警察機關，而引緻日本警察的暴力鎮壓。史稱“三一運動”。同年，朝鮮半島獨立運動領導人先後在海參崴、上海、漢城成立臨時政府。最後，三處臨時政府並於上海“大韓民國臨時政府”。臨時政府獲得中國國父孫中山領導的護法政府以及法國、波蘭等國的承認。1939年上海淪陷後，臨時政府幾次遷移，最終於1940年9月遷至當時中國的戰時陪都重慶。在中國政府幫助下，朝鮮半島復國運動人士在中國成立“韓國光復軍”和“朝鮮義勇隊”。1941年12月7日太平洋戰爭爆發，臨時政府於12月9日嚮日本宣戰。 1942年5月15日，中國軍事委員會决定將兩支武裝合併為韓國光復軍，交由臨時政府直接統轄。1945年11月23日，大韓民國臨時政府遷回國內，光復軍也於次年返國。 朝鮮共産黨武裝 從1932年起，朝鮮共産黨人金日成領導的遊擊隊在中國東北開展抗日遊擊活動。金日成抗日部隊曾在1937年占領朝鮮北部的普天堡鎮，1941年被迫退出到蘇聯。 朝鮮戰爭 1945年日本投降，以北緯38度綫為界，分別由蘇聯和美國軍隊接收。在美蘇的各自支持下於1948年8月成立大韓民國，1948年9月成立朝鮮民主主義人民共和國。1950年6月25日朝鮮祖國解放戰爭爆發，朝鮮人民軍期初一路勝利，將韓國國軍壓製到釜山一帶，於是美國决心介入，派兵於9月15日在仁川登陸，朝鮮人民軍面臨被美韓軍隊攔腰斬斷之勢，被迫撤退。並被美軍一路壓製到鴨緑江一帶。戰火燒到鴨緑江邊，嚴重威脅東北邊疆的安寧，這使得成立纔一年有餘的新中國也被迫介入。10月19日中國人民志願軍跨過鴨緑江，開始抗美援朝。10月25日，志願軍首戰殲滅南韓六師。經過反復的拉鋸戰以後，雙方最終决定1953年7月27日以臨時分界綫（三八綫）為界，中朝聯軍同美國主導下的聯合國軍簽定停戰協定，並由聯合國指派永久中立國瑞士及瑞典駐軍於共同警備區域，以監察兩國在邊境的軍事行動。1958年10月26日，中國人民志願軍全部撤離朝鮮半島，而美國至今仍有軍隊駐紮在韓國。 【外交】 第二次世界大戰後，由於冷戰需要，韓國以對美、日外交為主。20世紀70年代初開始推行門戶開放政策。1998年2月，金大中就任總統後，繼續致力於鞏固與美、日的同盟關係，同時加強與中、俄的友好關係。在對朝政策上，金大中推行“陽光政策”，提出互不使用武力、不搞吸收統一、加強南北交流與合作的“對北三原則”，主張以結束朝鮮半島冷戰結構的“一攬子方案”根本解决朝鮮半島問題。 韓國嚮朝鮮提供大量大米、小麥、化肥、水泥、重油等援助。韓國於1991年9月17日同朝鮮一起加入聯合國。2003年2月，盧武鉉總統就任後，強調發展韓美互惠平等關係，促進韓中日東北亞區域合作，同時加強同俄、東盟、歐盟等其他國傢的關係，積極參與地區和國際事務。2007年10月，韓國總統盧武鉉訪問朝鮮，宣佈對朝鮮提供17億美元援助，以加強南北經濟合作。 與中國關係 中華人民共和國政府1992年以前，衹承認朝鮮民主主義人民共和國是代表朝鮮半島唯一合法政府。但是隨着冷戰結束，國際關係緩和，中韓兩國人民交流加深，建交衹是時間問題。1992年8月24日，中韓兩國建交。建交後兩國各方面關係發展迅速。2003年7月，盧武鉉總統對中國進行國事訪問，兩國發表聯合聲明，宣佈建立全面合作夥伴關係。2005年11月，國傢主席鬍錦濤對韓國進行國事訪問，並出席在韓國釜山舉行的亞太經合組織第十三次領導人非正式會議。2006年10月13日，盧武鉉總統對中國進行工作訪問。2007年4月，溫傢寶總理對韓國進行正式訪問。同年12月，韓國總理韓德洙訪華。 目前，中國是韓國第一大貿易夥伴，最大的出口市場和最大的投資對象國，韓國是中國的第三大貿易夥伴和第四大外商直接投資來源地。2006年，中韓兩國雙邊貿易額達1340億美元，同比增長20％。 【領土爭端】 獨島問題 獨島（Dokdo或Tokdo）是韓國方面的稱謂，日本方面稱竹島（Take shima）。獨島位於鬱陵島東南角，是韓國最東端。1417年，朝鮮太宗實錄記載了於山島（於山島是否是竹島仍有爭議，也可能是鬱陵島），安撫使金麟雨從於山島回來的時候，連同大竹子、芋頭、水牛皮，連同住民帶回三人，並報告了島上的情況，有住傢15戶男女共計86人，竹島面積0.2km。 蘇岩礁問題 蘇岩礁是中華人民共和國神聖不可分割的領土，但現在被韓國非法軍事占領。 Official Name: Republic of Korea, Republic of Korea Abbreviations: South Korea Korea 〕 〔Korea South Korea is the one in the southern tip of the Korean peninsula in Northeast Asia countries. Southwest near the Yellow Sea, southeast of the Korean Strait and Tsushima Strait, the east surrounded by the Sea of Japan. North Korea across the military demarcation line and adjacent to the demilitarized zone. Republic of Korea, Republic of Korea in 1948, the original founding of the Provisional Government of National Assembly Speaker Syngman Rhee, the country continue to use the Japanese colonial rule before the Joseon Dynasty (that of Korean, to change the country for the 1897 "Great Korean Empire"). State Name Origin: "Han" call originated from the Korean / Korean ancestors: Sam Han "Korea" and "North Korea" the two names in the history of ever mix. Chinese Qing government in Sino (1894--1895) after the defeat, in the "Treaty of Shimonoseki" in the case of the Korean peninsula to give up sovereignty, recognition of independence of the Korean peninsula. In 1897, King announced that formed the Korean emperor, a "Korean Empire", "Han" became the first Korean peninsula of the country. The Korean Peninsula in 1910 became a colony of Japan. April 11, 1919, "Korean Provisional Government" in Shanghai in 1945, after Japan surrendered to move back into today's South Korea. Geography】 【Korea Location South Korea is located south of the Korean peninsula. The Korean Peninsula is located in the northeast Asian continent, from north to south length of 1,100 km. South Korea's territorial waters and the waters of the westernmost intersection of the Pacific. South Korea's area of 99,000 square kilometers. Geological structure Plain, mainly in the south and west, more than 200 meters above sea level. Plain of the Yellow Sea Han River along the coast, Hunan plains plains, the South China Sea along the coast Jin Haiping the original, full-South Plains and other small plains. Rivers and lakes In terms of its link with South Korea has a relatively large number of rivers. The longest river is the Nakdong River and Han River, respectively, are the two major rivers in southern peninsula. Nakdong River 525 kilometers long, into the Sea of Japan; the Han River 514 kilometers long, into the Yellow Sea, is a major river systems in central region. Other rivers include: Jin Jiang, Seomjin River, Imjin River and so on. South Korea smaller lakes, the largest natural lake is located in Jeju Island, Halla summit crater White Deer Lake, elevation 1850 meters, the lake is about 30 meters in diameter, the circumference of 1 km, about 6 meters deep. Largest artificial lake is Zhaoyang Lake, located in Chuncheon City, Gangwon Province, 13 kilometers northeast, built in 1973, an area of 69,300,000 square meters. There are also some smaller lakes, such as plug Bridge Lake, Lake Kizu. Resources Fewer mineral resources have been discovered 280 kinds of minerals, of which about 50 kinds of economic value. Exploitation of valuable minerals are iron, coal, lead, zinc, tungsten, etc., but not reserves. As natural resources, mainly of industrial raw materials are imported. Climate A temperate monsoon climate, maritime significant features. Long and cold winter, hot and humid in summer, spring and fall quite short. Winter minimum temperature of -12 ℃, the highest temperature in summer can reach 37 ℃. Average annual rainfall of 1500 mm, of which the larger rainfall from June to August, June to August rainfall for the whole year of 70%. Average annual precipitation is about 1,500 mm of precipitation from south to north gradually decreased. South Korea four seasons, spring and autumn short; summer hot and humid; winter cold, dry, and sometimes snow. Large temperature difference between regions of South Korea, the average temperature is 6 degrees Celsius (43 degrees Fahrenheit) to 16 degrees Celsius (61 degrees Fahrenheit). The hottest August in the year, the average temperature is 19 degrees Celsius (66 degrees Fahrenheit) to 27 degrees Celsius (81 degrees Fahrenheit). In January the coldest year round average temperature of minus 8 in degrees Celsius (17 Fahrenheit) 7 degrees Celsius (43 degrees Fahrenheit). Often windy early spring rains, high winds inland deserts in Asia brings the "yellow sand", commonly known as dust storms, there is a growing trend in recent years. To mid-April, the weather gets warmer, South Korean farmers formed each year at this time for planting rice seedling. More typhoons in summer and autumn, summer is the rainy season. 【Brief Introduction】 Flag In 1882, the Korean envoy Pak Yong Xiao and Jin Yujun be ambassador to Japan, before leaving the Northern Chinese Qing government to request the dragon flag as the national flag of China to use, the Northern vassal state government responded that the flag can not be noted that dragons can only use four Claw Dragon flag. At that time, the declining North Korean authorities to the Qing court had some not buy, so do not accept the request of the Qing court. The order of the time Feng Li of the Chinese ambassador to DPRK envoys Ma Jianzhong (China Modern Great linguists, Fudan University, was the founder and his brother Peter with the mission to North Korea Ma) recommended the DPRK government in the traditional Chinese Tai Chi Bagua flag as the national flag to use, This proposal was adopted by the DPRK government, therefore, the first Korean national flag is white with black side of the letter patterns of Tai Chi Bagua flag. Later, a British envoy in North Korea's point of view of Western aesthetics Bagua Tai Chi for this side flag was revised to remove the gossip in the hexagrams, the remaining hexagrams diagonal symmetric stretch, the entire flag design was rectangular, the yin and yang into red and blue fish patterns, so that now we see only the South Korean national flag. National emblem Last revised in 1948, officially only use 1950. Central is a national emblem of roses in full bloom. The background color of white roses symbolizes peace and purity, yellow symbol of prosperity and prosperity. Flowers, red and blue yin and yang, the central figure is a place, it is not only South Korea and the whole a traditional symbol of Korean culture, and in behalf of the state administration and the harmony laws of Nature. A white ribbon around the hibiscus, ribbons stitched on the four-character country name Republic of Korea. This design features the same with North Korea's national emblem. Flower Althea is South Korea's national flower. Blooming season, will give birth to many branches of Hibiscus bud, a flower litter, the other buds will be continuously Open, bloom spring, spring brilliant. Therefore, the Koreans call it "endless flowers." 】 【Important festivals Mid-South Korean people and the most important Christmas. January 1 ─ New Year New Year's Day, January 1, 2, as the state's public holiday. First day solar calendar / Folk ─ also known as the Gregorian calendar New Year's Day to worship the family ceremony, special food, traditional games to celebrate. Family reunion, family and friends to celebrate each other New Year celebrations. March 1 Independence Movement Day Memorial March 1, 1919 against Japanese colonial rule of the independence movement. April 5 Arbor Day On this day, government officials, teachers, students, and hundreds of thousands of Koreans around the country according to government reforestation program to plant trees. May 5 Children's Day This day, held a variety of celebration activities for children so that they enjoy with their parents play. August 15 Independence Day On this day in 1945, South Korea from Japan's colonial rule 35 years of the liberation and independence. Lunar August 15 Mid-Autumn Festival (or Harvest Festival) This is year one of the important national holiday. To this day a feast, each to hold the ceremony in the family cemetery, at night with the moon. Lunar October 3rd Foundation Day This day is the legendary Dangun established in 2333 BC the day South Korea. December 25 Christmas Day Like the West, Christians and other people are celebrating this holiday, commemorating the birth of Jesus. State leaders】 【 Current president: Lee Myung-bak, elected in December 2007, at the February 25, 2008 sworn in; Prime Minister: Han Seung-soo (Han Seung-soo). Office in February 2008. Population and Language】 【 Korea's total population of 49,053,000 (2007), a single Korean nation 〔South Korea, said: Korean National〕, is a "three Korean descent", General Korean national dress as a "hanbok." Elaborate here: Korean and Korean is slightly different. South and North Korea because of the long-term post-war division, making the North-South language also appears slightly different. Generally the preferred way of expression in South Korea as "Korean", the usual expression of North Korea as "Korean." 】 【Religion Shamanism Buddhism Buddhism in the 4th century from China into the Korean peninsula. You as the Korean history of Buddhism into the religious denominations, has been South Korea's political, economic, and cultural have a huge impact. Now there are 26 Korean Buddhist sect, more than 9,200 temples and 1,100 million adherents, most religious believers. Confucianism 6th century BC, Confucianism was founded by the Chinese Confucian ethics and religious beliefs. Confucian ethics as the basic benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, is for an ethical rule regulating the family system. Introduced to the Korean peninsula early AD Confucianism. Thousands of years, Confucian ethical thought and philosophy of life has affected South Korea. Today, Confucian thought has permeated, rooted in Korean society, This is especially true in education, etiquette and so on. Meanwhile, in Korea it is economic development, social modernization process also played an important role. 【Introduction】 capital Korea Capital: Seoul (Seoul, the old translation of "Seoul"), population 10,500,000 (2007). December 2003, South Korean National Assembly passed the "new administrative capital special law" to determine the administrative capital from Seoul (the old translation of "Seoul") to move to the central region. August 2004, the South Korean government officially announced the end to identify and address the new administrative capital, is located in the central region Yan Qi Han - the public will become the new state administrative capital. South Korean government is scheduled for July 2007 in Yan Qi - Gongju start building a new administrative capital, in 2020 and 2030 were formed with 30 million and 50 million people in the city. From 2012 to 2014, South Korea's major national executive will be relocated to the new administrative capital. October 2004, the Constitutional Court of Korea ruled that South Korean National Assembly in December 2003 adopted the "new administrative capital of the special law" unconstitutional. South Korean government established the administrative capital from the "Seoul" (that is, "Seoul"), plans to move to the central region will therefore be forced to stop the execution. January 2005, former Seoul (which is now the "Seoul"), the municipal government in Seoul Mayor Lee Myung-bak held a press conference to announce the "Seoul" Chinese translation of the name "Seoul." Seoul has a long history in ancient times due to the north of the Han River, the name "Hanyang." The late 14th century Joseon Dynasty capital in Hanyang, the renamed "Seoul." Modern Korea by Japanese colonial rule, Seoul was renamed the "capital." After the retrocession of the Korean Peninsula in 1945, changed its name to the inherent Korean words, Roman letters marked "SEOUL", seoul is a transliteration of the name in Korean capital. 【Administrative division Present a special city: "Seoul" (that is, "Seoul") Special City; 9 Road (equivalent to provinces): Gyeonggi, Gangwon, Chungbuk, Chungnam, Jeonbuk, South Jeolla Province, Gyeongbuk, Gyeongnam, Jeju; 6 Metropolitan City (equivalent to municipalities): Busan, Daegu, Incheon, Gwangju, Daejeon, Ulsan. Political】 【 South Korea current constitution was in October 1987 a new constitution adopted by referendum, February 25, 1988 come into effect. The new Constitution, South Korea, the implementation of three powers, the rule of law system. According to the new constitution, the president is head of state and the nation's armed forces commander in the government system and the external relations on behalf of the entire country, 5-year presidential term, non-renewable. The formulation of domestic and foreign policy the president is, could such legislative proposals to Congress; the same time, the president is the highest of the Chief Executive, responsible for the implementation of various laws and regulations. Composed of the President through the 15-30 cabinet meeting chaired by the exercise of its administrative functions. Assistant chief executive as president the Prime Minister appointed by the President, subject to congressional approval. Prime Minister right to participate in development of important national policies. President no power to dissolve Congress, but Congress start impeachment proceedings can be a way to constrain the president, to end the country constitutionally responsible. Korean unicameral. Congress is the national legislature, for 4 years, Speaker of the House term of 2 years. In addition to the functions of the Constitution gives Congress to make laws, but also including the approval of the national budget, foreign policy, declare war and other national affairs, and the impeachment of the president's powers. South Korean court is divided into three levels: the Supreme Court, High Court and District Court. The Supreme Court is the highest court, hears of the lower court's ruling and said the military court refuses to accept the appeals. Judges appointed by the President, Congress for approval. Justice for a term of 6 years shall not be re-elected, at least 70 years of age must step down. The draft constitution Constitutional Court of Korea the next 17 years, Korea will establish a basic national defense policy to adapt to modern warfare, the new military formation of the "ubiquitous" force. 【Economy】 South Korean GDP in 2007 exceeded one trillion U.S. dollars, per capita GDP exceeded 20,000 U.S. dollars, the world's 11th largest economy. 60's from the 20th century, the Korean government has successfully pursued a growth-oriented economic policies, 70 years after the official took the track of economic development, creating a world-famous "Han River Miracle." To 80 years, Korea has changed the face of poverty and backwardness, showing a scene of prosperity and wealth, the international market, a competitive country. Held at the Seoul Olympics in 1988. Today, the Korean economy strong, steel, automobiles, shipbuilding, electronics, textiles, etc., have become the pillar industry of South Korea, where shipbuilding and automotive industries is world-renowned. South Korea's electronics industry has developed rapidly, as one of the world's top ten electronics industry. In recent years, emphasis Korea IT industry, increasing investment, IT technology and production rank in the world. South Korea had been a traditional agricultural country. With the industrialization process of agriculture in the Korean economy getting smaller and smaller proportion, position, an increasing low. South Korea is the main importing countries of agricultural products, imports tend to increase, but its agricultural market to foreign participation is extremely sensitive to a lesser extent, opening up sectors of the economy. South Korea land area of 195 million hectares, mainly in the western and southern plains, hilly areas, accounting for about 22% of the total land area. Fewer mineral resources Korea has 280 kinds of minerals are found, there are 50 kinds of economic value. Exploitation of valuable minerals are iron, coal, lead, zinc, tungsten, etc., but not reserves. As natural resources, mainly of industrial raw materials are imported. Main sectors of industrial steel, automobile, shipbuilding, electronics, chemical, textile and so on. Pohang Iron and Steel Plant is the world's second largest steel company. Production of 3.2 million vehicles in 2002, ranking first in the world 6. Standard orders ship tonnage of 7.59 million tons cargo, once again become the world. Intensive products with high-tech electronics industry mainly for one of the world's top ten electronics industry. The rapid development of semiconductor integrated circuits. Attention in recent years, South Korean IT industry, increasing investment. Due to the 1997 Asian financial crisis, Korea's recent economic slump has been in malaise. Also known as "the economic downturn." 【Culture】 Korean culture by the Chinese influence is very obvious, as early as the Tang Dynasty, the Korean Peninsula, the new economic States dedicated staff to study in China China's culture and strategy of governing the country, and even a direct copy copy some things to get back, the Chinese culture economic impact of the new country is very old, the new economy because China's culture absorbed stronger so reunification of the Korean peninsula. South Korea is a long history and splendid culture of the country, in literature and art have their own characteristics. Korean art including painting, calligraphy, prints, crafts, decoration, while carrying the national tradition, but also absorbed the strong points of foreign art. Korea Oriental art of painting and Western painting sub, like the Chinese painting Oriental paintings, pen, ink, paper, ink performance of a variety of topics. There are also various types of beautiful custom painting. With China, Japan, the calligraphy in Korea is an elegant art form. Koreans are known for known for love of music and dance. Korean modern music can be divided into "folk music" and "Western music" two. Folk music can be divided into "elegant music" and "folk music" two. South Korean court music is held in feudal dynasties in court ritual, ceremony, banquet and other music played by a professional orchestra, known as "being happy" or "court music." Miscellaneous songs in folk music, folk, music and other farmers. Xuan Qin commonly used instrument, Gaya piano, stick drums, flute and so on. One of the characteristics of Korean folk music is accompanied by dance. South Korea attached great importance to the dancers dance the shoulder, arm of the rhythm. Road with a fan, Corolla, drums. South Korean court dance and folk dance to the center, colorful. Korean drama originated in prehistoric religious ceremonies, including a mask, puppet show, singing, singing opera, drama, Category 5. One mask, also known as "Mask Dance", as a symbol of Korean culture in Korean traditional drama occupies a very important position. Korean food with kimchi and cultural features, three meals a day can not do without kimchi. Korean traditional dishes of roasted pork, pickles, cold has become a world famous dish. Korea is a great emphasis on education of the country. Thousands of types of colleges and universities nationwide. Yonsei University and Korea University, world renowned, addition, Sungkyunkwan University, Sogang University, Central University and Kyung Hee University, Hanyang University, Dankook University, Konkuk University, Chung National University, Sejong University, Ewha Women's University, Gyeongbuk University, Chungbuk National University, Pohang University, Pusan University, Pusan University of Foreign Studies, Inha University, Inje University, etc. have reputation. 【Apparel】 Korean traditional clothing Hanbok is traditional Korean clothing, originated in the Ming Dynasty costumes, elegant and tasteful. Modern alternatives are tailor only in festivals and days of special significance to wear. Women's traditional costume is a long jacket and wide skirt, looks very elegant; men with pants, jacket, vest, waistcoat showing a unique taste. White as the basic color, according to the season, identity, the choice of materials and colors are different. Marriage and other special ceremony, usually civilians wearing gorgeous clothes and jewelry. Recently, the increasing availability of life hanbok is very popular. Press 【】 Journalism developed. As of 2002, a total of 260 news organizations. 60 newspapers, including 10 comprehensive national newspapers, 38 local comprehensive newspapers, 7 economic class newspapers, two newspapers and three foreign language sports newspaper. "Chosun Ilbo", "Central Daily", "Dong-a Ilbo", "Korea Daily", "Korea Daily" and "Kung Hyabg Daily News" for six major national Korean newspaper, in addition to "Korea Daily", the Other newspapers are private. "Chosun Ilbo," the largest circulation in March 5, 1920 founding. "East Asia Journal" in April 1, 1920 Publication. "Central Daily" on September 22, 1965 founding. News agency Yonhap News Agency, December 1980 and Japan by the Contract Agency of Agency of the merger in 1999, then combined internal and external communications, is run by South Korean news media were a cooperative news agency. The agency in Washington, New York, Los Angeles, Tokyo, Paris, London, Bangkok, Buenos Aires, Brussels, Cairo, Hong Kong, Moscow and Beijing bureaus. South Korea has 10 national broadcasting company, and another 59 local broadcasters, cable broadcasting company 81. Korean Broadcasting System (KBS) 1927 began test broadcasts of foreign radio since 1953, the government controlled radio company, with a national broadcast network, now with the Korean, English, Chinese, French, Japanese and other broadcasts in 11 languages. Television was established in December 1961, starting from July 1996 opening of two channels of satellite TV programs, mainly in the digital signal playback. Cultural Broadcasting Corporation (MBC) 1961 年 12 月 run, with a national broadcast network and television stations was established in August 1969, in the major cities have satellite relay station. Seoul Broadcasting Corporation Television (SB) 1991 年 12 月 air. Christian Broadcasting Company (CBS) 1954 年 run, private, mainly broadcast news, entertainment and educational and religious programs. The TV program also have some impact. News agency Yonhap News Agency, December 1980 and Japan by the Contract Agency of Agency of the merger in 1999, then combined internal and external communications, is run by South Korean news media were a cooperative news agency. The agency in Washington, New York, Los Angeles, Tokyo, Paris, London, Bangkok, Buenos Aires, Brussels, Cairo, Hong Kong, Moscow and Beijing bureaus. South Korea has 10 national broadcasting company, and another 59 local broadcasters, cable broadcasting company 81. Korean Broadcasting System (KBS) 1927 began test broadcasts of foreign radio since 1953, the government controlled radio company, with a national broadcast network, now with the Korean, English, Chinese, French, Japanese and other broadcasts in 11 languages. Television was established in December 1961, starting from July 1996 opening of two channels of satellite TV programs, mainly in the digital signal playback. Cultural Broadcasting Corporation (MBC) 1961 年 12 月 run, with a national broadcast network and television stations was established in August 1969, in the major cities have satellite relay station. Seoul (the old translation of "Seoul"), ABC Television began broadcasting in December 1991. Christian Broadcasting Company (CBS) 1954 年 run, private, mainly broadcast news, entertainment and educational and religious programs. The TV program also have some impact. Far East Radio (FEBC) 1956 年 12 月 run, broadcasting 100 hours per week of Korean, English, Chinese and Russian programs. Republic of Korea armed forces radio station was built in 1954 specifically for the military broadcasting. USFK radio station began broadcasting in October 1950. Together with its television stations, U.S. troops and their families for services, broadcasting in English all day. Traffic Radio and Television was established in June 1990. Educational radio and television stations _set_ up in December 1990. A total of 39 South Korean television stations, of which 20 are commercial television stations. South Korean cable television broadcasting since 1995, has developed rapidly. Higher Internet penetration, the end of 2002 reached 26.27 million online population, accounting for 55.1% of the population. Publishing industry developed, more than 12,700 total registered publishers. A wide range of magazines, a frequent ceased publication. Celebrity】 【History Yi Sun-sin (1545-1598): a national hero. Decline of literati born in the family, childhood family was poor. He is quite learned, can ride and shooting, 32 years old Martial Davydenko, began his military career. His outspoken, and his concern for the fate, the pursuit of justice, several adversity no regrets no regrets. Any 47-year-old navy Jiedushi Cholla sect, the active naval exercises, to build defensive positions, and created the turtle ship armored warships to guard against pirates of the invasion. At that time Japan has completed the domestic Toyotomi Hideyoshi unified the four islands in an attempt to use force to conquer Korea and China. In 1592, he led more than 20 million troops to invade North Korea and captured Seoul (now translated "[font id = Mark style =" COLOR: # ee6600; BACKGROUND-COLOR: yellow "] Seoul [/ font]"), occupying more than half the Korean peninsula, South Korea, said this piece of history as the "Japanese invasion chaos." The request of the Korean dynasty, the Ming Dynasty sent troops to the aid, thus beginning the 7 years of the common fight against the Japanese and Korean War soldiers and civilians, known as the "Imjin Patriotic War." General Yi Sun-sin and the Chinese army fought alongside the water, repeatedly beat the Japanese, repeated Li Qigong. December 1598, he was hit with the Ming navy invaders, shot and killed in the tragic battle. Two years later, the court in recognition of his achievements, Xuanwu him as a hero. 1643 that 45 years after his death, presented posthumous "Admiral." Since then, the people of the Korean Peninsula to commemorate him, called him "Admiral." Dedicated to the souls of General Yi Sun-sin's Memorial Temple was built in 1706, is located at the foot of Fang Shan, surrounded by mountains, Temple Neisong Bo trees. Hyeonchungsa an area of 50 million square meters, in addition to the "Temple", there are "No", "Mansion", "Family Temple" and the Lee family used wells and other ancient architecture. Information about the history of General Yi Sun-sin, and when he was a sea battle with pirates and other kind of weapons used by the Ming emperor to bestow his captaincy India, tokens, and the chopper, give products such as eight copies were carefully stored in "Legacy Museum" in. Every April 28, the day of the birth of Yi Sun-sin, Hyeonchungsa festival to be held. Hyeonchungsa brutal suppression of the Japanese imperialists in the next Duhuang decadent, after the Japanese surrender in 1945, Ji Nianzhong force to restore the public's activities. In 1966, the South Korean government this land turned into "sacred" to rebuild Memorial Temple, the park's integrated landscape works continued until 1974. History】 【Korea Ancient Korea Times China's history books in the "East Yi", which means east of the national (Yi derogatory.) Dong Yi is the Chinese nation called the nation of the East, not only refers to a group. Also will change the scope of their finds. From the Yellow Emperor during the Shandong, Henan area, northeast China, to the future of the Qin and Han Dynasty Korean Peninsula and Japan Islands. North and South Korea that: modern North Korea may be the one Dongyi. On the Korean Peninsula are said to have five thousand years of history, but because of the lack of direct evidence, the Chinese and Japanese history scholars not to be recognized. According to legend, as far as Korean history can be traced to the founding of Tangun. Hundreds of thousands of years ago, on the Korean Peninsula have been the original human habitation. Paleolithic beginning in the Korean Peninsula 70 million years BC to the 10th century into the Bronze Age. To the 4th century BC into the Iron Age. North and South Korea Korean historians conjecture turned out to be living in the north of mainland Asia, Altaic nations, and gradually migrated to the north and the Evolution of the Korean Peninsula come from the 4th century BC, in the north to form a slavery, known to history as the ancient North Korea. The southern part of the peninsula formed by the several tribes of indigenous tribal alliance, Wal-ju, dirt, Mahan, Han Chen, Bian Han. Later, Mahan III unified Korea, said Chen country. Chi-tzu Times Recorded in Chinese history, North Korea, after the first commercial off the Western Zhou Dynasty, Shang Chen Chi-tzu left the Korean Peninsula was established with the local indigenous "Kei's Hou." The late 3rd century BC, the first time North Korea has been documented. In the Han Dynasty and the writings of the historian Sima Qian, "Historical Records" in the records, the last king of Shang King Zhou's brother, King Wu Chi-tzu in the weeks after the liturgy and the system with the Shang Dynasty to the north of the Korean Peninsula, where people are elected as monarch, and became recognized by the Chou princes. Known as "Ji Zi Korea." Wei's age According to "Historical Records", Yan Wei generals full rate of immigration into the Korean peninsula, and became North Korea's Ji Zi Gong phase. 194 BC established in the vicinity of Pyongyang's health regime, overthrew the regime of North Korean Ji Zi. This is the second dynasty, Korean history, "the Guardian's era." Archaeological research is not currently able to North Korea's founding on the health process. Four counties and three times the Han Han 108 BC Emperor Wu Wei's power off North Korea, in the northern part of the establishment of the Korean Peninsula, music waves Xuantu, temporary Tuen, true fan four counties, known as "Han-four counties." BC 82, because the ancient Korean people and the resistance of the local tribes, repealed the Provisional Tuen and true fan of the two counties. BC Xuantu County for 75 years moved to Liaodong. Le Long County, northern migration in the Korean peninsula many times, when Wang Mang power of the new music wave toward independence 30 years of Eastern Han Dynasty in the year (after Chinese) county court to recover music wave. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Kung-sun's Liaodong ("Three Kingdoms" in Gongsun Yuan) County in the southern sub-wave music with a side county located in the south of the Korean Peninsula to establish indigenous Korean chen South Korea, Malaysia and South Korea as the center of Byeonhan Chen States, while small countries such as the existence of Gaya. Three Kingdoms Period After BC ("Three Kingdoms" written in the first century BC), appeared on the Korean peninsula three regimes: the new Law (the former 57 years -935 years), Koguryo (37 years -668 years ago), Baekje ( The first 18 years -660 years). Southern tip of the peninsula there is Gaya and other regime. Each attack the country, there has also been the history of the Korean Peninsula, a relatively prosperous period. Baiji is a blog developed Mahan, Chen Silla Korea and the formation of a small tribe. Baiji relies on behalf of the Chinese imperial emissary Southern tributary of the way to Japan from China in absorption of cultural transmission. Gaya that the Japanese government with any In Japan, some scholars believe that at the southern tip of the Korean Peninsula Byeonhan (now Gyeongnam) and other areas of Gaya was the Yamato regime on the Korean peninsula, the colonial court, "either that the Japanese government." Peninsula, in the three countries to resist the Goguryeo and Baekje Silla Qingong and close to Japan, would like to take from Japan to contain China. Japan is attempting to take advantage of this situation on the Korean Peninsula and to establish their own forces. Which led to a four-century Japanese imperial court sent troops to Silla, occupying Byeonhan, _set_ting the Japanese government to rule. 512, Baekje sent envoys asked Congress and the court to cede any of the four counties to compensate for Koguryo occupied the northern territories. Congress and the court then ruled North Korea due to their inability to continue to the southern region, had agreed to the request of Baekje. 562, he was that the Japanese government was destroyed by Silla. In North and South Korea, many scholars deny the existence in the Korean Peninsula was a Japanese colony of any that. Instead, they believe that there are many on the Japanese archipelago was Baekje, Gaya and Shilla ruled the small country, with each other for hegemony in the peninsula when the country also are competing in the Japanese archipelago, the country of its strength. In Japan, under the "high days of the original myth" (credited century mythology), there have been any rule Woguo that view. From the 1960s, North Korea and then in South Korea on the verification Jiji myth that the Japanese government on account of any results deny the myth of the reliability of Jiji, the history of Japan since the 1970s scholars have been about the same conclusion. The same three countries on the Koguryo "too good King Stele" there are many controversial interpretation, and even the king is too good Korean scholars that the old monument inscription Japanese Army General Staff who have been tampered with. Silla Silla allegiance to the Tang Dynasty Tang Dynasty, the conditions and the emerging alliance, the reign of Emperor Tang Dynasty 660 AD, the joint force in the power off Baekje Silla, and in 668 years and the route through the old haunt Silla and Baekje South attack and destroy Goguryeo power by general Xue Rengui Baekje in Korea and established the old Anton Dohobu. As a result of defense against the Turks, and even then the threat of the Tang Dynasty, 676 years old haunt Tangjun retreat from the Baekje and Silla the way forward, Silla unified the Korean Peninsula and finally most of capital in Gyeongju, follow the example of countries Tang system rule. 9th century, around the peasant uprising, military generals 900 years kings Chen Xuan, built after the Baekje capital in Gwangju; 903 monks in golden bow-American uprising king, in the North and Northwest built Silla Taebong country (the first number Morocco earthquake country), the original capital in iron, 918 Wang established the Koryo dynasty, then _set_ the country, "Korea", and the original Shilla and known as the "post-Three Kingdoms period." 935 die in Silla Korea, Silla end. Korea Times 918 years after the king of Goguryeo's arch-born Wang Department will be crowned as the king of the Ministry, moved the capital to open their home city (Songak), changing the country as "Korea." 935 off Silla, Baekje out after 936 years, the establishment of the Koryo dynasty. Liao 993 was defeated, and the Song Dynasty was forced to sever relations, allegiance to the Liao, Jin in 1127 was forced to surrender. Khitan and the Jurchen in the period against the military forces in surge, 1170 and 1173, led by generals Zhengzhong Fu, the occurrence of two coup, military coup dethronement king, nobles big kill civilian, the eventual establishment of a military officer held hostage by the King Cui Zhong Xian " all rooms "regime. 1231 Mongol offensive Korea, Cui regime collapse in 1258, the king surrendered Mongolia. Against surrender of the three other sand Mongolia launched the war against Mongolia, the Mongolian occupation of Jeju Island in 1273, ending the war against Mongolia. In order to attack Japan in 1280 the Yuan Dynasty _set_ in the Korean Peninsula levy East province, the capital deployed in Korea, "Daru flower red" control state affairs of Korea, Korea king can only live in Ganghwa island. With the failure of 1281 once the dissolution of the Japanese attack symptoms Eastern Province, and 1287 re-established the East province of levy, and the king of Korea and red flowers Daru Renzheng Dong province, a Yuan vassal state until the 1356 Gong Min Wang reply only to regain control when the Koryo court the right to rule. Joseon era 1368 Ming Dynasty overthrew the Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty tribute Korea in 1370, 1387 Northeast Yuan emperor to attack the original colony, but the country still supports Mongolia Korea remnants. 1388 reunification of Korea are the king sent to Lichenggui attack Liaodong Lichenggui allegiance to the Ming dynasty is already determined, so he returned from the Yalu River to open the capital city of the occupation soldiers staged a coup in 1392 deposed king of self-reliance and allegiance to the Ming envoy, in accordance with Ming too ancestral emperor's will, changing the country as the DPRK, which means "Asahi clear," meaning capital in Hanyang. This time by the Japanese as "Lee Korea", the name in most of the history profession has been in use ever since. 1401, began to receive from the Ming Taizong canonized as "the Korean king." Formally established with China to the modern vassal relationship. 1469 to complete the "ceremony by the country," established a new political system. Respected practice of Korean Confucianism, Buddhism, the policy exclusion. 1591 Japan 20 million off white Toyotomi Hideyoshi invaded Korea shuaibing, was occupied Pyongyang. Chinese Ming Dynasty sent troops to Support Korea, 1598 allied forces defeated the Japanese by North Korea, the Korean generals generals Dengzi Long Yi Sun-sin and China support each other, eventually died a heroic death. This section of history known as the "Japanese invasion chaos" of modern China as "Wanli Korea War." After the Ming Dynasty and the 1618 gold operations, North Korea sent troops to aid the Ming dynasty, the Qing in 1636 North Korea captured the king to surrender, the tribute to the Qing dynasty, the Qing Dynasty became canonized country. 1894, North Korea large-scale peasant uprising broke out, unable to suppress the Korean court, and for help to the Qing Dynasty. Then, on June 6 at the Asan landing reinforcements Qing Dynasty, and the Japanese armed forces are an inferior race as an excuse to take the opportunity on July 6 in the Inchon landing, and launched the Horse Incident, the occupation of Hanyang, forcing North Korea signed the unequal "economic matter Pu Treaty "(ie Jemulpo Incheon today.) And organized pro-Japanese government suppressed the peasant uprising. 1894 Japanese attack on the garrison stationed in Korea, provoked the Sino-Japanese War. April 1895, the Qing defeat, signed the "Sino-Japanese Treaty of Shimonoseki," agreed to give up sovereignty of the DPRK's case, then under Japanese control of Korea and the Qing court announced the termination of relations between canonized. In the same year, the Japanese assassinated the Empress has anti-Japanese tendencies. 1896 Emperor Tang emperor in the support of most of Russia, the establishment of the Korean Empire, from North Korea to South Korea. After the Russo-Japanese War in 1904, Russia defeated Japan's North Korean regime has been completely controlled. Japanese rule Japan in August 1910 forced the South Korean government signed with the "Japan-North Korea Annexation Treaty", the official annexation of the Korean Peninsula, became a colony of Japan, and the establishment of the Korean Government House, the colonial rule. Japan, Korea, Japan crowned royal nobles, so that Emperor abdicated, Yong Li Shun cases. Korean Provisional Government May 15, 1942, the Chinese Military Commission decided to merge the two armed Korean Independence Army, by the interim government to rule directly. November 23, 1945, the Korean Provisional Government to move back home, Guangfu Army the following year to return. Armed North Korean Communist Party From 1932 onwards, the North Korean communist leader Kim Il Sung's guerrillas in northeast China to carry out anti-Japanese guerrilla activities. Kim Il Sung in 1937, Japanese troops occupied the northern part of Prudential Town of North Korea, was forced to withdraw to the Soviet Union in 1941. Korean War 1945, Japan surrendered to the boundary line of latitude 38 degrees, respectively, received from the Soviet Union and the United States armed forces. In support of the Soviet Union in their respective August 1948 the establishment of the Republic of Korea, Democratic People's Republic was established in September 1948. June 25, 1950 the Korean Fatherland Liberation War, the Korean People's Army at the beginning all the way to victory, the ROK armed forces to suppress the Pusan area, so the U.S. decided to intervene, sending troops on 15 September at Inchon, South Korea Korean People's Army in danger of being cut down the middle of the military situation, forced to retreat. Suppressed by the U.S. military all the way to the Yalu River area. War to the Yalu River, a serious threat to the peace of Northeast Frontier, which makes more than a year before the establishment of new China was forced to intervene. October 19th Chinese People's Volunteers crossed the Yalu River, started the Korean War. October 25, volunteers to wipe out the first battle in South Korea six divisions. After repeated after the tug of war, both sides finally decided July 27, 1953 a temporary demarcation line (military demarcation line) for the sector, North Korea under the US-led coalition with the signing of the Armistice Agreement UN forces by the United Nations appointed a permanent neutral Switzerland and Swedish troops in the Joint Security Area, to monitor military operations on the border between the two countries. October 26, 1958, the Chinese People's Volunteers withdraw from the Korean peninsula, while the U.S. still has troops stationed in South Korea. Foreign】 【 After World War II, the Cold War needs, South Korea to the United States and Foreign-based. In the early 20th century, 70 open door policy was introduced. February 1998, Kim Dae-jung became president, continue to work to consolidate the United States and Japan alliance, while strengthening and in friendly relations with Russia. Policy toward the DPRK, Kim implementation of the "sunshine policy" to bring non-use of force and avoid absorbing unity, strengthen North-South exchanges and cooperation of the "Three Principles of the North" and advocated an end to the Cold War structure on the Korean Peninsula, "package" fundamental solution to the Korean Peninsula issue. North Korea to provide a lot of rice, wheat, fertilizer, cement, heavy oil and other aid. South Korea on September 17, 1991 with North Korea to join the United Nations. February 2003, President Roh Moo-hyun took office, emphasizing the development of ROK-US relationship of mutual equality, and promote cooperation in Northeast Asia, Japan and Korea, while strengthening cooperation with Russia, ASEAN, EU relations with other countries to actively participate in regional and international affairs. October 2007, South Korean President Roh Moo-hyun visited the DPRK, the DPRK announced 1.7 billion U.S. dollars to provide assistance to strengthen North-South economic cooperation. Relationship with China At present, China is South Korea's largest trading partner, largest export market and largest investment destination, South Korea is China's third largest trading partner and fourth largest source of foreign direct investment. In 2006, China and South Korea bilateral trade reached 134 billion U.S. dollars, an increase of 20%. 】 【Territorial disputes Dokdo Dokdo (Dokdo, or Tokdo) is the title of South Korea, Japan called Takeshima (Take shima). Dokdo is located in the southeast corner Ulleungdo, South Korea is the eastern end. 1417, North Korea Taizong recorded at Island Records (whether in the Island Bamboo Island is still controversial, it may be Ulleungdo), An Fushi Yu Jin Lin came back from the Island, when, together with a large bamboo, taro , buffalo, together with the residents back to three, and report the case of the island, there are a total of 86 houses 15 men and women who, Bamboo Island area of 0.2km. Su reef issues Su sacred rocks is an inalienable part of the PRC, but is now illegal military occupation of Korea. |
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