东亚:
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| 蒙古 Mongolia 首都:乌兰巴托 国家代码: mn |
 蒙古历史 蒙古族聚居的蒙古高原位于中国北方，蒙古帝国由蒙古人成吉思汗建立，是曾统治过欧亚大陆的强大的帝国。今日中国人称蒙古高原北半部为外蒙古，与中国传统行省邻近的南半部则称内蒙古。 在蒙古语中，“南”和“内”同字。外蒙古于清朝称“喀尔喀蒙古”，设乌里雅苏台将军辖区（省级行政区）。东面临近黑龙江将军辖地，西端至阿尔泰山连接新疆，南边到达翰海与内蒙古相连，北面与俄罗斯接壤。大清会典一向把喀尔喀叫外蒙古,有四部:土谢图部,车臣部,扎萨克图部,赛音诺颜部。 中华民国曾于1945年和苏联跟外蒙古签订了《中苏友好同盟条约》，同意蒙古进行公民投票决定前途。但退守台湾之后，由于国民政府认为苏联在国共内战时暗中支持中共，遂于1949年在联合国通过了《控苏案》，遂再次声明不放弃对外蒙古的主权，详情参见外蒙古独立。 中华人民共和国1949年10月16日和蒙古人民共和国建交。 中华民国自2002年9月1日起和蒙古国互设贸易经济代表处。 地理 蒙古的地势 蒙古国深居亚欧大陆内陆，属东亚，乃世界第二大内陆国（第一大为哈萨克斯坦）。大部分地区为山地或高原，平均海拔1600米。西部为山地，阿尔泰山自西北向东南蜿蜒。 位于中蒙边界上的友谊峰海拔4374米，为全国最高峰。其他埃恩赫塔伊万山海拔3905米、阿格拉山海拔3738米、尚德山海拔2825米、扎卢丘特山海拔2799米。群山之间多盆地和谷地；东部为地势平缓的高地；南部是占国土面积1/3的戈壁地区。 西部湖泊较多。主要河流为色楞格河、鄂尔浑河、科尔布多河、克鲁伦河、扎布汗河等。最大咸水湖乌布苏湖面积3350平方千米，最大淡水湖哈尔乌苏湖，还有吉尔吉斯湖、库苏古尔湖、阿奇特湖等。属典型温带大陆性气候，温差大，夏季短而干热，冬季长而严寒，常有暴风雪，是亚欧大陆“寒潮”（亦称为“寒流”）的发源地之一。 行政区划 蒙古国划分成1市、21省。 蒙古行政规划 盟 蒙古语 首府 蒙古语 面积（平方公里） 人口 COK 位置 乌兰巴托市 Улаанбаатар хот 乌兰巴托 Улаанбаатар 4,700 760,077 1 22 鄂尔浑省 Орхон 额尔登特 Эрдэнэт 840 71,525 35 14 达尔汗乌勒省 Дархан-Уул 达尔汗 Дархан 3,280 83,271 37 5 肯特省 Хэнтий 温都尔汗 Өндөрхаан 80,300 70,946 39 11 库苏古尔省 Хөвсгөл 木伦 Мөрөн 100,600 119,063 41 13 科布多省 Ховд 科布多 Ховд 76,100 86,831 43 12 乌布苏省 Увс 乌兰固木 Улаангом 69,600 90,037 46 20 中央省 Төв 宗莫德 Зуунмод 74,000 99,268 47 19 色楞格省 Сэлэнгэ 苏赫巴托尔 Сүхбаатар 41,200 99,950 49 17 苏赫巴托尔省 Сүхбаатар 西乌尔特 Баруун-Урт 82,300 56,166 51 18 南戈壁省 Өмнөговь 达兰扎达嘎德 Даланзадгад 165,400 46,858 53 16 前杭爱省 Өвөрхангай 阿尔拜赫雷 Арвайхээр 62,900 111,420 55 15 扎布汗省 Завхан 乌里雅苏台 Улиастай 82,500 89,999 57 21 中戈壁省 Дундговь 曼达尔戈壁 Мандалговь 74,700 51,517 59 8 东方省 Дорнод 乔巴山 Чойбалсан 123,600 75,373 61 6 东戈壁省 Дорноговь 赛音商德 Сайншанд 109,500 50,575 63 7 戈壁苏木贝尔省 Говь-Сүмбэр 乔伊尔 Чойр 5,540 12,230 64 10 戈壁阿尔泰省 Говь-Алтай 阿尔泰 Алтай 141,400 63,673 65 9 布尔干省 Булган 布尔干 Булган 48,700 61,776 67 4 巴彦洪戈尔省 Баянхонгор 巴彦洪戈尔 Баянхонгор 116,000 84,779 69 2 巴彦乌列盖省 Баян-Өлгий 乌列盖 Өлгий 45,700 91,068 71 3 后杭爱省 Архангай 车车尔勒格 Цэцэрлэг 55,300 97,091 73 1 政治 1990年代初，由人大制度采用议会制。由各地选出议员，组成议会，蒙古语“大呼拉尔（Ikh Khural；库里尔台）。蒙古实行多党制，目前共有16个注册政党。在2006年，执政党是前共产主义政党蒙古人民革命党。其最大的反对党蒙古民主党在1996年到2000年曾执政。 人口 总人口：2,791,272人（2005年07月） 总人口密度：1.73人/每平方公里（2003年） 蒙古国地广人稀，南戈壁省人口密度最低，每平方公里仅0.233人。 官方语言为喀尔喀蒙古语（详见蒙古语），目前通行文字为以西里尔字母 （Cyrillic，斯拉夫语系）拼音写成的蒙古文。在蒙古，老一辈人学习的外语多为俄语，而新一辈人中学习外语的人多学习英语和汉语。除官方语言外，另有15%人口说其他蒙古方言，少数民族使用突厥语族语言。 教育 实行国家普及免费普通教育制。主要高等院校有：国立大学、技术大学、国立师范大学、国立农牧业大学、医科大学等。 文化 蒙古文化深受佛教影响，蒙古人原本信仰萨满教，第一次接触佛教是在伐金时，木华黎接见了两个汉地僧人，介绍他们给成吉思汗，称他们为告天人，免去僧人的税役，后来在窝阔台时，阔端到吐蕃，当地萨迦派僧人投降，到忽必烈时，八思巴成为帝师，忽必烈和皇后察必受戒，喇嘛教（藏传佛教）流行，但只限于上层，下层仍然信仰萨满教，元朝喇嘛势力极大，但元灭亡后，喇嘛教势力消退。 喇嘛教是在16世纪复兴，是经宗喀巴改革过的黄教，俺答汗远征裕固族，中途遇到一群吐蕃商人和喇嘛，提出投降便共此经教，出于军事需要，他的从孙切尽黄台吉首先接受，俺答汗和达赖喇嘛三世在1578年于仰华寺会面，邀请派人到蒙古传教，此后喇嘛教风靡全蒙古，外藩蒙藏唯喇嘛之言是听，蒙古人也不再好战，一日三叩首，早晚一柱香。欠缺积极的勇气。哲布尊丹巴呼图克图令喀尔喀举部内附，哲布尊丹巴日后在俄罗斯挑唆下独立，可见喇嘛教的影响力。另一方面，蒙古人也接受了西藏的影响。使蒙古文化几乎完全受西藏文化影响。尤其是第三世哲佛强制在西藏转世，不可在蒙古转世。西藏与喇嘛教是草原上的无冕之王。 哲佛对蒙古人定居有一些影响，蒙古人开始建庙，他驻钖的库伦成为商人集散地与经教中心，有经学院，修满课程，通过考试，由哲佛授予学位。库伦成为喇嘛教学术中心，使黄教格外风行。使喇嘛与喇嘛庙成为一教育机构，日后蒙古国也以此为首都。 语文 蒙古语为主，也用俄文。 媒体 蒙古通讯社（简称蒙通社）创建于1921年，1957年10月改为国家通讯社。现在莫斯科、北京和乌兰乌德派有常驻记者。 蒙古广播电台（乌兰巴托广播电台）：国家广播电台。1934年9月1日首次播音，使用喀尔喀蒙古语。对外用蒙、俄、华、哈萨克、英、法、日7种语言。在5个省会有转播台，覆盖率90％以上。蒙古电视台（国家电视台）：1967年9月27日建台。“鹰”电视台：蒙美合资私营电视台。1996年4月建台，每天都播放节目，除播放蒙语节目外，主要转播“CNN”节目。 军事 蒙古人民军于1921年3月18日创建。总统兼任武装力量总司令。1996年起实行文职国防部长制度。武装力量总参谋部独立于国防部。1996年蒙古议会通过的政府《施政纲领》明确规定，将建立一支精干的职业军队，强化边防军，在国防政策中优先运用政治－外交手段。武装力量总参谋长为策·达希泽伯格中将（1998年8月起）。实行义务兵役制，1998年起增加了替代、合同兵役和抵偿服役制。1992年起服役期改为一年。1997年总兵力共有2万人，武装力量基本建制改为旅级单位。 经济 矿产资源较丰富，煤、萤石、钨、金、铁、锡等蕴藏量较大。铜、钼矿储存量居亚洲之首。森林覆盖率为8.2%（2004年12月24日蒙古自然环境部公布）。工业以肉、乳、皮革等畜产品加工业为主，木材加工、电力、纺织、缝纫和采矿业也具一定规模。畜牧业一直是国民经济的基础，主要饲养羊、牛、马、骆驼。农业以种植麦类、蔬菜、薯类和饲料作物为主。库苏古尔湖盛产鱼类。 哈拉和林古都、库苏古尔湖、特列尔吉、南戈壁、东戈壁和阿尔泰狩猎区等是著名旅游点。 蒙古经济相对落后，人均GDP（2006年）在世界上排名第120位上下。苏联解体前，蒙古接受苏联大量援助。苏联解体后，蒙古工业基础薄弱、生产技术落后、生态环境破坏、荒漠化严重、基础建设不足等问题浮现。近年来，自2002年起，蒙古的经济持续发展，每年的GDP成长6%左右；2007年GDP成长有9%。与此同时，约36%的国民生活在贫困线以下，失业率和通货膨胀率目前高居不下。 蒙古国最大的贸易伙伴是中国。在2003年，蒙古出口的46.6%出口到中国，而来自中国的进口商品占全部进口的24.4%。主要出口畜产品，进口机器设备、燃料、工业原料和生活日用品等。蒙古国的石油产品进口80%以上来自俄国。 在蒙古投资和帮助蒙古建设的国家多为其周边国家，包括中国、日本、韩国、俄国等。 交通 以铁路和公路为主。铁路担负着全国货运量的3/4和客运量的1/3。铁路：总长1810公里（2006年）。公路：总长约49250公里（2002年）。机场44座（2007年）。河运航道580公里（2004年）。 History Mongolian inhabited the Mongolian Plateau in northern China, Genghis Khan established the Mongol Empire by the Mongols, was once ruled a powerful empire of Eurasia. The northern half of the Mongolian Plateau in China today called Outer Mongolia, and Chinese traditional province of Inner Mongolia near the southern half of the claimed. In Mongolian language, "South" and "in" with the word. Outer Mongolia in the Qing Dynasty called "Khalkha" general jurisdiction located Uliastai (provincial administrative region). General jurisdiction to the east near the Heilongjiang, Xinjiang, west to the Altai mountains to connect the south and the Inner Mongolia reach Hanhai connected to the north and the Russian border. Qing Hui Dian has always been to Khalkha called Outer Mongolia, there are four: the Department of Soil DR plan, the Chechen Ministry of Zha Sake map Department, the Department of Game Music Nuo Yan. Republic of China and the Soviet Union in 1945, was signed with Mongolia, "Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance", agreed to a referendum decide the future of Mongolia. But retreated to Taiwan in, as the National Zhengfu that the Soviet secret Zhichi KMT-CCP Chinese Communists during the civil war, then Yu in 1949 at the United Nations adopted the Le "control Su An", then once again Bu to give up the external Mongolia Di Zhu Quan, the details see the Outer Mongolia 独立. The People's Republic of China on Oct. 16, 1949 and the Mongolian People's Republic established diplomatic relations. Republic of China from September 1, 2002 and from mutual establishment of trade and economic representative office in Mongolia. Geography Mongolia's terrain Mongolia secluded inland Eurasia, is East Asia, is the world's second largest land-locked countries (Kazakhstan, the first significant). Most of the mountain or plateau, with an average altitude of 1600 meters. Western mountainous Altai from northwest to southeast winds. Sino-Mongolian border in the friendship of peak 4374 meters above sea level, the national peak. Other Aienheta Ivan mountain altitude 3905 m, 3738 m above sea level Agra mountain, 2825 meters above sea level Suntech mountain, 2799 meters above sea level Zhaluqiute Hill. Multi-basin and the valley between mountains; eastern highlands flat terrain; the south is the total land area of 1 / 3 of the Gobi region. West Lake more. Major rivers as the Selenga, Orkhon, Kolb, r., herlen, dzavhan River. The largest saltwater lake Uvs Lake area 3350 square kilometers, the largest freshwater lake Khar-Us Nuur, also the Kyrgyz lake, Hovsgol Lake, achit lake. Is a typical temperate continental climate with large temperature difference, short and dry and hot in summer and winter long and cold, often storm is Eurasia, "cold" (also known as "cold"), one of the cradles. Administrative Division Mongolia is divided into 1 city, 21 provinces. Mongolia Chief Planning Union of Mongolian capital of the Mongolian area (sq km) Population COK location Ulaanbaatar, Ulaanbaatar Улаанбаатар хот Улаанбаатар 4,700 760,077 1 22 Orkhon Province Орхон Erdenet Эрдэнэт 840 71,525 35 14 Darkhan-Uul province Дархан-Уул Darkhan Дархан 3,280 83,271 37 5 Kent province Хэнтий Öndörkhaan Өндөрхаан 80,300 70,946 39 11 Hovsgol province Хөвсгөл moron Мөрөн 100,600 119,063 41 13 Hovd Province Hovd Ховд Ховд 76,100 86,831 43 12 Uvs province Увс Ulaangom Улаангом 69,600 90,037 46 20 Central Province Төв dzuunmod Зуунмод 74,000 99,268 47 19 Selenge province Сэлэнгэ Sukhbaatar Сүхбаатар 41,200 99,950 49 17 Sukhbaatar province Сүхбаатар ourthe occidentale Баруун-Урт 82,300 56,166 51 18 South Gobi Province Өмнөговь dalandzadgad Даланзадгад 165,400 46,858 53 16 Ovorkhangai Province Өвөрхангай Arvayheer Арвайхээр 62,900 111,420 55 15 Dzavhan Province Завхан Uliastai Улиастай 82,500 89,999 57 21 Mandal Gobi desert in the province of Дундговь Мандалговь 74,700 51,517 59 8 Eastern Province Дорнод Choibalsan Чойбалсан 123,600 75,373 61 6 East Gobi province Дорноговь game sound business ethics Сайншанд 109,500 50,575 63 7 Govisümber Province Говь-Сүмбэр Choir Чойр 5,540 12,230 64 10 Gobi Altai province Говь-Алтай Altai Алтай 141,400 63,673 65 9 Bulgan Province Bulgan Булган Булган 48,700 61,776 67 4 Bayanhongor Province Баянхонгор Bayanhongor Баянхонгор 116,000 84,779 69 2 Bayan aymag Баян-Өлгий Ölgii Өлгий 45,700 91,068 71 3 Arkhangai Province Архангай tsetserleg Цэцэрлэг 55,300 97,091 73 1 Politics The early 1990s, the system adopted by the National People's Congress parliamentary system. From all over the election of members to form the Parliament, the Mongolian "Great Hural (Ikh Khural; Courier Taiwan). Mongolia, multi-party system, there are currently 16 registered political parties. In 2006, the ruling party of the former communist party Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party. The largest opposition Democratic Party of Mongolia from 1996 to 2000, had power. Population Total population: 2,791,272 people (July 2005) Population density: 1.73 persons / per square kilometer (2003) Mongolia is sparsely populated, the lowest population density of South Gobi province, only 0.233 people per square kilometer. The official language is Khalkha Mongolian (see Mongolian), is common to Cyrillic text as (Cyrillic, Slavic language) written in the Mongolian alphabet. In Mongolia, the older generation to learn a foreign language mostly Russian, but the new generation to learn a foreign language and more people learning English and Chinese. In addition to official languages, a further 15% of the population that other Mongolian dialects, Turkic ethnic minority language use. Education The implementation of the national system of universal free general education. Major institutions of higher learning are: National University, Technical University, National Taiwan Normal University, National agricultural University, Medical and other. Culture Mongolian culture deeply influenced by Buddhism, the Mongols had belief in shamanism, first contact with Buddhism was cutting payments, Muqali received two Han monks, introduce them to Genghis Khan, said they told heaven, removed from the monks tax reserve, later ogadai, the broad-ended Tibetan, Sakya monks local surrendered to Kublai Khan, the Pagba become emperor division, Kublai Khan and the Queen's police will be ordained, Lamaism (Tibetan Buddhism) popular, but only the upper, lower still believe in Shamanism, the Yuan forces of great lamas, but the element destruction, the power dissipated Lamaism. Buddhist philosophy had some impact on the Mongolian settlement, the Mongols began to build temples, he was a businessman in Cite Coulomb distribution center and through the center, a School of Economics, Xiuman courses, pass the exam given by the Buddhist philosophy degree. Cullen became centers of Lamaism to the Yellow Sect especially popular. Lama and the Lama Temple to become an educational institution, in the future also take this as the capital of Mongolia. Languages Mongolian mainly, but also in Russian. Media MTA (the Mongolian news agency) was established in 1921, in October 1957 to the national news agency. Now Moscow, Beijing and Ulan-Ude had a permanent press. Radio Mongolia (Ulan Bator, radio): state radio. September 1, 1934 the first broadcast, use Khalkha Mongolian. External use of Mongolia, Russia, China, Kazakhstan, Britain, France, 7 languages. There will be relay stations in five provinces, more than 90% coverage. Mongolian TV (national TV): September 27, 1967 TPR. "Eagle" TV: Mongolia and the United States joint venture of private television stations. April 1996 TPR, daily broadcasts, in addition to broadcast programs in Mongolian, the main broadcast "CNN" program. Military Mongolian People's Army on March 18, 1921 to create. The president is also commander in chief of the armed forces. Civilian defense minister since 1996 to implement the system. Independent of the Department of Defense's Armed Forces General Staff. In 1996 Parliament passed the Government of Mongolia, "Policy Agenda" clearly defined, will create a lean professional army, strengthening the border guards, used in national defense policy priorities and political - diplomatic means. Armed Forces Chief of General Staff Lieutenant for the policy 达希泽伯格 (August 1998 onwards). Compulsory military service, since 1998, an increase of substitution, the contract system of military service and service satisfaction. 1992 military service to one. In 1997 the total strength of a total of 2 million people, the armed forces into brigade-level units of basic establishment. Economy Abundant mineral resources, coal, fluorite, tungsten, gold, iron, tin and other large reserves. Copper, molybdenum ore storage capacity ranks first in Asia. Forest coverage rate was 8.2% (December 24, 2004 released by the Ministry environment of Mongolia). Industry to meat, milk, leather and other animal products processing industry mainly wood processing, power, textile, clothing and mining industry has a certain scale. Livestock has been the basis of the national economy, the main breeding sheep, cattle, horses, camels. Agriculture to grow wheat, vegetables, mainly potatoes and fodder crops. Fish-rich Lake Hovsgol. The ancient capital of Karakorum, Hovsgol Lake, Telieerji, South Gobi, East Gobi and Altai hunting zones is the famous tourist spot. Mongolia's economy is relatively backward, the per capita GDP (2006 years) in the world ranking of 120 up and down. Former Soviet Union, Mongolia, the Soviet Union received substantial assistance. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Mongolia's industrial base is weak, backward production technology, environmental destruction, desertification, severe lack of infrastructure and other issues surfaced. In recent years, since 2002, sustained economic development of Mongolia's annual GDP growth of 6%; 2007 GDP growth of 9%. At the same time, about 36% of the population living below the poverty line, unemployment and inflation rates are stubbornly high. Mongolia's largest trading partner is China. In 2003, 46.6% of Mongolia's exports, exports to China, while imports from China accounted for 24.4% of all imports. Main export livestock products, imports of machinery equipment, fuel, industrial raw materials and daily necessities, etc.. Mongolia's oil product imports from Russia more than 80%. Investment in Mongolia and help the country build its neighboring countries and more countries, including China, Japan, South Korea, Russia and so on. Traffic To the main rail and road. Railway freight charge of the nation's 3 / 4 and passenger 1 / 3. Railways: total length of 1810 km (2006). Highways: total length of 49,250 km (2002). Airport 44 (2007). 580 km of river channel (2004). |
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