| měnggǔ Mongolia shǒudōu:wū lán bā tuō guógūdàimǎ: mn |
 蒙古lì shǐ měnggǔ zú jù jū de měnggǔ gāo yuán wèi yú zhōng guó běi fāng， měnggǔ dì guó yóu měnggǔ rén chéng jí sī hàn jiàn lì， shì céng tǒng zhì guò 'ōu yà dà lù de qiáng dà de dì guó。 jīn rì zhōng guó rén chēng měnggǔ gāo yuán běi bàn bù wéi wài méng gǔ， yǔ zhōng guó chuán tǒng xíng shěng lín jìn de nán bàn bù zé chēng nèimēng gǔ。 zài měnggǔ yǔ zhōng， “ nán ” hé“ nèi” tóng zì。 wài méng gǔ yú qīng cháo chēng“ kā 'ěr kā měnggǔ”， shè wū lǐ yǎ sū tái jiāng jūn xiá qū（ shěng jí xíng zhèng qū）。 dōng miàn lín jìn hēi lóng jiāng jiāng jūn xiá dì， xī duān zhì 'ā 'ěr tài shān lián jiē xīn jiāng， nán biān dào dá hàn hǎi yǔ nèimēng gǔ xiāng lián， běi miàn yǔ 'é luó sī jiē rǎng。 dà qīng huì diǎn yī xiàng bǎ kā 'ěr kā jiào wài méng gǔ , yòu sì bù : tǔ xiè tú bù , chē chén bù , zhā sà kè tú bù , sài yīn nuò yán bù。 zhōng huá mín guó céng yú 1945 nián hé sū lián gēn wài méng gǔ qiān dìng liǎo《 zhōng sū yǒu hǎo tóng méng tiáo yuē》， tóng yì měnggǔ jìn xíng gōng mín tóu piào jué dìng qián tú。 dàn tuì shǒu tái wān zhī hòu， yóu yú guó mín zhèng fǔ rèn wéi sū lián zài guó gòng nèi zhàn shí 'àn zhōng zhī chí zhōng gòng， suì yú 1949 nián zài lián hé guó tōng guò liǎo《 kòng sū 'àn》， suì zài cì shēng míng bù fàng qì duì wài měnggǔ de zhù quán， xiáng qíng cān jiàn wài měnggǔ dú lì。 zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó 1949 nián 10 yuè 16 rì hé měnggǔ rén mín gòng hé guó jiàn jiāo。 zhōng huá mín guó zì 2002 nián 9 yuè 1 rì qǐ hé měnggǔ guó hù shè mào yì jīng jì dài biǎo chù。 dì lǐ měnggǔ de dì shì měnggǔ guó shēn jū yà 'ōu dà lù nèi lù， shǔ dōng yà， nǎi shì jiè dì 'èr dà nèi lù guó（ dì yī dà wéi hā sà kè sī tǎn）。 dà bù fēn dì qū wéi shān dì huò gāo yuán， píng jūn hǎi bá 1600 mǐ。 xī bù wéi shān dì， ā 'ěr tài shān zì xī běi xiàng dōng nán wān yán。 wèi yú zhōng méng biān jiè shàng de yǒu yì fēng hǎi bá 4374 mǐ， wéi quán guó zuì gāo fēng。 qí tā 'āi 'ēn hè tǎ yī wàn shān hǎi bá 3905 mǐ、 ā gé lā shān hǎi bá 3738 mǐ、 shàng dé shān hǎi bá 2825 mǐ、 zhā lú qiū tè shān hǎi bá 2799 mǐ。 qún shān zhī jiān duō pén dì hé gǔ dì； dōng bù wéi dì shì píng huǎn de gāo dì； nán bù shì zhàn guó tǔ miàn jī 1/3 de gē bì dì qū。 xī bù húpō jiào duō。 zhù yào hé liú wéi sè léng gé hé、 è 'ěr hún hé、 kē 'ěr bù duō hé、 kè lǔ lún hé、 zhā bù hàn hé děng。 zuì dà xián shuǐ hú wū bù sū hú miàn jī 3350 píng fāng qiān mǐ， zuì dà dàn shuǐ hú hā 'ěr wū sū hú， hái yòu jí 'ěr jí sī hú、 kù sū gǔ 'ěr hú、 ā qí tè hú děng。 shǔ diǎn xíng wēn dài dà lù xìng qì hòu， wēn chā dà， xià jì duǎn 'ér gān rè， dōng jì cháng 'ér yán hán， cháng yòu bào fēng xuě， shì yà 'ōu dà lù“ hán cháo”（ yì chēng wéi“ hán liú”） de fā yuán dì zhī yī。 xíng zhèng qū huá měnggǔ guó huàfēn chéng 1 shì、 21 shěng。 měnggǔ xíng zhèng guī huá méng měnggǔ yǔ shǒu fǔ měnggǔ yǔ miàn jī（ píng fāng gōng lǐ） rén kǒu COK wèi zhì wū lán bā tuō shì Улаанбаатархот wū lán bā tuō Улаанбаатар 4,700 760,077 1 22 è 'ěr hún shěng Орхон é 'ěr dēng tè Эрдэнэт 840 71,525 35 14 dá 'ěr hàn wū lè shěng Дархан-Уул dá 'ěr hàn Дархан 3,280 83,271 37 5 kěn tè shěng Хэнтий wēn dū 'ěr hàn Өндөрхаан 80,300 70,946 39 11 kù sū gǔ 'ěr shěng Хөвсгөл mù lún Мөрөн 100,600 119,063 41 13 kē bù duō shěng Ховд kē bù duō Ховд 76,100 86,831 43 12 wū bù sū shěng Увс wū lán gù mù Улаангом 69,600 90,037 46 20 zhōng yāng shěng Төв zōng mò dé Зуунмод 74,000 99,268 47 19 sè léng gé shěng Сэлэнгэ sū hè bā tuō 'ěr Сүхбаатар 41,200 99,950 49 17 sū hè bā tuō 'ěr shěng Сүхбаатар xī wū 'ěr tè Баруун-Урт 82,300 56,166 51 18 nán gē bì shěng Өмнөговь dá lán zhā dá gā dé Даланзадгад 165,400 46,858 53 16 qián háng 'ài shěng Өвөрхангай ā 'ěr bài hè léi Арвайхээр 62,900 111,420 55 15 zhā bù hàn shěng Завхан wū lǐ yǎ sū tái Улиастай 82,500 89,999 57 21 zhōng gē bì shěng Дундговь màn dá 'ěr gē bì Мандалговь 74,700 51,517 59 8 dōng fāng shěng Дорнод qiáo bā shān Чойбалсан 123,600 75,373 61 6 dōng gē bì shěng Дорноговь sài yīn shāng dé Сайншанд 109,500 50,575 63 7 gē bì sū mù bèi 'ěr shěng Говь-Сүмбэр qiáo yī 'ěr Чойр 5,540 12,230 64 10 gē bì 'ā 'ěr tài shěng Говь-Алтай ā 'ěr tài Алтай 141,400 63,673 65 9 bù 'ěr gān shěng Булган bù 'ěr gān Булган 48,700 61,776 67 4 bā yàn hóng gē 'ěr shěng Баянхонгор bā yàn hóng gē 'ěr Баянхонгор 116,000 84,779 69 2 bā yàn wū liè gài shěng Баян-Өлгий wū liè gài Өлгий 45,700 91,068 71 3 hòu háng 'ài shěng Архангай chē chē 'ěr lè gé Цэцэрлэг 55,300 97,091 73 1 zhèng zhì 1990 nián dài chū， yóu rén dà zhì dù cǎi yòng yì huì zhì。 yóu gè dì xuǎn chū yì yuán， zǔ chéng yì huì， měnggǔ yǔ“ dà hū lā 'ěr（ IkhKhural； kù lǐ 'ěr tái）。 měnggǔ shí xíng duō dǎng zhì， mù qián gòng yòu 16 gè zhù cè zhèng dǎng。 zài 2006 nián， zhí zhèng dǎng shì qián gòng chǎn zhù yì zhèng dǎng měnggǔ rén mín gé mìng dǎng。 qí zuì dà de fǎn duì dǎng měnggǔ mín zhù dǎng zài 1996 nián dào 2000 nián céng zhí zhèng。 rén kǒu zǒng rén kǒu： 2,791,272 rén（ 2005 nián 07 yuè） zǒng rén kǒu mì dù： 1.73 rén / měi píng fāng gōng lǐ（ 2003 nián） měnggǔ guó dì guǎng rén xī， nán gē bì shěng rén kǒu mì dù zuì dī， měi píng fāng gōng lǐ jǐn 0.233 rén。 guān fāng yǔ yán wéi kā 'ěr kā měnggǔ yǔ（ xiáng jiàn měnggǔ yǔ）， mù qián tōng xíng wén zì wéi yǐ xī lǐ 'ěr zì mǔ（ Cyrillic， sī lā fū yǔ xì） pīn yīn xiě chéng de měnggǔ wén。 zài měnggǔ， lǎo yī bèi rén xué xí de wài yǔ duō wéi 'é yǔ， ér xīn yī bèi rén zhōng xué xí wài yǔ de rén duō xué xí yīng yǔ hé hàn yǔ。 chú guān fāng yǔ yán wài， lìng yòu 15% rén kǒu shuō qí tā měnggǔ fāng yán， shǎo shù mín zú shǐ yòng tū jué yǔ zú yǔ yán。 jiào yù shí xíng guó jiā pǔ jí miǎn fèi pǔ tōng jiào yù zhì。 zhù yào gāo děng yuàn xiào yòu： guó lì dà xué、 jì shù dà xué、 guó lì shī fàn dà xué、 guó lì nóng mù yè dà xué、 yī kē dà xué děng。 wén huà měnggǔ wén huà shēn shòu fó jiào yǐng xiǎng， měnggǔ rén yuán běn xìn yǎng sà mǎn jiào， dì yī cì jiē chù fó jiào shì zài fá jīn shí， mù huá lí jiē jiàn liǎo liǎng gè hàn dì sēng rén， jiè shào tā men gěi chéng jí sī hàn， chēng tā men wéi gào tiān rén， miǎn qù sēng rén de shuì yì， hòu lái zài wō kuò tái shí， kuò duān dào tǔbō， dāng dì sà jiā pài sēng rén tóu jiàng， dào hū bì liè shí， bā sī bā chéng wéi dì shī， hū bì liè hé huáng hòu chá bì shòu jiè， lá má jiào（ cáng chuán fó jiào） liú xíng， dàn zhǐ xiàn yú shàng céng， xià céng réng rán xìn yǎng sà mǎn jiào， yuán cháo lá má shì lì jí dà， dàn yuán miè wáng hòu， lá má jiào shì lì xiāo tuì。 lá má jiào shì zài 16 shì jì fù xīng， shì jīng zōng kā bā gǎi gé guò de huáng jiào， ǎn dá hàn yuǎn zhēng yù gù zú， zhōng tú yù dào yī qún tǔbō shāng rén hé lá má， tí chū tóu jiàng biàn gòng cǐ jīng jiào， chū yú jūn shì xū yào， tā de cóng sūn qiē jìn huáng tái jí shǒu xiān jiē shòu， ǎn dá hàn hé dá lài lá má sān shì zài 1578 nián yú yǎng huá sì huì miàn， yāo qǐng pài rén dào měnggǔ chuán jiào， cǐ hòu lá má jiào fēngmǐ quán měnggǔ， wài fān méng cáng wéi lá má zhī yán shì tīng， měnggǔ rén yě bù zài hàozhàn， yī rì sān kòu shǒu， zǎo wǎn yī zhù xiāng。 qiàn quē jī jí de yǒng qì。 zhé bù zūn dān bā hū tú kè tú lìng kā 'ěr kā jǔ bù nèi fù， zhé bù zūn dān bā rì hòu zài 'é luó sī tiǎo suō xià dú lì， kě jiàn lá má jiào de yǐng xiǎng lì。 lìng yī fāng miàn， měnggǔ rén yě jiē shòu liǎo xīzàng de yǐng xiǎng。 shǐ měnggǔ wén huà jīhū wán quán shòu xīzàng wén huà yǐng xiǎng。 yóu qí shì dì sān shì zhé fó qiáng zhì zài xīzàng zhuǎn shì， bù kě zài měnggǔ zhuǎn shì。 xīzàng yǔ lá má jiào shì cǎo yuán shàng de wú miǎn zhī wáng。 zhé fó duì měnggǔ rén dìng jū yòu yī xiē yǐng xiǎng， měnggǔ rén kāi shǐ jiàn miào， tā zhù yáng de kù lún chéng wéi shāng rén jí sàn dì yǔ jīng jiào zhōng xīn， yòu jīng xué yuàn， xiū mǎn kè chéng， tōng guò kǎo shì， yóu zhé fó shòu yú xué wèi。 kù lún chéng wéi lá má jiào xué shù zhōng xīn， shǐ huáng jiào gé wài fēng xíng。 shǐ lá má yǔ lá má miào chéng wéi yī jiào yù jī gòu， rì hòu měnggǔ guó yě yǐ cǐ wéi shǒu dū。 yǔ wén měnggǔ yǔ wéi zhù， yě yòng 'é wén。 méi tǐ měnggǔ tōng xùn shè（ jiǎn chēng méng tōng shè） chuàng jiàn yú 1921 nián， 1957 nián 10 yuè gǎi wéi guó jiā tōng xùn shè。 xiàn zài mò sī kē、 běi jīng hé wū lán wū dé pài yòu cháng zhù jì zhě。 měnggǔ guǎng bō diàn tái（ wū lán bā tuō guǎng bō diàn tái）： guó jiā guǎng bō diàn tái。 1934 nián 9 yuè 1 rì shǒu cì bō yīn， shǐ yòng kā 'ěr kā měnggǔ yǔ。 duì wài yòng méng、 é、 huá、 hā sà kè、 yīng、 fǎ、 rì 7 zhǒng yǔ yán。 zài 5 gè shěng huì yòu zhuǎn bō tái， fù gài shuài 90 ％ yǐ shàng。 měnggǔ diàn shì tái（ guó jiā diàn shì tái）： 1967 nián 9 yuè 27 rì jiàn tái。“ yīng” diàn shì tái： méng měi hé zī sī yíng diàn shì tái。 1996 nián 4 yuè jiàn tái， měi tiān dū bō fàng jié mù， chú bō fàng méng yǔ jié mù wài， zhù yào zhuǎn bō“ CNN” jié mù。 jūn shì měnggǔ rén mín jūn yú 1921 nián 3 yuè 18 rì chuàng jiàn。 zǒng tǒng jiān rèn wǔ zhuāng lì liàng zǒng sī lìng。 1996 nián qǐ shí xíng wén zhí guó fáng bù cháng zhì dù。 wǔ zhuāng lì liàng zǒng cān móu bù dú lì yú guó fáng bù。 1996 nián měnggǔ yì huì tōng guò de zhèng fǔ《 shī zhèng gāng lǐng》 míng què guī dìng， jiāng jiàn lì yī zhī jīng gān de zhí yè jūn duì， qiáng huà biān fáng jūn， zài guó fáng zhèng cè zhōng yōu xiān yùn yòng zhèng zhì － wài jiāo shǒu duàn。 wǔ zhuāng lì liàng zǒng cān móu cháng wéi cè · dá xī zé bó gé zhōngjiàng（ 1998 nián 8 yuè qǐ）。 shí xíng yì wù bīng yì zhì， 1998 nián qǐ zēng jiā liǎo tì dài、 hé tóng bīng yì hé dǐ cháng fú yì zhì。 1992 nián qǐ fú yì qī gǎi wéi yī nián。 1997 nián zǒng bīng lì gòng yòu 2 wàn rén， wǔ zhuāng lì liàng jī běn jiàn zhì gǎi wéi lǚ jí dān wèi。 jīng jì kuàng chǎn zī yuán jiào fēng fù， méi、 yíng shí、 wū、 jīn、 tiě、 xī děng yùn cáng liàng jiào dà。 tóng、 mù kuàng chǔ cún liàng jū yà zhōu zhī shǒu。 sēn lín fù gài shuài wéi 8.2%（ 2004 nián 12 yuè 24 rì měnggǔ zì rán huán jìng bù gōng bù）。 gōng yè yǐ ròu、 rǔ、 pí gé děng xùchǎn pǐn jiā gōng yè wéi zhù， mù cái jiā gōng、 diàn lì、 fǎng zhì、 féng rèn hé cǎi kuàng yè yě jù yī dìng guī mó。 xùmù yè yī zhí shì guó mín jīng jì de jī chǔ， zhù yào sì yǎng yáng、 niú、 mǎ、 luò tuó。 nóng yè yǐ zhòngzhí mài lèi、 shū cài、 shǔ lèi hé sì liào zuò wù wéi zhù。 kù sū gǔ 'ěr hú shèng chǎn yú lèi。 hā lā hé lín gǔ dū、 kù sū gǔ 'ěr hú、 tè liè 'ěr jí、 nán gē bì、 dōng gē bì hé 'ā 'ěr tài shòu liè qū děng shì zhù míng lǚ yóu diǎn。 měnggǔ jīng jì xiāng duì luò hòu， rén jūn GDP（ 2006 nián） zài shì jiè shàng pái míng dì 120 wèi shàng xià。 sū lián jiě tǐ qián， měnggǔ jiē shòu sū lián dà liàng yuán zhù。 sū lián jiě tǐ hòu， měnggǔ gōng yè jī chǔ bó ruò、 shēng chǎn jì shù luò hòu、 shēng tài huán jìng pò huài、 huāng mò huà yán zhòng、 jī chǔ jiàn shè bù zú děng wèn tí fú xiàn。 jìn nián lái， zì 2002 nián qǐ， měnggǔ de jīng jì chí xù fā zhǎn， měi nián de GDP chéngzhǎng 6% zuǒ yòu； 2007 nián GDP chéngzhǎng yòu 9%。 yǔ cǐ tóng shí， yuē 36% de guó mín shēng huó zài pín kùn xiàn yǐ xià， shī yè shuài hé tōng huò péng zhàng shuài mù qián gāo jū bù xià。 měnggǔ guó zuì dà de mào yì huǒ bàn shì zhōng guó。 zài 2003 nián， měnggǔ chū kǒu de 46.6% chū kǒu dào zhōng guó， ér lái zì zhōng guó de jìn kǒu shāng pǐn zhàn quán bù jìn kǒu de 24.4%。 zhù yào chū kǒu xùchǎn pǐn， jìn kǒu jī qì shè bèi、 rán liào、 gōng yè yuán liào hé shēng huó rì yòng pǐn děng。 měnggǔ guó de shí yóu chǎn pǐn jìn kǒu 80% yǐ shàng lái zì 'é guó。 zài měnggǔ tóu zī hé bāng zhù měnggǔ jiàn shè de guó jiā duō wéi qí zhōu biān guó jiā， bāo kuò zhōng guó、 rì běn、 hán guó、 é guó děng。 jiāo tōng yǐ tiě lù hé gōng lù wéi zhù。 tiě lù dān fù zhe quán guó huò yùn liàng de 3/4 hé kè yùn liàng de 1/3。 tiě lù： zǒng cháng 1810 gōng lǐ（ 2006 nián）。 gōng lù： zǒng cháng yuē 49250 gōng lǐ（ 2002 nián）。 jī chǎng 44 zuò（ 2007 nián）。 hé yùn háng dào 580 gōng lǐ（ 2004 nián）。 History Mongolian inhabited the Mongolian Plateau in northern China, Genghis Khan established the Mongol Empire by the Mongols, was once ruled a powerful empire of Eurasia. The northern half of the Mongolian Plateau in China today called Outer Mongolia, and Chinese traditional province of Inner Mongolia near the southern half of the claimed. In Mongolian language, "South" and "in" with the word. Outer Mongolia in the Qing Dynasty called "Khalkha" general jurisdiction located Uliastai (provincial administrative region). General jurisdiction to the east near the Heilongjiang, Xinjiang, west to the Altai mountains to connect the south and the Inner Mongolia reach Hanhai connected to the north and the Russian border. Qing Hui Dian has always been to Khalkha called Outer Mongolia, there are four: the Department of Soil DR plan, the Chechen Ministry of Zha Sake map Department, the Department of Game Music Nuo Yan. Republic of China and the Soviet Union in 1945, was signed with Mongolia, "Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance", agreed to a referendum decide the future of Mongolia. But retreated to Taiwan in, as the National Zhengfu that the Soviet secret Zhichi KMT-CCP Chinese Communists during the civil war, then Yu in 1949 at the United Nations adopted the Le "control Su An", then once again Bu to give up the external Mongolia Di Zhu Quan, the details see the Outer Mongolia 独立. The People's Republic of China on Oct. 16, 1949 and the Mongolian People's Republic established diplomatic relations. Republic of China from September 1, 2002 and from mutual establishment of trade and economic representative office in Mongolia. Geography Mongolia's terrain Mongolia secluded inland Eurasia, is East Asia, is the world's second largest land-locked countries (Kazakhstan, the first significant). Most of the mountain or plateau, with an average altitude of 1600 meters. Western mountainous Altai from northwest to southeast winds. Sino-Mongolian border in the friendship of peak 4374 meters above sea level, the national peak. Other Aienheta Ivan mountain altitude 3905 m, 3738 m above sea level Agra mountain, 2825 meters above sea level Suntech mountain, 2799 meters above sea level Zhaluqiute Hill. Multi-basin and the valley between mountains; eastern highlands flat terrain; the south is the total land area of 1 / 3 of the Gobi region. West Lake more. Major rivers as the Selenga, Orkhon, Kolb, r., herlen, dzavhan River. The largest saltwater lake Uvs Lake area 3350 square kilometers, the largest freshwater lake Khar-Us Nuur, also the Kyrgyz lake, Hovsgol Lake, achit lake. Is a typical temperate continental climate with large temperature difference, short and dry and hot in summer and winter long and cold, often storm is Eurasia, "cold" (also known as "cold"), one of the cradles. Administrative Division Mongolia is divided into 1 city, 21 provinces. Mongolia Chief Planning Union of Mongolian capital of the Mongolian area (sq km) Population COK location Ulaanbaatar, Ulaanbaatar Улаанбаатар хот Улаанбаатар 4,700 760,077 1 22 Orkhon Province Орхон Erdenet Эрдэнэт 840 71,525 35 14 Darkhan-Uul province Дархан-Уул Darkhan Дархан 3,280 83,271 37 5 Kent province Хэнтий Öndörkhaan Өндөрхаан 80,300 70,946 39 11 Hovsgol province Хөвсгөл moron Мөрөн 100,600 119,063 41 13 Hovd Province Hovd Ховд Ховд 76,100 86,831 43 12 Uvs province Увс Ulaangom Улаангом 69,600 90,037 46 20 Central Province Төв dzuunmod Зуунмод 74,000 99,268 47 19 Selenge province Сэлэнгэ Sukhbaatar Сүхбаатар 41,200 99,950 49 17 Sukhbaatar province Сүхбаатар ourthe occidentale Баруун-Урт 82,300 56,166 51 18 South Gobi Province Өмнөговь dalandzadgad Даланзадгад 165,400 46,858 53 16 Ovorkhangai Province Өвөрхангай Arvayheer Арвайхээр 62,900 111,420 55 15 Dzavhan Province Завхан Uliastai Улиастай 82,500 89,999 57 21 Mandal Gobi desert in the province of Дундговь Мандалговь 74,700 51,517 59 8 Eastern Province Дорнод Choibalsan Чойбалсан 123,600 75,373 61 6 East Gobi province Дорноговь game sound business ethics Сайншанд 109,500 50,575 63 7 Govisümber Province Говь-Сүмбэр Choir Чойр 5,540 12,230 64 10 Gobi Altai province Говь-Алтай Altai Алтай 141,400 63,673 65 9 Bulgan Province Bulgan Булган Булган 48,700 61,776 67 4 Bayanhongor Province Баянхонгор Bayanhongor Баянхонгор 116,000 84,779 69 2 Bayan aymag Баян-Өлгий Ölgii Өлгий 45,700 91,068 71 3 Arkhangai Province Архангай tsetserleg Цэцэрлэг 55,300 97,091 73 1 Politics The early 1990s, the system adopted by the National People's Congress parliamentary system. From all over the election of members to form the Parliament, the Mongolian "Great Hural (Ikh Khural; Courier Taiwan). Mongolia, multi-party system, there are currently 16 registered political parties. In 2006, the ruling party of the former communist party Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party. The largest opposition Democratic Party of Mongolia from 1996 to 2000, had power. Population Total population: 2,791,272 people (July 2005) Population density: 1.73 persons / per square kilometer (2003) Mongolia is sparsely populated, the lowest population density of South Gobi province, only 0.233 people per square kilometer. The official language is Khalkha Mongolian (see Mongolian), is common to Cyrillic text as (Cyrillic, Slavic language) written in the Mongolian alphabet. In Mongolia, the older generation to learn a foreign language mostly Russian, but the new generation to learn a foreign language and more people learning English and Chinese. In addition to official languages, a further 15% of the population that other Mongolian dialects, Turkic ethnic minority language use. Education The implementation of the national system of universal free general education. Major institutions of higher learning are: National University, Technical University, National Taiwan Normal University, National agricultural University, Medical and other. Culture Mongolian culture deeply influenced by Buddhism, the Mongols had belief in shamanism, first contact with Buddhism was cutting payments, Muqali received two Han monks, introduce them to Genghis Khan, said they told heaven, removed from the monks tax reserve, later ogadai, the broad-ended Tibetan, Sakya monks local surrendered to Kublai Khan, the Pagba become emperor division, Kublai Khan and the Queen's police will be ordained, Lamaism (Tibetan Buddhism) popular, but only the upper, lower still believe in Shamanism, the Yuan forces of great lamas, but the element destruction, the power dissipated Lamaism. Buddhist philosophy had some impact on the Mongolian settlement, the Mongols began to build temples, he was a businessman in Cite Coulomb distribution center and through the center, a School of Economics, Xiuman courses, pass the exam given by the Buddhist philosophy degree. Cullen became centers of Lamaism to the Yellow Sect especially popular. Lama and the Lama Temple to become an educational institution, in the future also take this as the capital of Mongolia. Languages Mongolian mainly, but also in Russian. Media MTA (the Mongolian news agency) was established in 1921, in October 1957 to the national news agency. Now Moscow, Beijing and Ulan-Ude had a permanent press. Radio Mongolia (Ulan Bator, radio): state radio. September 1, 1934 the first broadcast, use Khalkha Mongolian. External use of Mongolia, Russia, China, Kazakhstan, Britain, France, 7 languages. There will be relay stations in five provinces, more than 90% coverage. Mongolian TV (national TV): September 27, 1967 TPR. "Eagle" TV: Mongolia and the United States joint venture of private television stations. April 1996 TPR, daily broadcasts, in addition to broadcast programs in Mongolian, the main broadcast "CNN" program. Military Mongolian People's Army on March 18, 1921 to create. The president is also commander in chief of the armed forces. Civilian defense minister since 1996 to implement the system. Independent of the Department of Defense's Armed Forces General Staff. In 1996 Parliament passed the Government of Mongolia, "Policy Agenda" clearly defined, will create a lean professional army, strengthening the border guards, used in national defense policy priorities and political - diplomatic means. Armed Forces Chief of General Staff Lieutenant for the policy 达希泽伯格 (August 1998 onwards). Compulsory military service, since 1998, an increase of substitution, the contract system of military service and service satisfaction. 1992 military service to one. In 1997 the total strength of a total of 2 million people, the armed forces into brigade-level units of basic establishment. Economy Abundant mineral resources, coal, fluorite, tungsten, gold, iron, tin and other large reserves. Copper, molybdenum ore storage capacity ranks first in Asia. Forest coverage rate was 8.2% (December 24, 2004 released by the Ministry environment of Mongolia). Industry to meat, milk, leather and other animal products processing industry mainly wood processing, power, textile, clothing and mining industry has a certain scale. Livestock has been the basis of the national economy, the main breeding sheep, cattle, horses, camels. Agriculture to grow wheat, vegetables, mainly potatoes and fodder crops. Fish-rich Lake Hovsgol. The ancient capital of Karakorum, Hovsgol Lake, Telieerji, South Gobi, East Gobi and Altai hunting zones is the famous tourist spot. Mongolia's economy is relatively backward, the per capita GDP (2006 years) in the world ranking of 120 up and down. Former Soviet Union, Mongolia, the Soviet Union received substantial assistance. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Mongolia's industrial base is weak, backward production technology, environmental destruction, desertification, severe lack of infrastructure and other issues surfaced. In recent years, since 2002, sustained economic development of Mongolia's annual GDP growth of 6%; 2007 GDP growth of 9%. At the same time, about 36% of the population living below the poverty line, unemployment and inflation rates are stubbornly high. Mongolia's largest trading partner is China. In 2003, 46.6% of Mongolia's exports, exports to China, while imports from China accounted for 24.4% of all imports. Main export livestock products, imports of machinery equipment, fuel, industrial raw materials and daily necessities, etc.. Mongolia's oil product imports from Russia more than 80%. Investment in Mongolia and help the country build its neighboring countries and more countries, including China, Japan, South Korea, Russia and so on. Traffic To the main rail and road. Railway freight charge of the nation's 3 / 4 and passenger 1 / 3. Railways: total length of 1810 km (2006). Highways: total length of 49,250 km (2002). Airport 44 (2007). 580 km of river channel (2004). |
|