東亞:
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| 蒙古 Mongolia 首都:烏蘭巴托 國家代碼: mn |
 蒙古歷史 蒙古族聚居的蒙古高原位於中國北方，蒙古帝國由蒙古人成吉思汗建立，是曾統治過歐亞大陸的強大的帝國。今日中國人稱蒙古高原北半部為外蒙古，與中國傳統行省鄰近的南半部則稱內蒙古。 在蒙古語中，“南”和“內”同字。外蒙古於清朝稱“喀爾喀蒙古”，設烏裏雅蘇臺將軍轄區（省級行政區）。東面臨近黑竜江將軍轄地，西端至阿爾泰山連接新疆，南邊到達翰海與內蒙古相連，北面與俄羅斯接壤。大清會典一嚮把喀爾喀叫外蒙古,有四部:土謝圖部,車臣部,紮薩剋圖部,賽音諾顔部。 中華民國曾於1945年和蘇聯跟外蒙古簽訂了《中蘇友好同盟條約》，同意蒙古進行公民投票决定前途。但退守臺灣之後，由於國民政府認為蘇聯在國共內戰時暗中支持中共，遂於1949年在聯合國通過了《控蘇案》，遂再次聲明不放棄對外蒙古的主權，詳情參見外蒙古獨立。 中華人民共和國1949年10月16日和蒙古人民共和國建交。 中華民國自2002年9月1日起和蒙古國互設貿易經濟代表處。 地理 蒙古的地勢 蒙古國深居亞歐大陸內陸，屬東亞，乃世界第二大內陸國（第一大為哈薩剋斯坦）。大部分地區為山地或高原，平均海拔1600米。西部為山地，阿爾泰山自西北嚮東南蜿蜒。 位於中蒙邊界上的友誼峰海拔4374米，為全國最高峰。其他埃恩赫塔伊萬山海拔3905米、阿格拉山海拔3738米、尚德山海拔2825米、紮盧丘特山海拔2799米。群山之間多盆地和𠔌地；東部為地勢平緩的高地；南部是占國土面積1/3的戈壁地區。 西部湖泊較多。主要河流為色楞格河、鄂爾渾河、科爾布多河、剋魯倫河、紮布汗河等。最大鹹水湖烏布蘇湖面積3350平方千米，最大淡水湖哈爾烏蘇湖，還有吉爾吉斯湖、庫蘇古爾湖、阿奇特湖等。屬典型溫帶大陸性氣候，溫差大，夏季短而幹熱，鼕季長而嚴寒，常有暴風雪，是亞歐大陸“寒潮”（亦稱為“寒流”）的發源地之一。 行政區劃 蒙古國劃分成1市、21省。 蒙古行政規劃 盟 蒙古語 首府 蒙古語 面積（平方公裏） 人口 COK 位置 烏蘭巴托市 Улаанбаатар хот 烏蘭巴托 Улаанбаатар 4,700 760,077 1 22 鄂爾渾省 Орхон 額爾登特 Эрдэнэт 840 71,525 35 14 達爾汗烏勒省 Дархан-Уул 達爾汗 Дархан 3,280 83,271 37 5 肯特省 Хэнтий 溫都爾汗 Өндөрхаан 80,300 70,946 39 11 庫蘇古爾省 Хөвсгөл 木倫 Мөрөн 100,600 119,063 41 13 科布多省 Ховд 科布多 Ховд 76,100 86,831 43 12 烏布蘇省 Увс 烏蘭固木 Улаангом 69,600 90,037 46 20 中央省 Төв 宗莫德 Зуунмод 74,000 99,268 47 19 色楞格省 Сэлэнгэ 蘇赫巴托爾 Сүхбаатар 41,200 99,950 49 17 蘇赫巴托爾省 Сүхбаатар 西烏爾特 Баруун-Урт 82,300 56,166 51 18 南戈壁省 Өмнөговь 達蘭紮達嘎德 Даланзадгад 165,400 46,858 53 16 前杭愛省 Өвөрхангай 阿爾拜赫雷 Арвайхээр 62,900 111,420 55 15 紮布汗省 Завхан 烏裏雅蘇臺 Улиастай 82,500 89,999 57 21 中戈壁省 Дундговь 曼達爾戈壁 Мандалговь 74,700 51,517 59 8 東方省 Дорнод 喬巴山 Чойбалсан 123,600 75,373 61 6 東戈壁省 Дорноговь 賽音商德 Сайншанд 109,500 50,575 63 7 戈壁蘇木貝爾省 Говь-Сүмбэр 喬伊爾 Чойр 5,540 12,230 64 10 戈壁阿爾泰省 Говь-Алтай 阿爾泰 Алтай 141,400 63,673 65 9 布爾幹省 Булган 布爾幹 Булган 48,700 61,776 67 4 巴彥洪戈爾省 Баянхонгор 巴彥洪戈爾 Баянхонгор 116,000 84,779 69 2 巴彥烏列蓋省 Баян-Өлгий 烏列蓋 Өлгий 45,700 91,068 71 3 後杭愛省 Архангай 車車爾勒格 Цэцэрлэг 55,300 97,091 73 1 政治 1990年代初，由人大制度采用議會製。由各地選出議員，組成議會，蒙古語“大呼拉爾（Ikh Khural；庫裏爾臺）。蒙古實行多黨製，目前共有16個註册政黨。在2006年，執政黨是前共産主義政黨蒙古人民革命黨。其最大的反對黨蒙古民主黨在1996年到2000年曾執政。 人口 總人口：2,791,272人（2005年07月） 總人口密度：1.73人/每平方公裏（2003年） 蒙古國地廣人稀，南戈壁省人口密度最低，每平方公裏僅0.233人。 官方語言為喀爾喀蒙古語（詳見蒙古語），目前通行文字為以西裏爾字母 （Cyrillic，斯拉夫語係）拼音寫成的蒙古文。在蒙古，老一輩人學習的外語多為俄語，而新一輩人中學習外語的人多學習英語和漢語。除官方語言外，另有15%人口說其他蒙古方言，少數民族使用突厥語族語言。 教育 實行國傢普及免費普通教育製。主要高等院校有：國立大學、技術大學、國立師範大學、國立農牧業大學、醫科大學等。 文化 蒙古文化深受佛教影響，蒙古人原本信仰薩滿教，第一次接觸佛教是在伐金時，木華黎接見了兩個漢地僧人，介紹他們給成吉思汗，稱他們為告天人，免去僧人的稅役，後來在窩闊臺時，闊端到吐蕃，當地薩迦派僧人投降，到忽必烈時，八思巴成為帝師，忽必烈和皇后察必受戒，喇嘛教（藏傳佛教）流行，但衹限於上層，下層仍然信仰薩滿教，元朝喇嘛勢力極大，但元滅亡後，喇嘛教勢力消退。 喇嘛教是在16世紀復興，是經宗喀巴改革過的黃教，俺答汗遠征裕固族，中途遇到一群吐蕃商人和喇嘛，提出投降便共此經教，出於軍事需要，他的從孫切盡黃臺吉首先接受，俺答汗和達賴喇嘛三世在1578年於仰華寺會面，邀請派人到蒙古傳教，此後喇嘛教風靡全蒙古，外藩蒙藏唯喇嘛之言是聽，蒙古人也不再好戰，一日三叩首，早晚一柱香。欠缺積極的勇氣。哲布尊丹巴呼圖剋圖令喀爾喀舉部內附，哲布尊丹巴日後在俄羅斯挑唆下獨立，可見喇嘛教的影響力。另一方面，蒙古人也接受了西藏的影響。使蒙古文化幾乎完全受西藏文化影響。尤其是第三世哲佛強製在西藏轉世，不可在蒙古轉世。西藏與喇嘛教是草原上的無冕之王。 哲佛對蒙古人定居有一些影響，蒙古人開始建廟，他駐鍚的庫倫成為商人集散地與經教中心，有經學院，修滿課程，通過考試，由哲佛授予學位。庫倫成為喇嘛教學術中心，使黃教格外風行。使喇嘛與喇嘛廟成為一教育機構，日後蒙古國也以此為首都。 語文 蒙古語為主，也用俄文。 媒體 蒙古通訊社（簡稱蒙通社）創建於1921年，1957年10月改為國傢通訊社。現在莫斯科、北京和烏蘭烏德派有常駐記者。 蒙古廣播電臺（烏蘭巴托廣播電臺）：國傢廣播電臺。1934年9月1日首次播音，使用喀爾喀蒙古語。對外用蒙、俄、華、哈薩剋、英、法、日7種語言。在5個省會有轉播臺，覆蓋率90％以上。蒙古電視臺（國傢電視臺）：1967年9月27日建臺。“鷹”電視臺：蒙美合資私營電視臺。1996年4月建臺，每天都播放節目，除播放蒙語節目外，主要轉播“CNN”節目。 軍事 蒙古人民軍於1921年3月18日創建。總統兼任武裝力量總司令。1996年起實行文職國防部長制度。武裝力量總參謀部獨立於國防部。1996年蒙古議會通過的政府《施政綱領》明確規定，將建立一支精幹的職業軍隊，強化邊防軍，在國防政策中優先運用政治－外交手段。武裝力量總參謀長為策·達希澤伯格中將（1998年8月起）。實行義務兵役製，1998年起增加了替代、合同兵役和抵償服役製。1992年起服役期改為一年。1997年總兵力共有2萬人，武裝力量基本建製改為旅級單位。 經濟 礦産資源較豐富，煤、螢石、鎢、金、鐵、錫等藴藏量較大。銅、鉬礦儲存量居亞洲之首。森林覆蓋率為8.2%（2004年12月24日蒙古自然環境部公佈）。工業以肉、乳、皮革等畜産品加工業為主，木材加工、電力、紡織、縫紉和采礦業也具一定規模。畜牧業一直是國民經濟的基礎，主要飼養羊、牛、馬、駱駝。農業以種植麥類、蔬菜、薯類和飼料作物為主。庫蘇古爾湖盛産魚類。 哈拉和林古都、庫蘇古爾湖、特列爾吉、南戈壁、東戈壁和阿爾泰狩獵區等是著名旅遊點。 蒙古經濟相對落後，人均GDP（2006年）在世界上排名第120位上下。蘇聯解體前，蒙古接受蘇聯大量援助。蘇聯解體後，蒙古工業基礎薄弱、生産技術落後、生態環境破壞、荒漠化嚴重、基礎建設不足等問題浮現。近年來，自2002年起，蒙古的經濟持續發展，每年的GDP成長6%左右；2007年GDP成長有9%。與此同時，約36%的國民生活在貧睏綫以下，失業率和通貨膨脹率目前高居不下。 蒙古國最大的貿易夥伴是中國。在2003年，蒙古出口的46.6%出口到中國，而來自中國的進口商品占全部進口的24.4%。主要出口畜産品，進口機器設備、燃料、工業原料和生活日用品等。蒙古國的石油産品進口80%以上來自俄國。 在蒙古投資和幫助蒙古建設的國傢多為其周邊國傢，包括中國、日本、韓國、俄國等。 交通 以鐵路和公路為主。鐵路擔負着全國貨運量的3/4和客運量的1/3。鐵路：總長1810公裏（2006年）。公路：總長約49250公裏（2002年）。機場44座（2007年）。河運航道580公裏（2004年）。 History Mongolian inhabited the Mongolian Plateau in northern China, Genghis Khan established the Mongol Empire by the Mongols, was once ruled a powerful empire of Eurasia. The northern half of the Mongolian Plateau in China today called Outer Mongolia, and Chinese traditional province of Inner Mongolia near the southern half of the claimed. In Mongolian language, "South" and "in" with the word. Outer Mongolia in the Qing Dynasty called "Khalkha" general jurisdiction located Uliastai (provincial administrative region). General jurisdiction to the east near the Heilongjiang, Xinjiang, west to the Altai mountains to connect the south and the Inner Mongolia reach Hanhai connected to the north and the Russian border. Qing Hui Dian has always been to Khalkha called Outer Mongolia, there are four: the Department of Soil DR plan, the Chechen Ministry of Zha Sake map Department, the Department of Game Music Nuo Yan. Republic of China and the Soviet Union in 1945, was signed with Mongolia, "Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance", agreed to a referendum decide the future of Mongolia. But retreated to Taiwan in, as the National Zhengfu that the Soviet secret Zhichi KMT-CCP Chinese Communists during the civil war, then Yu in 1949 at the United Nations adopted the Le "control Su An", then once again Bu to give up the external Mongolia Di Zhu Quan, the details see the Outer Mongolia 独立. The People's Republic of China on Oct. 16, 1949 and the Mongolian People's Republic established diplomatic relations. Republic of China from September 1, 2002 and from mutual establishment of trade and economic representative office in Mongolia. Geography Mongolia's terrain Mongolia secluded inland Eurasia, is East Asia, is the world's second largest land-locked countries (Kazakhstan, the first significant). Most of the mountain or plateau, with an average altitude of 1600 meters. Western mountainous Altai from northwest to southeast winds. Sino-Mongolian border in the friendship of peak 4374 meters above sea level, the national peak. Other Aienheta Ivan mountain altitude 3905 m, 3738 m above sea level Agra mountain, 2825 meters above sea level Suntech mountain, 2799 meters above sea level Zhaluqiute Hill. Multi-basin and the valley between mountains; eastern highlands flat terrain; the south is the total land area of 1 / 3 of the Gobi region. West Lake more. Major rivers as the Selenga, Orkhon, Kolb, r., herlen, dzavhan River. The largest saltwater lake Uvs Lake area 3350 square kilometers, the largest freshwater lake Khar-Us Nuur, also the Kyrgyz lake, Hovsgol Lake, achit lake. Is a typical temperate continental climate with large temperature difference, short and dry and hot in summer and winter long and cold, often storm is Eurasia, "cold" (also known as "cold"), one of the cradles. Administrative Division Mongolia is divided into 1 city, 21 provinces. Mongolia Chief Planning Union of Mongolian capital of the Mongolian area (sq km) Population COK location Ulaanbaatar, Ulaanbaatar Улаанбаатар хот Улаанбаатар 4,700 760,077 1 22 Orkhon Province Орхон Erdenet Эрдэнэт 840 71,525 35 14 Darkhan-Uul province Дархан-Уул Darkhan Дархан 3,280 83,271 37 5 Kent province Хэнтий Öndörkhaan Өндөрхаан 80,300 70,946 39 11 Hovsgol province Хөвсгөл moron Мөрөн 100,600 119,063 41 13 Hovd Province Hovd Ховд Ховд 76,100 86,831 43 12 Uvs province Увс Ulaangom Улаангом 69,600 90,037 46 20 Central Province Төв dzuunmod Зуунмод 74,000 99,268 47 19 Selenge province Сэлэнгэ Sukhbaatar Сүхбаатар 41,200 99,950 49 17 Sukhbaatar province Сүхбаатар ourthe occidentale Баруун-Урт 82,300 56,166 51 18 South Gobi Province Өмнөговь dalandzadgad Даланзадгад 165,400 46,858 53 16 Ovorkhangai Province Өвөрхангай Arvayheer Арвайхээр 62,900 111,420 55 15 Dzavhan Province Завхан Uliastai Улиастай 82,500 89,999 57 21 Mandal Gobi desert in the province of Дундговь Мандалговь 74,700 51,517 59 8 Eastern Province Дорнод Choibalsan Чойбалсан 123,600 75,373 61 6 East Gobi province Дорноговь game sound business ethics Сайншанд 109,500 50,575 63 7 Govisümber Province Говь-Сүмбэр Choir Чойр 5,540 12,230 64 10 Gobi Altai province Говь-Алтай Altai Алтай 141,400 63,673 65 9 Bulgan Province Bulgan Булган Булган 48,700 61,776 67 4 Bayanhongor Province Баянхонгор Bayanhongor Баянхонгор 116,000 84,779 69 2 Bayan aymag Баян-Өлгий Ölgii Өлгий 45,700 91,068 71 3 Arkhangai Province Архангай tsetserleg Цэцэрлэг 55,300 97,091 73 1 Politics The early 1990s, the system adopted by the National People's Congress parliamentary system. From all over the election of members to form the Parliament, the Mongolian "Great Hural (Ikh Khural; Courier Taiwan). Mongolia, multi-party system, there are currently 16 registered political parties. In 2006, the ruling party of the former communist party Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party. The largest opposition Democratic Party of Mongolia from 1996 to 2000, had power. Population Total population: 2,791,272 people (July 2005) Population density: 1.73 persons / per square kilometer (2003) Mongolia is sparsely populated, the lowest population density of South Gobi province, only 0.233 people per square kilometer. The official language is Khalkha Mongolian (see Mongolian), is common to Cyrillic text as (Cyrillic, Slavic language) written in the Mongolian alphabet. In Mongolia, the older generation to learn a foreign language mostly Russian, but the new generation to learn a foreign language and more people learning English and Chinese. In addition to official languages, a further 15% of the population that other Mongolian dialects, Turkic ethnic minority language use. Education The implementation of the national system of universal free general education. Major institutions of higher learning are: National University, Technical University, National Taiwan Normal University, National agricultural University, Medical and other. Culture Mongolian culture deeply influenced by Buddhism, the Mongols had belief in shamanism, first contact with Buddhism was cutting payments, Muqali received two Han monks, introduce them to Genghis Khan, said they told heaven, removed from the monks tax reserve, later ogadai, the broad-ended Tibetan, Sakya monks local surrendered to Kublai Khan, the Pagba become emperor division, Kublai Khan and the Queen's police will be ordained, Lamaism (Tibetan Buddhism) popular, but only the upper, lower still believe in Shamanism, the Yuan forces of great lamas, but the element destruction, the power dissipated Lamaism. Buddhist philosophy had some impact on the Mongolian settlement, the Mongols began to build temples, he was a businessman in Cite Coulomb distribution center and through the center, a School of Economics, Xiuman courses, pass the exam given by the Buddhist philosophy degree. Cullen became centers of Lamaism to the Yellow Sect especially popular. Lama and the Lama Temple to become an educational institution, in the future also take this as the capital of Mongolia. Languages Mongolian mainly, but also in Russian. Media MTA (the Mongolian news agency) was established in 1921, in October 1957 to the national news agency. Now Moscow, Beijing and Ulan-Ude had a permanent press. Radio Mongolia (Ulan Bator, radio): state radio. September 1, 1934 the first broadcast, use Khalkha Mongolian. External use of Mongolia, Russia, China, Kazakhstan, Britain, France, 7 languages. There will be relay stations in five provinces, more than 90% coverage. Mongolian TV (national TV): September 27, 1967 TPR. "Eagle" TV: Mongolia and the United States joint venture of private television stations. April 1996 TPR, daily broadcasts, in addition to broadcast programs in Mongolian, the main broadcast "CNN" program. Military Mongolian People's Army on March 18, 1921 to create. The president is also commander in chief of the armed forces. Civilian defense minister since 1996 to implement the system. Independent of the Department of Defense's Armed Forces General Staff. In 1996 Parliament passed the Government of Mongolia, "Policy Agenda" clearly defined, will create a lean professional army, strengthening the border guards, used in national defense policy priorities and political - diplomatic means. Armed Forces Chief of General Staff Lieutenant for the policy 达希泽伯格 (August 1998 onwards). Compulsory military service, since 1998, an increase of substitution, the contract system of military service and service satisfaction. 1992 military service to one. In 1997 the total strength of a total of 2 million people, the armed forces into brigade-level units of basic establishment. Economy Abundant mineral resources, coal, fluorite, tungsten, gold, iron, tin and other large reserves. Copper, molybdenum ore storage capacity ranks first in Asia. Forest coverage rate was 8.2% (December 24, 2004 released by the Ministry environment of Mongolia). Industry to meat, milk, leather and other animal products processing industry mainly wood processing, power, textile, clothing and mining industry has a certain scale. Livestock has been the basis of the national economy, the main breeding sheep, cattle, horses, camels. Agriculture to grow wheat, vegetables, mainly potatoes and fodder crops. Fish-rich Lake Hovsgol. The ancient capital of Karakorum, Hovsgol Lake, Telieerji, South Gobi, East Gobi and Altai hunting zones is the famous tourist spot. Mongolia's economy is relatively backward, the per capita GDP (2006 years) in the world ranking of 120 up and down. Former Soviet Union, Mongolia, the Soviet Union received substantial assistance. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Mongolia's industrial base is weak, backward production technology, environmental destruction, desertification, severe lack of infrastructure and other issues surfaced. In recent years, since 2002, sustained economic development of Mongolia's annual GDP growth of 6%; 2007 GDP growth of 9%. At the same time, about 36% of the population living below the poverty line, unemployment and inflation rates are stubbornly high. Mongolia's largest trading partner is China. In 2003, 46.6% of Mongolia's exports, exports to China, while imports from China accounted for 24.4% of all imports. Main export livestock products, imports of machinery equipment, fuel, industrial raw materials and daily necessities, etc.. Mongolia's oil product imports from Russia more than 80%. Investment in Mongolia and help the country build its neighboring countries and more countries, including China, Japan, South Korea, Russia and so on. Traffic To the main rail and road. Railway freight charge of the nation's 3 / 4 and passenger 1 / 3. Railways: total length of 1810 km (2006). Highways: total length of 49,250 km (2002). Airport 44 (2007). 580 km of river channel (2004). |
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