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英国 United Kingdom 爱尔兰 Ireland 比利时 Belgium 荷兰 Netherlands 法国 France 西班牙 Spain 葡萄牙 Portugal 意大利 Italy 希腊 Greece 奥地利 Austria 匈牙利 Hungary 德国 Germany 瑞士 Switzerland 罗马尼亚 Romania 俄罗斯 Russia 波兰 Poland 克罗地亚 Croatia (Hrvatska) 捷克 Czech 芬兰 Finland 瑞典 Sweden 挪威 Norway 冰岛 Iceland 土耳其 Turkey 丹麦 Denmark 阿尔巴尼亚 Albania 爱沙尼亚 Republic of Estonia 安道尔 Andorra 白俄罗斯 Belarus 保加利亚 The Republic of Bulgaria 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 Bosnia and Herzegovina 梵蒂冈 Vatican City State (Holy See) 黑山 The Republic of Montenegro 拉脱维亚 Latvia 立陶宛 Republic of Lithuania 列支敦士登 Liechtenstein 卢森堡 Luxembourg 马耳他 Republic of Malta 马其顿 The Republic of Macedonia 摩尔多瓦 The Republic of Moldova 摩纳哥 Monaco 塞尔维亚 the Republic of Serbia 斯洛伐克 The Slovak Republic 斯洛文尼亚 the Republic of Slovenia 圣马力诺 San Marino 乌克兰 Ukraine |
| dān mài Denmark shǒudōu:gē běn hā gēn guógūdàimǎ: dk |
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【 guó míng】 dān mài wáng guó（ TheKingdomofDenmark， KongerigetDanmark） dài mǎ DK
【 guó míng shì yì】 zài gǔ gāo dé yǔ zhōng， “ dān ” wéi“ shā tān、 sēn lín” zhī yì，“ mài” wéi“ tǔ dì、 guó jiā” zhī yì。 【 guó qí】 dān mài guó qí shì shì jiè shàng zuì gǔ lǎo de， bèi chēng wéi“ dān mài rén de lì liàng”。 chéng cháng fāng xíng， cháng yǔ kuān zhī bǐ wéi ３ ７ ∶ ２ ８。 qí dì wéi hóng sè， qí miàn shàng yòu bái sè shí zì xíng tú 'àn， shāo piān zuǒ cè。 jù dān mài shǐ shī jìzǎi， gōng yuán １２１ ９ nián dān mài guó wáng wǎ 'ěr dé mǎ · wéi kè tuō lǐ sī（ yě chēng shèng lì wáng） shuài jūn duì 'ài shā ní yà yì jiào tú zhēng zhàn。 ６ yuè１ ５ rì lóng dá ní sī zhàn dǒu zhōng， dān jūn xiàn rù kùn jìng。 tū rán， yī miàn dài yòu bái sè shí zì de hóng qí cóng tiān 'ér jiàng， bìng bàn suí zhe yī gè xiǎng liàng de shēng yīn：“ zhuā zhù zhè miàn qí zhì jiù shì shèng lì！” zài zhè miàn qí zhì de gǔ wǔ xià， dān jūn fèn yǒng zuò zhàn， zhuǎn bài wéi shèng。 cǐ hòu bái sè shí zì hóng qí jiù chéng wéi dān mài wáng guó de guó qí。 zhì jīn měi nián６ yuè１５ rì， dān mài dōuyào qìng zhù“ guó qí rì” jí“ wǎ 'ěr dé mǎ rì”。 【 guó huī】 wéi dùn huī。 jīn sè de dùn miàn shàng héng zhì zhe sān zhǐ tóu dài wáng guān de lán sè shī zǐ， zhōu wéi diǎn zhuì zhe jiǔ kē hóng xīn。 shī zǐ hé hóng xīn xiàng zhēng yǒng gǎn、 zhōng chéng、 shàn liáng。 dùn shàng duān shì yī dǐng huá lì de wáng guān， xiàng zhēng dān mài shì yī gè gǔ lǎo de wáng guó。 【 guó huā】 hóng sān yè cǎo（ dòu kē） 【 miàn jī】 4.31 wàn píng fāng gōng lǐ（ bù bāo kuò gé líng lán hé fǎ luó qún dǎo）。 【 rén kǒu】 541.1 wàn rén（ 2005 nián 1 yuè）， dān mài rén yuē zhàn 95 ％， wài guó yí mín yuē zhàn 5％。 guān fāng yǔ yán wéi dān mài yǔ， yīng yǔ wéi tōng yòng yǔ。 86.6％ de jū mín xìn fèng jī dū jiào lù dé zōng， 0.6％ de jū mín xìn fèng luó mǎ tiān zhù jiào。 【 shǒu dū】 gē běn hā gēn（ Copenhagen， Koebenhavn）， rén kǒu 50.2 wàn（ 2005 nián 1 yuè）。 【 guó jiā yuán shǒu】 nǚ wáng mǎ gé lì tè 'èr shì（ MargretheII）， 1972 nián 1 yuè 14 rì jí wèi。 【 huò bì】 dān mài kè lǎng 【 zhòng yào jié rì】 guó qìng rì： 4 yuè 16 rì， nǚ wáng mǎ gé lì tè 'èr shì shēng rì。 xiàn fǎ rì： 6 yuè 5 rì， wéi jì niàn 1849 nián 6 yuè 5 rì bān bù de dān mài wáng guó xiàn fǎ。 【 jiǎn kuàng】 wèi yú 'ōu zhōu běi bù， rì dé lán bàn dǎo shàng。 nán tóng dé guó jiē rǎng， xī bīn běi hǎi， běi yǔ nuó wēi、 ruì diǎn gé hǎi xiāng wàng。 hǎi 'àn xiàn cháng 7314 gōng lǐ。 dì shì dī píng， píng jūn hǎi bá yuē 30 mǐ。 shǔ wēn dài hǎi yáng xìng qì hòu。 píng jūn qì wēn 1 yuè － 2.4 ℃， 8 yuè 14.6℃。 nián jūn jiàng shuǐ liàng yuē 860 háo mǐ。 【 lì shǐ】 gōng yuán 985 nián xíng chéng tǒng yī wáng guó。 gōng yuán 8 ～ 12 shì jì wéi qiáng shèng de hǎi dào shí qī， céng zhēng fú xiàn yīng guó、 nuó wēi、 fǎ guó lāi yīn hé pàn děng dì qū。 14 shì jì zǒu xiàng qiáng shèng， bìng yú 1397 nián chéng lì yǐ dān mài nǚ wáng mǎ gé lì tè yī shì wéi méng zhù díkǎ 'ěr mǎ lián méng， jiāng tǔ bāo kuò xiàn dān mài、 nuó wēi、 ruì diǎn、 bīng dǎo、 gé líng lán、 fǎ luó qún dǎo yǐ jí fēn lán de yī bù fēn。 15 shì jì mò kāi shǐ shuāi luò。 1523 nián ruì diǎn tuō lí lián méng dú lì。 1814 nián jiāng nuó gē yú ruì diǎn。 1849 nián jiàn lì jūn zhù lì xiàn zhèng tǐ。 liǎng cì shì jiè dà zhàn zhōng jūn xuān bù zhōng lì。 1940 nián 4 yuè zhì 1945 nián 5 yuè bèi nà cuì dé guó zhàn lǐng。 1944 nián bīng dǎo tuō lí dān dú lì。 1949 nián jiā rù běi yuē， 1973 nián jiā rù 'ōu gòng tǐ。 yōng yòu duì gé líng lán hé fǎ luó qún dǎo de zhù quán。 【 zhèng zhì】 2004 nián dān mài zhèng jú wěn dìng， zhí zhèng liǎng dǎng zì yóu dǎng、 bǎo shǒu dǎng hé zuò liáng hǎo。 zhèng fǔ jì xù zài yī liáo wèi shēng、 yǎng lǎo、 yí mín jí shuì shōu děng lǐng yù shēn huà gǎi gé， tuī chū dì fāng xíng zhèng gǎi gé fāng 'àn， bìng yú 10 yuè tiáozhěng nèi gé chéng yuán。 zhù yào fǎn duì dǎng shè mín dǎng lì liàng yòu suǒ huī fù， mín diào zhī chí shuài zhǐ diē， dàn zhèng zhì zhù zhāng quē fá xīn yì， wú fǎ duì xiàn zhèng fǔ de zhí zhèng dì wèi xíng chéng yòu lì tiǎo zhàn。 2005 nián 2 yuè 8 rì， dān mài jǔ xíng quán guó yì huì xuǎn jǔ。 zài jí yòu de rén mín dǎng zhī chí xià， zì yóu dǎng hé bǎo shǒu dǎng zài cì zǔ chéng liǎng dǎng lián hé zhèng fǔ。 【 xiàn fǎ】 xiàn xíng xiàn fǎ yú 1915 nián zhì dìng， 1920 nián、 1953 nián liǎng dù xiū gǎi。 xiàn fǎ guī dìng， dān shí xíng jūn zhù lì xiàn zhì。 jīng yì huì 5/6 duō shù tōng guò， zhèng fǔ kě jiāng yī dìng fàn wéi nèi de zhù quán jiāo gěi mǒu zhǒng“ guó jì jī gòu”。 【 yì huì】 yī yuàn zhì， gòng 179 gè yì xí。 yì yuán jīng pǔ xuǎn chǎn shēng， rèn qī sì nián。 běn jiè yì huì yú 2005 nián 2 yuè 8 rì dà xuǎn hòu chǎn shēng， yóu zì yóu dǎng（ 52 xí）、 shè huì mín zhù dǎng（ 47 xí）、 bǎo shǒu dǎng（ 18 xí）、 shè huì zhù yì rén mín dǎng（ 11 xí）、 dān mài rén mín dǎng（ 24 xí）、 jī jìn dǎng（ 17 xí） hé hóng lǜ lián méng（ 6 xí） 7 dǎng zǔ chéng。 cǐ wài， gé líng lán hé fǎ luó qún dǎo gè zhàn 2 xí。 yì cháng yóu kè lǐ sī dì 'ān · mài dá 'ěr（ ChristianMejdahl， zì yóu dǎng rén） lián rèn。 【 zhèng fǔ】 běn jiè zhèng fǔ xì zì yóu dǎng hé bǎo shǒu dǎng lián hé zhèng fǔ， gòng shè 18 gè bù， nèi gé dà chén zhōng zì yóu dǎng 12 rén， bǎo shǒu dǎng 7 rén。 shǒuxiàng 'ān nuò sī · fú gé · lā sī mù sēn（ AndersFoghRasmussen， zì yóu dǎng）， qí tā gé yuán yòu： fù shǒu xiāng jiān jīng jì、 mào gōng dà chén běn tè · běn tè sēn（ BendtBendtsen， bǎo shǒu dǎng）， wài jiāo dà chén pèi 'ěr · sī dì · mò lè（ PerStigM?ller， bǎo shǒu dǎng）， cái zhèng dà chén tuō 'ěr · bǐ zé sēn（ ThorPedersen， zì yóu dǎng）， jiù yè dà chén kè láo sī · yuē 'ěr tè · fú léi zé lǐ kè sēn（ ClausHjortFrederiksen， zì yóu dǎng）， sī fǎ dà chén lāi nà · āi sī pò sēn（ LeneEspersen， nǚ， bǎo shǒu dǎng）， wén huà dà chén bù lǐ 'ān · mǐ kè 'ěr sēn（ BrianMikkelsen， bǎo shǒu dǎng）， jiào yù jiān zōng jiào dà chén bèi tè 'ěr · huò dé（ BertelHaarder， zì yóu dǎng）， shuì wù dà chén kè lǐ sī dì 'ān · yán sēn（ KristianJensen， zì yóu dǎng）， jiāo tōng hé néng yuán dà chén fú lāi míng · hàn sēn（ FlemmingHansen， bǎo shǒu dǎng）， kē jì chuàng xīn dà chén hēi 'ěr 'è · sāng dé（ HelgeSander， zì yóu dǎng）， shí pǐn、 nóng yè hé yú yè dà chén hàn sī · kè lǐ sī dì 'ān · shī mì tè（ HansChristianSchmidt， zì yóu dǎng）， guó fáng dà chén sè lún · jiā dé · yán sēn（ SoerenGadeJensen, zì yóu dǎng）， huán jìng jiān běi 'ōu hé zuò dà chén kāng nī · hè zé gāo（ ConnieHedegaard， nǚ， bǎo shǒu dǎng）， nèi zhèng hé wèi shēng dà chén lā 'ěr sī · lè kè · lā sī mù sēn（ LarsL?kkeRasmussen， zì yóu dǎng）， fā zhǎn yuán zhù dà chén wū lā · tè 'ěr nài sī（ UllaT?rn?s， nǚ， zì yóu dǎng）， nànmín、 yí mín hé shè huì róng hé dà chén lì kè · wéi 'ěr sī hè yī（ RikkeHvilsh?j， nǚ， zì yóu dǎng）， shè huì shì wù hé píng děng dà chén 'āi wá · kǎi 'ěr · hàn sēn（ EvaKjerHansen, nǚ， zì yóu dǎng） , jiā tíng yǔ xiāo fèi zhě shì wù dà chén lā 'ěr sī · bā fú cí（ LarsBarfoed, bǎo shǒu dǎng）。 【 zhù yào wǎng zhǐ】 dān mài wáng shì： www.kongehuset.dk； yì huì： www.folketinget.dk； shǒu xiāng fǔ： www.stm.dk； wài jiāo bù： www.um.dk 【 xíng zhèng qū huá】 dān mài bèi huàfēn wéi 13 gè jùn (amtskommune zhí yì wéi“ zì zhì shì” ) yǐ jí 271 gè zhí xiá shì (kommune),3 gè shì zhèng dāng jú yōng yòu xiàn jí tè quán , shì cháng dōushì běn dì jū mín zhí xuǎn。 jùn： * fěi tè liè bǎo ( jùn )(Frederiksborg) * fěi yīn (Fyn) * gē běn hā gēn ( jùn )(København) * běi rì dé lán (Nordjylland) * lǐ bó (Ribe) * líng kè bīn (Ringkøbing) * luó sī jī lè (Roskilde) * nán rì dé lán (Sønderjylland) * sī duō sī tè mǔ (Storstrøm) * wéi 'è lè (Vejle) * wéi bǎo (Viborg) * xī xī lán (Vestsjælland) * ào hú sī（ ào 'ěr hú sī） (Århus) zhí xiá shì： * bó 'ēn huò 'ěr mǔ (kommune,Bornholm) * fěi tè liè bǎo (kommune,Frederiksberg) * gē běn hā gēn (kommune,Københavns) gé líng lán hé fǎ luó qún dǎo yě shì dān mài wáng guó de lǐng tǔ， dàn yōng yòu zì zhì quán bìng qiě xiǎng yòu gāo dù zì zhì， zài yì huì gè yōng yòu 2 xí。 fǎ luó qún dǎo zì xíng huàfēn wéi 7 gè jùn 50 gè xiàn； gé líng lán rén kǒu shǎo， méi yòu zài huàfēn xíng zhèng qū yù。 【 sī fǎ jī gòu】 fǎ yuàn fēn sān jí。 quán guó yòu 1 suǒ zuì gāo fǎ yuàn、 2 suǒ guó jiā fǎ yuàn hé 82 suǒ dì fāng fǎ yuàn。 cǐ wài， hái yòu hǎi shì yǔ shāng yè fǎ yuàn、 tè bié sù sòng fǎ yuàn děng zhuān mén fǎ yuàn。 zuì gāo fǎ yuàn yóu 1 míng yuàn cháng hé 17 míng fǎ guān zǔ chéng， yuàn cháng hé fǎ guān yóu zhèng fǔ（ sī fǎ dà chén） tuī jiàn， nǚ wáng rèn mìng， rèn zhí dào tuì xiū。 fǎ yuàn dú lì xíng shǐ zhí quán。 zuì gāo fǎ yuàn yuàn cháng tuō běn · méi 'ěr jī 'ào 'ěr（ TorbenMelchior， 2004 nián 12 yuè 1 rì shàng rèn）。 jiǎn chá jī gòu lì shǔ sī fǎ bù， shè zǒng jiǎn chá cháng 1 míng hé jiǎn chá guān 9 míng， jūn yóu nǚ wáng rèn mìng， rèn zhí dào tuì xiū。 zǒng jiǎn chá cháng hè níng · fú dé（ HenningFode）。 yì huì jiān chá guān hàn sī · gé mò tuō fū tè－ hàn sēn（ HansGammeltoft-Hansen）。 【 zhèng dǎng】 （ 1） zì yóu dǎng（ TheLiberalParty）： zhí zhèng dǎng， 1870 nián chéng lì， wéi dān mài zuì gǔ lǎo zhèng dǎng。 dǎng yuán 6.98 wàn rén。 zhī chí 'ōu méng hé zuò， zhù zhāng zì yóu jìng zhēng， fǎn duì zhōng yāng jí quán。 2005 nián 2 yuè dà xuǎn zhī chí shuài 29％ , xì dān dì yī dà dǎng， zhù xí 'ān nuò sī · fú gé · lā sī mù sēn。 （ 2） bǎo shǒu rén mín dǎng（ TheConservativePeople'sParty）： zhí zhèng dǎng， jiǎn chēng bǎo shǒu dǎng， 1916 nián chéng lì。 dǎng yuán 1.99 wàn rén。 2005 nián 2 yuè dà xuǎn zhī chí shuài 10.3％ , zhù zhāng jiān chí sī yòu zhì hé zì yóu mào yì， jī jí cānyù guó jì hé zuò。 zhù xí běn tè · běn tè sēn（ BendtBendtsen）。 （ 3） shè huì mín zhù dǎng（ TheSocialDemocraticParty）： zài yě dǎng， 1871 nián chéng lì。 dǎng yuán 5.2 wàn rén。 céng cháng qī dān dú huò yǔ qí tā zhèng dǎng lián hé zhí zhèng。 2005 nián 2 yuè dà xuǎn zhī chí shuài 25.8％， dān dì 'èr dà zhèng dǎng hé zuì dà de fǎn duì dǎng。 zhù zhāng bǎo chí hé fā zhǎn fú lì zhì dù， jī jí cānyù guó jì hé zuò。 zhù xí hè lè · tuō níng - shī mì tè（ HelleThorning-Schmidt）。 （ 4） dān mài rén mín dǎng（ TheDanishPeople'sParty）： zài yě dǎng， 1995 nián 10 yuè yóu tuì chū jìn bù dǎng de yì yuán zǔ chéng。 dǎng yuán 6615 rén。 2005 nián 2 yuè dà xuǎn zhī chí shuài 13.3％。 yòu qiáng liè de mín zú zhù yì sè cǎi， fǎn duì guó jì hé zuò。 zhù xí pí yà · kè yà sī gāo（ PiaKjaersgaard， nǚ）。 （ 5） shè huì zhù yì rén mín dǎng（ TheSocialistPeople'sParty）： zài yě dǎng， 1959 nián cóng dān mài gòng chǎn dǎng fēn liè 'ér chéng。 dǎng yuán 8375 rén。 2005 nián 2 yuè dà xuǎn zhī chí shuài 6％。 zhòng shì rén quán、 mín zhù hé huán bǎo， zhī chí cái jūn， zhù zhāng zài píng děng、 zì yuàn de jī chǔ shàng cānyù guó jì hé zuò。 zhù xí wéi lì · xū fū dān lè（ VillyS?vndal）。 （ 6） jī jìn zì yóu dǎng（ TheDanishSocial-LiberalParty）： zài yě dǎng， jiǎn chēng jī jìn dǎng， 1905 nián chéng lì。 dǎng yuán 8600 yú rén。 2005 nián 2 yuè dà xuǎn zhī chí shuài 9.2％。 zhòng shì gè rén zūn yán、 zì yóu jí huán jìng wèn tí， zhù zhāng cānyù guó jì hé zuò。 zhù xí mǎ lì 'ān nà · yé 'ěr wéi（ MarianneJelved， nǚ）。 （ 7） hóng lǜ lián méng（ EnhedslistenParty）： zài yě dǎng， 1989 nián yóu yuán dān mài gòng chǎn dǎng、 gòng chǎn zhù yì gōng rén dǎng jí fǎn 'ōu méng shì lì zǔ jiàn。 fǎn duì jiā rù 'ōu méng hé zuò、 lì zhù cái jiǎn jūn fèi、 jiàng dī shī yè shuài、 jiā qiáng huán jìng bǎo hù děng。 dǎng yuán 2524 rén。 1994 nián 9 yuè dì yī cì jìn rù yì huì。 2005 nián 2 yuè dà xuǎn zhī chí shuài 3.4％。 cǎi qǔ jí tǐ lǐng dǎo zhì。 cǐ wài， dān hái yòu jī dū jiào mín zhù dǎng（ TheChristianDemocraticParty）、 zhōng yāng mín zhù dǎng（ TheCentralDemocraticParty） hé shǎo shù dǎng（ Minority'sParty） děng sān gè yì huì wài zhèng dǎng。 【 zhòng yào rén wù】 mǎ gé lì tè 'èr shì： nǚ wáng。 1940 nián 4 yuè 16 rì shēng yú gē běn hā gēn。 céng jiù dú yú dān mài gē běn hā gēn dà xué、 ào hú sī dà xué、 fǎ guó bā lí dà xué、 yīng guó jiàn qiáo dà xué hé lún dūn jīng jì xué yuàn。 1972 nián 1 yuè 14 rì dēng jī。 1967 nián 6 yuè 10 rì yǔ hēng lǐ kè qīn wáng（ Henrik, fǎ guó bó jué） jié hūn。 yòu 'èr zǐ， zhǎngzǐ féi tè liè wáng chǔ（ Frederik）， cì zǐ yuē 'ā xī mǔ qīn wáng（ Joachim）。 nǚ wáng xìng gé kāi lǎng， xīng qù guǎng fàn。 zài kǎo gǔ、 měi shù hé wén xué fāng miàn pō yòu zào yì。 céng yú 1979 nián fǎng huá。 ān nuò sī · fú gé · lā sī mù sēn（ ANDERSFOGHRASMUSSEN）： shǒuxiàng， zì yóu dǎng rén。 shēng yú 1953 nián 1 yuè。 ào hú sī dà xué jīng jì xué shuò shì。 1978 nián dāng xuǎn yì yuán， 1985 nián dāng xuǎn zì yóu dǎng fù zhù xí， 1987－ 1992 nián rèn shuì wù dà chén， qí zhōng 1990－ 1992 nián jiān rèn jīng jì dà chén， 1998 nián dāng xuǎn zì yóu dǎng zhù xí， 2001 nián 11 yuè dāng xuǎn shǒuxiàng， 2005 nián 2 yuè dà xuǎn hòu lián rèn。 céng yú 2004 nián fǎng huá。 ān tú shēng（ HansChristianAndersen， 1805～ 1875） dān mài zuò jiā。 1805 nián 4 yuè 2 rì shēng yú dān mài fù 'ēn dǎo 'ōu dēng sài shì de pín mín qū， fù qīn shì gè qióng xié jiàng , zài tā hěn xiǎo de shí hòu biàn yīn bìng qù shì， mǔ qīn shì yī wèi xǐ yī gōng。 ān tú shēng cóng xiǎo jiù wéi pín kùn suǒ zhé mó， xiān hòu zài jǐ jiā diàn pū lǐ zuò xué tú， hòu zài gē běn hā gēn huáng jiā jù yuàn dāng pèijué yǎn yuán， hòu yīn sǎng zǐ shī rùn bèi jiě gù。 cóng cǐ kāi shǐ xué xí xiě zuò， 1827 nián fā biǎo dì yī shǒu shī《 chuí sǐ de xiǎo hái》， 1829 nián jìn rù gē běn hā gēn dà xué xué xí。 tā de dì yī bù zhòng yào zuò pǐn《 1828 hé 1829 nián cóng huò 'ěr mén yùn hé zhì 'ā mài 'è dǎo dōng jiǎo bù xíng jì》 yú 1829 nián wèn shì。 zhè bù yóu jì de chū bǎn shǐ 'ān tú shēng dé dào liǎo shè huì de chū bù chéng rèn。 cǐ hòu tā jì xù cóng shì xì jù chuàng zuò。 1833 nián qù yì dà lì， chuàng zuò liǎo yī bù shī jù《 āi gé nèi tè hé měi rén yú》 hé yī bù yǐ yì dà lì wéi bèi jǐng de cháng piān xiǎo shuō《 jí xīng shī rén》 (1835 nián )。 xiǎo shuō chū bǎn hòu bù jiǔ jiù bèi fān yì chéng dé wén hé yīng wén， biāo zhì zhe zuò zhě kāi shǐ xiǎng yòu guó jì shēng yù。 1840 zhì 1857 nián， ān tú shēng fǎng wèn liǎo nuó wēi、 ruì diǎn、 dé guó、 fǎ guó、 yì dà lì、 xī bān yá、 pú táo yá、 xī là、 xiǎo yà xì yà hé fēi zhōu， zài lǚ tú zhōng xiě liǎo bù shǎo yóu jì， tā zài dé、 fǎ děng guó huì jiàn liǎo xǔ duō zhī míng de zuò jiā hé yì shù jiā， 1847 nián zài yīng guó jié shí liǎo dí gèng sī。 tā yī shēng wèi hūn。 1875 nián 8 yuè 4 rì zài gē běn hā gēn méi 'ěr chè de zhái dǐ qù shì。 zhè wèi tóng huà dà shī yī shēng gòng xiě liǎo 160 duō piān tóng huà hé gù shì。 tā de zuò pǐn bèi yì chéng 80 duō zhǒng yǔ yán。 ān tú shēng de tóng huà gù shì xiǎng xiàng fēng fù、 sī xiǎng shēn kè、 chōng mǎn shī yì、 yǐn rén rù shèng， tǐ xiàn liǎo dān mài wén xué zhōng de mín zhù chuán tǒng hé xiàn shí zhù yì qīng xiàng， rú《 mài huǒ chái de xiǎo nǚ hái》、《 chǒu xiǎo yā》、《 kānmén rén de 'ér zǐ》 děng， jì zhēn shí dì miáo huì liǎo qióng kǔ rén de bēi cǎn shēng huó， yòu shèn tòu zhe làng màn zhù yì de qíng tiáohé huàn xiǎng。 zuò pǐn hái yòu《 hǎi de nǚ 'ér》、《 huáng dì de xīn zhuāng》、《 yè yīng》、《 bái xuě huáng hòu》 děng。 zài yǔ yán fēng gé shàng， ān tú shēng shì yī gè yòu gāo dù chuàng zào xìng de zuò jiā， zài zuò pǐn zhōng dà liàng yùn yòng dān mài xià céng rén mín de rì cháng kǒu yǔ hé mín jiān gù shì de jié gòu xíng shì。 yǔ yán shēng dòng、 zì rán、 liú chàng、 yōu měi， chōng mǎn nóng yù de xiāng tǔ qì xī。 ān tú shēng de zuò pǐn hěn zǎo jiù bèi jiè shào dào zhōng guó，《 xīn qīng nián》 zá zhì 1919 nián 1 yuè hào kānzǎi liǎo zhōu zuò rén suǒ yì de《 mài huǒ chái de xiǎo nǚ hái》 de yì wén。 1942 nián， běi jīng xīn cháo shè chū bǎn liǎo lín lán、 zhāng jìn fēn hé yì de《 lǚ bàn》。 cǐ hòu， shāng wù yìn shū guǎn、 zhōng huá shū jú hé kāi míng shū diàn lù xù chū bǎn liǎo 'ān tú shēng tóng huà de yì běn、 ān tú shēng chuán jí qí zuò pǐn de píng lùn， yì zhě yòu zhèng zhèn duó、 máo dùn、 zhào jǐng shēn、 gù jūn zhèng děng。 bù guò jiě fàng qián de yì běn dōushì cóng yīng yǔ、 rì yǔ huò qí tā guó jiā wén zì zhuǎn yì guò lái de。 jiě fàng hòu， zhù míng zuò jiā、 fān yì jiā yè jūn jiàn duì 'ān tú shēng yuán zhù jìn xíng liǎo xì tǒng de yán jiū， zhí jiē cóng dān mài wén bǎ 'ān tú shēng de tóng huà gù shì quán bù yì chéng zhōng wén。 rén mín wén xué chū bǎn shè yú 1955、 1958、 1978 nián duō cì chū bǎn liǎo yè jūn jiàn xiān shēng yì de《 ān tú shēng tóng huà xuǎn jí》。 1988 nián 8 yuè， yè jūn jiàn yīn bì shēng cóng shì 'ān tú shēng zhù zuò de fān yì， bìng jiāng zhè wèi dān mài tóng huà zuò jiā de zuò pǐn quán bù fān yì chéng zhōng wén 'ér róng huò dān mài nǚ wáng mǎ gé lì tè 'èr shì bān fā de dān mài guó qí xūn zhāng。 yī sà kè · dí nèi sēn（ IsakDinesen）： dān mài zhù míng nǚ zuò jiā， yuán míng kǎ lín · bù lì kè sēn（ KarinBlixen）， 1885 nián 4 yuè 17 rì shēng yú xī lán dǎo lún sī tè dé yī gè guì zú jiā tíng。 zǎo nián jiù dú yú dān mài yì shù xué yuàn， hòu zài bā lí hé luó mǎ xué xí huì huà。 1914 nián suí nán jué zhàng fū lǚ jū kěn ní yà， jīng yíng yī gè kā fēi nóng chǎng。 1931 nián shì jiè jīng jì dà xiāo tiáo shí fǎn huí dān mài。 hòu lái cóng shì wén xué chuàng zuò。 1934 nián fā biǎo miáo xiě fēi zhōu shēng huó de xiǎo shuō jí《 qī gè shén qí de gù shì》（ SevenGothicTales）， zhè běn shū zài dān mài bù dà shòu huān yíng， zài měi guó què chéng wéi chàng xiāo shū。 1937 nián tā de dì 'èr bù zuò pǐn zìzhuàn tǐ xiǎo shuō《 zǒu chū fēi zhōu》（ OutofAfrica） chū bǎn， xiǎo shuō xù shù tā zài kěn ní yà bēi huān lí hé de shēng huó， chán mián fěi cè， kòu rén xīn xián。 zuò zhě yòng yōu měi de wén zì xiě chū liǎo duì fēi zhōu fēng tǔ rén qíng de shú xī hé juàn liàn， chù chù yáng yì zhe sǎnwén měi de nèi hán。 hòu lái， xiǎo shuō《 zǒu chū fēi zhōu》 bèi bān shàng yín mù， bìng dé huò 'ào sī kǎ jiǎng。 dí nèi sēn 1943 nián chū bǎn liǎo duǎn piān xiǎo shuō jí《 dōng tiān de gù shì》（ Winter'sTales）。 èr zhàn qī jiān， dān mài bèi nà cuì zhàn lǐng， dí nèi sēn yòng pí 'ěr · ān dé liè sài 'ěr de huà míng xiě liǎo xiǎo shuō《 tiān shǐ de fù chóu》（ 1944 nián）， duì fǎ xī sī qīn lüè zhě jìn xíng cháo fěng。 wǎn nián tā zāo shòu jí bìng zhé mó， dàn réng jiān chí xiě zuò， zài zhàn hòu chū bǎn liǎo xiǎo shuō《 zuì hòu de gù shì》（ 1947 nián）、《 mìng yùn de yì shì》（ 1958 nián） hé《 cǎo píng shàng de yǐng zǐ》（ ShadowsontheGrass）（ 1960 nián）。 1962 nián 9 yuè 7 rì zài gē běn hā gēn fù jìn de lún sī tè lún dé shì shì。 dí nà sēn de zuò pǐn pǔ sù qīng xīn， fù yú huàn xiǎng， jù yòu hé mǎ shǐ shī hé《 tiān fāng yè tán》 de fēng gé， yǐn rén rù shèng， pō yòu guó jì yǐng xiǎng。 yīng guó píng lùn jiā yuē hàn · dá wén bō tè zàn yáng dào：“ zài wǒ men zhè gè shí dài hěn shǎo yòu zuò jiā xiàng tā nà yàng xiěde shǎo 'ér jīng。” hǎi míng wēi zài jiē shòu 1954 nián nuò bèi 'ěr wén xué jiǎng jīn de diǎn lǐ shàng hái shuō guò：“ rú guǒ zhè bǐ jiǎng jīn shòu yú měi lì de zuò jiā yī sà kè · dí nà sēn， wǒ huì gèng gāo xīng。” ní 'ěr sī · bō 'ěr（ NielsBohr， 1885－ 1962）： jìn dài zhù míng de wù lǐ xué jiā、 yuán zǐ hé wù lǐ xué chuàng shǐ rén。 1885 nián 10 yuè 7 rì shēng yú gē běn hā gēn。 1905 nián， 20 suì de bō 'ěr xiě chū de guān yú shuǐ biǎo miàn zhāng lì cèliáng de lùn wén huò dé liǎo dān mài kē xué yuàn jīn zhì jiǎng zhāng。 1911 nián huò gē běn hā gēn dà xué bó shì xué wèi hòu kāi shǐ yán jiū jīn shǔ zhōng diàn zǐ yùn dòng de lǐ lùn， bìng zì 1912 nián qǐ dān rèn zhù míng wù lǐ xué jiā lú sè fú de zhù shǒu。 1913 nián chū， bō 'ěr tí chū liǎo tā zhù míng de yuán zǐ lǐ lùn， zhè gè lǐ lùn suí jí bèi yòng yú fēn xī gè zhǒng pǔ xiàn， huò dé liǎo jù dà de chéng gōng。 tā duì yuán zǐ jié gòu mó xíng de yán jiū chéng guǒ， shǐ tā huò dé liǎo 1922 nián de nuò bèi 'ěr wù lǐ jiǎng。 bō 'ěr jiē zhe tí chū liǎo zhù míng de“ duì yìng yuán lǐ”。 1943 nián， bō 'ěr táo lí nà cuì zhàn lǐng xià de dān mài， jīng guò ruì diǎn zhuǎn dào yīng guó， bù jiǔ hòu dào dá měi guó， mǎ shàng cānyù liǎo yuán zǐ dàn de yán zhì gōng zuò。 zài yuán zǐ dàn shàng wèi shì yàn zhī qián， bō 'ěr jiù zhǐ chū， rú guǒ yuán zǐ néng zhǎng wò zài shì jiè shàng 'àihào hé píng de rén mín shǒu zhōng， zhè zhǒng néng liàng jiù huì bǎo zhàng shì jiè de chí jiǔ hé píng； rú guǒ tā bèi làn yòng， jiù huì dǎo zhì wén míng de huǐ miè。 dì 'èr cì shì jiè dà zhàn jié shù hòu， bō 'ěr jí lì zhù zhāng hé píng lì yòng yuán zǐ néng hé kòng zhì yuán zǐ wǔ qì de zhèng cè。 zài tā de chàng dǎo xià， 1955 nián zài rì nèi wǎ zhào kāi liǎo“ yuán zǐ néng hé píng lì yòng” dì yī cì guó jì huì yì， bō 'ěr běn rén yě yú 1957 nián huò dé měi guó shǒu jiè hé píng lì yòng yuán zǐ néng jiǎng。 bō 'ěr duì zhōng guó de wén huà hé zhōng guó rén mín yī zhí yòu zhe shēn hòu de gǎn qíng， tā de huī zhāng shàng yòng de jiù shì zhōng guó yīn yáng tài jí de tú 'àn。 1937 nián xià tiān， bō 'ěr fū fù hé 'ér zǐ hàn sī lái zhōng guó， fǎng wèn liǎo shàng hǎi、 háng zhōu、 nán jīng、 běi píng děng dì。 tā zài qián zhōng yāng yán jiū yuàn、 zhè dà、 běi dà děng dān wèi zuò liǎo guān yú yuán zǐ hé yuán zǐ hé de yǎn jiǎng。 【 jīng jì】 dān mài shì fā dá de xī fāng gōng yè guó jiā， rén jūn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí jū shì jiè qián liè。 nóng mù yú yè jí shí pǐn jiā gōng yè fā dá， zài xǔ duō gōng yè lǐng yù yòu xiān jìn de shēng chǎn jì shù hé jīng yàn。 jìn nián lái， zhèng fǔ jiān chí shì dù jǐn suō de cái zhèng zhèng cè， cǎi qǔ jī jí cuò shī wěn dìng jīn róng shì chǎng jí huì shuài。 2000 nián 9 yuè 28 rì dān quán mín gōng jué fǒu jué jiā rù 'ōu yuán qū hòu， réng jiān chí yǐ“ huì shuài guà gōu” hé“ lìlǜ jǐn suí” wéi zhù yào tè zhēng de“ zhǔn 'ōu yuán zhèng cè”。 2004 nián， dān zhèng fǔ jì xù shí shī shuì shōu líng zēngzhǎng zhèng cè， fú chí gāo xīn jì shù hé shēng wù jì shù chǎn yè fā zhǎn， cì jī shì chǎng tóu zī yǔ xiāo fèi， guó mín shēng chǎn zǒng zhí hé wài mào 'é chí xù shàng shēng， guó jì shōu zhī yǔ gōng gòng cái zhèng yíng yú bù duàn kuò dà， tōng zhàng shuài bǎo chí wěn dìng。 dān zài“ shì jiè jīng jì lùn tán（ WEF）” 2005-2006 nián dù quán qiú jìng zhēng lì pái míng zhōng míng liè dì sì。 2004 nián zhù yào jīng jì zhǐ biāo rú xià： guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí： 2336 yì měi yuán。 rén jūn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí： 4.3 wàn měi yuán。 jīng jì zēngchánglǜ :2％。 huò bì míng chēng： dān mài kè lǎng（ KRONE）， 1 kè lǎng =100 ōu 'ěr。 huì shuài： 1 měi yuán ＝ 6.14 dān mài kè lǎng； 1 ōu yuán＝ 9.3 dān mài kè lǎng。 tōng huò péng zhàng shuài： 1.2％。 shī yè shuài： 6.0％。 （ zī liào lái yuán： 2005 dān mài tǒng jì nián jiàn。 yǐ xià zī liào lái yuán chú tè bié biāo míng wài jūn yǔ cǐ tóng。） 【 zī yuán】 zì rán zī yuán jiào pín fá。 chú shí yóu hé tiān rán qì wài， qí tā kuàng cáng hěn shǎo， suǒ xū méi tàn quán bù kào jìn kǒu。 běi hǎi dà lù jià shí yóu yùn cáng liàng gū jì wéi 2.9 yì dūn， tiān rán qì yùn cáng liàng yuē 2000 yì lì fāng mǐ。 1972 nián qǐ kāi cǎi shí yóu， 2000 nián chǎn yóu 1773 wàn dūn， wéi 'ōu zhōu dì 3 dà shí yóu shū chū guó。 tàn míng hè méi chǔ liàng 9000 wàn lì fāng mǐ。 sēn lín fù gài miàn jī 48.6 wàn gōng qǐng， fù gài shuài yuē 10％。 běi hǎi hé bō luó de hǎi wéi jìn hǎi zhòng yào yú chǎng。 【 gōng yè】 gōng yè zài guó mín jīng jì zhōng zhàn zhù dǎo dì wèi。 2003 nián gōng yè zǒng chǎn zhí dá 5423.7 yì dān mài kè lǎng， yuē zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 38.9%。 cóng yè rén shù 42.3 wàn， zhàn jiù yè zǒng rén shù de 15.3％。 zhù yào gōng yè bù mén yòu： shí pǐn jiā gōng、 jī xiè zhì zào、 shí yóu kāi cǎi、 zào chuán、 shuǐ ní、 diàn zǐ、 huà gōng、 yě jīn、 yī yào、 fǎng zhì、 jiā jù、 zào zhǐ hé yìn shuà shè bèi děng。 chǎn pǐn 60％ yǐ shànggòng chū kǒu， yuē zhàn chū kǒu zǒng 'é de 75％。 chuán yòng zhù jī、 shuǐ ní shè bèi、 zhù tīng qì、 méi zhì jì hé rén zào yí dǎo sù děng chǎn pǐn xiǎng yù shì jiè。 qǐ yè yǐ zhōng xiǎo xíng wéi zhù。 zhù yào gōng yè bù mén chǎn zhí rú xià（ dān wèi： yì kè lǎng）： 2001 2002 2003 shí pǐn gōng yè 1238.0 1316.3 1305.9 jī xiè zhì zào 624.4 625.0 622.4 diàn zǐ gōng yè 622.7 619.1 596.3 huà xué gōng yè 556.6 605.4 602.8 cǎi kuàng、 yě jīn 410.7 404.5 417.1 fú zhuāng、 fǎng zhì 142.5 126.9 110.5 shí yóu jiā gōng 159.5 145.5 146.7 mù cái jiā gōng 122.3 119.5 120.6 【 nóng yè】 nóng mù yè gāo dù fā dá。 jìn nián shòu 'ōu méng gòng tóng nóng yè zhèng cè yǐng xiǎng jiào shēn， nóng yè zài guó mín jīng jì zhōng suǒ zhàn fèn 'é zhú nián xià jiàng， dàn zài wài mào zhōng réng zhàn jiào dà bǐ zhòng。 2003 nián nóng mù yè zǒng chǎn zhí（ bāo kuò yú yè、 lín yè） wéi 644.93 yì kè lǎng， zhàn dāng nián guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 4.6％。 nóng mù jié hé， yǐ mù wéi zhù， xù mù yè、 lín yè chǎn zhí 606.12 yì kè lǎng， zhàn nóng yè zǒng chǎn zhí de 94％。 yòu gēng dì 265.8 wàn gōng qǐng， nóng chǎng 4.86 wàn gè， cóng yè rén yuán 10.1 wàn， zhàn jiù yè zǒng rén shù de 3.6％。 nóng yè kē jì shuǐ píng hé shēng chǎn shuài jū shì jiè xiān jìn guó jiā zhī liè。 nóng chù chǎn pǐn chú mǎn zú guó nèi shì chǎng wài， yuē 65％ gōng chū kǒu， zhàn chū kǒu zǒng 'é de 10.6％， zhū ròu、 nǎi lào hé huáng yóu chū kǒu liàng jū shì jiè qián liè。 dān shì shì jiè shàng zuì dà de diāo pí shēng chǎn guó， 2003 nián yòu diāo chǎng 1998 gè， chǎn diāo pí yuē 1220 wàn zhāng。 2003 nián jiā chù cún lán shù： niú 172.4 wàn tóu， qí zhōng nǎi niú 59.6 wàn tóu， yáng 14.4 wàn zhǐ， zhū 1295 wàn tóu， mǎ 4.3 wàn pǐ； jiā qín cún lán shù 1715.2 wàn zhǐ。 chǎn nǎi 467.5 wàn dūn， dàn 1260 dūn。 zhù yào nóng zuò wù chǎn liàng rú xià（ dān wèi： wàn dūn）： 2001 2002 2003 gǔ wù 975.5 880.7 905.1 yóu cài 21.2 21.8 35.4 dòu lèi 11.5 15.0 12.4 màigǎn 356.8 366.3 341.6 tián cài 314.9 338.5 285.7 【 yú yè】 shì jiè dì 15、 ōu zhōu dì 2、 ōu méng zuì dà yú yè guó， bǔ yú liàng yuē zhàn 'ōu méng bǔ yú zǒng liàng de 36％。 2002 nián zǒng bǔ yú liàng yuē 132.8 wàn dūn， zhù yào yòu xuě yú、 bǐ mù yú、 qīng yú、 mán yú hé xiā děng， zhù yào yòng yú shēng chǎn yú yóu hé yú ròu。 zhì 2002 nián dǐ gòng yòu yú chuán 2457 sōu， zǒng dūn wèi 9.8 wàn dūn。 2003 nián yú yè chǎn zhí 38.81 yì kè lǎng。 【 fú wù yè】 fú wù yè fā dá， zhù yào bāo kuò shāng yè、 diàn xìn、 jīn róng、 bǎo xiǎn、 lǚ yóu hé jì shù fú wù děng。 2003 nián chǎn zhí dá 7450 yì kè lǎng， yuē zhàn dāng nián guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 53.4％。 【 jiāo tōng yùn shū】 hǎi、 lù、 kōng jiāo tōng fā dá。 shāng chuán zhù yào cóng shì guó jì yùn shū。 tiě lù： 2003 nián yòu guó yíng tiě lù 2284 gōng lǐ， sī yíng tiě lù 495 gōng lǐ。 kè yùn liàng 55.48 yì rén gōng lǐ， huò yùn liàng 20.91 yì dūn gōng lǐ。 gōng lù： 2003 nián zǒng cháng yuē 7.2 wàn gōng lǐ， qí zhōng gāo sù gōng lù 1009 gōng lǐ。 2003 nián gòng yòu gè zhǒng qì chē yuē 250 wàn liàng， qí zhōng xiǎo jiào chē 188.8 wàn liàng、 huò chē 38.9 wàn liàng、 gōng gòng qì chē 1.4 wàn liàng。 gōng lù guó nèi huò yùn liàng wéi 110.57 yì dūn gōng lǐ。 shuǐ yùn： 2003 nián 20 dūn yǐ shàng shāng chuán 1838 sōu , zǒng dūn wèi 739.1 wàn dūn。 kè yùn liàng wéi 2.45 yì rén gōng lǐ， huò yùn liàng wéi 821.9 wàn dūn。 quán guó yòu gǎng kǒu 124 gè， fěi dé liè xī yà gǎng、 kǎi lóng bǎo gǎng、 gē běn hā gēn gǎng hé 'ào hú sī gǎng huò yùn liàng jū qián liè。 kōng yùn： gòng yòu 23 gè jī chǎng， mín yòng fēi jī 1124 jià。 běi 'ōu háng kōng gōng sī wéi ruì diǎn、 dān mài hé nuó wēi gòng yòu， dān mài zhàn 2/7 gǔ fèn。 gē běn hā gēn kǎ sī chǔ pǔ jī chǎng shì dān zuì dà háng kōng gǎng， yě shì 'ōu zhōu běi bù zhòng yào háng kōng shū niǔ。 2002 nián kōng yùn chéng kè 3.04 yì rén cì， huò wù 11.2 wàn dūn。 【 cái zhèng jīn róng】 jìn jǐ nián gōng gòng cái zhèng qíng kuàng rú xià（ yì kè lǎng）： 2000 2001 2002 shōu rù 7269 7548 7636 zhī chū 6902 7182 7425 chā 'é 367 366 211 nèi zhài 4395 4619 4651 wài zhài 2190 2350 2471 BANK）、 lián hé yínháng（ UNIBANK－ GROUP） hé BG yínháng（ BGDANSKE2003 nián， guó jiā yínháng huáng jīn chǔ bèi yuē wéi 53 yì kè lǎng（ yuē hé 8.04 yì měi yuán）， wài huì chǔ bèi 2363 yì kè lǎng。 2002 nián yòu yínháng 180 jiā， gù yuán yuē 4 wàn rén。 qí zhōng zuì dà de sān jiā yín xíng wéi dān mài yínháng（ DENBANK）。 2000 nián 3 yuè， lián hé yín xíng yǔ ruì fēn hé zī de méi lì tǎ běi 'ōu yínháng（ MeritaNordbank） hé bìng， míng chēng réng wéi lián hé yínháng。 yínháng míng chēng chéng lì shí jiān zī chǎn 'é （ yì kè lǎng） gù yuán shù（ wàn rén） dān mài yínháng 1989 nián 3381.5 1.2 lián hé yínháng 1990 nián 2217.9 1.1 BG yínháng 1995 nián 1720.1 0.53 【 duì wài mào yì】 wài mào shì dān jīng jì mìng mài。 zhù yào yuán liào kào jìn kǒu， chǎn pǐn xiāo shòu yǐ lài guó jì shì chǎng。 zhèng fǔ zhì dìng yōu huì zhèng cè， gǔ lì chǎn pǐn chū kǒu。 tóng 100 duō gè guó jiā hé dì qū yòu mào yì wǎng lái， 1987 nián yǐ lái yī zhí bǎo chí jiào dà shùn chā。 zhù yào jìn kǒu chǎn pǐn wéi yùn shū shè bèi、 diàn xìn chǎn pǐn、 zhǐ zhāng、 yuán yóu、 méi tàn、 gāng tiě、 jī xiè hé sì liào děng。 zhù yào chū kǒu chǎn pǐn wéi rǔ zhì pǐn、 ròu、 yú、 jiā jù、 yī yào、 diàn zǐ chǎn pǐn、 yí biǎo、 chuán bó、 fǎng zhì pǐn hé fú zhuāng děng。 duì wài mào yì qíng kuàng rú xià（ dān wèi： yì kè lǎng）： 200120022003 wài mào zǒng 'é 792582678134 jìn kǒu 'é 369638443767 chū kǒu 'é 422944234366 chā 'é +533+579+599 2003 nián dān yǔ zhù yào mào yì huǒ bàn jīng mào qíng kuàng（ dān wèi： yì kè lǎng）： chū kǒu jìn kǒu ōu méng 2865.742667.32 dé guó 824.53858.86 ruì diǎn 553.05488.16 yīng guó 364.57297.97 hé lán 204.36261.67 nuó wēi 245.16167.21 【 duì wài tóu zī】 2002 nián duì wài zhí jiē tóu zī 357 yì kè lǎng， wài guó duì dān zhí jiē tóu zī 437 yì kè lǎng。 ( zī liào lái yuán： dān mài guó jiā yínháng ) 【 duì wài yuán zhù】 2003 nián dān duì wài yuán zhù zǒng 'é wéi 104.5 yì kè lǎng， zhàn dāng nián guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 0.7％。 yuán zhù zhòng diǎn wéi nànmín、 yī liáo wèi shēng hé nóng cūn fā zhǎn。 zhù yào shòu yuán guó yòu jiā nà、 mò sāng bǐ kè、 mèng jiā lā、 ní jiā lā guā děng。 【 zhù míng gōng sī】 A.P. mù lè jí tuán（ A.P.MoellerGroup）： chéng lì yú 1904 nián。 zhù yào jīng yíng zào chuán hé hǎi shàng yùn shū、 shí yóu、 tiān rán qì kān tàn yǔ kāi fā、 háng kōng yùn shū、 shāng pǐn líng shòu děng。 yòu zǐ gōng sī 70 jiā， fēn bù 100 gè guó jiā， yuán gōng 6 wàn yú rén。 xià shǔ de liǎng jiā zhù yào fēn gōng sī sī mén bǎo qì lún gōng sī hé 1912 qì lún gōng sī zài 2003 nián《 shāng yè zhōu kān》 píng xuǎn zhōng fēn liè shì jiè 1000 qiáng qǐ yè zhōng de 346 hé 359 wèi（ yǐ shì zhí jì suàn）。 1999 nián qí xià shǔ de mǎ shì jī chuán yùn gōng sī（ MaerskLine） jiān bìng měi guó hǎi lù háng yùn gōng sī， zǔ chéng shì jiè zuì dà jí zhuāng xiāng chuán yùn gōng sī， bìng gǎi míng wéi mǎ shì jī hǎi lù chuán yùn gōng sī（ MaerskSealand）。 zài běi jīng、 shàng hǎi、 dà lián、 tiān jīn děng dì shè yòu fēn gōng sī， zài nán jīng、 guǎng zhōu、 chóngqìng děng dì shè yòu bàn shì chù。 nuò hé jí tuán（ NovoGroup）： yuán nuò hé nuò dé jí tuán（ NovoNordisk）， chéng lì yú 1923 nián。 shì jiè zhù míng yī yào hé shēng huà zhì pǐn jí tuán gōng sī， shēng chǎn de yí dǎo sù hé méi zhì jì fēn bié zhàn shì jiè shì chǎng fèn 'é de 50％ hé 40％ yǐ shàng。 zài 68 gè guó jiā hé dì qū shè yòu zǐ gōng sī huò bàn shì chù， gòng yòu yuán gōng 1.6 wàn rén。 2000 nián 11 yuè zhèng shì fēn wéi liǎng gōng sī， fù zé zhì yào yè wù de gōng sī yán yòng yuán míng chēng， fù zé méi zhì jì yè wù de gōng sī gǎi míng wéi nuò wéi xìn（ Novozymes）。 1995 nián gāi jí tuán tóu zī yuē 2 yì měi yuán zài tiān jīn shè chǎng， shì dān zài huá zuì dà qǐ yè。 dān fó sī jí tuán（ Danfoss）： dān zuì dà gōng yè qǐ yè， zhù yào shēng chǎn cǎi nuǎn、 zhì lěng hé chuán dòng jí sù kòng wēn kòng yuán jiàn。 zài shì jiè bù shǎo guó jiā yòu zǐ gōng sī， gòng yòu gù yuán 1.7 wàn rén。 1995 nián zài tiān jīn jiàn lì dān fó sī（ tiān jīn） yòu xiàn gōng sī， zhù yào shēng chǎn sàn rè qì héng wēn kòng zhì fá、 rè lì péng zhàng fá、 shuǐ fá、 lěng níng jī zǔ hé xiāng guān chǎn pǐn。 lè gāo gōng sī（ Lego) ： shì yī jiā dān mài de wán jù gōng sī， yì zhǐ gāi gōng sī chū pǐn de jī mù wán jù， yóu wǔ cǎi de sù liào jī mù、 chǐ lún、 mí nǐ xiǎo rén hé gè zhǒng bù tóng qí tā líng jiàn， zǔ chéng gè zhǒng shì wù。 gāi gōng sī yǔ duō gè yú lè gōng sī yòu hé zuò， rú dí shì ní、 shí dài huá nà。 lì rú zài hā lì bō tè hé xīng qiú dà zhàn děng diàn yǐng zài měi guó shàng yìng qián hòu， lè gāo jiù huì tuī chū xiāng yìng zhù tí wán jù。 【 rén mín shēng huó】 yǐ gāo fú lì、 gāo shōu rù、 gāo shuì shōu、 gāo xiāo fèi wéi tè zhēng。 2002 nián shè huì fú lì（ jiào yù、 yī liáo wèi shēng、 shè huì bǎo zhàng、 zhù fáng děng） kāi zhī wéi 3958.89 yì kè lǎng， yuē zhàn dāng nián guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 28.4％。 2002 nián rén jūn shōu rù 22.18 wàn kè lǎng。 2003 nián shī yè rén shù yuē wéi 17.1 wàn rén。 quán guó yòu yī shēng 9400 rén， bìng chuáng 2.6 wàn zhāng。 sī rén zhù zhái yōng yòu shuài 53％， bié shù yōng yòu shuài 11％， shǒu jī shǐ yòng shuài 68％， jiā tíng diàn nǎo yōng yòu shuài 70％， shàng wǎng shuài 79％。 měi qiān rén yōng yòu yī shēng 2.5 míng， xǐ yī jī 740 tái、 diàn shì jī 575 tái， xiǎo jiào chē 343 liàng、 diàn huà 613 bù、 chuán zhēn jī 120 bù。 【 jūn shì】 gēn jù dān mài xiàn fǎ， mǎ gé lì tè 'èr shì nǚ wáng shì wǔ zhuāng lì liàng zuì gāo tǒng shuài。 guó fáng bù shì wǔ zhuāng lì liàng zuì gāo xíng zhèng jī guān， guó fáng dà chén wéi wén zhí， xiàng yì huì hé shǒuxiàng fù zé， duì wǔ zhuāng lì liàng shí shī xíng zhèng lǐng dǎo。 guó fáng sī lìng bù shì wǔ zhuāng lì liàng zuì gāo zhǐ huī jī gòu， fù zé dān sān jūn de zuò zhàn、 xùn liàn hé hòu qín bǎo zhàng。 xiàn rèn guó fáng sī lìng shì hàn sī · jié sī pà · hè 'ěr xù（ HansJesperHels?,2002 nián 5 yuè shàng rèn）， guó fáng cān móu cháng wéi dì mǔ · sī luò sī · yuē gēn sēn（ TimSlothJ?rgensen）。 shí xíng yì wù bīng yǔ zhì yuàn bīng xiāng jié hé de bīng yì zhì。 yì wù bīng fú yì qī 8～ 12 gè yuè， zhì yuàn bīng fú yì qī wéi 54～ 72 gè yuè。 dān mài wǔ zhuāng lì liàng yóu lù、 hǎi、 kōng sān jūn hé guó mín wèi duì zǔ chéng， qí zhōng lù、 hǎi、 kōng sān jūn wéi xiàn yì zhèng guī jūn duì。 jié zhì 2004 nián nián dǐ， dān jūn zǒng yuán 'é 20550 rén， lù jūn、 hǎi jūn hé kōng jūn bīng lì fēn bié wéi 12550 rén（ zhàn zǒng bīng lì de 61.1%）、 3800 rén（ zhàn 18.5%） hé 6471 rén（ zhàn 20.4%）。 qí zhōng， lù jūn zhuāng bèi zhù zhàn tǎn kè 281 liàng、 zhuāng jiá chē 732 liàng、 100 háo mǐ yǐ shàng kǒu jìng de huǒ pào 315 yú mén、 zhí shēng jī 25 jià； hǎi jūn biān chéng shuǐ miàn jiàn tǐng bù duì（ xià shè 6 gè zhōng duì） hé hǎi fáng jiàn tǐng bù duì（ fēn xiá 3 gè hǎi qū）， zhù yào zhuāng bèi jiàn tǐng 64 sōu ( qí zhōng hù wèi jiàn 7 sōu、 xún luó tǐng 36 sōu、 yòng yú zhēn chá hé yú yè jiān hù de zhí shēng jī 8 jià )； kōng jūn biān wéi 6 gè háng kōng bīng zhōng duì（ qí zhōng 4 gè zhàn dǒu jī zhōng duì、 1 gè yùn shū jī zhōng duì、 1 gè zhí shēng jī zhōng duì）、 1 gè léi dá zhōng duì（ xiá 6 gè léi dá zhàn）， zhuāng bèi gè zhǒng fēi jī 111 jià（ qí zhōng F－ 16A/B xíng zhàn dǒu jī 68 jià、 C－ 130 xíng yùn shū jī 3 jià）。 2004 nián guó fáng yù suàn wéi 164.92 yì kè lǎng， xiāng dāng yú guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 1.2％。 2005 nián yù suàn zǒng 'é wéi 186 yì dān mài kè lǎng， yuē zhàn cái zhèng nián dù yù suàn de 4%。（ zī liào lái yuán： dān mài guó fáng bù） 【 wén huà jiào yù】 dān mài péi yù liǎo yǐ tóng huà wén míng yú shì de zhù míng zuò jiā 'ān tú shēng、 zhé xué jiā kè 'ěr kǎi guō 'ěr (SørenKierkegaard)， wù lǐ xué jiā ní 'ěr sī · bō 'ěr， tā hé xué shēng wò nà · hǎi sēn bǎo yī qǐ chuàng lì de zhù míng liàng zǐ lì xué xué pài jiù chēng wéi“ gē běn hā gēn xué pài”。 dào mù qián wéi zhǐ gòng yòu 13 wèi dān mài rén huò nuò bèi 'ěr jiǎng。 zài shēng wù xué、 huán jìng xué、 qì xiàng xué、 miǎn yì xué děng fāng miàn chǔyú shì jiè lǐng xiān dì wèi。 fèng xíng shǐ měi gè shè huì chéng yuán zài wén huà fāng miàn jù yòu píng děng fā zhǎn de wén huà fāng zhēn， gǔ lì dì fāng fā zhǎn wén huà shì yè。 dān mài de yín qì shè jì yě xiāng dāng yòu míng， rú qiáo zhì · yán sēn shì jīng diǎn de yín qì yì shù jiā。 【 wén huà】 2003 nián quán guó yòu gōng gòng tú shū guǎn 5178 suǒ， gè lèi bó wù guǎn 271 suǒ， 96.15 wàn cān guān rén cì。 quán guó gòng yōng yòu yǐng yuàn 162 suǒ， quán nián bō fàng guó nèi wài diàn yǐng 616 bù。 【 jiào yù】 jiào yù shì yè fā dá。 1973 nián qǐ shí xíng jiǔ nián zhì miǎn fèi yì wù jiào yù。 2002 nián quán guó gòng yòu xué xiào 3520 suǒ， xué shēng 111.8 wàn rén， qí zhōng xiǎo xué 2791 suǒ， xué shēng 67.9 wàn rén； gāo zhōng 307 suǒ， xué shēng 6.9 wàn rén； zhí yè xué xiào 164 suǒ， xué shēng 17.2 wàn rén； zōng hé xìng dà xué 5 suǒ， xué shēng 7.4 wàn rén； shī fàn、 jì shù、 nóng yè、 shāng yè、 yì shù、 yīnyuè děng yuàn xiào 153 suǒ， xué shēng 10.4 wàn rén。 zuì zhù míng de gāo děng xué fǔ yòu gē běn hā gēn dà xué（ jiàn yú 1479 nián ,2003 nián yuē yòu xué shēng 3.5 wàn rén）、 ào hú sī dà xué（ jiàn yú 1928 nián， 2003 nián yuē yòu xué shēng 2.1 wàn rén）、 dān mài jì shù dà xué hé huáng jiā shòu yī hé nóng yè dà xué。 2003 nián guó jiā jiào yù jīng fèi yù suàn wéi 301.7 yì kè lǎng， yuē zhàn dāng nián guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 2.2%。 【 xīn wén chū bǎn】 2003 nián， quán guó yòu rì bào 32 zhǒng， fā xíng liàng 137.8 wàn fèn， zhōu rì bào 10 zhǒng， fā xíng liàng 125.1 wàn fèn， qī kān zá zhì 109 zhǒng， jì shù jí dì fāng bào kān 278 zhǒng。 zhù yào bào zhǐ fā xíng liàng rú xià（ kuò hào nèi wéi chuàng kān nián）：《 rì dé lán yóu bào》（ 1871 nián）， píng rì bǎn 17.2 wàn fèn， zhōu rì bǎn 23.1 wàn fèn；《 bèi lín shí bào》（ 1749 nián）， píng rì bǎn 14.2 wàn fèn， zhōu rì bǎn 16.5 wàn fèn；《 zhèng zhì bào》（ 1884 nián）， píng rì bǎn 13.7 wàn fèn， zhōu rì bǎn 17.3 wàn fèn。 dān mài tōng xùn shè（ RitzausBureau）： 1866 nián chuàng jiàn。 dān wéi yī de quán guó xìng tōng xùn shè， yóu gè dà bào zhǐ hé bàn。 dān mài guǎng bō gōng sī： 1925 nián chuàng lì。 dān mài zuì dà de quán guó xìng guǎng bō diàn tái hé diàn shì tái。 dān mài diàn shì 'èr tái： 1988 nián chuàng lì， 1989 nián kāi bō。 【 duì wài guān xì】 lěng zhàn jié shù hòu， dān mài duì chuán tǒng shàng yǐ běi yuē、 ōu gòng tǐ、 běi 'ōu hé zuò hé lián hé guó wéi zhī zhù de wài jiāo zhèng cè jìn xíng liǎo tiáozhěng， tū chū yǐ 'ōu méng wéi zhòng diǎn， bìng zēng jiā liǎo“ gòng tóng 'ān quán、 mín zhù hé rén quán、 jīng jì hé shè huì fā zhǎn jí huán jìng” děng nèi róng。 dān zhòng shì 'ōu méng jiàn shè， jiān chí yǐ tuō běi yuē， jiā qiáng 'ōu zhōu 'ān quán hé zuò， jī jí tuò zhǎn yǐ běi 'ōu hé zuò wéi jī chǔ de huán bō luó de hǎi hé zuò， zhòng shì lián hé guó de dì wèi hé zuò yòng， jī jí cānyù lián hé guó wéi hé xíng dòng。 tóng 154 gè guó jiā jiàn lì liǎo wài jiāo guān xì。 【 duì dāng qián zhòng dà guó jì wèn tí de tài dù】 guān yú guó jì xíng shì： rèn wéi guó jì xíng shì zǒng tǐ qū xiàng huǎn hé， dàn kǒng bù zhù yì、 mín zú hé zōng jiào wèn tí děng fēi chuán tǒng 'ān quán yīn sù yǐ chéng wéi wēi xié guó jì 'ān quán yǔ wěn dìng de tū chū wèn tí，“ 9·11” shì jiàn duì shì jiè zhèng zhì hé 'ān quán gé jú yǐng xiǎng shēn yuǎn。 rèn wéi shì jiè zhèng zhì xíng shì xiàng duō jí huà fāng xiàng fā zhǎn， dàn měi guó“ yī chāo” dì wèi duǎn qī nèi bù huì shòu dào tiǎo zhàn， xiāng fǎn què yòu jìn yī bù jiā qiáng de qū shì。 zhù zhāng gè dà guó jiān yìng jiā qiáng duì huà hé hé zuò， gòng tóng yìng duì miàn lín de tiǎo zhàn。 guān yú lián hé guó zuò yòng hé gǎi gé： shì lián hé guó wèiguó jì shè huì gòu jià de jī chǔ hé guó jì 'ān quán yǔ wěn dìng de bǎo zhàng。 rèn wéi lián hé guó xū zài yī zhàn hòu zhòng shù quán wēi， fā huī gèng dà zuò yòng。 zhī chí 'ān lǐ huì gǎi gé， zhù zhāng zēng jiā cháng rèn hé fēi cháng rèn lǐ shì guó shù mù， xiàn zhì shǐ yòng fǒu jué quán。 jī jí cānyù lián hé guó shì wù， 2004 nián 10 yuè dāng xuǎn 'ān lǐ huì 2005－ 2006 nián fēi cháng rèn lǐ shì guó。 guān yú guó jì fǎn kǒng： qiǎn zé gè zhǒng xíng shì de kǒng bù zhù yì， zhòng shì jiàn lì quán qiú fǎn kǒng lián méng， zhī chí fǎn kǒng dǒu zhēng。 rèn wéi pín qióng luò hòu shì zī shēng kǒng bù zhù yì de wēn chuáng， qiáng diào zhòng shì fā zhǎn wèn tí yòu zhù yú cóng gēn běn shàng xiāo chú kǒng bù zhù yì。“ 9·11” hòu， dān guó nèi chū tái fǎn kǒng fǎ 'àn， zhī chí bìng cānyù měi guó hé běi yuē dǎ jī kǒng bù zhù yì de jūn shì xíng dòng jí lián hé guó yòu guān wéi hé xíng dòng。 yú 2005 nián 3 yuè chū rèn 'ān lǐ huì fǎn kǒng wěi yuán huì zhù xí yī zhí。 guān yú měi guó jiàn lì guó jiā dǎo dàn fáng yù xì tǒng wèn tí： zhù zhāng yòu guān guó jiā yìng yán sù duì dài dà guī mó shā shāng xìng wǔ qì de kuò sàn wèn tí， zhī chí měi jiàn lì NMD jìhuà， 2004 nián yǔ měi qiān shǔ xié dìng， tóng yì jiāng gé líng lán tú lè jī dì nà rù měi dǎo dàn fáng yù xì tǒng。 guān yú rén quán hé mín zhù wèn tí： shì rén quán hé mín zhù wéi qí wài jiāo zhèng cè de jī shí zhī yī， fèng xíng jiāng bǎo hù rén quán hé shǎo shù mín zú quán lì zhì yú guó jiā zhù quán zhī shàng de“ jī jí de rén quán zhèng cè”， zhù zhāng suǒ yòu guó jiā hé dì qū rèn tóng hé zūn shǒu guó jì gōng rèn de rén quán biāo zhǔn。 zhī chí hé tuī xíng“ rén quán gāo yú zhù quán”、 xī fāng de zì yóu、 mín zhù、 rén quán děng jià zhí guān niàn， rèn wéi zài tè shū qíng kuàng xià， kě yǐ zhèng zhì hé rén dào yuán yīn wéi yóu jìn xíng“ rén dào zhù yì gān shè”。 guān yú 'ōu zhōu xíng shì： rèn wéi dāng qián 'ōu zhōu dà guī mó jūn shì wēi xié de kě néng xìng jiǎn xiǎo， dàn jú bù chōng tū tū xiǎn， yǐng xiǎng 'ōu zhōu 'ān quán de yīn sù zhù yào lái zì duì mín zhù、 rén quán děng gòng tóng jià zhí guān niàn de wēi xié jí yòu zǔ zhì fàn zuì、 nànmín cháo hé huán jìng wū rǎn děng。 zhù zhāng jiā qiáng 'ōu zhōu zài yù fáng hé kòng zhì wēi jī fāng miàn de néng lì yǐ jí fǎn kǒng lǐng yù de hé zuò， zhī chí jiàn lì 'ōu méng kuài sù fǎn yìng bù duì， yǐ gèng jiā yòu xiào dì yù fáng hé kòng zhì běn dì qū wēi jī， dàn tóng shí qiáng diào bù néng yǐ xuē ruò běi yuē zài 'ōu zhōu de zuò yòng hé cún zài wéi dài jià。 guān yú 'ōu méng hé zuò hé 'ōu yuán： shì 'ōu méng hé zuò wéi qí wài jiāo zhèng cè de hé xīn nèi róng， dàn zài 'ōu méng gòng tóng huò bì（ ōu yuán）、 gòng tóng fáng wù、 sī fǎ jí 'ōu zhōu gōng mín quán děng hé zuò lǐng yù yòu“ sì xiàng bǎo liú”。 zhī chí 'ōu méng dōng kuò hé shēn huà yī tǐ huà jiàn shè， zhī chí 'ōu méng zhì xiàn， dàn yào qiú wéi hù xiǎo guó lì yì， bù zàn chéng 'ōu méng fā zhǎn chéng“ lián bāng 'ōu zhōu”。 shàng jiè zhèng fǔ céng yú 2000 nián 9 yuè 28 rì jiù jiā rù 'ōu yuán jǔ xíng quán mín gōng jué， jiēguǒ yǐ 53.1% fǒu jué jiā rù 'ōu yuán qū， shǐ qí qǔ xiāo“ sì xiàng bǎo liú”、 jiā qiáng 'ōu méng hé zuò de nǔ lì shòu dào zhòng cuò。 suí zhe 'ōu méng dōng kuò hé 'ōu méng hé zuò de shēn rù fā zhǎn， dān“ sì xiàng bǎo liú” tè bié shì zài fáng wù、 sī fǎ hé zuò fāng miàn de bǎo liú kāi shǐ tū xiǎn fù miàn xiào yìng。 dān zhèng kǎo lǜ yǐ mǒu zhǒng fāng shì zài sī fǎ lǐng yù qǔ dé tū pò。 guān yú zhōng dōng wèn tí： rèn wéi guó jì shè huì yìng duì zhōng dōng wèn tí yú yǐ gèng duō guān zhù， cù jìn zhōng dōng dì qū gè fāng de hù xìn yǔ hé zuò， yǐ bì miǎn bù tóng wén míng zhī jiān de chōng tū hé yuán jiào zhǐ zhù yì de màn yán。 qiáng diào měi zài jiě jué zhōng dōng wēi jī zhōng bù kě tì dài de zuò yòng， zhù zhāng 'ōu méng yǔ zhōng dōng - huán dì zhōng hǎi guó jiā jiàn lì zhàn lüè huǒ bàn guān xì， jī jí cù jìn zhōng dōng hé píng jìn chéng。 hūyù yǐ cóng jiā shā dì dài chè jūn。 chéng nuò zēng jiā duì zhōng dōng dì qū de mín zhù yuán zhù yǐ gǎi shàn gāi dì qū mín zhù、 rén quán hé shí shī liáng zhèng， dàn yǐ zhí xíng gèng wéi“ zhōng lì、 píng héng” de zhōng dōng zhèng cè wéi yóu， qǔ xiāo liǎo yī xiē yuán bā xiàng mù。 guān yú cháo hé wèn tí： zhī chí cháo xiān bàn dǎo wú hé huà jí hé píng jiě jué cháo hé wèn tí， yào qiú cháo fàng qì fā zhǎn hé wǔ， hūyù měi cháo tōng guò duì huà gǎi shàn guān xì。 gāo dù píng jià wǒ zhù chí liù fāng huì tán， rèn wéi zhōng guó zài cháo hé wèn tí shàng fā huī liǎo zhòng yào zuò yòng。 rèn wéi 'ōu méng kě zài shìdàng shí jī cānyù jiě jué jìn chéng， tè bié shì zài cù jìn cháo xiān fā zhǎn jīng jì jí tuī dòng cháo róng rù guó jì shè huì fāng miàn fā huī zuò yòng。 měi nián xiàng cháo tí gōng yuē 1500 wàn kè lǎng（ yuē hé 259 wàn měi yuán） de rén dào zhù yì yuán zhù。 guān yú yī lǎng hé wèn tí： guān zhù yī lǎng hé wèn tí de fā zhǎn， rèn wéi yī yìng yǔ guó jì yuán zǐ néng jī gòu hé zuò， jiē shòu jiān dū hé hé chá。 zhù zhāng guó jì shè huì jiù cǐ wèn tí jiā qiáng cuō shāng hé hé zuò， jìn kuài yǐ hé píng fāng shì tuǒ shàn jiě jué wèn tí， bì miǎn yī wèn tí wēi jí shì jiè hé píng， chéng wéi xīn de dòng luàn yīn sù。 guān yú yī lā kè wèn tí： zhī chí měi cǎi qǔ jūn shì xíng dòng tuī fān sà zhèng quán， céng pài qiǎn hù wèi jiàn、 qián tǐng gè yī sōu yǐ jí 150 duō míng shì bīng cān zhàn。 zhù zhāng lián hé guó zài yī zhàn hòu wéi hé、 chóngjiàn hé tuī dòng mín zhù jiàn shè děng fāng miàn fā huī gèng dà zuò yòng， qiǎn zé yī chū xiàn de fǎn měi yīng zhàn lǐng bào lì huó dòng。 jī jí cānyù yī lā kè chóngjiàn jí“ bā lí jù lè bù” guān yú yī zhài wù wèn tí tán pàn， zhī chí bìng hūyù guó jì shè huì jìn zuì dà nǔ lì jiǎn miǎn yī zhài wù bìng tí gōng yuán zhù， yǐ tí gōng 3.5 yì dān mài kè lǎng（ yuē hé 6034 wàn měi yuán） yòng yú yī chóngjiàn gōng zuò。 dān zhù xù lì yà dà shǐ céng yī dù rèn yī bā shì lā dì qū xíng zhèng zhǎngguān。 2004 nián zài yī zhù jūn 520 rén； 6 yuè， dān zhù yī dà shǐ zhèng shì fù yī shàng rèn。 guān yú 'ā fù hàn wèn tí： guān zhù bìng cānyù duì 'ā fù hàn de yuán zhù jí zhàn hòu chóngjiàn gōng zuò。 zhòng diǎn yuán zhù mín zhù hé fǎ zhì jiàn shè， xiān hòu xiàng 'ā tí gōng 3 yì kè lǎng（ yuē hé 5172 wàn měi yuán） de rén dào zhù yì jí chóngjiàn yuán zhù。 tōng guò běi yuē xiàng 'ā pài yòu 4 jià zhàn dǒu jī hé 147 míng shì bīng。 2004 nián bō kuǎn 2350 wàn kè lǎng（ yuē hé 405 wàn měi yuán） zhuān xiàng zī zhù 'ā zǒng tǒng xuǎn jǔ。 rèn wéi 'ā zǒng tǒng mín zhù xuǎn jǔ yòu zhù yú dǎ jī 'ā jí duān shì lì， cù jìn 'ā hé píng yǔ wěn dìng。 xuǎn jǔ jī běn gōng zhèng， xī 'ā gè pài zūn zhòng xuǎn jǔ jiēguǒ de hé fǎ xìng。 2003 nián yǐ lái dān céng yīn qiáng zhì qiǎn fǎn 'ā zài dān nànmín bìng jiāng yuán zhù yǔ nànmín qiǎn fǎn shì wù guà gōu shòu dào 'ā zhèng fǔ hé lián hé guó nànmín shǔ de pī píng。 【 tóng zhōng guó de guān xì】 1950 nián 1 yuè 9 rì zhèng shì chéng rèn zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó， 1950 nián 5 yuè 11 rì jiàn jiāo， 1956 nián 2 yuè 15 rì yóu gōng shǐ guǎn shēng gé wéi dà shǐ guǎn。 20 shì jì 70－ 80 nián dài liǎng guó guān xì fā zhǎn jiào kuài。 xiān hòu qiān dìng liǎo《 zhōng dān zhèng fǔ mào yì xié dìng hé zhī fù xié dìng》、《 zhōng dān mín háng xié dìng》、《 zhōng dān hǎi yùn xié dìng》、《 zhōng dān tóu zī bǎo hù xié dìng》、《 zhōng dān bì miǎn shuāngchóng zhēng shuì hé fáng zhǐ tōu lòu shuì xié dìng》 děng xié dìng。 2004 nián liǎng guó guān xì jì xù fā zhǎn。 2 yuè， dān shǒuxiàng lā sī mù sēn duì zhōng guó jìn xíng gōng zuò fǎng wèn。 5 yuè， zhōng guó quán guó rén dà cháng wěi huì wěi yuán cháng wú bāng guó yìng yāo duì dān jìn xíng zhèng shì yǒu hǎo fǎng wèn， xì liǎng guó jiàn jiāo yǐ lái zhōng guó quán guó rén dà cháng wěi huì wěi yuán cháng shǒu cì fǎng dān。 dān yì huì dì yī fù yì cháng sī wén · ào kěn、 yì huì wài jiāo zhèng cè wěi yuán huì、 láo wù shì chǎng zhèng cè wěi yuán huì děng dài biǎo tuán fēn bié fǎng huá。 liǎng guó wài jiāo bù jiān bǎo chí zhe cuō shāng yǔ xié diào。 9 yuè， zhōng guó wài cháng lǐ zhào xīng zài niǔ yuē dì 59 jiè lián dà qī jiān tóng dān wài jiāo dà chén mò lè huì jiàn。 11 yuè， dān mài wài jiāo bù cháng wù mì shū bǐ dé sēn lái huá yǔ zhāng yè suì fù wài cháng jìn xíng zhèng zhì cuō shāng， shuāng fāng hái jiù zhōng guó zhèng fǔ tóng yì dān mài zài chóngqìng shè lì lǐng shì guǎn shì hù huàn zhào huì。 2005 nián 4 yuè， huí liáng yù fù zǒng lǐ、 zhōng yāng jūn wěi fù zhù xí、 guó wù wěi yuán jiān guó fáng bù cháng cáo gāng chuān yìng yāo fǎng dān。 dān fù shǒu xiāng jiān jīng mào dà chén běn tè sēn yú 6 yuè 25 rì zhì 7 yuè 2 rì fǎng huá。 8 yuè， dān shè huì shì wù hé píng děng dà chén hàn sēn fǎng huá。 9 yuè， dān wén huà dà chén mǐ kè 'ěr sēn、 dān nǚ wáng de zhàng fū hēng lǐ kè qīn wáng fǎng huá。 10 yuè， dān dì sì fù yì cháng bǐ dé sēn、 guó fáng sī lìng hè 'ěr xù shàngjiàng fēn bié fǎng huá。 11 yuè dān dì yī fù yì cháng 'ào kěn、 fā zhǎn yuán zhù dà chén UllaTornaes fēn bié fǎng huá。 12 yuè dān zǒng jiǎn chá cháng xiǎng níng fǎng huá。 2006 nián 1 yuè， lǐ tiě yìng fù wěi yuán cháng fǎng dān， dān yì huì néng yuán zhèng cè wěi yuán huì zhù xí wǎ sài bǎo、 jiāo tōng hé néng yuán dà chén hàn sēn fǎng huá。 xiàn rèn zhōng guó zhù dān dà shǐ： zhēn jiàn guó（ 2002 nián 9 yuè 10 rì dì jiāo guó shū）。 guǎn zhǐ： OEREGAARDSALLE25,2900HELLERUP,COPENHAGENDENMARK。 wǎng zhǐ： www.chinaembassy.dk。 diàn huà： 45-39460889,45-39611013（ shāng wù chù）， 45－ 39460877（ qiān zhèng chù）； chuán zhēn： 45-39625484， 45-39612913（ shāng wù chù）， 45－ 39460878（ qiān zhèng chù）。 dān mài zhù zhōng guó dà shǐ： mǐ lěi (LauridsMikaelsen， 2004 nián 11 yuè 5 rì dì jiāo guó shū )。 guǎn zhǐ： běi jīng shì cháo yáng qū sān lǐ tún dōng 5 jiē 1 hào。 wǎng zhǐ： http://www.ambbeijing.um.dk/zh/。 diàn huà： 85329900； chuán zhēn :85329999。 【 tóng měi guó jí běi yuē de guān xì】 dān mài shì běi yuē chéng yuán guó， zhòng shì tóng měi guó hé běi yuē de cuō shāng yǔ hé zuò， rèn wéi běi yuē zài wéi hù 'ōu zhōu 'ān quán hé wěn dìng fāng miàn fā huī zhe bù kě tì dài de zhòng yào zuò yòng， měi jūn liú zhù 'ōu zhōu yòu zhù yú bǎo chí 'ōu zhōu de zhàn lüè píng héng。 zhī chí běi yuē dōng kuò， jī jí cānyù běi yuē jūn shì xíng dòng。 zhī chí běi yuē xīn zhàn lüè， rèn wéi běi yuē de guān zhù jiāo diǎn yīngshì 'ōu zhōu－ dà xī yáng liǎng 'àn de 'ān quán yǔ wěn dìng， dàn kě zài tè shū qíng kuàng xià zài qí fáng qū yǐ wài cǎi qǔ jūn shì xíng dòng， bìng kě zài lián hé guó shòu quán wèn tí shàng chí líng huó tài dù。 rèn wéi chú jí tǐ fáng yù wài， běi yuē hái dān fù liǎo hàn wèi zì yóu、 mín zhù、 rén quán hé bǎo hù shǎo shù mín zú lì yì děng gòng tóng jià zhí guān niàn de zé rèn。 dàn duì běi yuē shì fǒu yìng chōng dāng shì jiè jǐng chá biǎo tài jǐn shèn。 2004 nián 4 yuè， dān shǒuxiàng fǎng měi， dài biǎo dān mài lǐng qǔ měi guó yuē hàn xùn zǒng tǒng xūn zhāng， yǐ biǎo zhāng dān zài 'èr zhàn qī jiān bǎo hù yóu tài rén fāng miàn zuò chū de gòng xiàn。 【 tóng 'ōu méng de guān xì】 1973 nián jiā rù 'ōu gòng tǐ， 2001 nián 3 yuè kāi shǐ shí shī《 shēn gēn xié dìng》。 zuò wéi 'ōu méng chéng yuán guó， tóng dà duō shù 'ōu zhōu guó jiā guān xì mìqiè。 zài duì wài zhèng cè shàng， fèng xíng yǐ 'ōu méng zhèng cè wéi zhù tǐ de wài jiāo zhèng cè。 1993 nián， dān yǔ 'ōu méng zài 'ài dīng bǎo dá chéng xié yì， bù cān jiā 'ōu méng zài 'ōu zhōu huò bì lián méng、 fáng wù、 sī fǎ hé 'ōu zhōu gōng mín quán děng fāng miàn de hé zuò， jí suǒ wèi“ sì xiàng bǎo liú”。 2000 nián， dān quán mín gōng jué fǒu jué jiā rù 'ōu yuán。 2002 nián xià bàn nián dān lún zhí 'ōu méng zhù xí， zhù chí zhào kāi liǎo 10 yuè bù lǔ sài 'ěr fēi zhèng shì shǒu nǎo huì yì hé 12 yuè gē běn hā gēn shǒu nǎo huì yì， chéng gōng jié shù liǎo 'ōu méng yǔ zhōng、 dōng 'ōu shí gè guó jiā de rù méng tán pàn。 2004 nián， dān shǒuxiàng fǎng wèn liǎo liǎng gè 'ōu méng lún zhí zhù xí guó hé lán yǔ 'ài 'ěr lán、 yīng guó、 fǎ guó、 xī bān yá、 dé guó； ài 'ěr lán zǒng lǐ、 ōu méng wěi yuán huì hòu rèn zhù xí bā luó zuǒ fǎng dān。 【 tóng běi 'ōu lín guó hé bō luó de hǎi sān guó guān xì】 zhòng shì tóng běi 'ōu guó jiā jiān de chuán tǒng hé zuò。 rèn wéi zài 'ōu méng shì wù zhōng， běi 'ōu sān guó yìng shǒu xiān wéi hù gè zì de lì yì， rán hòu kě zài nán nǚ píng děng、 jiù yè、 huán bǎo děng lì chǎng jī běn yī zhì de lǐng yù nèi xún qiú hé zuò。 dān hé fēn lán、 ruì diǎn sān guó jì xù zhí xíng 'ōu méng fēng huì qián de běi 'ōu shǒu nǎo huì wù jī zhì。 zhù zhāng běi 'ōu hé zuò gèng duō dì xiàng huán bō luó de hǎi guó jiā kāi fàng。 dān céng jī jí zhī chí bō hǎi sān guó dú lì， tóng qí tā běi 'ōu guó jiā yī qǐ zuì zǎo chéng rèn bìng tóng sān guó jiàn jiāo， qiáng diào jì xù jiā qiáng tóng bō hǎi sān guó zài jūn shì、 jīng jì、 shè huì bǎo zhàng děng lǐng yù de hé zuò， jī jí tuī dòng huán bō luó de hǎi dì qū hé zuò， lì tú zài qí zhōng fā huī zhù dǎo zuò yòng。 2004 nián， fēn lán zǒng lǐ、 bīng dǎo zǒng lǐ、 lā tuō wéi yà wài cháng、 ài shā ní yà zǒng tǒng、 wài cháng、 nuó wēi shǒuxiàng fǎng dān， dān shǒuxiàng fù dé guó chū xí dì liù jiè bō luó de hǎi fā zhǎn lùn tán fēng huì， fù ruì diǎn cān jiā běi 'ōu lǐ shì huì huì yì， dān wài jiāo dà chén dài biǎo běi 'ōu wǔ guó hé bō hǎi sān guó fù měi guó chū xí shì jiè yínháng yǔ guó jì huò bì jī jīn zǔ zhì gòng tóng fā zhǎn wěi yuán huì jǔ xíng de huì yì。 【 tóng 'é luó sī de guān xì】 rèn wéi 'é luó sī jú shì zǒu xiàng duì 'ōu zhōu 'ān quán hé wěn dìng zhì guān zhòng yào， jiā qiáng tóng 'é hé zuò shì jiàn lì 'ōu zhōu 'ān quán xīn gé jú de jī chǔ。 zhù zhāng yǔ 'é luó sī jiàn lì jiàn shè xìng de、 cháng qī de hé zuò guān xì， bǎo chí 'é zhèng zhì hé jīng jì gǎi gé shì tóu， shǐ 'é jìn kuài róng rù 'ōu zhōu jìn chéng。 yīn“ shì jiè chē chén rén dà huì” 2002 nián 10 yuè zài dān jǔ xíng hé wèi tóng yì yǐn dù chē chén“ fù zǒng lǐ” zhā kǎ yé fū shì， dān yǔ 'é guān xì fā shēng jǔ yǔ。 2003 nián 5 yuè， dān shǒuxiàng fū fù fù 'é luó sī shèng bǐ dé bǎo chū xí qí jiàn chéng 300 zhōu nián qìng zhù huó dòng bìng yǔ 'é zǒng tǒng pǔ jīng huì wù。 2004 nián bié sī lán kǒng bù shì jiàn hòu， dān qiǎn zé chē chén kǒng bù fènzǐ de bào xíng， wài jiāo dà chén zhì diàn 'é fāng biǎo shì wèi wèn。 【 tóng zhōng dōng 'ōu guó jiā de guān xì】 dān mài zhòng shì fā zhǎn tóng zhōng dōng 'ōu guó jiā de guān xì， rèn wéi zhōng dōng 'ōu guó jiā mù qián zhèng chù zài lěng zhàn hòu de“ ān quán zhēn kōng”。 rèn wéi běi yuē hé 'ōu méng shuāng dōng kuò yòu lì yú bǎo chí 'ōu zhōu de cháng qī wěn dìng。 2004 nián， dān shǒuxiàng fǎng wèn liǎo jié kè、 ào dì lì； dān wài jiāo dà chén fǎng wèn liǎo bǎo jiā lì yà、 bō lán、 mǎ 'ěr tā děng； luó mǎ ní yà zǒng tǒng、 bō lán zǒng lǐ、 wū kè lán wài cháng děng fēn bié fǎng wèn liǎo dān mài。 2004 nián 10 yuè， gē běn hā gēn jǐng chá jú fù jú cháng kǎi · wéi tè nǔ pǔ（ KaiVittrup） chū rèn lián hé guó zhù kē suǒ wò jǐng chá bù duì zuì gāo zhǎngguān。 【 tóng fā zhǎn zhōng guó jiā de guān xì】 dān zhòng shì tóng fā zhǎn zhōng guó jiā de guān xì。 rèn wéi pín fù chā jù de kuò dà shì yǐng xiǎng shì jiè hé píng yǔ wěn dìng de zhòng yào yīn sù。 dān cǎi qǔ jīng jì yuán zhù tóng shòu yuán guó mín zhù、 rén quán zhuàng kuàng guà gōu de zhèng cè， xiàng fā zhǎn zhōng guó jiā tí gōng de yuán zhù jiào qián yòu suǒ xià jiàng， 2003 nián wài yuán jīn 'é yuē wéi guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 0.7％。 2004 nián， dān wài jiāo dà chén fǎng wèn liǎo jiā nà、 yuē dàn、 xù lì yà、 yǐ sè liè、 yī lā kè、 ā sài bài jiāng、 gé lǔ jí yà、 yà měi ní yà， hái yǔ guó fáng dà chén yī qǐ fǎng wèn liǎo sū dān， yú 10 yuè fù yuè nán chū xí dì wǔ jiè yà 'ōu shǒu nǎo huì yì； dān shǒuxiàng fǎng wèn liǎo yī lā kè。 zhì lì zǒng tǒng、 ní jiā lā guā zǒng tǒng fǎng dān。 【 lǚ yóu yè】 2003 nián lǚ yóu yè shōu rù 351.6 yì kè lǎng， zhàn dāng nián guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 2.5％。 lǚ yóu yè jiù yè rén shù wéi 7.1 wàn rén， shì dān mài fú wù hángyè zhōng de dì yī dà chǎn yè。 nián jūn wài guó yóu kè yuē 200 wàn rén。 gòng yòu lǚ guǎn 557 jiā， kè chuáng 10.6 wàn duō zhāng。 zhù yào lǚ yóu diǎn yòu gē běn hā gēn、 ān tú shēng gù xiāng－ ōu dēng sài、 lè gāo jī mù chéng jí rì dé lán bàn dǎo xī hǎi 'àn hé zuì běi jiǎo sī kǎ yàn děng。（ zī liào lái yuán： dān mài lǚ yóu jú） “ měi rén yú” tóng xiàng（ LittleMermaid） wèi yú dān mài shǒu dū gē běn hā gēn lǎng 'è lǐ ní gǎng rù kǒu chù de yī kuài jù dà 'é luǎn shí shàng， tā shì dān mài diāo sù jiā 'āi dé huá · āi lǐ kè sēn yú 1912 nián gēn jù 'ān tú shēng tóng huà《 hǎi de nǚ 'ér》 zhōng de nǚ zhùjué yòng qīng tóng diāo zhù de。“ xiǎo měi rén yú” shì dān mài tóng huà zuò jiā 'ān tú shēng yú 1837 nián suǒ xiě de yī piān tóng huà《 hǎi de nǚ 'ér》 zhōng de zhùjué。 tā shì hǎi wáng zuì xiǎo de nǚ 'ér。 tā 15 suì shí， yī wèi wáng zǐ suǒ chéng de chuán chù jiāo chénmò， tā jiù liǎo wáng zǐ bìng qīng xīn yú tā。 dàn shì wáng zǐ yǐ yǔ lìng wài de nǚ zǐ dìng yòu hūn yuē， ér lí kāi liǎo tā。 rán 'ér， chī qíng de“ xiǎo měi rén yú” réng rán rì fù yī rì dì zuò zài hǎi biān de yán shí shàng， děng dài wáng zǐ guī lái。 āi lǐ kè sēn lì yòng liǎo dān mài huáng jiā jù yuàn bā lěi wǔ yǎn yuán 'āi lún · pǔ lài sī de xíng xiàng zuò wéi mó tè， dàn shì tā méi néng shuō fú zhè wèi nǚ yǎn yuán wéi zhì zuò zhè yī tóng xiàng 'ér luǒ tǐ， zhè bù dé bù pò shǐ tā ràng zì jǐ de qī zǐ chōng dāng luǒ tǐ mó tè。 zhè zūn 5.3 yīng chǐ gāo de tóng xiàng tóng zhēn rén yī bān dà xiǎo， zhěng gè rén yú zhí dào xiǎo tuǐ dōushì rén xíng， zhǐ shì jiǎo biàn chéng liǎo yú qí。 tóng xiàng yú 1913 nián 8 yuè 23 rì bèi 'ān zhì zài gē běn hā gēn gǎng， xiàn yǐ chéng wéi dān mài de xiàng zhēng。 dàn“ měi rén yú” tóng xiàng céng duō cì zāo shòu 'è yùn： 1961 nián， yòu rén yòng bái yán liào gěi“ měi rén yú” huà shàng xiōng zhào； 1963 nián， měi rén yú quán shēn bèi shuàn liǎo yī céng hóng yán sè； 1964 nián， tóng xiàng dì yī cì bèi“ gē qù” liǎo tóu bù； xìng hǎo diāo kè jiā 'āi lǐ kè sēn bǎo cún zhe mújù， yòu zhòng zhù liǎo yī gè tóu xiàng； 1984 nián 7 yuè 22 rì qīng chén，“ měi rén yú” yòu bì bèi rén jù zǒu yī jié， dāng wǎn liǎng gè nián qīng rén xiàng jǐng chá tóu 'àn zì shǒu， jǐng fāng yǐ pò huài gōng wù zuì duì qí tí chū qǐ sù； 1990 nián yòu yòu rén shì tú dào tóu wèi guǒ； 1998 nián 1 yuè 5 rì，“ měi rén yú” diāo xiàng tóu bù yòu yī cì bèi rén dào zǒu。 2003 nián 9 yuè，“ měi rén yú” qīng tóng diāo xiàng yòu zāo 'è yùn。 2006 nián 3 yuè， gē běn hā gēn shì zhèng fǔ jué dìng jiāng měi rén yú diāo xiàng xiàng shēn hǎi chù bān qiān， yuán yīn shì guò duō de yóu kè duì diāo sù zào chéng tài duō de pò huài。 ān tú shēng bó wù guǎn (H.CAndersson'sHouse) wèi yú dān mài fěi yīn dǎo zhōng bù de 'ào dēng sài shì qū。 wéi jì niàn dān mài wěi dà tóng huà zuò jiā 'ān tú shēng（ 1805－ 1875 nián） dàn shēng 100 zhōu nián（ 1905 nián） ér jiàn。 bó wù guǎn shì yī zuò hóng wǎ bái qiáng de píng fáng， zuò luò zài yī tiáo 'é luǎn shí pū de jiē xiàng lǐ。 zhè lǐ lín jiē de yī chuáng chuáng gǔ lǎo shì yàng de jiàn zhù， shǐ rén gǎn dào fǎng fó huí dào liǎo 19 shì jì 'ān tú shēng shēng huó de nián dài。 bó wù guǎn gòng yòu chén liè shì 18 jiān。 qián 12 jiān 'àn shí jiān shùn xù jiè shào 'ān tú shēng shēng píng jí qí gè shí qī zuò pǐn， zhǎn chū dà liàng 'ān tú shēng zuò pǐn de shǒu gǎo、 lái wǎng xìn jiàn、 huà gǎo yǐ jí dān mài yī xiē míng huà jiā、 yì shù jiā chuàng zuò de yòu guān 'ān tú shēng shēng huó de yóu huà hé diāo sù。 ān tú shēng shēng qián de yòng jù réng 'àn yuán yàng bǎi fàng zhe， gǔ pǔ de jiā jù， liǎng zhǐ yòu bǔ dīng de jǐn pí xiāng， yī dǐng lǐ mào， yī gè tí bāo， yī bǎ yǔ sǎn， yī gēn shǒu zhàng。 zhè xiē céng jīng cháng qī bàn suí tā de jiǎn lòu de lǚ xíng xíng zhuāng， tǐ xiàn tā pǔ shí de shēng huó hé qíng qù。 dì 11 jiān wéi yī jiàn yú 1930 shì de yuán zhù xíng dà tīng， qí jǐ mǐ gāo de huán qiáng zhǎn chū dān mài jìn dài zhù míng yì shù jiā sī tǎn 'ēn sī gēn jù 'ān tú shēng de zìzhuàn tǐ zhù zuò wǒ de yī shēng de tóng huà 'ér zuò de８ fú bì huà， nèi róng yòu 'ān tú shēng tóng nián， lí táo gù xiāng， guó wài yóu lì， yǔ shì jiè zhù míng yì shù jiā de jiāo wǎng， zuì hòu dào 1867 nián， rén men huān hū 'ān tú shēng bèi shòu yú 'ào dēng sài shì róng yù shì mín děng 'ān tú shēng shēng qián gè jiē duàn de shēng huó yǔ xiě zuò de jīng lì。 bó wù guǎn dì 13 zhì 18 jiān bāo kuò yòu tú shū guǎn hé lù xiàng lù yīn bō fàng shì děng， zài zhè lǐ rén men ná qǐ tīng tǒng jiù néng tīng dào 'ān tú shēng de tóng huà gù shì。 zhè jǐ gè chén liè shì， shōu jí liǎo 68 gè guó jiā chū bǎn de 96 zhǒng wén zì de 'ān tú shēng zhù zuò， shōu cáng de zhōng guó chū bǎn de 'ān tú shēng tóng huà jí zhù zuò gòng yòu 27 zhǒng， qí zhōng zuì zǎo de shì 1926 nián fā biǎo zài xiǎo shuō yuè bào shàng de 'ān tú shēng zuò pǐn de zhōng wén yì wén。 bó wù guǎn yuán jiàn zài 'ān tú shēng de gù jū nèi， suí zhe 'ān tú shēng de shēng yù hé zhù zuò yǐng xiǎng de kuò dà， shì jiè gè guó 'ān tú shēng zhù zuò bǎn běn de zēng jiā yǐ jí bó wù guǎn cān guān zhě rén shù de zēng duō， liǎng dù kuò jiàn： yī cì zài 1930 nián， wéi 'ān tú shēng dàn chén 125 zhōu nián； lìng yī cì zài 1975 nián， wéi 'ān tú shēng shì shì 100 zhōu nián。 yuán tǎ (RoundTower) zuò luò zài shǒu dū gē běn hā gēn shì zhōng xīn fù jìn。 jiàn yú 1642 nián kè lǐ sī qīn sì shì tǒng zhì shí qī。 kè lǐ sī qīn sì shì（ 1577－ 1648 nián） wéi dān mài hé nuó wēi zhī wáng， xǐ jiàn jiàn zhù， lǚ jiàn lì chéng shì， yòu“ guó wáng jiàn zhù shī” zhī chēng。 yuán tǎ gāo 36 mǐ， zhí jìng 15 mǐ。 tā de jiàn lì yǔ sān yī dà jiào táng（ jī dū jiào zhōng zhǐ shèng fù、 shèng zǐ、 shèng líng sān wèi yī tǐ yòu guān。 kè lǐ sī qīn sì shì xiū jiàn zhè zuò jiàn zhù shǐ zhī yǔ dà jiào táng yǐ jí tú shū guǎn hé tiān wén yǐn tái gòu chéng yī zǔ zōng hé jiàn zhù qún。 tǎ nèi yòu luó xuán tōng dào zhí dǐ tǎ dǐng。 1716 nián， é guó shā huáng bǐ dé dà dì fǎng wèn gē běn hā gēn shí céng yǔ qí huáng hòu kǎ tè lín nà dēng shàng tǎ dǐng。 dì wò lì gōng yuán (TivoliGardens) wèi yú dān mài shǒu dū gē běn hā gēn nào shì zhōng xīn， zhàn dì 20 yīng mǔ， shì dān mài zhù míng de yóu lè yuán， yòu“ tóng huà zhī chéng” zhī chēng。 měi nián 4 yuè 22 rì zhì 9 yuè 19 rì duì wài kāi fàng。 xīng jiàn dì wò lì gōng yuán de shì yī míng jì zhě jiān chū bǎn shāng qiáo zhì · kǎ sī téng sēn， tā xiàng dāng shí dān mài guó wáng kè lǐ sī dì bā shì jìn yán， biǎo shì“ ruò rén mín dān yú wán lè， biàn bù huì gān shè zhèng zhì”， yú shì huò zhǔn xiū jiàn zhè zuò gōng yuán。 gōng yuán yú 1843 nián 8 yuè 15 rì qǐ jí kāi shǐ jiē dài dāng dì jū mín hé wài lái yóu kè。 zuì chū gōng yuán zhǐ shì qún zhòng jí huì、 tiào wǔ， kàn biǎo yǎn hé tīng yīnyuè de chǎng suǒ。 hòu lái jǐ jīng gǎi zào， cái zhú jiàn xíng chéng yī gè lǎoshào jiē yí de yóu lè chǎng suǒ。 gōng yuán de zhèng mén， pō sì yī zuò diāo bǎo。 yóu zhuān jiā jīng xīn shè jì de yuán nèi jiàn zhù wù cuò luò yòu zhì dì fēn bù zài zì rán jǐng wù zhī jiān， shǐ zhěng gè gōng yuán jiān yòu tiān rán yǔ rén gōng zhī měi。 huā huì zhǎn lǎn shì gōng yuán de yī dà tè sè， huā zhǎn yǐ zhòngzhí zài yuán dì lǐ de huā cù zǔ chéng wǔ cǎi bīn fēn de tú 'àn lái xī yǐn guān zhòng。 zhè lǐ de shuǐ jǐng gèng shì lìng rén tàn wéi guān zhǐ， shuǐ miàn shàng bù jǐn yòu diāo sù、 pēn quán， hái yòu huā zhōu yóu yì， shuǐ niǎo fān fēi。 dāng yè mù jiàng lín， yuán nèi dēng guāng càn làn、 shǎn shuò shēng huī。 zhěng gè yóu lè yuán jì xiàng shì zài hēi mù shàng huà chū yī fú dà bǐ sù miáo， yòu sì shì yī gè bō lí de shì jiè。 shù zhī shàng de cǎi dēng dà xiǎo bù yī、 míng 'àn yòu zhì， chèn tuō chū tōng yōu qū jìng、 shù yǐng pó suō。 shuǐ biān de dēng shì tú 'àn gè yòu bù tóng， sè cǎi gè yì， zài bù tóng de shuǐ miàn shàng jīng guò qiǎo miào de 'ān pái hé yì shù de chuān chā， yòu rú jìng huā shuǐ yuè， gěi rén yǐ méng lóng mí huàn zhī gǎn。 zhè lǐ hái yòu bǐng zuò yǐn rén zhù mùdì zhōng guó shì jiàn zhù ── bǎo tǎ hé xì tái。 tǎ fēn 4 céng， fēi yán líng kōng， yíng jiàn tōng líng， yī miàn yǐ shān， sān biān lín shuǐ。 tǎ nèi céng céng shè yòu cān tīng， yóu kè kě yī biān pǐn cháng zhōng guó jiā yáo， yī biān bǎo lǎn hú guāng shān sè。 xì tái jiàn yú 1874 nián， zài wài xíng、 dà xiǎo、 sè zé、 bù jú shàng fǎng zhào běi jīng gù gōng xì tái guī gé， tái qián wū yán xià héng xuán yī kuài mù biǎn， shàng shū mèng zǐ de míng yán“ yǔ mín xié lè” 4 gè dà zì。 dì wò lì gōng yuán zì chuàng jiàn yǐ lái cóng wèi chū xiàn guò chì zì， zhī suǒ yǐ yòu zhè me hǎo de shōu yì chú liǎo qí bié zhì de jǐng sè yǐ wài， hái dé yì yú qí yōu jiǔ de lì shǐ hé chuán tǒng。 gōng yuán nèi shè yòu 20 duō tiáo jīng xiǎn chéng dù gè yì de lì xiǎn lù xiàn， hái kě yán fēi tiān gànxiàn liú lǎn 'ān tú shēng tóng huà gù shì lǐ yī mù mù kuài zhì rén kǒu de tóng huà gù shì。 dà bèi 'ěr tè hǎi xiá dà qiáo (StoreBaeltBridge) jiàn zài zài dān mài xī lán dǎo yǔ fěi yīng dǎo zhī jiān 18 gōng lǐ kuān de dà bèi 'ěr tè hǎi xiá shàng， gāi qiáo shàng de xuán suǒ qiáo cháng 1624 mǐ， shì shì jiè shàng zuì cháng de xuán suǒ qiáo zhī yī。 dà qiáo wéi gōng lù、 tiě lù liǎng yòng qiáo。 cóng fěi yīng dǎo zhì hǎi xiá zhōng sī pō luò gé dǎo wéi 6.6 gōng lǐ cháng de xī qiáo， 1996 nián 7 yuè wán gōng。 dōng qiáo cóng xī lán dǎo zhì sī pō luò gé dǎo tiě lù xū zǒu de suì dào 1995 nián xià jì yǐ kāi tōng。 dōng qiáo de gōng lù qiáo zài shuǐ miàn shàng， zhè bù fēn dà qiáo zhōng yòu yī duàn wéi xuán suǒ qiáo， qiáo tǎ gāo 254 mǐ； liǎng qiáo tǎ zhī jiān de kuà dù dá 1624 mǐ， jǐn cì yú zhèng zài jiàn shè zhōng de rì běn míng shí hǎi xiá dà qiáo； qiáo kǒng gāo dù wéi 65 mǐ， kě tōng xíng rèn hé jù lún。 xuán suǒ qiáo shǐ yòng liǎo 1.9 wàn dūn gāng lǎn， qí zhù gāng lǎn zhí jìng dá 85 gōng fēn。 Denmark is the second-most visited destination in Scandinavia, after Sweden, with 4.7 million visitors in 2007. Denmark is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of government. Denmark has a state-level government and local governments in 98 municipalities. Denmark has been a member of the European Union (formerly European Economic Community) since 1973, although has not joined the Eurozone, a currency union among the European Union member states that have adopted the euro as their sole official currency. Denmark is a founding member of NATO. Denmark, with a free market capitalist economy, and a large welfare state, ranks according to one measure as having the world's highest level of income equality. From 2006 to 2008, surveys ranked Denmark as "the happiest place in the world," based on standards of health, welfare, and education. The 2008 Global Peace Index survey ranks Denmark as the second most peaceful country in the world, after Iceland. Denmark was also ranked as the least corrupt country in the world in the 2008 Corruption Perceptions Index, sharing a top position with Sweden and New Zealand. In 2008, the capital and largest city, Copenhagen, was ranked the most livable city in the world by Monocle magazine. The national language, Danish, is close to Swedish and Norwegian, with which they share strong cultural and historical ties. 82.0% of the inhabitants of Denmark and 90.3% of the ethnic Danes are members of the Lutheran state church. About 9% of the population have foreign citizenship. A large portion of the foreign citizens are of Scandinavian ancestry, while the rest are of a variety of nationalities. The etymology of the word Denmark, and especially the relationship between Danes and Denmark and the unifying of Denmark as a single Kingdom is a subject that attracts some debate. The debate is centered primarily around the prefix 'Dan' and whether it refers to the Dani or a historical person Dan and the exact meaning of the -mark ending. The issue is further complicated by a number of references to various Dani people in Scandinavian or other places in Europe in ancient Greek and Roman accounts (like Ptolemy, Jordanes and Gregory of Tours), as well as some medieval literature (like Adam of Bremen, Beowulf, Widsith and Poetic Edda). Most handbooks derive the first part of the word, and the name of the people, from a word meaning "flat land", related to German Tenne "threshing floor", English den "cave", Sanskrit dhánu?- "desert". The -mark is believed to mean woodland or borderland (see marches), with probable references to the border forests in south Schleswig, maybe similar to Finnmark, Telemark or Dithmarschen. Mythological explanations Some of the earliest descriptions of the origin of the word 'Denmark', describing a territory, are found in the Chronicon Lethrense (12th century), Svend Aagesen (late 12th century), Saxo Grammaticus (early 13th century) and the Ballad of Eric (mid 15th century). There are however many more Danish annals and yearbooks containing various other details, similar tales in other variations, other names or spelling variations, and so on. The Chronicon Lethrense explains that when the Roman Emperor Augustus went against Denmark in the time of David, Denmark consisted of the territory Jutland, Funen, Zealand, M?n, Falster, Lolland and Sk?ne, but was not called Denmark (Dania) because they were governed by King Ypper of Uppsala. He had three sons, Nori, ?sten and Dan. Dan was sent to govern Zealand, M?n, Falster and Lolland, which became known jointly as Videslev. When the Jutes were fighting Emperor Augustus they called upon Dan to help and upon victory made him king of Jutland, Fuen, Videslev and Sk?ne. After a council about what to call this new united land, they named it Denmark (Dania) after the new king, Dan. Saxo relates that the legendary Danish King Dan, son of Humbli, gave the name to the Danish people, though he does not expressly state that he also is the origin of the word "Denmark". Rather he tells that England ultimately derives its name from Dan’s brother Angle. Earliest occurrences The earliest mention of a territory called "Denmark" is found in King Alfred the Great's modified translation into Old English of Paulus Orosius' Seven Books of History Against The Pagans ("Historiarum adversum Paganos Libri Septem"), written by Alfred when king of Wessex in the years 871-899. In a passage introduced to the text by Alfred, we read about Ohthere of H?logaland’s travels in the Nordic region, during which 'Denmark [Denamearc] was on his [port side]... And then for two days he had on his [port side] the islands which belong to Denmark'. The earliest recorded use of the word "Denmark" within Denmark itself is found on the two Jelling stones, which are rune stones believed to have been erected by Gorm the Old (c. 955) and Harald Bluetooth (c. 965). The larger stone of the two is often cited as Denmark's birth certificate, though both use the word "Denmark", in the form of accusative "tanmaurk" (pronounced /danm?rk/) on the large stone, and genitive "tanmarkar" (pronounced /danmarka?/) on the small stone. The inhabitants of Denmark are there called "tani" (/dan?/), or "Danes", in the accusative. In the Song of Roland, estimated to have been written between 1040 and 1115, though the oldest manuscript dates to 1140-1170, the first mention of the legendary Danish hero Holger Danske appears, who is specifically mentioned, several times, as "Holger of Denmark" (Oger de Denemarche) History The earliest archaeological findings in Denmark date back to 130,000 –110,000 BC in the Eem interglacial period. People have inhabited Denmark since about 12,500 BC and agriculture has been in evidence since 3,900 BC. The Nordic Bronze Age (1,800–600 BC) in Denmark was marked by burial mounds, which left an abundance of findings including lurs and the Sun Chariot. During the Pre-Roman Iron Age (500 BC – AD 1), native groups began migrating south, although the first Danish people came to the country between the Pre-Roman and the Germanic Iron Age, in the Roman Iron Age (CE 1–400). The Roman provinces maintained trade routes and relations with native tribes in Denmark and Roman coins have been found in Denmark. Evidence of strong Celtic cultural influence dates from this period in Denmark and much of northwest Europe and is among other things reflected in the finding of the Gundestrup cauldron. Historians believe that before the arrival of the precursors to the Danes, who came from the east Danish islands (Zealand) and Sk?ne and spoke an early form of north Germanic, most of Jutland and some islands were settled by Jutes. They were later invited to Great Britain as mercenaries by Brythonic king Vortigern, and were granted the south-eastern territories of Kent, the Isle of Wight, among other areas, where they settled. They were later absorbed or ethnically cleansed by the invading Angles and Saxons, who formed the Anglo-Saxons. The remaining population in Jutland assimilated in with the Danes, due territorial expansions from the south and the east, and the Jutes being initially weakened after their emigrations. The exact origins of the Danish nation have been lost in the mists of time. However, a short note about the Dani in "The Origin and Deeds of the Goths" from 551 by historian Jordanes is believed by some to be an early mention of the Danes, one of the ethnic groups from whom the modern Danish people are descended. The Danevirke defense structures were built in phases from the 3rd century forward, and the sheer size of the construction efforts in 737 are attributed to the emergence of a Danish king. The new runic alphabet was first used at the same time and Ribe, the oldest town of Denmark, was founded about 700 AD. Iron age During the 8th-11th centuries, the Danes were known as Vikings, together with Norwegians, Geats and Gotlanders. Viking explorers first discovered and settled Iceland in the 9th century, on their way toward the Faroe Islands. From there, Greenland and Vinland (probably Newfoundland) were also settled. Utilising their great skills in shipbuilding they raided and conquered parts of France and the British Isles. But they also excelled in trading along the coasts and rivers of Europe, running trade routes from Greenland in the north to Constantinople in the south via Russian rivers. The Danish Vikings were most active in the British Isles and Western Europe, and they raided, conquered and settled parts of England (their earliest settlements included sites in the Danelaw, Ireland, and Normandy). In the early 8th century, Charlemagne's Christian empire had expanded to the southern border of the Danes, and Frankish sources (F.ex. Notker of St Gall) provide the earliest historical evidence of the Danes. These report a King Gudfred, who appeared in present day Holstein with a navy in 804 CE where diplomacy took place with the Franks; In 808, the same King Gudfred attacked the Obotrite, a Wend people and conquered the city of Reric whose population was displaced or abducted, to Hedeby; In 809, King Godfred and emissaries of Charlemagne failed to negotiate peace and the next year, 810, King Godfred attacked the Frisians with 200 ships. The oldest parts of the defensive works of Danevirke near Hedeby at least date from the summer of 755 and were expanded with large works in the 10th century. The size and amount of troops needed to man it indicates a quite powerful ruler in the area, which might be consistent with the kings the Frankish sources. In 815 AD, Emperor Louis the Pious attacked Jutland apparently in support of a contender to the throne, perhaps Harald Klak, but was turned back by the sons of Godfred, who most likely were the sons of the above mentioned Godfred. At the same time Saint Ansgar traveled to Hedeby and started the Catholic christianisation of Scandinavia. Map showing Danevirke and H?rvejen The Danes were united and officially Christianised in 965 CE by Harald Bl?tand, the story of which is recorded on the Jelling stones. The exact extent of Harald's Danish Kingdom is unknown, although it's reasonable to believe that it stretched from the defensive line of Dannevirke, including the Viking city of Hedeby, across Jutland, the Danish isles and into southern present day Sweden; Scania and perhaps Halland and Blekinge. Furthermore, the Jelling stones attest that Harald had also "won" Norway. The son of Harald, Sweyn Forkbeard mounted a series of wars of conquest against England, which was completed by Svend's son Canute the Great by the middle of the 11th century. The reign of Canute the Great (Danish:Knud) represented the peak of the Danish Viking age. King Knud's North Sea Empire included Denmark (1018), Norway (1028), England (1035) and held strong influence over the north-eastern coast of Germany. Following the death of Canute the Great, Denmark and England were divided. Sweyn Estridsen's son, Canute IV, raided England for the last time in 1085. He planned another invasion to take the throne of England from an aging William I. He called up a fleet of 1000 Danish ships, 60 Norwegian long boats, with plans to meet with another 600 ships under Duke Robert of Flanders in the summer of 1086. Canute, however, was beginning to realize that the imposition of the tithe on Danish peasants and nobles to fund the expansion of monasteries and churches and a new head tax (Danish:nefgjald) had brought his people to the verge of rebellion. Canute took weeks to arrive at Struer where the fleet had aseembled, but he found only the Norwegians still there. The Danes had waited so long for the king that they began to starve and sailed home in disgust. Canute thanked the Norwegians for their patience and then went from assembly to assembly (Danish:landsting) outlawing any sailor, captain, or soldier who refused to pay a fine which amounted to more than a years harvest for most farmers. When the king refused to back down, the peasants in Vendsyssel went on a rampage burning royal properties and murdering the hated tax collectors. Canute and his housecarls fled south with a growing army of rebels on his heels. Canute fled to the royal property outside the town of Odense on Funen with his two brothers. The peasants on Funen were not any happier with Canute than anyone else and charged after the king. Canute and his brother, Prince Benedict, fled to St Albans Priory for sanctuary. Canute took communion realizing his days were numbered. After several attempts to break in and then bloody hand to hand fighting in the church, Benedict was cut down and Canute struck in the head by a large stone and then speared from the front. He died at the base of the main altar 10 July 1086, where he was buried by the Benedictines. When Queen Edele came to take Canute's body to Flanders, a wonderful light allegedly shone around the church and it was taken as a sign that Canute should remain where he was. People flocked to his grave when it was reported that the blind had received their sight, the lame walked, and deaf heard. His brother Olaf, who succeeded Canute, had a short reign and Denmark was plagued with famine so often that Olaf will forever be known as Olaf Hunger. Canute was canonized in 1101, and St Canute's Cathedral became one of Scandinavia's most popular pilgrimage sites in the Middle Ages. The death of St Canute marks the end of the great Viking Age. Never again would massive flotillas of Scandinavians meet each year to ravage the rest of Christian Europe. Denmark was thoroughly Christian, though for generations Danes quietly held onto old customs that are vague reminders of pre-Christian times. Medieval Denmark From the Viking age towards the end of the 13th century, the kingdom of Denmark consisted of Jutland, north from the Eider River and the islands of Zealand, Funen, Bornholm, Sk?ne, Halland and Blekinge. From the end of the 1200s the lands between the Eider River and the river Konge?en were separated from the kingdom as two vassal duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. Following the end of the 11th century, Denmark underwent a transition from a patchwork of regional chiefs (Danish:jarls) with a weak and semi-elected royal institution, into a realm which more reflected European feudalism, with a powerful king ruling through an influential nobility. The period is marked by internal strife and the generally weak geopolitical position of the realm, which for long stretches fell under German influence. The period also featured the first of large stone buildings (mostly churches), a deep penetration by the Christian religion, the appearance of monastic orders in Denmark and the first written historical works such as the Gesta Danorum ("Deeds of the Danes"). German political as well as religious influence firmly ended in the last decades of the 12th century under the rule of King Valdemar the Great and his foster brother Absalon Hvide, Archbishop of Lund; through successful wars against Wend peoples of northeast Germany and the German Empire. The tomb of Margrethe I in Roskilde Cathedral A high point was reached during the reign of Valdemar II, who led the formation of a Danish "Baltic Sea Empire", which by 1221 extended control from Estonia in the east to Norway in the north. In this period several of the "regional" law codes were given; notably the Code of Jutland from 1241, which asserted several modern concepts like right of property; "that the king cannot rule without and beyond the law"; "and that all men are equal to the law". Following the death of Valdemar II in 1241 and to the ascension of Valdemar IV in 1340, the kingdom was in general decline due to internal strife and the rise of the Hanseatic League. The competition between the sons of Valdemar II, had the longterm result that the southern parts of Jutland were separated from the kingdom of Denmark and became semi-independent vassal duchies/counties. During the reign of Valdemar IV and his daughter Margrethe I, the realm was re-invigorated and following the Battle of Falk?ping, Margrethe I had her sister's son, Eric of Pomerania crowned King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden after the signing of the union charter of Kalmar (The Kalmar Union), Trinity Sunday 1397. Much of the next 125 years of Scandinavian history revolves around this union, with Sweden breaking off and being re-conquered repeatedly. The issue was for practical purposes resolved on the 17 June 1523 as Swedish King Gustav Vasa conquered the city of Stockholm. Denmark and Norway remained in a personal union until the Congress of Vienna, 1814. The Protestant Reformation came to Scandinavia in 1520s. On Easter Sunday 1525 Hans Tausen, a monk in the Order of St John's Hospitalers, proclaimed aloud the need for Luther's reforms in the Catholic Church. His sermon was the beginning of a ten year struggle which would change Denmark forever. Tausen was hustled off to a monastery in Viborg in northern Jutland where he would be isolated and away from Copenhagen and the court. Tausen simply preached through the window of his locked chamber. At first curious Danes came to hear the strange new ideas that Tausen was preaching. Within weeks Tausen was freed by his loyal followers and then a Franciscan abbey church was broken open so Viborgers could hear God's word under a roof. Luther's ideas were accepted so rapidly that the local bishop and other churchmen in Viborg were unable to cope. In many churches the mass was celebrated alongside Lutheran sermons and then Tausen's version of Luther's teachings began to spread to other parts of Jutland. Within a year Tausen was the personal chaplain of King Frederik I. Frederik tried to balance the old and new ideas insisting that they coexist; it lasted only as long as Frederik did. A mob stormed Our Lady Church in Copenhagen in 1531 tearing down statues, destroying side altars, artwork, and relics that had accumulated through its long history. Similar events happened through the country, although for the most part the change was peaceful. The majority of common people saw the reduced influence and wealth of the church as a liberating thing, but their new found influence did not last long. At the death of Frederick I two claimants to the throne, one backed by Protestant L?beck and the other by Catholic nobles caused a civil war known as the Count's Feud (Danish: Grevens Fejde). The massacre of Skipper Clement's peasant army at Aalborg brought an end of the war with the pro-Lutheran party firmly in charge. Denmark became officially Lutheran in 1536. Denmark's Catholic bishops were arrested and imprisoned. Abbeys, nunneries, monasteries and other church properties were confiscated by local nobility and the crown. Monks, nuns, and clergy lost their livelihood. The bishops who agreed to marry and not stir up trouble were given former church lands as personal estates. Catholic influence remained longest in Viborg and the nearby area, northern Jutland, where change permeated slowly, although the reformation originally began there. Modern history King Christian IV attacked Sweden in the 1611–13 Kalmar War but failed to accomplish his main objective of forcing Sweden to return to the union with Denmark. The war led to no territorial changes, but Sweden was forced to pay a war indemnity of 1 million silver riksdaler to Denmark, an amount known as the ?lvsborg ransom. King Christian used this money to found several towns and fortresses, most notably Glückstadt (founded as a rival to Hamburg), Christiania (following a fire destroying the original city), Christianshavn, Christianstad, and Christiansand. Christian also constructed a number of buildings, most notably B?rsen, Rundet?rn, Nyboder, Rosenborg, a silver mine and a copper mill. Inspired by the Dutch East India Company, he founded a similar Danish company and planned to claim Sri Lanka as a colony but the company only managed to acquire Tranquebar on India's Coromandel Coast. In the Thirty Year's War, Christian tried to become the leader of the Lutheran states in Germany, but suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of Lutter resulting in a catholic army under Albrecht von Wallenstein occupying and pillaging Jutland. Denmark managed to avoid territorial concessions, but Gustavus Adolphus' intervention in Germany was seen as a sign that the military power of Sweden was on the rise while Denmark's influence in the region was declining. In 1643, Swedish armies invaded Jutland and in 1644 Sk?ne. In the 1645 Treaty of Br?msebro, Denmark surrendered Halland, Gotland, the last parts of Danish Estonia, and several provinces in Norway. In 1657, King Frederick III declared war on Sweden and marched on Bremen-Verden. This led to a massive Danish defeat and the armies of King Charles X Gustav of Sweden conquered both Jutland, Funen and much of Zealand before signing the Peace of Roskilde in February 1658 which gave Sweden control of Sk?ne, Blekinge, Tr?ndelag and the island of Bornholm. Charles X Gustav quickly regretted not having destroyed Denmark completely and in August 1658 he began a two-year long siege of Copenhagen but failed to take the capital. In the following peace settlement, Denmark managed to maintain its independence and regain control of Tr?ndelag and Bornholm. Den Grundlovsgivende Rigsforsamling (The Constitutional Assembly. The Assembly created The Danish constitution), 1860–1864 painting by Constantin Hansen Denmark tried to regain control of Sk?ne in the Scanian War (1675–79) but it ended in failure. Following the Great Northern War (1700–21), Denmark managed to restore control of the parts of Schleswig and Holstein ruled by the house of Holstein-Gottorp in 1721 and 1773, respectively. Denmark prospered greatly in the last decades of the 18th century due to its neutral status allowing it to trade with both sides in the many contemporary wars. In the Napoleonic Wars, Denmark originally tried to pursue a policy of neutrality to continue the lucrative trade with both France and the United Kingdom and joined the League of Armed Neutrality with Russia, Sweden and Prussia. The British considered this a hostile act and attacked Copenhagen in both 1801 and 1807, in one case carrying off the Danish fleet and burning large parts of the Danish capital. These events mark the end of the prosperous Florissant Age and resulted in the Dano-British Gunboat War. British control over the waterways between Denmark and Norway proved disastrous to the union's economy and in 1813, Denmark-Norway went bankrupt. The post-Napoleonic Congress of Vienna demanded the dissolution of the Dano-Norwegian union, and this was confirmed by the Treaty of Kiel in 1814. Denmark-Norway had briefly hoped to restore the Scandinavian union in 1809, but these hopes were dashed when the estates of Sweden rejected a proposal to let Frederick VI of Denmark succeed the deposed Gustav IV Adolf and instead gave the crown to Charles XIII. Norway entered a new union with Sweden which lasted until 1905. Denmark kept the colonies of Iceland, Faroe Islands and Greenland. Apart from the Nordic colonies, Denmark ruled over Danish India (Tranquebar in India) from 1620 to 1869, the Danish Gold Coast (Ghana) from 1658 to 1850, and the Danish West Indies (the U.S. Virgin Islands) from 1671 to 1917. The Danish liberal and national movement gained momentum in the 1830s, and after the European Revolutions of 1848 Denmark peacefully became a constitutional monarchy on 5 June 1849. After the Second War of Schleswig (Danish: Slesvig) in 1864, Denmark was forced to cede Schleswig and Holstein to Prussia, in a defeat that left deep marks on the Danish national identity. After these events, Denmark returned to its traditional policy of neutrality, also keeping Denmark neutral in World War I. 20th and 21st centuries Following the defeat of Germany, the Versailles powers offered to return the then-German region of Schleswig-Holstein to Denmark. Fearing German irredentism, Denmark refused to consider the return of the area and insisted on a plebiscite concerning the return of Schleswig. The two Schleswig Plebiscites took place on 10 February and 14 March, respectively. On 5 July 1920 after the plebiscite and the King's signature (6 July) on the reunion document, Northern Schleswig (S?nderjylland) was recovered by Denmark, thereby adding 163,600 inhabitants and 3,984 km2. The reunion day (Genforeningsdag) is celebrated every year 15 June on Valdemarsdag. Germany's invasion of Denmark on 9 April 1940 – codenamed Operation Weserübung – met only two hours of military resistance before the Danish government surrendered. Economic co-operation between Germany and Denmark continued until 1943, when the Danish government refused further co-operation and its navy sank most of its ships and sent as many of their officers as they could to Sweden. During the war, the government was extremely helpful towards Jews living in the country, and the resistance managed to get most of the Jews to Sweden and safety. Denmark led many "inside operations" or sabotage against the German facilities. Iceland severed ties to Denmark and became an independent republic, and in 1948 the Faroe Islands gained home rule. After the war, Denmark became one of the founding members of the United Nations and NATO and in 1973, along with Britain and Ireland, joined the European Economic Community (now the European Union) after a public referendum. Greenland gained home rule in 1979. Neither Greenland, nor the Faroe Islands are members of the European Union, the Faroers declining membership in EEC from 1973 and Greenland from 1986, in both cases because of fisheries policies. Despite its small size Denmark has been participating in major military and humanitary operations, most notably the UN and NATO led operations on Cyprus and in Bosnia, Korea, Croatia, Kosovo, Ethiopia, Iraq, Afghanistan and Somalia. Geography Denmark is the smallest country in Scandinavia. Denmark's northernmost point is Skagens point (the north beach of the Skaw) at 57° 45' 7" northern latitude, the southernmost is Gedser point (the southern tip of Falster) at 54° 33' 35" northern latitude, the westernmost point is Bl?vandshuk at 8° 4' 22" eastern longitude, and the easternmost point is ?stersk?r at 15° 11' 55" eastern longitude. This is in the archipelago Ertholmene 18 kilometres northeast of Bornholm. The distance from east to west is 452 kilometres (281 mi), from north to south 368 kilometres (229 mi). Windmills and yellow brick houses accent the gently rolling meadowlands of Karlebo. Denmark consists of the peninsula of Jutland (Jylland) and 443 named islands (1419 islands above 100 m2 in total (2005)). Of these, 72 are inhabited (2008), with the largest being Zealand (Sj?lland) and Funen (Fyn). The island of Bornholm is located somewhat east of the rest of the country, in the Baltic Sea. Many of the larger islands are connected by bridges; the ?resund Bridge connects Zealand with Sweden, the Great Belt Bridge connects Funen with Zealand, and the Little Belt Bridge connects Jutland with Funen. Ferries or small aircraft connect to the smaller islands. Main cities are the capital Copenhagen (on Zealand), ?rhus, Aalborg and Esbjerg (in Jutland) and Odense (on Funen). A forest burial ground in Yding Skovh?j, one of Denmark's highest points. The country is flat with little elevation; having an average height above sea level of only 31 metres (102 ft) and the highest natural point is M?lleh?j, at 170.86 metres (560.56 ft). Other hills in the same area southwest of ?rhus are Yding Skovh?j at 170.77 metres (560.27 ft) and Ejer Bavneh?j at 170.35 metres (558.89 ft).[dead link] The area of inland water is: (eastern Denmark) 210 km2 (81 sq mi); (western D.) 490 km2 (189 sq mi). Denmark is split into one peninsula and 443 named islands which results in a long coastline, 7,314 kilometres (4,544 mi). A perfect circle enclosing the same area as Denmark would have a circumference of only 742 kilometres (461 mi). Another feature that shows the close connection between the land and ocean is that no location in Denmark is further from the coast than 52 kilometres (32.3 mi). The size of the land area of Denmark cannot be stated exactly since the ocean constantly erodes and adds material to the coastline, and because of human land reclamation projects (to counter erosion). On the southwest coast of Jutland, the tide is between 1 and 2 metres (3 to 6.5 ft), and the tideline moves outward and inward on a 10 kilometres (6 mi) stretch. Phytogeographically, Denmark (including Greenland and the Faroe Islands) belongs to the Boreal Kingdom and is shared between the Arctic, Atlantic European and Central European provinces of the Circumboreal Region. According to the WWF, the territory of Denmark can be subdivided into two ecoregions: the Atlantic mixed forests and Baltic mixed forests. The Faroe Islands are covered by the Faroe Islands boreal grasslands, while Greenland hosts the ecoregions of Kalaallit Nunaat high arctic tundra and Kalaallit Nunaat low arctic tundra. The climate is in the temperate zone. The winters are not particularly cold, with mean temperatures in January and February of 0.0 °C, and the summers are cool, with a mean temperature in August of 15.7 °C. There is a lot of wind, which is stronger during the winter and weaker during the summer. Denmark has an average of 121 days per year with precipitation, on average receiving a total of 712 mm per year; autumn is the wettest season, and spring the driest. Because of Denmark's northern location, the length of the day with sunlight varies greatly. There are short days during the winter with sunrise coming around 9:30 a.m. and sunset 4:30 p.m., as well as long summer days with sunrise at 3:30 a.m. and sunset at 10 p.m. The shortest and longest days of the year have traditionally been celebrated. The celebration for the shortest day corresponds roughly with Christmas (Danish: jul) and modern celebrations concentrate on Christmas Eve, 24 December. The Norse word jól is a plural, indicating that pre-Christian society celebrated a season with multiple feasts. Christianity introduced the celebration of Christmas, resulting in the use of the Norse name also for the Christian celebration. Efforts by the Catholic Church to replace this name with kristmesse were unsuccessful. The celebration for the longest day is Midsummer Day, which is known in Denmark as sankthansaften (St. John's evening). Celebrations of Midsummer have taken place since pre-Christian times. Environmental Issues There are also many environmental issues that Denmark currently faces. The following are the problems that Denmark faces: * Air pollution, principally from vehicle and power plant emissions * Nitrogen and phosphorus pollution of the North Sea * Drinking and surface water becoming polluted from animal wastes and pesticides However the Danish Government has signed many international agreements such as: Antarctic Treaty; Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol; Endangered Species Act; Etc. These agreements have helped in the reduction in CO2 emissions by Denmark. Now Denmark is ranked 10th for the most green countries to live in the world. Government and politics Queen Margrethe II The Kingdom of Denmark is a constitutional monarchy. As stipulated in the Danish Constitution, the monarch is not answerable for his or her actions, and his or her person is sacrosanct. The monarch formally appoints and dismisses the Prime Minister and other ministers. The prime minister is customarily chosen through negotiation between the parliament party leaders. Before being validated through royal assent, all bills and important government measures must be discussed in Statsr?det, a privy council headed by the monarch. The Danish privy council's protocols are secret. Although the monarch is formally given executive power this power is strictly ceremonial. The monarch is expected to be entirely apolitical and refrain from influencing the government in any way or form. For example, members of the royal family do not cast their votes in elections and referendums even though they have the right. Prime Minister of Denmark: Anders Fogh Rasmussen While executive authority formally belongs to the monarch (as head of state), legislative authority is vested in the executive (Prime Minister) and the Danish parliament conjointly. Judicial authority lies with the courts of justice. Executive authority is exercised on behalf of the monarch by the prime minister and other cabinet ministers who head departments. The cabinet, including the Prime Minister, and other ministers collectively make up the government. These ministers are responsible to Folketinget (the Danish Parliament), the legislative body, which is traditionally considered to be supreme (that is, able to legislate on any matter and not bound by decisions of its predecessors). The Folketing is the national legislature. It has the ultimate legislative authority according to the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty, however questions over sovereignty have been brought forward because of Denmark’s entry into the European Union. In theory however, the doctrine prevails. Parliament consists of 175 members elected by proportional majority, plus two members each from Greenland and Faroe Islands. Parliamentary elections are held at least every four years, but it is within the powers of the Prime Minister to call one at his discretion before this period has elapsed. On a vote of no confidence the parliament may force a single minister or the entire government to resign. The Danish political system has traditionally generated coalitions. Most Danish post-war governments have been minority coalitions ruling with the support of non-government parties. Denmark and its Dependencies. Since November 2001, the Danish Prime Minister has been Anders Fogh Rasmussen from the Venstre party, a center-right liberal party. The government is a coalition consisting of Venstre and the Conservative People's Party, with parliamentary support from the Danish People's Party (Dansk Folkeparti). The three parties obtained a parliamentary majority in the 2001 elections and maintained it virtually unchanged in the 2005 election. On 24 October 2007 an early election was called by the Prime Minister for 13 November. Following the election the Danish People's party was strengthened while Mr. Anders Fogh Rasmussen's Venstre lost 6 seats and the Conservative Party retained the same number of seats in Parliament as prior to the election. The result ensured that Anders Fogh Rasmussen could continue as Prime Minister for a third term. Regions and municipalities Denmark is divided into five regions (Danish: regioner, singular: region) and a total of 98 municipalities. The regions were created on 1 January 2007 as part of the 2007 Danish Municipal Reform to replace the country's traditional thirteen counties (amter). At the same time, smaller municipalities (kommuner) were merged into larger units, cutting the number of municipalities from 270 to 98. The most important area of responsibility for the new regions is the national health service. Unlike the former counties, the regions are not allowed to levy taxes, and the health service is primarily financed by a national 8% (sundhedsbidrag) tax combined with funds from both government and municipalities. Each Regional Council consists of 41 elected politicians elected as part of the 2005 Danish municipal elections. Most of the new municipalities have a population of at least 20,000 people, although a few exceptions were made to this rule. The Ertholmene archipelago (96 inhabitants (2008)) is neither part of a municipality, nor a region but belongs to the Ministry of Defence. Greenland and the Faroe Islands are also parts of the Kingdom of Denmark, as members of Rigsf?llesskabet but have autonomous status and are largely self-governing, and are each represented by two seats in the parliament. Country ↓ Population ↓ Area (km2) ↓ Density (pop per km2) ↓ Flag of Denmark Denmark 5,505,995 43,094 128 Flag of the Faroe Islands Faroe Islands 48,690 1,399 35 Flag of Greenland Greenland 57,564 2,175,600 0.026 Flag of Denmark Kingdom of Denmark 5,612,249 2,220,093 2.5 Economy Denmark's market economy features efficient markets, above average European living standards, and high amount of free trade. Denmark has a GDP per capita higher than that of most European countries, and 15-20% higher than that of the United States. Denmark is one of the most competitive economies in the world according to World Economic Forum 2008 report, IMD, and The Economist. According to World Bank Group, Denmark has the most flexible labor market in Europe; the policy is called flexicurity. It is easy to hire, fire, and find a job. According to rankings by OECD, Denmark has the most free financial markets in EU-15 and also one of the most free product markets, owning to liberalisation in the 1990s. Around 2.9 million residents are in the labor market. The proportion of tertiary degree holders is one of the highest. GDP per hour worked was the 10th highest in 2006 and unemployment at 2.3 percent. Denmark has an advanced telecommunications infrastructure. Denmark has a company tax rate of 25% and a special time limited tax regime for expatriates. The Danish taxation system is both broad based (25% VAT, not including excise, duty and tax) and has the world record for income tax rates (minimum tax rate for adults is 42% scaling to 63%, population average for 2006 was 49.6%). Denmark's national currency, the krone (plural: kroner), is de facto linked to the Euro through ERM. The exchange rate is very steady at approx. 7.45 kroner per euro. Currently the krone converts to American dollars at a rate of about USD 0.17 per krone (about 5.75 kroner per dollar). (Exchange rates updated January 2009) The government has met the economic convergence criteria for participating in the third phase (the common European currency — the Euro) of the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union (EMU), but Denmark, in a September 2000 referendum, rejected The Monetary Union. The Government of Fogh Rasmussen, re-elected in November 2007, announced a new referendum on the euro for 2008 or 2009 at the latest. Denmark is a member state of the European Union and part of its single market. Denmark is home to many multi-national companies, among them: A. P. Moller-Maersk Group, (Maersk — international shipping), Danfoss (Heating & Cooling), Lego (children's toys), Bang & Olufsen (hi-fi equipment), Carlsberg (beer), Vestas (wind turbines), Novozymes (enzymes and biotech) and the pharmaceutical companies Lundbeck and Novo Nordisk. International companies such as CSC, Dell, Microsoft and Nokia have placed large global business centres in Copenhagen. Denmark is known from the Danish cooperative movement concerning farming, food industry (now Danish Crown), dairies (now Arla Foods), shops Brugsen, which are part of Coop Norden now, wind turbine cooperatives, and co-housing associations. Support for free trade is high - in a recent poll 76% responded that globalisation is a good thing. 70% of trade flows are inside the European Union. Main exports include: animal foodstuffs, chemicals, dairy products, electronic equipment, fish, furniture, leather, machinery, meat, oil and gas, and sugar. Denmark is a net exporter of food and energy and has for a number of years had a balance of payments surplus while battling an equivalent of approximately 39% of GNP foreign debt or more than 300 billion DKK. Also of importance is the sea territory of more than 105,000 km2 (40,000+ sq mi). Denmark has ranked as the world's 11th most free economy, of 162 countries, in an index created by the Wall Street Journal and Heritage Foundation, the Index of Economic Freedom 2008. The Index has been categorised as using inappropriately weighted indicators for economic freedom, leading to wealthy and/or conservative countries with barriers to trade placing high on the list, while poor and/or socialist countries with fewer restrictions on trade place low. The Index has only a 10% statistical correlation with a standard measure of economic growth at GDP per capita. Neither does the Index account for the actions of governments to nurture business in the manner of the Japanese Zaibatsus during the late 20th C, that helped lead to the Japanese economic miracle. Education The Danish education system provides access to primary school, secondary school, and most kinds of higher education. Attendance at "Folkeskole" is compulsory for a minimum of 9 years, and a maximum of 10. About 99% of students attend compulsory elementary school, 86% attend secondary school, and 41% pursue further education. All college education in Denmark is free. Primary school in Denmark is called "den Danske Folkeskole" ("Danish Public School"). It runs from 1st to 10th grade, though 10th grade is optional, as is the introductory "kindergarten class" ("b?rnehaveklasse"). Students can alternatively attend "free schools" ("Friskole"), or private schools ("Privatskole"), i.e. schools that are not under the administration of the municipalities, such as christian schools or Waldorf Schools. The Programme for International Student Assessment, coordinated by the OECD, ranked Denmark's education as the 24th best in the world in 2006, being neither significantly higher nor lower than the OECD average. Following graduation from Folkeskolen, there are several other educational opportunities, including Gymnasium (academically oriented upper secondary education), Higher Preparatory Examination (HF) (similar to Gymnasium, but one year shorter), Higher Technical Examination Programme (HTX) (with focus on Mathematics and engineering), and Higher Commercial Examination Programme (HHX) (with a focus on trade and business), as well as vocational education, training young people for work in specific trades by a combination of teaching and apprenticeship. Gymnasium, HF, HTX and HHX aim at qualifying students for higher education in universities and colleges. Denmark has several universities; the largest and oldest are the University of Copenhagen (founded 1479) and University of Aarhus (founded 1928). Folkeh?jskolerne, ("Folk high schools") introduced by politician, clergyman and poet N.F.S. Grundtvig in the 19th century, are social, informal education structures without tests or grades but emphasising communal learning, self-discovery, enlightenment, and learning how to think. Energy Offshore wind turbines near Copenhagen Denmark has considerable sources of oil and natural gas in the North Sea and ranks as number 32 in the world among net exporters of crude oil. Most electricity is produced from coal, but Denmark also has a record high share of windpower in the electricity mix. To encourage investment in wind power, families were offered a tax exemption for generating their own electricity within their own or an adjoining commune. While this could involve purchasing a turbine outright, more often families purchased shares in wind turbine cooperatives which in turn invested in community wind turbines. By 2004 over 150,000 Danes were either members of cooperatives or owned turbines, and about 5,500 turbines had been installed, although with greater private sector involvement the proportion owned by cooperatives had fallen to 75%. Wind turbines produce 16-19% of electricity demand (2004-2006 statistics). Denmark is connected by transmission lines to other European countries. Because of energy taxes, Denmark has the highest household electricity prices in the world, while industries pay just below EU average. Transport Significant investment has been made in recent decades in building road and rail links between Copenhagen and Malm?, Sweden (the ?resund Bridge), and between Zealand and Funen (the Great Belt Fixed Link). The Copenhagen Malm? Port was also formed between the two cities as the common port for the cities of both nations. The main railway operator is Danske Statsbaner (Danish State Railways) for passenger services and Railion for freight trains. The railway tracks are maintained by Banedanmark. Copenhagen has a small Metro system and the greater Copenhagen area has an extensive electrified suburban railway network. Denmark's national airline (together with Norway and Sweden) is Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS) and Copenhagen Airport is the country's largest airport, and also the biggest hub in Scandinavia. A ferry link to the Faroe Islands is maintained by Smyril Line. Other international ferry services are mainly operated by DFDS (to Norway and the UK). Scandlines (to Germany and Sweden), Stena Line (to Norway and Sweden), Color Line (to Norway) and FjordLine to (Norway). Private vehicles are increasingly used as a means of transportation, having gone from 1,389,547 registered cars in 1980 to 2,020,013 in 2007. However due to the high registration tax (approx. 180%) and VAT (25%), and the world's highest income tax rate, new cars are very expensive. This has the effect of giving Denmark one of Europe's oldest private vehicle fleets with an average age of 9.1 year in 2007. As another result Denmark has one of Europe's most environmentally harmful vehicle fleets, contrasting to Denmark's general efforts to be perceived internationally as an environmentally friendly and modern nation with a focus on conservation. However it should be noted that whilst this is an unfortunate side effect, the purpose of the tax is to discourage car ownership in the first place. Whether a smaller fleet of aging cars is better than a larger fleet of modern cars is a matter for debate, however as the car fleet has increased by 45% over the last 30 years the effect of high taxation on the fleet size seems small. In 2007 an attempt was made by the government to favor environmentally friendly cars by slightly reducing taxes on high mileage vehicles. However this has had little effect and Denmark has in 2008 experienced an increase in the import of fuel inefficient old cars (mostly older than 10 years), primarily from Germany as their costs including taxes keeps these cars within the budget of many Danes. Public policy After deregulating the labor market in the 1990es, Denmark has one of the most free labor markets in European countries. According World Bank labor market rankings, the labor market flexibility is at the same levels as the United States. Around 80% of employees belong to unions and the unemployment funds that are attached to them, but the percentage is falling. Labor market policies is mainly determined in negotiations between the worker unions and employer unions, and the government only interferes if labor strikes extends for too long. Despite the success of the labor unions in Denmark a growing share of people make contracts individually rather than collectively, and many (four out of ten employees) are contemplating dropping especially unemployment fund but occasionally even union membership altogether. This is due to the fact that the maximum amount (dagpengesats) of unemployment benefit (arbejdsl?shedsdagpenge) per month/day/week is capped at only 15,232 DKK(703 DKK/day;3,515DKK/week) (August 2008)(182,780 DKK per year), and the average employee therefore only receives a benefit at 47% of their wage level if they have to claim benefits when unemployed. With unemployment extremely low (under 50,000 persons August 2008), very few expect to be claiming benefits at all. The only reason then to pay the earmarked money to the unemployment fund would be to retire early and receive early retirement pay (efterl?n), which is possible from the age of 60 provided an additional earmarked contribution is paid to the unemployment fund. The unemployment rate for December 2007 was 2.7%, for a total of 74,900 persons, a reduction by 112,800 persons —2,400 per month — or 60% since December 2003. The Eurostat unemployment number for August 2008 is 2.9%. It should however be noted that this has been achieved by employing more than 38% (800,000 people) of the total workforce in public sector jobs. Another measure of the situation on the labour market is the employment rate, that is the percentage of people aged 15 to 64 (i.e. the working age group) in employment out of the total number of people aged 15 to 64. The employment rate for Denmark in 2007 was 77.1% according to Eurostat. Of all countries in the world, only Switzerland with 78.% and Iceland with 85.1% had a higher employment rate.[dead link] In December 2008 Danmarks Statistik reported that 100,000 Danes were affected by unemployment in the third quarter of 2008. Of these 62% received a job within two months, and 6% had been unemployed for two years or more. The number of unemployed is forecast to be 65,000 in 2015. The number of people in the working age group, less disability pensioners etc., will grow by 10,000 to 2,860,000, and jobs by 70,000 to 2,790,000; part time jobs are included. Because of the present high demand and short supply of skilled labour, for instance for factory and service jobs, including hospital nurses and physicians, the annual average working hours have risen, especially compared with the economic downturn 1987–1993.[dead link] Increasingly, service workers of all kinds are in demand, i.e. in the postal services and as bus drivers, and academics. In the fall of 2007, more than 250,000 foreigners are working in the country, of which 23,000 still reside in Germany or Sweden. According to a sampling survey of over 14,000 enterprises from December 2007 to April 2008 39,000 jobs were not filled, a number much lower than earlier surveys, confirming a downturn in the economic cycle. The level of unemployment benefits is dependent on former employment(the maximum benefit is at 90% of the wage) and at times also on membership of an unemployment fund, which is almost always -but need not be- administered by a trade union, and the previous payment of contributions. However, the largest share of the financing is still carried by the central government and is financed by general taxation, and only to a minor degree from earmarked contributions. There is no taxation, however, on proceeds gained from selling one′s home (provided there was any home equity (da:friv?rdi)), as the marginal tax rate on capital income from housing savings is around 0 percent. The Danish welfare model is accompanied by a taxation system that is both broad based (25% VAT, not including excise, duty and tax) and with a progressive income tax model, meaning the more money that is earned, the higher income tax percentage that gets paid (minimum tax rate for adults is 42% scaling to over 60%, except for the residents of Ertholmene that escape the otherwise ubiquitous 8% healthcare tax fraction of the income taxes). Other taxes include the registration tax on private vehicles, at a rate of 180%, on top of VAT. Lately (July, 2007) this has been changed slightly in an attempt to favor more fuel efficient cars but maintaining the average taxation level more or less unchanged.[dead link] Demographics According to figures from Statistics Denmark, on January 1 2007 91.1% of Denmark’s population of over 5.4 million was of Danish descent. Many of the remaining 8.9% were immigrants, or descendents of recent immigrants, from Bosnia, neighbouring countries, South Asia and Western Asia, many having arrived since an "Alien law" (Udl?ndingeloven) was enacted in 1983 allowing the immigration of family members. There are also small groups of Inuit from Greenland and Faroese. During recent years, anti-mass immigration sentiment has resulted in some of the toughest immigration laws in the European Union. Nevertheless, the number of residence permits granted related to labour and to people from within the EU/EEA has increased since implementation of new immigration laws in 2001. However, the number of immigrants allowed into Denmark for family reunification decreased 70% between 2001 and 2006 to 4,198. During the same period the number of asylum permits granted has decreased by 82.5% to 1,095, reflecting a 84% decrease in asylum seekers to 1,960. Denmark’s population (as at 1 January 2008) was 5,475,791, giving Denmark a population density of 129.16 inhabitants per km2 (334.53 inh/sq mi). As in most countries, the population is not distributed evenly. Although the land area east of the Great Belt only makes up 9,622 km2 (3,715 sq mi), 22.7% of Denmark's land area, as of 1 January 2008 it has 45% (2,465,348) of the population. The average population density of this area is 256.2 inhabitants per km2 (663.6 per sq mi). The average density in the west of the country (32,772 km2/12,653 sq mi) is 91.86/km2 (237.91 per sq mi) (3,010,443 people) (2008). The median age is 39.8 years with 0.98 males per female. 98.2% of the population is literate (age 15 and up). The birth rate is 1.74 children born per woman (2006 est.), which will be reflected in a drop in the ratio of workers to pensioners. Despite the low birth rate, the population is still growing at an average annual rate of 0.33%. Danish is the official language and is spoken throughout the country. English and German are the most widely spoken foreign languages. Religion Burial mound from the 900s in Jelling churchyard There is no official separation of Church and State in Denmark. According to official statistics from January 2009, 81.5% of the population of Denmark are members of the Lutheran state church, the Danish National Church (Den Danske Folkekirke), which is established by the Constitution. If immigrants and descendants of immigrants are excluded from the statistics, the member rate is even higher, approximately 90.3%. According to article 6 of the Constitution, the Royal Family must belong to this Church. Three percent of the Danish population adhere to Islam, and other religions in Denmark include non-Lutheran Christian denominations. The oldest state-recognised religious societies and churches are the following: * Roman Catholicism recognised by the state since 1682 * The Reformed Church recognised by the state since 1682. * Judaism, recognised by the state since 1682. Forn Sier (English: The Old Way), based on the much older, native religion, is one of the most recently recognised by the state, gaining official status in November 2003. Religion, religious societies and churches do not need to be state-recognised in Denmark and can be granted the right to perform weddings etc. without this recognition. According to the most recent Eurobarometer Poll 2005, 31% of Danish citizens responded that "they believe there is a god", whereas 49% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 19% that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, god, or life force". According to a 2005 study by Zuckerman, Denmark has the third highest proportion of atheists and agnostics in the world, estimated to be between 43% and 80%. Culture Hans Christian Andersen is known beyond Denmark for his fairy tales, such as The Emperor's New Clothes, The Little Mermaid, and The Ugly Duckling. Karen Blixen (pen name: Isak Dinesen), Nobel laureate author Henrik Pontoppidan, Nobel laureate physicist Niels Bohr, the comedic pianist Victor Borge and the philosopher S?ren Kierkegaard have also made a name for themselves outside Denmark. The capital city of Copenhagen includes the Tivoli gardens, the Amalienborg Palace (home of the Danish monarchy), and The Little Mermaid sculpture. The second largest city in Denmark is Aarhus. Aarhus is an old Viking Age city and one of the oldest cities in the country. The largest cathedral in Denmark and the second largest cathedral in Northern Europe is Aarhus Cathedral. Historically, Denmark, like its Scandinavian neighbors, has been one of the most socially progressive cultures in the world. For example, in 1969, Denmark was the first country to legalise pornography. And in 1989, Denmark enacted a registered partnership law, being the first country in the world to grant same-sex couples nearly all of the rights and responsibilities of marriage. Cinema The three big internationally important waves of Danish cinema have been: * The erotic melodrama of the silent era. * The increasingly explicit sex films of the 1960s and 1970s. * The Dogme95-movement of the late 1990s. Danish filmmakers of note include: * Carl Th. Dreyer (1889-1968), one of the most acclaimed directors in the history of cinema. * Erik Balling, Oscar-nominated creator of Olsen-banden (1968). * Gabriel Axel, Oscar-winner for Babette's Feast (1987). * Bille August, Oscar-winner for Pelle the Conqueror (1987). * Thomas Vinterberg, celebrated for Festen (1998), co-creator of Dogme95. * Lars von Trier, Oscar-nominated for Dancer in the Dark (2000), co-creator of Dogme95 and of Zentropa. A locally popular film genre is the charmingly simplistic "folkekomedie" (folk comedy), which originated in the 1930s and gained widespread dominance from the 1950s until the 1970s, usually scorned by critics and loved by the audience. Notable folkekomedie-films include Barken Margrethe (1934), De r?de heste (1950), Far til fire (1953) and Olsen-banden (1968). Since the 1980s, Danish filmmaking has been important to changing governments. The National Film School of Denmark has educated a generation of new award-winning directors. The funds for film project has been administrated by Filminstitutet, but their focus on movies that would achieve high tickets-sales locally has been criticized for being both too populist and too narrow-minded, by directors wishing to be artistic or international. Danish cinema remains highly respected internationally, and Danish films receive many awards at major international film festivals. Literature Danish Writers: Hans Christian Andersen, Karen Blixen, S?ren Kierkegaard, Ludvig Holberg, Georg Brandes, Aksel Sandermose, Henrik Pontoppidan, J.P. Jacobsen, Karl Gjellerup, Hans Scherfig, Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig, Henrik Pontoppidan, Johannes V. Jensen, Dan Turéll, Gustav Wied, William Heinesen, Martin Andersen Nex?, Tom Kristensen, Peter H?eg etc. Sports The most popular sport in Denmark is football. Sailing and other water sports are popular, as are indoor sports such as badminton, handball and various forms of gymnastics. In Denmark there is also a small group of people doing motorsport, and with some success. The most successful driver on the 24 Hours of Le Mans race ever, with eight 1st places is Tom Kristensen, who comes from Denmark. In speedway Denmark has won several World Championships. Other notable Danish sportspeople include American football's National Football League all-time leading scorer Morten Andersen, cyclists Bjarne Riis, Rolf S?rensen, and Michael Rasmussen, badminton-players Peter Gade and Camilla Martin, table tennis-player Michael Maze, poker Hall of Fame player Gus Hansen and Peter Eastgate, football players Michael and Brian Laudrup and Peter Schmeichel. Teenager Caroline Wozniacki is rising up the rankings on the WTA tennis tour. Denmark is also the home and birthplace of former WBA & WBC Supermiddleweight boxing champion, Mikkel Kessler. 1992 European champions In 1992, the national football team were crowned European champions. Remarkably, the team had finished second in their qualifying group behind Yugoslavia and as a result had failed to qualify for the final tournament. They gained their place in the tournament at the last moment when the warring Yugoslavs were expelled from the competition. Once in the finals the Danes reached the final where they defeated reigning World champions Germany. Music Denmark has long been a center of cultural innovation. Its capital, Copenhagen, and its multiple outlying islands have a wide range of folk traditions. Carl Nielsen, with his six imposing symphonies, was the first Danish composer to gain international recognition, while an extensive recording industry has produced pop stars and a host of performers from a multitude of genres. The famous drummer Lars Ulrich from Metallica is from Denmark. Among other names, Whigfield and the '90's pop band Aqua also come from Denmark, as well as current (March 2008) US hitlist top name Ida Corr and group Alphabeat. Natasja Saad was an up-coming star, in the world, but she died in a tragic car accident on Jamaica, 2008. Natasja made reggae, and 'Op Med Hovedet Min Ven' had a lot of succes, as well, as her song; 'I Danmark Er Jeg F?dt' (In Denmark I Was Born) Food The cuisine of Denmark, like that in the other Nordic countries (Finland, Norway, Iceland, and Sweden), as well as that of northern Germany, its neighbour to the south, consists mainly of meat and fish. This stems from the country's agricultural past, as well as its geography and climate of long, cold winters. ?bleskiver, Danish pancakes. Traditional Danish food includes frikadeller (fried meatballs, often served with potatoes and various sorts of gravy), karbonader/krebinetter (breaded and fried minced meat), steaks and so on, usually eaten with potatoes. Fish is also widely eaten, especially on the west coast of Jutland. A traditionally favourite condiment, remoulade, is eaten with french fries, on fried plaice, on salami or roast beef sandwiches. Smoked fish dishes (herring, mackerel, eel) from local smoking houses or r?gerier, especially on the island of Bornholm, are increasingly popular. Danish food also includes a variety of open rugbr?d (Rye-bread) sandwiches or sm?rrebr?d traditionally served for the mid-day meal or frokost. This usually starts with fish such as marinated herring, smoked eel or hot fried breaded plaice. Then come meat sandwiches such as cold roast beef with remoulade and fried onions, roast pork and crackling with red cabbage, hot veal medallions, Danish meat balls (frikadeller) or liver paté with bacon and mushrooms. Some typically Danish items are Sol over Gudhjem, literally 'sun over Gudhjem', consisting of smoked herring, chives and with raw egg yolk (the "sun") on top; or Dyrl?gens natmad, 'vet's late-night bite', with liver paté, saltmeat (corned veal), onions and jellied consommé. Finally cheese is served with radishes, nuts or grapes. Lager beer accompanied by small glasses of snaps or aquavit are the preferred drinks for a Danish frokost. International studies show that Denmark is the happiest country in the world. Military HMDS Absalon. Denmark's armed forces are known as the Danish Defence (Danish: Forsvaret). During peacetime, the Ministry of Defence in Denmark employs around 33,000 in total. The main military branches employ almost 27,000: 15,460 in the Royal Danish Army, 5,300 in the Royal Danish Navy and 6,050 in the Royal Danish Air Force (all including conscripts). The Danish Emergency Management Agency (Danish: Beredskabsstyrelsen) employs 2,000 (including conscripts), and about 4,000 are in non-branch-specific services like the Danish Defence Command, the Danish Defence Research Establishment, and the Danish Defense Intelligence Service. Furthermore around 55,000 serve as volunteers in the Danish Home Guard (Danish: Hjemmev?rnet). The Danish Defence currently (as of 9 April 2008) has around 1,400 staff in international missions, not including standing contributions to NATO SNMCMG1. The three largest contributions are in Afghanistan (ISAF, 696 persons), Kosovo (KFOR, 312 persons), and Lebanon (UNIFIL, 50 persons). Between 2003 and 2007, there were approximately 450 Danish soldiers in Iraq. |
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