ōu zhōu:   
ài 'ěr lán Ireland   shǒudōu: bólín  guógūdàimǎ: ie   
  cháozhèng
爱尔兰
  guó míngài 'ěr lán gòng guóài 'ěr lán : PoblachtnahÉireann huò Éire; yīng : RepublicofIreland; jiǎn chēng: Eire), quán guó cǎo biàn yòu dǎo zhī chēng
  
   lín yáng dōng kào 'ài 'ěr lán hǎi yīng guó hǎi xiāng wàngài 'ěr lán wéi běi měi tōng xiàng 'ōu zhōu de tōng dàoài 'ěr lán rén shǔ kǎi 'ěr rénshì 'ōu zhōu dài mín de yòu 5000 duō nián shǐshì yòu zhe yōu jiǔ shǐ de guó jiājìn guǎn 'ài 'ěr lán yòu de yán - gài 'ěr dàn què shì 'ōu zhōu chú yīng guó zhī wài wéi yīng guó jiāài 'ěr lán gòng guó 1922 nián cóng yīng guó zhí mín tǒng zhì xià chū láishì píng níng jìng de guó jiāài 'ěr lán běi bèi chēng wéi běi 'ài 'ěr lánzhì jīn réng shǔ yīng guóyīn 'ài 'ěr lán diàn shì xīn wén zhōng jīng cháng chū xiàn de bào chōng pín pín de běi 'ài 'ěr lán shì yòu suǒ tóng de
  
  
   guó guó huī
  
   guó ài 'ěr lán guó chéng héng cháng fāng xíngcháng kuān zhī wéi 2: 1。 cóng zuǒ zhì yòu yóu báichéng sān píng xíng xiāng děng de shù cháng fāng xíng chéng dài biǎo xìn yǎng tiān zhù jiào de 'ài 'ěr lán rén xiàng zhēng 'ài 'ěr lán de bǎo dǎochéng dài biǎo xīn jiào xìn zhè yán hái 'ào lún zhì sāo gōng de cǎi biǎo shì zūn guì cái bái xiàng zhēng tiān zhù jiào xīn jiào pài jiào zhī jiān yǒng jiǔ xiū zhàntuán jié yǒu 'àihái xiàng zhēng duì guāng míng yóumín zhù píng de zhuī qiú
  
   guó huīài 'ěr lán guó huī wéi dùn huītiān lán de dùn miàn shàng huì yòu jīn huáng de shù qínlán xiàng zhēng hǎi tiān kōngshù qín wéi 'ài 'ěr lán rén mín 'ài detiān shǐ zhī qín”。
  
  
   guó jiǎn jiè
  
   guó :《 shì bīng de
  
   ràng men lái chàng shì bīng de jiā huān yìnghèxīng xīng zài men de tóu shàng shǎn shuòdāng men wéi zhe yíng huǒděng dài zhe míng tiān zuò zhàn jiā xīn jiāo 'ānjiù zài jìng jìng de hēi men gāo chàng shì bīng de men shì bīng shēng mìng xiàn gěi 'ài 'ěr lányòu xiē rén lái hǎi de biānshì huò yóu men xiān de néng bào jūn jīn wǎn men wèile 'ài 'ěr lán guǎn shì hái shì huò pào hǒu dàn xiào men gāo chàng shì bīng de
  
  
   yán jiè shào
  
   ài 'ěr lán shì 'ài 'ěr lán de guān fāng yánxiàn chéng rèn yīng shì 'èr guān fāng yánzuò wéi 'ài 'ěr lán de guān fāng yánài 'ěr lán shǔ kǎi 'ěr yīng lán gài 'ěr wēi 'ěr shì liè guān mìqiè。 19 shì qián fēn 'ài 'ěr lán rén shuō 'ài 'ěr lán dàn dào liǎo 19 shì néng jiǎng 'ài 'ěr lán de 'ài 'ěr lán rén jǐn zhàn zǒng rén kǒu de 15% liǎogōng yuán 12 shì yīng guó de qīn gěi kǎi 'ěr wén huà zào chéng zhòngchuāngyīng chuán 'ài 'ěr lánài 'ěr lán zuò jiā yòng yīng jìn xíng chuàng zuò shǐ 13 shì ài 'ěr lán péi liǎo duō shì jiè zhù míng de wén xué jiā shù jiā zhōng yòu rén huò liǎo nuò bèi 'ěr wén xué jiǎng men shì shī rén zhī zuò jiā xiào zuò jiā bèi hèshī rén hái yòu 19 shì wéi měi zhù dài biǎo wáng 'ěr dài biǎo shí liú xiǎo shuō zuì gāo chéng jiù de zuò pǐnyóu de zuò zhě qiáo 。 19 shì suí zhe mín wén huà xīng 'ài 'ěr lán de ài 'ěr lán dào liǎo xiāng dāng chéng de huī zhǎnxiàn zài yuē yòu 35% de 'ài 'ěr lán rén zhǎng 'ài 'ěr lán guó jiā rén mín yòng 'ài 'ěr lán qiánài 'ěr lán shì zhōng xiǎo xué de xiū guó jiā 'ài 'ěr lán wěi yuán huì zài quán guó tuī guǎng shǐ yòng 'ài 'ěr lán jiàn liǎo 'ài 'ěr lán de diàn tái diàn shì táiyuè lái yuè duō de xué xiào zhǐ yòng 'ài 'ěr lán shòu de
  
  
   guó shí guó niǎo
  
   guó niǎo ( EurasianOystercatcher)
  
   ( EurasianOystercatcher) wéi guàn xíng shǔ chēng hǎi què dīng wén Haematopusostralegus。 fēn 'ōu zhōu zhì nán fāng yuè dōngshí zhǒng cháng jiàn de hòu niǎo chì cháng 270 háo hóng zuǐ cháng zhí 'ér duān dùnxiǎo tuǐ fěn hóng shàng bèitóu xiōng hēi xià bèi wěi shàng bái xià wèi bái shàng hēi yán fēi de yòu bái kuān dài xià bái bìng xiá zhǎi de hēi hòu yuánpíng shí huān zài hǎi 'ànzhǎo kǒu sān jiǎo zhōu duō shù dān huó dòngyòu shí jié chéng xiǎo qún zài hǎi tān shàng shí ruǎn dòng jiáqiào lèi huò chóng men páode hěn kuàifēi xiáng jiào qiángcháng zhàn zài hǎi bīn yán de dǐng děng dài tuì cháocháo tuì hòuzài huò shā zhōng yòng zuǐ sōu suǒ shí men zài hǎi bīn shā zhōng zhùxiàn xué zhuàngcháoměi chǎn luǎn 2 4 méiluǎn chéng gǎn lǎn huáng dài huī dài hēi bān diǎn
  
  
   guó huā guó shù
  
   guó huābái sān cǎo( Whiteclover)
  
   bái sān cǎo( WhiteClover) xué míng láo huā( Trifoliumrepens), yòu míngbái chē zhóu cǎo”,” bái huā xu”。 wéi shuāng zhí gāngdòu duō nián shēng gēn xìng cǎo běn zhí kāi huā zǎohuā cháng xíng měi guānzhí zhū 'ǎi xìng qiáng gēn gēn shēng yòu liàng gēn liúshēngzhǎng shì qiáng yòu hěn qiáng de qīn zhàn xìngzài pín fán xiū jiǎn de qíng kuàng xià bǎo chí cǎo píng shuāi bàishòu mìng bān zài 10 nián shàng gēn yòu jiào qiáng de fēn niè néng zài shēng néng bǎo chí zhe dòu gēn liú jūn gòng shēng de xìnggēn yòu dàn néng zhǐ zài miáo gēn liú jūn shàng wèi shēng chéng shí yào shǎo liàng chōng dàn féibái sān cǎo guāng wēn nuǎn shī rùn hòushì shēngzhǎng zài nián jiàng liàng wéi 800~ 1200 háo de shēngzhǎng shì wēn wéi 16~ 25 nài hánnài nài yìnnài jiàn , 30% tòu guāng shuài zhèng cháng shēngzhǎng nài gān hàn cháng shuǐduì rǎng yào qiú yándàn zài suān xìng rǎng zhōng shēngzhǎng shì jiào hǎoyóu gài zhì zhí zhìnián zhì rǎngzài jiǎn xìng rǎng zhōng shēngzhǎng shì jiào chā
  
  
  
   dāng mín
  
   ài 'ěr lán rén de zhù yào zōng jiào shì tiān zhù jiào yuē 90 shàng de rén shì tiān zhù jiào mín xìn fèng jiào xīn jiào děng duō zōng jiào chuán tǒng chōng fēn xiàn bìng shòu dào zūn zhòngài 'ěr lán rén zōng jiào xìn yǎng yóu dào guān de xuǎn quán míng què xiě 'ài 'ěr lán xiàn ér qiě zài zuì jìn de shí nián láiài 'ěr lán de zōng jiàoshè huì zhèng zhì jiān róng xìng dào biàn de xiàn zhòng shìyīn 'ér zài zhè fāng miàn chéng wéi xiǎng yòu guó shèng de guó jiā zōng jiào jiào pài yòu shèng gōng fēnxīn jiào pàiyóu tài jiào děng
  
   ài 'ěr lán shì dān mín de guó jiāquán guó 98.7% de rén shì 'ài 'ěr lán rénlìng yòu 3 wàn rén shì yīng lán rén lán rén yuē yòu 5000 rényóu tài rén yuē yòu 4000 rén
  
   rén kǒu: 4062235 rén( 2006 nián 7 yuè)。 wéi 'ài 'ěr lán rén mín 95% xìn luó tiān zhù jiào
  
   nián líng céng jié gòu
       0~14 suì: 20.9%( 437903 nán 409774
       15~64 suì: 67.6%( 1373771 nán/ 1370452
       65 suì shàng: 11.6%( 207859 nán/ 262476 )( 2006 nián
  
   píng jūn nián líng
       zǒng : 34 suì
       nán xìng: 33.2 suì
       xìng 34.8 suì( 2006 nián
  
   rén kǒu zēngchánglǜ: 1 15%( nián
   chū shēng shuàichū shēng qiān rén): 14. 5%(2006 nián
   wáng shuài wáng qiān rén): 7. 2%(2006 nián
   jìng mín shuài mín qiān rén): 4. 7%(2006 nián
   xìng bié
       chū shēng: 1. 07
     15 suì xià.0 nán/1
      1 ~6 suì:1 nán/1
      65 suì shàng:0.7 nán/1
       zǒng rén kǒu:0.99 nán/1 (2006 nián
   yīng 'ér wáng shuài wáng qiān chéng huó):
       zǒng :5.
       nán xìng:5. 2‰
       xìng:4.76‰(2006 nián
   píng jūn shòu mìng
       zǒng :77.73 suì
       nán xìng:75.11 suì
       xìng80.52 suì(2006 nián
   zǒng shēng shuài:1.86 chū shēng/1 xìng(2006 nián
   ài bìng chéng rén gǎn rǎn shuài:01%(2001 nián
   ài bìng gǎn rǎn rén shù:2800(2001 nián
   ài bìng wáng rén shùshǎo 100 rén(2003 nián
  
  
   jié chǎn
  
   jié ài 'ěr lán de zhù yào jié yòu 1 yuè 1 xīn nián, 2 yuè 1 shèng lāi ( SaintBridget'sDay), 3 yuè 17 shèng jié 'ài 'ěr lán guó qìng ), 3 yuè 18 Sheelah'sDay, shòu nán huó jié (3 yuè 21 yuè yuán hòu de xīng shì huó jiézài huó jié qián de xīng shì shòu nán jiàqī cóng xīng zhì xīng ), 6、 8、 10 yuè de xīng wéi yínháng jiàrì, 7 yuè zuì hòu xīng ReekSunday, 11 yuè 1 wàn shèng jié AllSaints'Day, 12 yuè 24 shèng dàn jié qián , 12 yuè 25 shèng dàn jié, 12 yuè 26 shèng shǐ fēn jié 12 yuè 31 kuáng huān jié
  
   chǎnài 'ěr lán yòu liǎng zhǒng jiǔ shì fēi cháng de shì yòu 700 shǐ de 'ài 'ěr lán wēi shì ( IrishWhiskey) dān pǐn wèi tián jiǔ zhī guān de bǎi tián jiǔài 'ěr lán de wēi shì pīn yīng měi tóng shì“ Whisky”, ér shì“ Whiskey”。 dāng rén xiào chēngduō liǎo “ e” biǎo shì 'ài 'ěr lán de wēi shì yīng měi de wēi shì Excellent( gèng bàng); ér bǎi tián jiǔ gèng shì 'ài 'ěr lán chuàng de jiā zuòmíng liè shì jiè yáng jiǔ shí sān wèilìng wàiài 'ěr lán hái yòu hěn duō zhǒng kǒu wèi de shǒu gōng qiǎo shì zèng sòng qīn yǒu de hǎo pǐnài 'ěr lán de chǎn hái yòu huá dēng fēng shuǐ jīng ( WaterfordCrystal)、 ài 'ěr lán ài 'ěr lán fēng jiè zhǐ( CladdaghRing)、 xiōng zhēn( TaraBrooch) děng sòng gěi sòng zhī
  
  
   xíng zhèng huá
  
   ài 'ěr lán gòng guó chuán tǒng shàng fēn wéi 26 jùnyīng: County, hán běi 'ài 'ěr lán liù jùn), zhōng bólín jùn jīng fēn wéi 3 jùn 1 jùn shìyīng: CountyBorough), léi jùn fēn wéi nán běi 2 jùn yòu shè liǎo 4 jùn shìsuǒ shí shàng shì 34 jùn xíng zhèng :
    
   luò jùn( CountyCarlow, shǒu luò), wén jùn( CountyCavan, shǒu wén), lāi 'ěr jùn( CountyClare, shǒu 'ēn ), jùn( CountyCork, shǒu ), jùn shì( Cork), duō 'ěr jùn( CountyDonegal, shǒu duō 'ěr), bǎi lín jùn( CountyDublin, shǒu bólín), bǎi lín jùn shì( DublinCity), dèng lāi - dāng( DunLaoghaire-Rathdown), fěi gāo( Fingal), nán bólín( SouthDublin), gāo wēi jùn 'ěr wéi jùn)( CountyGalway, shǒu gāo wēi 'ěr wéi)), gāo wēi jùn shì( Galway), kǎi jùn( CountyKerry, shǒu kǎi ), 'ěr dài 'ěr jùn( CountyKildare, shǒu 'ěr dài 'ěr), 'ěr kěn jùn( CountyKilkenny, shǒu 'ěr kěn ), lāi shí jùn( CountyLaois, shǒu lāi shíláo gǎng), jùn( CountyLeitrim, shǒu ), jùn( CountyLimerick), jùn shì( Limerick), lǎng jùn( CountyLongford, shǒu lǎng ), láo jùn( CountyLouth, shǒu dūn ), méi 'ào jùn( CountyMayo, shǒu ), jùn( CountyMeath, shǒu wān), hēng jùn( CountyMonaghan, shǒu nài gēn), ào jùn( CountyOffaly, shǒu 'ào ), luó kāng máng jùn( CountyRoscommon, shǒu luó kāng máng), lāi jùn( CountySligo, shǒu lāi ), léi jùn( CountyTipperary) běi léi ( NorthTipperary, shǒu ), nán léi ( SouthTipperary, shǒu láng 'ěr), jùn( CountyWaterford), jùn shì( Waterford), wéi jùn( CountyWestmeath, shǒu lín ), wéi jùn( CountyWexford, shǒu wéi ), wēi luò jùn( CountyWicklow, shǒu wēi luò)。
    
   wàiā ( Armagh)、 ān ( Antrim)、 ( Derry)、 táng( Down)、 tài lóng( Tyrone)、 ( Fermanagh) 6 jùn shǔ běi 'ài 'ěr lán。 1921 nián 12 yuè 6 'ài 'ěr lán nán 26 jùn chéng yóu bānghòuběi 6 jùn réng guī yīng guó; 1937 nián 'ài 'ěr lán xuān yóu bāngwéi gòng guó, 1948 nián 12 yuè 21 tuō yīng lián bāng chéng wéi xiàn zài de 'ài 'ěr lán gòng guó
  
  
  
   rán
  
   ài 'ěr lán wèi 'ōu zhōu 'ài 'ěr lán dǎo de zhōng nán bīn yángdōng běi yīng guó de běi 'ài 'ěr lán jiē rǎngdōng 'ài 'ěr lán hǎi yīng guó xiāng wànghǎi 'àn xiàn cháng 3169 gōng zhōng shì qiū líng píng yuányán hǎi duō wéi gāo zuì cháng de liú xiāng nóng cháng yuē 370 gōng zuì de húpō wéi ài 'ěr lán dǎo shì liè diān qún dǎo zuì de dǎo zhī nán běi cháng 475 gōng dōng kuān 275 gōng quán dǎo miàn wéi 8.4 wàn píng fāng gōng zhōng 5/ 6 de miàn shǔ 'ài 'ěr lán gòng guóài 'ěr lán guó yóu zhōng píng yuán huán liè zhōu de bīn hǎi shān gòu chéngxíng biān yuán dǒu qiào de pén nán běi gāo zhōng jiān zhōng píng yuán zhàn quán guó zǒng miàn de bàn shànghǎi 30~ 120 jiān yòu hǎi 200~ 300 de qiūzhè bèi mào shèng de sēn lín gài biàn shì xiǎng de cǎo yuán chǎngdōng běi shān mài hǎi 700~ 900 nán shān mài zài hǎi 700~ 1000 zhī jiān nán yán hǎi xuán dǒu qiàoguài shí lín xúnshān zhōng duō dòng xuéàn liúbīn hǎi shān jiǔ jīng qīn shíshān wéi kuān fēn yòu nèi yán hǎi zhī jiān de jiāo tōngài 'ěr lán de hǎi 'àn xiàn cháng 3000 duō gōng dōng hǎi 'àn jiào píng zhíquē tiān rán liáng gǎng nán de hǎi 'àn xiàn quǎn jiāo cuòmián yán biàn huà
  
   wèi zhì : ōu zhōu wèi běi yáng 'ài 'ěr lán dǎo shàngyīng guó dǎo biāndōng běi yīng guó de běi 'ài 'ěr lán xiāng liándōng 'ài 'ěr lán hǎi shèng qiáo zhì hǎi xiá liè diān dǎo xiāng wàng lín yáng
   zuò biāoběi wěi 53 / jīng 8
   zǒng miàn : 70280 píng fāng gōng zhàn 'ài 'ěr lán dǎo de 84%)
   fēn miàn : 68890 píng fāng gōng
   shuǐ fēn miàn : 1390 píng fāng gōng
   miàn jiào zhòng qìng shì xiǎo xiē níng xià huí zhì xiē
   guó biān jiè xiànzǒng 360 gōng jiē rǎng guó jiāyīng guó, 360 gōng
   hǎi 'àn xiàn: 1448 gōng
   hǎi yáng zhù quánlǐng hǎi, 12 hǎi zhuān shǔ , 200 hǎi
  
   hòu hòu wēn shī rùnwéi diǎn xíng hǎi yáng xìng hòushòu běi yáng hòu yǐng xiǎng bié míng xiǎnnián píng jūn wēn zài0℃ dào20℃ zhī jiāncháng nián duō qíng lǎng tiān yuē zhàn quán nián1/5 shí jiān wān nuǎn liú de yǐng xiǎng yáng shèng xíng nán fēng de zuò yòngài 'ěr lán hòu píng wěnquán guó wēn běn zhìdōng 4 shè shì -7 shè shì xià 14 shè shì -16 shè shì jiàng shuǐ liàng zài 800-1000 háo ài 'ěr lán wéi dǎo guówèi 'ōu zhōu de běi hǎi 'ànmiàn 70,282 píng fāng gōng yìn biàn liú zòng héng
  
   xíngquán dǎo bèi xiǎo xíng qiū líng huán ràozhōng xiāng duì jiào shì zòng héng de duō húpō liú xiāng nóng zuì cháng jiē duǎn xiǎoquán dǎo bèi dōng zǒu xiàng de fěi fēn wéi nán běi liǎng fēn lǎng 'è 'ěr shān shì quán guó zuì gāo diǎnhǎi 1, 041 )。 yáng yán 'àn gǎng wān zhé shēnqièduō liáng gǎngdōng 'àn jiào píng zhí
  
   zhì diǎnzuì gāo diǎn wéi Carrauntoohil shān, 1041 zuì diǎn wéi yáng,0
  
   rán yuántiān rán méitóngqiānshí xīnyínzhòng jīng shíshí gāoshí huī shíbái yún shí
  
   yìng yòng
       gēng : 16.82%
       yǒng jiǔ gēngzhòng : 0.03%
       : 83.15%( 2005 nián
  
   xiàn huán jìng wèn shuǐ rǎn bié shì húpōwèn lái nóng fèi pǐn
  
  
  
   rén wén
  
   guó ài 'ěr lán
  
   wén huà kǎi 'ěr rényīng guó rén
  
   zōng jiàoluó tiān zhù jiào88.4%, ài 'ěr lán jiào huìài 'ěr lán shèng gōng huìwéi jiào xīn jiào de pài)3%, jiào1.6%, wèi biǎo míng2%, xìn yǎng3.5%(2002 nián
  
   yányīng guān fāngwéi tōng yòng yánài 'ěr lán guān fāng)( huò chēng kǎi 'ěr zhǐ yòu shǎo shù rén shǐ yòng hǎi 'àn wéi duō
  
   wén huà céng
       dìng :15 suì shàng xiě
       zǒng rén kǒu:99%
       nán xìng:99%
       xìng:99%(2003 nián
  
   guó míng
       tōng yòng quán chēngài 'ěr lán gòng guó
       tōng yòng jiǎn chēngài 'ěr lán
       fāng quán chēng: PoblachtnahÉireann
       fāng jiǎn chēng: Eire
  
   zhèng zhì huì gòng zhì huì mín zhù
  
   shǒu bǎi lín( Dublin)
  
   :1921 nián12 yuèyīng 'ài tiáo yuēcóng yīng guó tuō
  
   guó qìng :3 yuè17 shèng
  
   dìng jiàrì:3 yuè17 , SaintPatrick'sDay, shèng jiéměi nián 3 yuè 17 měi guó 'ài 'ěr lán de jiào niàn 'ài 'ěr lán de shǒu shénshèng
  
   xiàn 1937 niányuè14 jīng huì tōng guòtóng niányuè jīng quán mín gōng tóu bèi cǎi yòngtóng nián12 yuè29 shēng xiào
  
   tǒng yīng guó guàn běn chōng fēn gǎi liáng shěn chá zuì gāo yuàn zhí xíngméi yòu jiā qiáng zhì xìng lián guó guó yuàn quán xiàn
  
   xuǎn quán:18 suì shàng quán gōng mín
  
  
  
   zhí zhèng gòu
     
   zǒng tǒng: MaryMcAleese( · mài )( 1997 nián11 yuè11
       zǒng : BertieAhern( · āi hēng)( 1997 niányuè26
       nèi yóu zǒng tǒng shàng rèn míng
       xuǎn zǒng tǒng yóu měi nián de quán mín gōng tóu xuǎn chǎn shēng
   ài 'ěr lán guó huì( Oireachtas) wéi liǎng yuàn zhìfēn wéi 'ài 'ěr lán shàng yuàn( SeanadÉireann) 'ài 'ěr lán xià yuàn( DáilÉireann)。 shàng yuàn shí quán hěn xiǎoyóu 60 míng yuán chéng zhōng 11 míng yóu zǒng míng, 3 míng yóu 'ài 'ěr lán guó xué shēng xuǎn chū, 3 míng yóu bǎi lín xué shēng xuǎn chū, 43 míng cóng shū zhí lǐng wén huànóng láo gōnggōng shāngshè huìxuǎn chūxià yuàn shí quán jiào yóu 166 míng yuán chéngměi xuǎn xuǎn chū sān dào míng dài biǎoxuǎn 'àn dài biǎo zhì yòng dān zhuǎn huàn piào (SingleTransferableVote) tǒng jìn xíngàn zhào 'ài 'ěr lán xiàn ( BunreachtnahÉireann), huì xuǎn zhì shǎo měi 7 nián xíng jiàngé tōng guò jué dìngxiàn jīn huì xuǎn jiàngé wéi 5 nián
  
   xiàn guī dìng nèi rén shù chāo guò 15 rén zhōng shàng yuàn yuán chāo guò 2 réntóng shí zǒng zǒng ( Tánaiste)、 cái zhèng cháng shì xià yuàn yuánài 'ěr lán zhí zhèng dǎng xiàn wéi zǒng · āi hēng( BertieAhern) suǒ lǐng dǎo de 'ài 'ěr lán gòng dǎng( FiannaFáil) zǒng · ( MaryHarney) suǒ lǐng dǎo de 'ài 'ěr lán jìn mín zhù dǎngzhù yào zài dǎng wéi 'ài 'ěr lán tǒng dǎng( FineGael) 'ài 'ěr lán gōng dǎng xiǎo dǎng xīn fēn dǎng( SinnFéin) 'ài 'ěr lán dǎng chí yòu xià yuàn wèi
  
   gòuzuì gāo yuàn
  
   zhèng dǎng dǎng kuíài 'ěr lán gòng dǎng( FiannaFail, dǎng kuí BertieAHERN); ài 'ěr lán tǒng dǎng( FineGael, dǎng kuí EndaKENNY); dǎng( GreenParty, dǎng kuí TrevorSARGENT); láo dòng dǎng( LaborParty, dǎng kuí PatRABITTE); ài 'ěr lán mìng mín zhù dǎng( ProgressiveDemocrats, dǎng kuí MaryHARNEY); xīn fēn dǎng( SinnFein, dǎng kuí GerryADAMS); shè huì dǎng( SocialistParty, dǎng kuí JoeHIGGINS); gōng rén dǎng( TheWorkers'Party, dǎng kuí SeanGARLAND)
  
   wài jiāofèng xíng zhōng zhèng cān jiā rèn jūn shì tuán。1999 nián12 yuè jiā běi yuē píng huǒ bàn guān jìhuà”, dàn chóngshēn jiā běi yuē
  
   zhòng shì zhǎn tóng yīng měi 'ōu méng de guān zhòng shì lián guó de zuò yòng cān jiā wéi xíng dòng tuò zhǎn hǎi wài shì chǎng dàn xiàn zài 'ài 'ěr lán xiāng nóng chǎng bèi 'ài 'ěr lán zhèng gōngjǐ měi jūnzuò wéi měi jūn zài 'ōu zhōu de jūn shì bǔjǐ zhè zuò yòu wéi 'ài 'ěr lán zhèng de zhōng zhèng yīn jīng cháng yòu 'ài 'ěr lán běn rén shì wēi yóu xíngkàng jiāng xiāng nóng chǎng gōngjǐ měi jūndàn háo xiào guǒ。(2006 niányuè
  
   zhōng guó guān :1979 niányuè22 ài 'ěr lán zhōng guó jiàn jiāo。1998 niányuèài 'ěr lán zǒng 'āi hēng fǎng wèn zhōng guó。2001 niányuèzhōng guó guó yuàn zǒng zhū róng yìng yāo fǎng wèn 'ài 'ěr lán。2003 nián10 yuèài 'ěr lán zǒng tǒng mài duì zhōng guó jìn xíng guó shì fǎng wèn。2004 niányuèwēn jiā bǎo zǒng duì 'ài 'ěr lán jìn xíng zhèng shì fǎng wèn。2005 niányuèài 'ěr lán zǒng 'āi hēng zhōng guó jìn xíng zhèng shì fǎng wèn
  
   zhōng 'ài liǎng guó2002 nián mào 'é dào14 .6 měi yuán,2003 nián mào zēng gāo 60 .5%, mào 'é chāo guò23 měi yuán
  
  
  
   jīng
  
   jīng gài kuàngài 'ěr lán shì zài1995 ~2004 jiānměi nián 7% de píng jūn zēngzhǎng zhǎn lái dexiǎo 'ér xiàn dài de lài mào de jīng
  
   nóng céng shì 'ài 'ěr lán zuì zhòng yào de fēndàn xiàn zài jīng zhú jiàn bèi shēng chǎn hángyè suǒ suō liǎo zhòng yào xìngshēng chǎn zhàn liǎo46% de yòu80% chū kǒu29% láo dòng jìn guǎn chū kǒu què bǎo liǎo 'ài 'ěr lán jīng zēngzhǎng de shǒu yào dòng jīng hái tóng yàng shōu xiāo fèijiàn zhù jīng tóu rén jūnGDP gāo 10%, jìn wèi de sēn bǎozài guò shí nián ài 'ěr lán zhèng zhí xíng liǎo liè de guó jiā jīng jìhuà tiáozhěng gōng shì jià tōng huò péng zhàngjiǎn shǎo zhèng kāi xiāozēng jiā láo dòng shù jìn wài tóu ài 'ěr lán lìng wài11 'ōu zhōu chéng yuán guó 2002 niányuè jiā 'ōu yuán huò de liú tōng
  
   ài 'ěr lán zhōng guó de mào zhǒng lèi shí fēn zhī duōliǎng guó zài jiào dòng shàng yóu yòu hěn de jiāo liúzhōng guó rén 2000 nián gěi 'ài 'ěr lán de jīng dài lái liǎo hěn de bāng zhùláo dòng xiāo fèitōng xìncān yǐnjiào wén huà děng děng shù liàng de zhōng guó rén shèn zhì dài dòng liǎo 'ài 'ěr lán wǎng luò kuān dài de 。2003 nián niánài 'ěr lán dān cóng zhōng guó rén shōu xué fèibiàn dào liǎo shàng 'ōu yuán
  
   quán guó fēn zhī sān wéi cǎo chǎngzhù yào yǎng niúzhūyángxùchǎn pǐn yuē zhàn quán shū chū de bàn shù niú ròu pǐn wéi zhùhuó niú chū kǒu shì jiè qián lièzhù yào yùn wǎng yīng guónóng zuò màixiǎo mài líng shǔtián cài děng jiào zhòng yàoliáng shí néng zìjǐ yóu shōu jǐn nóng měi nián 170 wàn rénliù shí nián dài gōng zhǎn jiào kuàiyòu fǎng zhì xièhuà xuéròu lèi děng shí pǐn jiā gōngyǐn liào jiǔ)、 yān cǎo děng。 1973 nián jiā 'ōu gòng tóng shì chǎngduì yīng guó wài zhū guó mào zhèng zhú zēng jiājìn kǒu huà xué pǐnféi liào xièdiàn chē liàng líng jiànfǎng zhì pǐnyóu lèi děng
  
  GDP( gòu mǎi píng jià): 1646 (2005 nián
  
  GDP( guān fāng duì huàn shuài):$1884 (2005 nián
  
  GDP( shí zēngchánglǜ):4.7%(2005 nián
  
  GDP( rén jūn):$41000(2005 nián
  
  GDP( mén):
       nóng :5%
       shēng chǎn :46%
       hángyè:49%(2002 nián
  
   láo dòng :203 wàn(2005 nián
  
   láo dòng zhí ):
       nóng :8%
       gōng :29%
       :64%(2002 nián
  
   shī shuài:4.3%(2005 nián
  
   pín kùn rén kǒu:10%(1997 nián
  
   jiā tíng shōu huò xiāo fèi suǒ zhàn de bǎi fēn
   zuì 10%: 2%
   zuì gāo de 10%: 27.3%( 1997 nián
   fēn pèi jiā tíng shōu - zhǐ shù
  35.9( 1996 nián
   tōng huò péng zhàng shuàixiāo fèi jià zhǐ shù
  2.4%( 2005 nián
   tóu zǒng dìng
  27% de guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí( 2005 nián
   suàn
   shōu : 0.46 yuán
   zhī chū: 0.4 měi yuán ; bāo kuò běn jiàn shè zhī chū 0.5 yuán( 2005 nián
   guó jiā zhèng yàozǒng tǒng · mài (MaryMcaleese),1997 nián10 yuè dāng xuǎn,11 yuè xuān shì jiù zhízǒng · āi hēng (BertieAhern),1997 niányuè rèn zhí
  
   rán miàn 70282 píng fāng gōng wèi 'ōu zhōu de 'ài 'ěr lán dǎo zhōng nán bīn yángdōng běi yīng guó de běi 'ài 'ěr lán jiē rǎngdōng 'ài 'ěr lán hǎi yīng guó xiāng wànghǎi 'àn xiàn cháng3169 gōng zhōng shì qiū líng píng yuányán hǎi duō wéi gāo zuì cháng de liú xiāng nóng cháng yuē370 gōng zuì de húpō wéi (168 píng fāng gōng )。 shǔ wēn dài hǎi yáng xìng hòuài 'ěr lán yòufěi cuì dǎo guózhī chēng
  
  
   jiǎn shǐ
  
   gōng yuán qián3000 nián 'ōu zhōu mín kāi shǐ dìng 'ài 'ěr lán dǎogōng yuán432 niánshèng dào chuán jiào luó wén huà。12 shì jìn fēng jiàn shè huì。1169 nián zāo yīng guó qīn。1171 nián yīng wáng hēng 'èr shì què duì 'ài de tǒng zhì quán。1541 nián yīng wáng chéng wéi 'ài 'ěr lán guó wáng。1800 nián
  
   qiān dìng 'ài yīng tóng méng tiáo yuēchéng liè diān 'ài 'ěr lán lián wáng guóbèi yīng guó wán quán tūn bìng。 1845 nián ~1849 nián shēng 'ài 'ěr lán huāng yuē yòu 100 wàn 'ài 'ěr lán rén shì 'è biàn shì bìng hái yòu 100 wàn rén táo dào yīng lánběi měi huò 'ào bān zhǐ 'ào xīn lán jìn nán tài píng yáng zhū dǎo zǎo zhù)。 zhè 200 wàn rén zhǐ zhàn 1845 nián 'ài 'ěr lán rén kǒu de fēn zhī 。1916 nián bǎi lín bào kàng yīng de huó jié ”。 suí zhe 'ài 'ěr lán mín yùn dòng de gāo zhǎngyīng guó zhèng tóng 'ài 'ěr lán 1921 nián12 yuè qiān dìng liǎo yīng 'ài tiáo yuēyǔn 'ài nán 26 jùn chéng yóu bāng”, xiǎng yòu zhì quánběi jùnxiàn běi 'ài 'ěr lánréng guī yīng guó。1937 niánài 'ěr lán xiàn xuān yóu bāngwéi gòng guódàn réng liú zài yīng lián bāng nèi。1948 nián12 yuè21 ài 'ěr lán huì tōng guò xuān tuō yīng lián bāng。1949 niányuè18 yīng chéng rèn 'ài dàn jué guī hái běi jùnài 'ěr lán hòuài 'ěr lán jiè zhèng jūn shí xiàn nán běi 'ài 'ěr lán tǒng zuò wéi dìng zhèng 。2005 niányuèguó wěi yuán huì xuān ài 'ěr lán gòng jūn wán quán jiě chú zhuāngjiā píng jìn chéng
  
   ài 'ěr lán 1949 nián 4 yuè xuān chéng gòng guó zhī hòu dòng tuì chū liǎo yīng lián bāng。( yīng lián bāng 1950 nián cái gēnggǎi guī yǔn yìn gòng guó de shēn fèn liú zài yīng lián bāng zhī nèi。) suī rán 'ài 'ěr lán bìng méi yòu chóngxīn shēn qǐng jiā yīng lián bāngdàn shì bǎo liú liǎo duō chéng yuán guó de quán ài 'ěr lán gōng mín zài yīng guó xiǎng yòu suǒ yòu yīng guó gōng mín quán bāo kuò cān xuǎn yīng guó guó nèi xuǎn cān jiā yīng guó jūn duì de quán
  
  
  
   zhèng zhì
  
   xiàn xíng xiàn 1937 niányuè14 jīng huì tōng guòtóng nián12 yuè29 shēng xiàohòu xiū gǎi guò10 xiàn guī dìngài 'ěr lán guó wéi gòng guózǒng tǒng yóu xuǎn mín zhí jiē xuǎn chǎn shēngrèn niányòu quán zhào jiě sàn huìrèn mìng nèi zǒng chángbìng rèn jūn duì tǒng shuài huì yóu zǒng tǒng cān zhòng liǎng yuàn chéng
  
   qiān xīn kuàng chǔ liàng fēng shì 'ōu zhōu zuì de qiān xīn shēng chǎn guó méi fēn zhàn quán guó miàn de13%。 tiān rán chǔ liàng wéi382 fāng suǒ néng yuán de70% kào jìn kǒu
  
   yòuài 'ěr lán wén huà shǐ zhězhī chēng de xíng zhī róng liǎo 'ài 'ěr lán é luó mín jiān dǎo bān míng děng duō zhǒng dǎo xíng shì
  
   gōng zhù yào yòu diàn diàn xìnhuà gōngzhì yào xiè zhì zàocǎi kuàngfǎng zhìzhì zào zhǐyìn shuàshí pǐn jiā gōngyān cǎo cái jiā gōng děng ménjìn nián láihuà gōngdiàn gōng chéng suàn ruǎn jiàn chǎn děng fēi měng jìnchuán tǒng de zhuāngzhì xié suǒ zhàn zhòng míng xiǎn xià jiàng
  
   nóng xùmù wéi zhùliáng shí néng zìjǐjiā chù chǎn pǐn yuē zhàn nóng zǒng chǎn zhí de77 .5% shàngzhù yào nóng zuò yòu xiǎo màiyàn mài líng shǔtián cài děnggēng lín miàn zhàn zhěng miàn de75%。 nóng rén kǒu12 wànzhàn zhěng láo dòng de wéi7%。
  
  2003 nián 12 yuè 6 zài hǎi nán sān shì xíng de 53 jiè shì jiè xiǎo jiě zǒng jué sài shàng,“ ài 'ěr lán xiǎo jiěluó suō · dài wéi sēn měi mǐn de huí yōu de fēng fàn róng yīngshì jiè xiǎo jiěguì guān .
  
   yóu shì wài huì shōu de zhòng yào lái yuánduō nián lái zhí wěn zhǎnzhù míng yóu diǎn yòu yán hǎi fēng jǐng děng
  
   xīn wén chū bǎnyòu quán guó xìng bàozhǒng wài hái yòuzhǒng xīng bào duō zhōu bàoyuè bào zhì fāng xìng bào zhǐ90 zhǒngzhù yào bào kān yòuài 'ěr lán shí bào》、《 ài 'ěr lán bào》、《 ài 'ěr lán xiān wǎn bàoguān chá zhě bào》。 ài guān fāng tōng xùn shèguó yíng de 'ài 'ěr lán guǎng diàn shì zǒng tái 1926 nián chéng bìng kāi shǐ guǎng 。1961 nián kāi shǐ fàng diàn shì jié yòng yīng yīnquán nián guǎng shí jiān chāo guò9500。 lìng yòu 'ài 'ěr lán guǎng diàn tái
  
  
  
   wén huà
   ài 'ěr lán wén huà yuán kǎi 'ěr wén huàzhù yào yóu wén xuéyīnyuè dǎo chuán tǒng gòu chéng
  
   ài 'ěr lán shǔ kǎi 'ěr tóng de lán gài 'ěr wēi 'ěr shì mìqiè xiāng guānzhì jīn hái yòu shǎo xiāng tōng zhī chùzǎo de 'ài 'ěr lán shǐ wén xué xíng shì chū xiànzhù yào shīshǐ”, yīngxióngchuánqí shǐ shī wéi zhùgōng yuán 5 shì jiào chuán 'ài 'ěr lánzhōng shì chūài 'ěr lán méi yòu jīng shòu chǎng cuī huǐ luó guó zhàn zhēng de qīn rǎo zhí shì wài jiè jué de jiào xué zhōng xīn。 6-11 shì dāng 'ōu zhōu hái chǔyú hēi 'àn de zhōng shì ài 'ěr lán jiào shì zài 'ōu zhōu jiàn liǎo zōng jiào xué zhōng xīnyīn 'ài 'ěr lán bèi wéixué zhě zhī dǎo xué jiā zhī dǎo”。
  
   gōng yuán 12 shì yīng guó de qīn gěi kǎi 'ěr wén huà zào chéng zhòngchuāngzhí dào 19 shì chūài 'ěr lán hái shì duō shù mín shǐ yòng de yándàn dào liǎo 19 shì néng jiǎng 'ài 'ěr lán de 'ài 'ěr lán rén jǐn zhàn zǒng rén kǒu de 15%。
  
  12 shì yīng chuán 'ài 'ěr lán , ài 'ěr lán zuò jiā yòng yīng jìn xíng chuàng zuò shǐ 13 shì ài 'ěr lán péi liǎo duō shì jiè zhù míng de wén xué jiā shù jiā zhōng yòu rén huò liǎo nuò bèi 'ěr wén xué jiǎng men shì : shī rén zhī (1923 nián)、 zuò jiā xiào ( 1925 nián)、 zuò jiā bèi ( 1969 niándài biǎo zuòděng dài duō》) hèshī rén ( 1994 nián)。 hái yòu 19 shì wéi měi zhù dài biǎo wáng 'ěr dài biǎo shí liú xiǎo shuō zuì gāo chéng jiù de zuò pǐnyóu de zuò zhě qiáo
  
  19 shì suí zhe mín wén huà xīng 'ài 'ěr lán de ài 'ěr lán dào liǎo xiāng dāng chéng de huī zhǎnxiàn zài yuē yòu 35% de 'ài 'ěr lán rén zhǎng 'ài 'ěr lán qiánài 'ěr lán shì zhōng xiǎo xué de xiū guó jiā 'ài 'ěr lán wěi yuán huì zài quán guó tuī guǎng shǐ yòng 'ài 'ěr lán jiàn liǎo 'ài 'ěr lán de diàn tái diàn shì tái
  
   yīn zài 'ài 'ěr lán wén huà zhōng zhàn yòu zhòng yào wèishù qín shì 'ài 'ěr lán diǎn xíng de chuán tǒng yuèqì zào xíng bèi xuǎn zuò wéi 'ài guó huī biāo zhìzhāo shì liǎo yīn zài 'ài 'ěr lán suǒ zhàn de wéi zhòng yào de wèi
  
   ài 'ěr lán gùn qiú( hurling) shì zhǒng de chuán tǒng yùn dòng shǐ zhuī dào jiào chuán 'ài 'ěr lángōng yuán 5 shì zhī qiánshì shì jiè shàng zuì kuài de cǎo yùn dòng
  
   ài 'ěr lán de qíng bēn fàngxuán yōu měijié zòu xiān míng 'ér biàn huà 'ài 'ěr lán chuán tǒng yīnyuègēqǔ dǎo de jīng huá shēn xiàn liǎo xiàn dài 'ài 'ěr lán de jīng shén fēng màozài shì jiè shòu dào liǎo guǎng fàn hǎo píngshì 'ài 'ěr lán wén huà de yōu xiù dài biǎo
  
  
   jiāo tōng zhuàng kuàng
  
   ài 'ěr lán de gōng zhòng jiāo tōng tǒng 'ān quán yòu xiàolǜ gāo jiào jīng gōng cháng chē huǒ chē shì 'ài 'ěr lán zuì tōng de gōng jiāo fāng shì zhù yào shì yóu guó yíng tuán gōng jīng yíngtiě tōng chú běi wài de quán jìnggāo gōng zhǎn wéi huǎn mànguó nèi shuǐ yùnguó nèi háng yùn jiào wéi ér qiě xiàolǜ gāojià shì zhōng
    
   háng kōngài 'ěr lán guó jiā tài xiǎofēi xíng bèi tuī jiànchú bǎi lín xiāng nóng bèi 'ěr 4 chǎng wàihái yòu duō chǎngzhè xiē chǎng jūn yòu zhì lún dūn de dìng háng bān( 1 xiǎo shí de fēi xíng shí jiān), duō chǎng hái yòu zhí fēi 'ōu zhōu chéng shì de háng bān duō shù zhù yào 'ōu zhōu chéng shì jūn zài 2 xiǎo shí nèi chéng fēi
    
   tiě yóu chéng gòuài 'ěr lán tiě tǒng dàng 'ōu zhōu guó jiā xiāngchà shèn yuǎnchú bǎi lín shì yùn yíng guǐ xiàn wàiài 'ěr lán rèn diàn huà tiě bìng qiě méi yòu miǎn fèi liè chē shí biǎo gōngài 'ěr lán tiě bùwèi suǒ yòu nián qīng rén lǎo rén gōng rèn yōu huì qián dìng chē piào méi yòu yōu huìchē piào zài shàng chē qián mǎiméi piào shì néng shàng chē deài 'ěr lán tiě wéi xué shēng jiāng jìn duì zhédàn shì zhǐ yòu xué shēng shì xíng de xiān huā qián jiā gài TravelStamp, měi nián huàn gēnghuàn ài 'ěr lán méi yòu gāo liè chēzuì háo huá de xiàn míng wéi Enterprise, yùn xíng Dublin Belfast zhī jiān yīng guó běi 'ài tiě lián yùn zuì gāo wéi 90 gōng / xiǎo shí tōng chéng chē Intercity jiē wéi hóng chē xiāngpiào jià gāo
    
   gōng ài 'ěr lán yōng yòu fēi cháng de gōng wǎngàn zhào zhèng de guó jiā zhǎn jìhuà hái jiāng shōu gèng duō de tóu gōng gòng chē tiě yùn shū tǒng yóu guó yòu gōng ài 'ěr lán jiāo tōng zhōng xīn tǒngde fēn zhī gòu jīng yíng guǎn ài 'ěr lán de cháng chē tǒng jiào tiě tǒng wán shànpiào jià zǒng shì huǒ chē dàn màn duōduì xué shēng suī rán zhédàn tóng yàng yào qiú mǎi TravelStamp。
    
   shuǐ yùnài 'ěr lán zhù yào de shāng gǎng kǒu yòu bǎi lín lín nuò 'ěrluó lāi 'ěrdāng láo gài 'ěrgāo wēi cóng zhè yòu dìng de chuán zài dào yīng guó guó
  
  
   yǐn shí wén huà
   ài 'ěr lán de chuán tǒng yǐn shí yīng guó hěn xiāng jiā tíng yǐn shí líng shǔshū càiniú ròu lèi wéi zhùmiàn bāo shì 'ài 'ěr lán rén de zhù shí zhī líng shǔ de pēng rèn fāng fēng shū cài de pēng rèn fāng shì shuǐ zhǔ wéi zhùyóu bólín kào jìn hǎi biān yòu hěn duō xīn xiān de hǎi xiān shí pǐnhǎi xiān lèi liào hěn duōài 'ěr lán zài chuán tǒng yǐn shí de chǔ shàng yǐn jìn liǎo guó děng guó jiā de yǐn shí fāng shìài 'ěr lán cài yóu hěn qīng dàn . bān zhèng cān wéi dòuròu lèiyáng ròuzhū ròuhuò huò liǎng yàng shū cài luó qín càiyuán bái càiyáng cōng jiāohuáng guā dōushì shí lìng shū cài), huò shēng chī huò shuǐ zhǔlìng wàiài 'ěr lán rén 'ài chī nǎi zhì pǐn dànnǎi làoniú nǎisuān nǎishuǐ guǒ děng
    
   ài 'ěr lán rén píng shí guàn chī yīng shì cānyòng cān guàn shǐ yòng dāo chā men bié huān chī qīng dùn cài yáoyóu wéi yíng yǎng jià zhí gāo de cài pǐngèng wéi men suǒ piān 'ài qīng tānɡ huān zài cān zhuō shàng pèi bèi duō zhǒng tiáowèi pǐntóng shí men duì zhōng guó de càiyuè cài hěn huānài 'ěr lán rén zhāo dài péng yǒu de chá huì wéi jiǎng jiūdāng yǒu rén lái fǎng zuò dìng hòuxiān ràng rén bēi jiē bēi yǐn 'ài 'ěr lán yòu de hēi jiǔ nèi ), rán hòuzhù rén cái kěn duān shàng chá huò fēi děng de fāng biàn shí pǐn
  
  
   xiàng
   shè huì shēng huó shì 'ài 'ěr lán shēng huó fēi cháng zhòng yào chéng fēnér bólín zuò wèiguó huà de huì zài zhè fāng miàn yòu zhe de mèi zuò wéi zhǐ yòu 100 wàn rén kǒu de chéng shì bǎi lín yōng yòu 800 duō jiān jiǔ rén men jīng cháng zài jiǔ fàn diàn bàn zhe yīnyuè tán xiào fēng shēngjìn xiǎng rén shēng kuài bǎi lín yòu hěn duō fāng shì yuàndiàn yǐng yuàn shù shǐ guǎnxiàn chǎng yīnyuè huó dòng suí chù jiàn guǒ yòu xīng zài hěn duō fāng hái xīn shǎng dào xiàn chǎng de yáo gǔn biǎo yǎntóng shíài 'ěr lán de diào gāo 'ěr qiúháng hǎi dēng shān děng yùn dòng fēi cháng chū míng
  
  
   jūn shì
  
   fèng xíng zhōng zhèng cān jiā rèn jūn shì tuán。 1999 nián 12 yuè jiā běi yuē píng huǒ bàn guān jìhuà”, dàn chóngshēn jiā běi yuēzhòng shì zhǎn tóng yīng měi 'ōu méng de guān zhòng shì lián guó de zuò yòng cān jiā wéi xíng dòng
  
  
  
   wài jiāo
   ài 'ěr lán fèng xíng zhōng zhèng cān jiā rèn jūn shì tuán, 1999 nián 12 yuè jiā běi yuē píng huǒ bàn guān jìhuà”。 1979 nián 6 yuè 22 'ài 'ěr lán zhōng guó jiàn jiāobìng 1998 nián 9 yuè、 2003 nián 10 yuè 2005 nián 1 yuè fēn bié sān duì zhōng guó jìn xíng zhèng shì fǎng wèn


  The Irish people (Irish: Muintir na hÉireann, na hÉireannaigh, na Gaeil) are a Western European ethnic group who originate in Ireland, in north western Europe. People of Irish ethnicity outside of Ireland are common in many western countries, particularly in English-speaking countries. The largest number of people of Irish descent live in the United States -- about ten times more than in Ireland itself.
  
  Descent
  Further information: Genetic history of the British Isles and Settlement of Great Britain and Ireland
  During the past 9,000 years of inhabitation, Ireland has witnessed many different peoples arrive on its shores. Legendary early arrivals included the Nemedians, the Fomorians, the Firbolgs, and the Tuatha Dé Danann, though with the exception of the Firbolgs, they are now treated as mythical rather than actual human incursions.
  
  The ancient peoples of Ireland—such as the creators of the Ceide Fields and Newgrange—are almost unknown. Neither their languages nor terms they used to describe themselves have survived. As late as the middle centuries of the 1st millennium AD the inhabitants of Ireland did not appear to have a collective name for themselves. Ireland itself was known by a number of different names, including Banba, Scotia, Fódla, Ériu by the islanders, Hibernia and Scotia to the Romans, and Ierne to the Greeks.
  
  Likewise, the terms for people from Ireland—all from Roman sources—in the late Roman era were varied. They included Attacotti, Scoti, and Gael. This last word, derived from the Welsh gwyddel (meaning raiders), was eventually adopted by the Irish for themselves. However, as a term it is on a par with Viking, as it describes an activity (raiding, piracy) and its proponents, not their actual ethnic affiliations.
  
  The term Irish and Ireland is derived from the Érainn, a people who once lived in what is now central and south Munster. Possibly their proximity to overseas trade with western Britain, Gaul and Hispania led to the name of this one people to be applied to the whole island and its inhabitants.
  
  A variety of historical ethnic groups have inhabited the island, including the Airgialla, Fir Ol nEchmacht, Delbhna, Fir Bolg, Érainn, Eóganachta, Mairtine, Conmaicne, Soghain and Ulaid.
  
  One legend states that the Irish were descended from Míl Espáine (coined Milesius, from Latin "Miles Hispaniae", meaning "Soldier of Hispania"). The character is almost certainly a mere personification of a supposed migration by a group or groups from Hispania to Ireland. This legend is the source of the term "Milesian" in reference to the Irish. If this invasion was as large as the mythology would suggest, it would account for the genetic similarity of the Northern Iberian populations and the Irish.
  
  It is thought that the Basque Country and neighbouring regions served as a refuge for palaeolithic humans during the last major glaciation when environments further north were too cold and dry for continuous habitation. When the climate warmed into the present interglacial, populations would have rapidly spread north along the west European coast. Genetically, in terms of Y-chromosomes and Mt-DNA, inhabitants of Britain and Ireland are closely related to the Basques, reflecting their common origin in this refugial area. Basques, along with Irish, show the highest frequency of the Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup R1b in Western Europe; some 95% of native Basque men have this haplogroup. The rest is mainly I and a minimal presence of E3b. The Y-chromosome and MtDNA relationship between Basques and people of Ireland and Wales is of equal ratios than to neighbouring areas of Spain, where similar ethnically "Spanish" people now live in close proximity to the Basques, although this genetic relationship is also very strong among Basques and other Spaniards. In fact, as Stephen Oppenheimer has stated in The Origins of the British (2006), although Basques have been more isolated than other Iberians, they are a population representative of south western Europe. As to the genetic relationship among Basques, Iberians and Britons, he also states (pages 375 and 378):
  
  By far the majority of male gene types in the British Isles derive from Iberia (modern Spain and Portugal), ranging from a low of 59% in Fakenham, Norfolk to highs of 96% in Llangefni, north Wales and 93% Castlerea, Ireland. On average only 30% of gene types in England derive from north-west Europe. Even without dating the earlier waves of north-west European immigration, this invalidates the Anglo-Saxon wipeout theory... ...75-95% of British and Irish (genetic) matches derive from Iberia...Ireland, coastal Wales, and central and west-coast Scotland are almost entirely made up from Iberian founders, while the rest of the non-English parts of the Britain and Ireland have similarly high rates. England has rather lower rates of Iberian types with marked heterogeneity, but no English sample has less than 58% of Iberian samples...
  
  Brian Sykes, in the book based on his genetic research, Blood of the Isles (2006) comes to similar conclusions. Some quotations from the book follow (note that Sykes uses the terms "Celts" and "Picts" to designate the pre-Roman inhabitants of the Isles who spoke Celtic languages and is not referring to the people known as Celts in central Europe).
  
  “ [T]he presence of large numbers of Jasmine’s Oceanic clan ... says to me that there was a very large-scale movement along the Atlantic seaboard north from Iberia, beginning as far back as the early Neolithic and perhaps even before that. ,,,The mere presence of Oceanic Jasmines indicates that this was most definitely a family based settlement rather thatn the sort of male-led invasions of later millennia.
   ”
  “ The 'Celts' of Ireland and the Western Isles are not, as far as I can see from the genetic evidence, related to the Celts who spread south and east to Italy, Greece and Turkey from the heartlands of Hallstadt and La Tene...during the first millennium BC...The genetic evidence shows that a large proportion of Irish Celts, on both the male and female side, did arrive from Iberia at or about the same time as farming reached the Isles. (...)
  
  The connection to Spain is also there in the myth of Brutus.... This too may be the faint echo of the same origin myth as the Milesian Irish and the connection to Iberia is almost as strong in the British regions as it is in Ireland. (...)
  
  They [the Picts] are from the same mixture of Iberian and European Mesolithic ancestry that forms the Pictish/Celtic substructure of the Isles.
   ”
  “ Here again, the strongest signal is a Celtic one, in the form of the clan of Oisin, which dominates the scene all over the Isles. The predominance in every part of the Isles of the Atlantischromosome (the most frequent in the Oisin clan), with its strong affinities to Iberia, along with other matches and the evidence from the maternal side convinces me that it is from this direction that we must look for the origin of Oisin and the great majority of our Y-chromosomes...I can find no evidence at all of a large-scale arrival from the heartland of the Celts of central Europe amongst the paternic genetic ancestry of the Isles... can
   ”
  
  The Vikings founded many of the most important towns in Ireland, including Dublin and Cork (earlier native settlements on these sites did not approach the urban nature of the subsequent Norse trading ports), and a hybrid Irish-Norse trading jargon developed called 'Gic-goc.' The arrival of the Normans brought Welsh, Flemish, Normans, Anglo-Saxons and Bretons, most of whom became assimilated into Irish culture and polity by the 15th century, particularly the Welsh-Normans who settled into the Pale area due to the close proximity of Ireland to Wales. The late medieval era saw Scottish gallowglass families of mixed Gaelic-Norse-Pict descent settle, mainly in the north; due to similarities of language and culture they too were assimilated. The Plantations of Ireland and in particular the Plantation of Ulster in the 17th century introduced great numbers of Scottish, English as well as French Huguenots as colonists. Despite these divergent backgrounds most of their descendants consider themselves Irish—even where they are aware of such ancestry—mainly due to their lengthy presence in Ireland.
  
  Historically, religion, politics and ethnicity became intertwined in Ireland. Four polls taken between 1989 and 1994 revealed that when asked to state their national identity, over 79% of Northern Ireland Protestants replied "British" or "Ulster" with 3% or less replying "Irish", while over 60% of Northern Ireland Catholics replied "Irish" with 13% or less replying "British" or "Ulster". A survey in 1999 showed that 72% of Northern Ireland Protestants considered themselves "British" and 2% "Irish", with 68% of Northern Ireland Catholics considering themselves "Irish" and 9% "British". The survey also revealed that 78% of Protestants and 48% of all respondents felt "Strongly British", while 77% of Catholics and 35% of all respondents felt "Strongly Irish". 51% of Protestants and 33% of all respondents felt "Not at all Irish", while 62% of Catholics and 28% of all respondents felt "Not at all British".
 

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