英国 United Kingdom 爱尔兰 Ireland 比利时 Belgium 荷兰 Netherlands 法国 France 西班牙 Spain 葡萄牙 Portugal 意大利 Italy 希腊 Greece 奥地利 Austria 匈牙利 Hungary 德国 Germany 瑞士 Switzerland 罗马尼亚 Romania 俄罗斯 Russia 波兰 Poland 克罗地亚 Croatia (Hrvatska) 捷克 Czech 芬兰 Finland 瑞典 Sweden 挪威 Norway 冰岛 Iceland 土耳其 Turkey 丹麦 Denmark 阿尔巴尼亚 Albania 爱沙尼亚 Republic of Estonia 安道尔 Andorra 白俄罗斯 Belarus 保加利亚 The Republic of Bulgaria 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 Bosnia and Herzegovina 梵蒂冈 Vatican City State (Holy See) 黑山 The Republic of Montenegro 拉脱维亚 Latvia 立陶宛 Republic of Lithuania 列支敦士登 Liechtenstein 卢森堡 Luxembourg 马耳他 Republic of Malta 马其顿 The Republic of Macedonia 摩尔多瓦 The Republic of Moldova 摩纳哥 Monaco 塞尔维亚 the Republic of Serbia 斯洛伐克 The Slovak Republic 斯洛文尼亚 the Republic of Slovenia 圣马力诺 San Marino 乌克兰 Ukraine |
ài 'ěr lán Ireland shǒudōu:dū bólín guógūdàimǎ: ie |
guó míng: xī lín dà xī yáng dōng kào guó qí guó huī guó qí: guó huī: guó gē jiǎn jiè guó gē:《 shì bīng de gē》 gē cí: ràng wǒ men lái chàng gè shì bīng de gē, dà jiā huān lè dì yìnghè, xīng xīng zài wǒ men de tóu shàng shǎn shuò, dāng wǒ men wéi zhe yíng huǒ。 děng dài zhe míng tiān qù zuò zhàn, dà jiā xīn lǐ jiāo jí bù 'ān, jiù zài jìng jìng de hēi yè lǐ, wǒ men gāo chàng shì bīng de gē。 wǒ men shì bīng bǎ shēng mìng xiàn gěi yǔ yán jiè shào guó shí guó niǎo guó niǎo: lì yù( EurasianOystercatcher) lì yù( EurasianOystercatcher) wéi guàn xíng mù、 lì yù kē、 lì yù shǔ, sú chēng hǎi xǐ què, lā dīng wén Haematopusostralegus。 fēn bù yú 'ōu zhōu zhì xī bó lì yà, nán fāng yuè dōng, shí yī zhǒng bù cháng jiàn de jì hòu niǎo。 qí chì cháng 270 háo mǐ, hóng zuǐ cháng zhí 'ér duān dùn; xiǎo tuǐ fěn hóng sè, shàng bèi、 tóu jí xiōng bù hēi sè, xià bèi jí wěi shàng fù yǔ bái sè, xià tǐ qí yú bù wèi bái sè; yì shàng hēi sè, yán cì jí fēi yǔ de jī bù yòu bái sè kuān dài; yì xià bái sè bìng jù xiá zhǎi de hēi sè hòu yuán。 píng shí xǐ huān qī xī zài hǎi 'àn、 zhǎo zé、 hé kǒu sān jiǎo zhōu dì qū, dà duō shù lì yù dān gè huó dòng, yòu shí jié chéng xiǎo qún zài hǎi tān shàng mì shí ruǎn tǐ dòng wù、 jiáqiào lèi huò rú chóng。 tā men páode hěn kuài, fēi xiáng lì jiào qiáng, cháng zhàn lì zài hǎi bīn dī yán de dǐng bù děng dài tuì cháo; cháo tuì hòu, zài yū ní huò shā zhōng yòng zuǐ sōu suǒ shí wù。 tā men zài hǎi bīn shā lì zhōng zhù“ xiàn xué zhuàng” cháo, měi wō chǎn luǎn 2 ~ 4 méi, luǎn chéng gǎn lǎn huáng dài huī sè、 dài hè hēi sè bān diǎn。 guó huā guó shù guó huā: bái sān yè cǎo( Whiteclover) bái sān yè cǎo( WhiteClover) xué míng sà mǔ láo kè huā( Trifoliumrepens), yòu míng“ bái chē zhóu cǎo”,” bái huā mù xu”。 wéi shuāng zǐ yè zhí wù gāng、 dòu kē、 duō nián shēng sù gēn xìng cǎo běn zhí wù, kāi huā zǎo、 huā qī cháng、 yè xíng měi guān。 zhí zhū dī 'ǎi, pú fú xìng qiáng, qí cè gēn、 xū gēn fā dá, shēng yòu dà liàng gēn liú, shēngzhǎng shì qiáng, jù yòu hěn qiáng de qīn zhàn xìng; zài pín fán xiū jiǎn de qíng kuàng xià kě bǎo chí cǎo píng bù shuāi bài, shòu mìng yī bān zài 10 nián yǐ shàng。 qí gēn bù jù yòu jiào qiáng de fēn niè néng lì hé zài shēng néng lì, bǎo chí zhe hé dòu kē gēn liú jūn gòng shēng de tè xìng, gēn xì yòu gù dàn néng lì, zhǐ zài miáo qī gēn liú jūn shàng wèi shēng chéng shí, xū yào shǎo liàng bǔ chōng dàn féi。 bái sān yè cǎo xǐ guāng jí wēn nuǎn shī rùn qì hòu, shì yú shēngzhǎng zài nián jiàng yǔ liàng wéi 800~ 1200 háo mǐ de dì qū, shēngzhǎng shì yí wēn dù wéi 16~ 25 ℃, nài hán、 nài rè、 nài yìn、 nài jiàn tà, 30% tòu guāng shuài jí kě zhèng cháng shēngzhǎng, bù nài gān hàn hé cháng qī jī shuǐ。 duì tǔ rǎng yào qiú bù yán, dàn zài suān xìng tǔ rǎng zhōng shēngzhǎng shì jiào hǎo, yóu xǐ fù gài zhì jí fǔ zhí zhì、 nián zhì tǔ rǎng, zài jiǎn xìng tǔ rǎng zhōng shēngzhǎng shì jiào chā。 dāng dì jū mín rén kǒu: 4062235 rén( 2006 nián 7 yuè)。 dà bù wéi nián líng céng jié gòu: 0~14 suì: 20.9%( 437903 nán / 409774 nǚ) 15~64 suì: 67.6%( 1373771 nán/ 1370452 nǚ) 65 suì yǐ shàng: 11.6%( 207859 nán/ 262476 nǚ)( 2006 nián) píng jūn nián líng: zǒng jì: 34 suì nán xìng: 33.2 suì nǚ xìng 34.8 suì( 2006 nián) rén kǒu zēngchánglǜ: 1 . 15%( 2 00 6 nián) chū shēng shuài( chū shēng/ yī qiān rén): 14. 5%(2006 nián) sǐ wáng shuài( sǐ wáng/ yī qiān rén): 7. 2%(2006 nián) jìng yí mín shuài( yí mín/ yī qiān rén): 4. 7%(2006 nián) xìng bié bǐ lì: chū shēng: 1. 07 nǚ 15 suì yǐ xià: 1.0 7 nán/1 nǚ 1 5 ~6 4 suì:1 nán/1 nǚ 65 suì yǐ shàng:0.7 9 nán/1 nǚ zǒng rén kǒu:0.99 nán/1 nǚ(2006 nián) yīng 'ér sǐ wáng shuài( sǐ wáng/ yī qiān chéng huó): zǒng jì:5. 31 ‰ nán xìng:5. 82‰ nǚ xìng:4.76‰(2006 nián) píng jūn shòu mìng: zǒng jì:77.73 suì nán xìng:75.11 suì nǚ xìng80.52 suì(2006 nián) zǒng shēng yù shuài:1.86 chū shēng/1 nǚ xìng(2006 nián) ài zī bìng chéng rén gǎn rǎn shuài:01%(2001 nián) ài zī bìng gǎn rǎn rén shù:2800(2001 nián) ài zī bìng sǐ wáng rén shù: shǎo yú100 rén(2003 nián) jié rì tè chǎn jié rì: tè chǎn: xíng zhèng qū huá kǎ luò jùn( CountyCarlow, shǒu fǔ kǎ luò), kǎ wén jùn( CountyCavan, shǒu fǔ kǎ wén), kè lāi 'ěr jùn( CountyClare, shǒu fǔ 'ēn ní sī), kē kè jùn( CountyCork, shǒu fǔ kē kè), kē kè jùn jí shì( Cork), duō ní gē 'ěr jùn( CountyDonegal, shǒu fǔ duō ní gē 'ěr), dū bǎi lín jùn( CountyDublin, shǒu fǔ dū bólín), dū bǎi lín jùn jí shì( DublinCity), dèng lāi lǐ - lā sī dāng( DunLaoghaire-Rathdown), fěi gāo( Fingal), nán dū bólín( SouthDublin), gāo wēi jùn( gē 'ěr wéi jùn)( CountyGalway, shǒu fǔ gāo wēi( gē 'ěr wéi)), gāo wēi jùn jí shì( Galway), kǎi lǐ jùn( CountyKerry, shǒu fǔ kǎi lǐ), jī 'ěr dài 'ěr jùn( CountyKildare, shǒu fǔ jī 'ěr dài 'ěr), jī 'ěr kěn ní jùn( CountyKilkenny, shǒu fǔ jī 'ěr kěn ní), lāi yī shí jùn( CountyLaois, shǒu fǔ lāi yī shí( láo sī) gǎng), lì tè lǐ mǔ jùn( CountyLeitrim, shǒu fǔ lì tè lǐ mǔ), lì mò lǐ kè jùn( CountyLimerick), lì mò lǐ kè jùn jí shì( Limerick), lǎng fú dé jùn( CountyLongford, shǒu fǔ lǎng fú dé), láo sī jùn( CountyLouth, shǒu fǔ dūn dá kè), méi 'ào jùn( CountyMayo, shǒu fǔ kǎ sī tè lè hā), mǐ sī jùn( CountyMeath, shǒu fǔ nà wān), mò nà hēng jùn( CountyMonaghan, shǒu fǔ mò nài gēn), ào fǎ lì jùn( CountyOffaly, shǒu fǔ 'ào fǎ lì), luó sī kāng máng jùn( CountyRoscommon, shǒu fǔ luó sī kāng máng), sī lāi gē jùn( CountySligo, shǒu fǔ sī lāi gē), dì pò léi lǐ jùn( CountyTipperary) běi dì pò léi lǐ( NorthTipperary, shǒu fǔ ní nà), nán dì pò léi lǐ( SouthTipperary, shǒu fǔ kè láng mò 'ěr), wò tè fú dé jùn( CountyWaterford), wò tè fú dé jùn jí shì( Waterford), wéi sī tè mǐ sī jùn( CountyWestmeath, shǒu fǔ mù lín gā), wéi kè sī fú dé jùn( CountyWexford, shǒu fǔ wéi kè sī fú dé), wēi kè luò jùn( CountyWicklow, shǒu fǔ wēi kè luò)。 cǐ wài, ā mǎ( Armagh)、 ān tè lǐ mǔ( Antrim)、 dé lǐ( Derry)、 táng( Down)、 tài lóng( Tyrone)、 fú mǎ nà( Fermanagh) 6 gè jùn shǔ yú běi zì rán dì lǐ dì lǐ wèi zhì : ōu zhōu xī bù, wèi yú běi dà xī yáng dì lǐ zuò biāo: běi wěi 53 dù / xī jīng 8 dù zǒng miàn jī: 70280 píng fāng gōng lǐ( zhàn tǔ dì fēn bù miàn jī: 68890 píng fāng gōng lǐ shuǐ fēn bù miàn jī: 1390 píng fāng gōng lǐ miàn jī bǐ jiào: bǐ zhòng qìng shì xiǎo yī xiē, bǐ níng xià huí zú zì zhì qū dà yī xiē。 guó tǔ biān jiè xiàn: zǒng jì 360 gōng lǐ。 jiē rǎng guó jiā: yīng guó, 360 gōng lǐ。 hǎi 'àn xiàn: 1448 gōng lǐ hǎi yáng zhù quán: lǐng hǎi, 12 hǎi lǐ; zhuān shǔ bǔ yú qū, 200 hǎi lǐ qì hòu: qì hòu wēn hé shī rùn, wéi diǎn xíng hǎi yáng xìng qì hòu, shòu běi dà xī yáng qì hòu yǐng xiǎng。 sì jì qū bié bù míng xiǎn。 nián píng jūn qì wēn zài0℃ dào20℃ zhī jiān。 cháng nián duō yǔ, qíng lǎng tiān qì yuē zhàn quán nián1/5 shí jiān。 mò xī gē wān nuǎn liú de yǐng xiǎng yǐ jí dà xī yáng shèng xíng xī nán fēng de zuò yòng, dì xíng: quán dǎo bèi xiǎo xíng qiū líng huán rào, zhōng bù xiāng duì jiào dī, shì hé、 hú zòng héng de dī dì。 bù yì duō húpō。 hé liú yǐ xiāng nóng hé zuì cháng, yú jiē duǎn xiǎo。 quán dǎo bèi dōng xī zǒu xiàng de lì fěi hé fēn gē wéi nán běi liǎng bù fēn。 xī kǎ lǎng tú 'è 'ěr shān shì quán guó zuì gāo diǎn( hǎi bá 1, 041 mǐ)。 dà xī yáng yán 'àn gǎng wān qū zhé shēnqiè, duō liáng gǎng。 dōng 'àn jiào píng zhí。 jí zhì diǎn: zuì gāo diǎn wéi Carrauntoohil shān, 1041 mǐ; zuì dī diǎn wéi dà xī yáng,0 mǐ。 zì rán zī yuán: tiān rán qì, ní méi, tóng, qiān, shí mò, xīn, yín, zhòng jīng shí, shí gāo, shí huī shí, bái yún shí。 tǔ dì yìng yòng bǐ lì: gēng dì: 16.82% yǒng jiǔ gēngzhòng tǔ dì: 0.03% qí tā: 83.15%( 2005 nián) xiàn huán jìng wèn tí: shuǐ wū rǎn, tè bié shì húpō, wèn tí lái zì nóng yè fèi pǐn rén wén dì lǐ guó jí: wén huà tǐ: kǎi 'ěr tè rén, yīng guó rén zōng jiào: luó mǎ tiān zhù jiào88.4%, yǔ yán: yīng yǔ( guān fāng) wéi tōng yòng yǔ yán。 wén huà céng: dìng yì:15 suì yǐ shàng, kě dú kě xiě。 zǒng rén kǒu:99% nán xìng:99% nǚ xìng:99%(2003 nián) guó míng: tōng yòng quán chēng: tōng yòng jiǎn chēng: dì fāng quán chēng: PoblachtnahÉireann dì fāng jiǎn chēng: Eire zhèng fǔ tǐ zhì: yì huì gòng hé zhì( yì huì mín zhù) shǒu dū: dū bǎi lín( Dublin) dú lì rì:1921 nián12 yuè6 rì( yǐ《 yīng 'ài tiáo yuē》 cóng yīng guó tuō lí) guó qìng rì:3 yuè17 rì( shèng pà tè lǐ kè rì) fǎ dìng jiàrì:3 yuè17 rì, SaintPatrick'sDay, shèng bā tè lǐ kè jié, měi nián 3 yuè 17 rì, měi guó hé xiàn fǎ: yú1937 nián6 yuè14 rì jīng yì huì tōng guò, tóng nián7 yuè1 rì jīng quán mín gōng tóu bèi cǎi yòng, tóng nián12 yuè29 rì shēng xiào。 fǎ lǜ xì tǒng: jī yú yīng guó xí guàn fǎ, yǐ běn tǔ xí sú chōng fēn gǎi liáng; lì fǎ sī fǎ shěn chá yú zuì gāo fǎ yuàn zhí xíng; méi yòu jiā nà qiáng zhì xìng lián hé guó guó jì fǎ yuàn quán xiàn。 xuǎn jǔ quán:18 suì yǐ shàng quán tǐ gōng mín zhí zhèng jī gòu zǒng tǒng: MaryMcAleese( mǎ lì · mài kǎ lì sī)( zì1997 nián11 yuè11 rì) zǒng lǐ: BertieAhern( bó dì · āi hēng)( zì1997 nián6 yuè26 rì) nèi gé: yóu zǒng tǒng hé shàng rèn tí míng xuǎn jǔ: zǒng tǒng yóu měi qī nián yī cì de quán mín gōng tóu xuǎn jǔ chǎn shēng。 xiàn fǎ guī dìng nèi gé rén shù bù chāo guò 15 rén, qí zhōng shàng yì yuàn yì yuán bù dé chāo guò 2 rén, tóng shí zǒng lǐ、 fù zǒng lǐ( Tánaiste)、 cái zhèng bù cháng bì xū shì xià yì yuàn yì yuán。 sī fǎ jī gòu: zuì gāo fǎ yuàn zhèng dǎng yǔ dǎng kuí: wài jiāo: fèng xíng zhōng lì zhèng cè, bù cān jiā rèn hé jūn shì jí tuán。1999 nián12 yuè jiā rù běi yuē“ hé píng huǒ bàn guān xì jìhuà”, dàn chóngshēn wú yì jiā rù běi yuē。 zhòng shì fā zhǎn tóng yīng měi jí 'ōu méng de guān xì。 zhòng shì lián hé guó de zuò yòng, jī jí cān jiā wéi hé xíng dòng。 jī jí tuò zhǎn hǎi wài shì chǎng。 [ dàn xiàn zài yǔ zhōng guó guān xì:1979 nián6 yuè22 rì, zhōng 'ài liǎng guó2002 nián mào yì 'é dá dào14 .6 yì měi yuán,2003 nián mào yì zēng fú gāo dá60 .5%, mào yì 'é chāo guò23 yì měi yuán。 jīng jì jīng jì gài kuàng: nóng yè céng shì quán guó tǔ dì sì fēn zhī sān wéi cǎo dì hé mù chǎng, zhù yào sì yǎng niú、 zhū、 yáng。 xùchǎn pǐn yuē zhàn quán bù shū chū de bàn shù, yǐ niú ròu hé rǔ pǐn wéi zhù, huó niú chū kǒu jū shì jiè qián liè, zhù yào yùn wǎng yīng guó。 nóng zuò wù yǐ dà mài、 xiǎo mài、 mǎ líng shǔ、 tián cài děng jiào zhòng yào, liáng shí bù néng zìjǐ。 lǚ yóu yè shōu rù jǐn cì yú nóng mù yè, měi nián lǚ kè dá 170 wàn rén。 liù shí nián dài qǐ, gōng yè fā zhǎn jiào kuài, yòu fǎng zhì、 jī xiè、 huà xué、 ròu lèi děng shí pǐn jiā gōng、 yǐn liào( pí jiǔ)、 yān cǎo děng。 1973 nián jiā rù xī 'ōu gòng tóng shì chǎng, duì yīng guó yǐ wài zhū guó mào yì zhèng zhú bù zēng jiā。 jìn kǒu huà xué pǐn、 féi liào、 jī xiè、 diàn qì、 chē liàng jí líng jiàn、 fǎng zhì pǐn、 yóu lèi、 gǔ wù děng。 GDP( gòu mǎi lì píng jià): $1646 yì(2005 nián) GDP( guān fāng duì huàn shuài):$1884 yì(2005 nián) GDP( shí jì zēngchánglǜ):4.7%(2005 nián) GDP( rén jūn):$41000(2005 nián) GDP( bù mén): nóng yè:5% shēng chǎn yè:46% fú wù hángyè:49%(2002 nián) láo dòng lì:203 wàn(2005 nián) láo dòng lì( zhí yè): nóng yè:8% gōng yè:29% fú wù yè:64%(2002 nián) shī yè shuài:4.3%(2005 nián) pín kùn rén kǒu:10%(1997 nián) jiā tíng shōu rù huò xiāo fèi suǒ zhàn de bǎi fēn bǐ: zuì dī 10%: 2% zuì gāo de 10%: 27.3%( 1997 nián) fēn pèi jiā tíng shōu rù - jī ní zhǐ shù: 35.9( 1996 nián) tōng huò péng zhàng shuài( xiāo fèi wù jià zhǐ shù) 2.4%( 2005 nián) tóu zī( zǒng gù dìng) 27% de guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí( 2005 nián) yù suàn: shōu rù: 0.46 yì yuán zhī chū: 0.4 yì měi yuán ; bāo kuò jī běn jiàn shè zhī chū 0.5 yì yuán( 2005 nián) guó jiā zhèng yào: zǒng tǒng mǎ lì · mài kǎ lì sī (MaryMcaleese),1997 nián10 yuè dāng xuǎn,11 yuè xuān shì jiù zhí; zǒng lǐ bó dì · āi hēng (BertieAhern),1997 nián6 yuè rèn zhí。 zì rán dì lǐ: miàn jī70282 píng fāng gōng lǐ。 wèi yú 'ōu zhōu xī bù de jiǎn shǐ gōng yuán qián3000 nián 'ōu zhōu dà lù yí mín kāi shǐ dìng jū qiān dìng 'ài yīng tóng méng tiáo yuē, chéng lì dà bù liè diān jí zhèng zhì xiàn xíng xiàn fǎ yú1937 nián6 yuè14 rì jīng yì huì tōng guò, tóng nián12 yuè29 rì shēng xiào, hòu xiū gǎi guò10 cì。 xiàn fǎ guī dìng: qiān xīn kuàng chǔ liàng fēng fù, shì 'ōu zhōu zuì dà de qiān xīn shēng chǎn guó。 ní méi fēn bù zhàn quán guó miàn jī de13%。 tiān rán qì chǔ liàng gū jì wéi382 yì lì fāng mǐ。 suǒ xū néng yuán de70% yǐ kào jìn kǒu。 yòu“ gōng yè zhù yào yòu diàn zǐ、 diàn xìn、 huà gōng、 zhì yào、 jī xiè zhì zào、 cǎi kuàng、 fǎng zhì、 zhì yī、 pí gé、 zào zhǐ、 yìn shuà、 shí pǐn jiā gōng、 yān cǎo、 mù cái jiā gōng děng bù mén。 jìn nián lái, huà gōng、 diàn zǐ gōng chéng、 jì suàn jī ruǎn jiàn chǎn yè děng tū fēi měng jìn, chuán tǒng de fú zhuāng、 zhì xié jí pí gé yè suǒ zhàn bǐ zhòng míng xiǎn xià jiàng。 nóng yè yǐ xùmù yè wéi zhù, liáng shí bù néng zìjǐ。 jiā chù jí qí chǎn pǐn yuē zhàn nóng yè zǒng chǎn zhí de77 .5% yǐ shàng。 zhù yào nóng zuò wù yòu xiǎo mài、 yàn mài、 mǎ líng shǔ、 tián cài děng。 gēng dì hé lín dì miàn jī zhàn zhěng gè lù dì miàn jī de75%。 nóng yè rén kǒu12 wàn, zhàn zhěng gè láo dòng lì de bǐ lì wéi7%。 2003 nián 12 yuè 6 rì, zài hǎi nán sān yà shì jǔ xíng de dì 53 jiè shì jiè xiǎo jiě zǒng jué sài shàng,“ lǚ yóu yè shì wài huì shōu rù de zhòng yào lái yuán。 duō nián lái yī zhí wěn bù fā zhǎn。 zhù míng lǚ yóu diǎn yòu xī bù hú qū、 yán hǎi fēng jǐng qū děng。 xīn wén chū bǎn: yòu quán guó xìng rì bào8 zhǒng。 cǐ wài hái yòu5 zhǒng xīng qī rì bào jí xǔ duō zhōu bào、 yuè bào hé zá zhì, dì fāng xìng bào zhǐ90 yú zhǒng。 zhù yào bào kān yòu《 wén huà gōng yuán 12 shì jì, yīng guó de rù qīn gěi kǎi 'ěr tè wén huà zào chéng zhòngchuāng。 zhí dào 19 shì jì chū, 12 shì jì yīng yǔ chuán rù 19 shì jì mò, suí zhe mín zú wén huà fù xīng jí yīn lè zài jiāo tōng zhuàng kuàng háng kōng: tiě lù: yóu yú fā dá chéng dù bù gòu, gōng lù: shuǐ yùn: yǐn shí wén huà yú lè xiàng mù shè huì shēng huó shì jūn shì fèng xíng zhōng lì zhèng cè, bù cān jiā rèn hé jūn shì jí tuán。 1999 nián 12 yuè jiā rù běi yuē” hé píng huǒ bàn guān xì jìhuà”, dàn chóngshēn wú yì jiā rù běi yuē。 zhòng shì fā zhǎn tóng yīng měi jí 'ōu méng de guān xì。 zhòng shì lián hé guó de zuò yòng, jī jí cān jiā wéi hé xíng dòng。 wài jiāo Descent Further information: Genetic history of the British Isles and Settlement of Great Britain and Ireland During the past 9,000 years of inhabitation, Ireland has witnessed many different peoples arrive on its shores. Legendary early arrivals included the Nemedians, the Fomorians, the Firbolgs, and the Tuatha Dé Danann, though with the exception of the Firbolgs, they are now treated as mythical rather than actual human incursions. The ancient peoples of Ireland—such as the creators of the Ceide Fields and Newgrange—are almost unknown. Neither their languages nor terms they used to describe themselves have survived. As late as the middle centuries of the 1st millennium AD the inhabitants of Ireland did not appear to have a collective name for themselves. Ireland itself was known by a number of different names, including Banba, Scotia, Fódla, Ériu by the islanders, Hibernia and Scotia to the Romans, and Ierne to the Greeks. Likewise, the terms for people from Ireland—all from Roman sources—in the late Roman era were varied. They included Attacotti, Scoti, and Gael. This last word, derived from the Welsh gwyddel (meaning raiders), was eventually adopted by the Irish for themselves. However, as a term it is on a par with Viking, as it describes an activity (raiding, piracy) and its proponents, not their actual ethnic affiliations. The term Irish and Ireland is derived from the Érainn, a people who once lived in what is now central and south Munster. Possibly their proximity to overseas trade with western Britain, Gaul and Hispania led to the name of this one people to be applied to the whole island and its inhabitants. A variety of historical ethnic groups have inhabited the island, including the Airgialla, Fir Ol nEchmacht, Delbhna, Fir Bolg, Érainn, Eóganachta, Mairtine, Conmaicne, Soghain and Ulaid. One legend states that the Irish were descended from Míl Espáine (coined Milesius, from Latin "Miles Hispaniae", meaning "Soldier of Hispania"). The character is almost certainly a mere personification of a supposed migration by a group or groups from Hispania to Ireland. This legend is the source of the term "Milesian" in reference to the Irish. If this invasion was as large as the mythology would suggest, it would account for the genetic similarity of the Northern Iberian populations and the Irish. It is thought that the Basque Country and neighbouring regions served as a refuge for palaeolithic humans during the last major glaciation when environments further north were too cold and dry for continuous habitation. When the climate warmed into the present interglacial, populations would have rapidly spread north along the west European coast. Genetically, in terms of Y-chromosomes and Mt-DNA, inhabitants of Britain and Ireland are closely related to the Basques, reflecting their common origin in this refugial area. Basques, along with Irish, show the highest frequency of the Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup R1b in Western Europe; some 95% of native Basque men have this haplogroup. The rest is mainly I and a minimal presence of E3b. The Y-chromosome and MtDNA relationship between Basques and people of Ireland and Wales is of equal ratios than to neighbouring areas of Spain, where similar ethnically "Spanish" people now live in close proximity to the Basques, although this genetic relationship is also very strong among Basques and other Spaniards. In fact, as Stephen Oppenheimer has stated in The Origins of the British (2006), although Basques have been more isolated than other Iberians, they are a population representative of south western Europe. As to the genetic relationship among Basques, Iberians and Britons, he also states (pages 375 and 378): By far the majority of male gene types in the British Isles derive from Iberia (modern Spain and Portugal), ranging from a low of 59% in Fakenham, Norfolk to highs of 96% in Llangefni, north Wales and 93% Castlerea, Ireland. On average only 30% of gene types in England derive from north-west Europe. Even without dating the earlier waves of north-west European immigration, this invalidates the Anglo-Saxon wipeout theory... ...75-95% of British and Irish (genetic) matches derive from Iberia...Ireland, coastal Wales, and central and west-coast Scotland are almost entirely made up from Iberian founders, while the rest of the non-English parts of the Britain and Ireland have similarly high rates. England has rather lower rates of Iberian types with marked heterogeneity, but no English sample has less than 58% of Iberian samples... Brian Sykes, in the book based on his genetic research, Blood of the Isles (2006) comes to similar conclusions. Some quotations from the book follow (note that Sykes uses the terms "Celts" and "Picts" to designate the pre-Roman inhabitants of the Isles who spoke Celtic languages and is not referring to the people known as Celts in central Europe). “ [T]he presence of large numbers of Jasmine’s Oceanic clan ... says to me that there was a very large-scale movement along the Atlantic seaboard north from Iberia, beginning as far back as the early Neolithic and perhaps even before that. ,,,The mere presence of Oceanic Jasmines indicates that this was most definitely a family based settlement rather thatn the sort of male-led invasions of later millennia. ” “ The 'Celts' of Ireland and the Western Isles are not, as far as I can see from the genetic evidence, related to the Celts who spread south and east to Italy, Greece and Turkey from the heartlands of Hallstadt and La Tene...during the first millennium BC...The genetic evidence shows that a large proportion of Irish Celts, on both the male and female side, did arrive from Iberia at or about the same time as farming reached the Isles. (...) The connection to Spain is also there in the myth of Brutus.... This too may be the faint echo of the same origin myth as the Milesian Irish and the connection to Iberia is almost as strong in the British regions as it is in Ireland. (...) They [the Picts] are from the same mixture of Iberian and European Mesolithic ancestry that forms the Pictish/Celtic substructure of the Isles. ” “ Here again, the strongest signal is a Celtic one, in the form of the clan of Oisin, which dominates the scene all over the Isles. The predominance in every part of the Isles of the Atlantischromosome (the most frequent in the Oisin clan), with its strong affinities to Iberia, along with other matches and the evidence from the maternal side convinces me that it is from this direction that we must look for the origin of Oisin and the great majority of our Y-chromosomes...I can find no evidence at all of a large-scale arrival from the heartland of the Celts of central Europe amongst the paternic genetic ancestry of the Isles... can ” The Vikings founded many of the most important towns in Ireland, including Dublin and Cork (earlier native settlements on these sites did not approach the urban nature of the subsequent Norse trading ports), and a hybrid Irish-Norse trading jargon developed called 'Gic-goc.' The arrival of the Normans brought Welsh, Flemish, Normans, Anglo-Saxons and Bretons, most of whom became assimilated into Irish culture and polity by the 15th century, particularly the Welsh-Normans who settled into the Pale area due to the close proximity of Ireland to Wales. The late medieval era saw Scottish gallowglass families of mixed Gaelic-Norse-Pict descent settle, mainly in the north; due to similarities of language and culture they too were assimilated. The Plantations of Ireland and in particular the Plantation of Ulster in the 17th century introduced great numbers of Scottish, English as well as French Huguenots as colonists. Despite these divergent backgrounds most of their descendants consider themselves Irish—even where they are aware of such ancestry—mainly due to their lengthy presence in Ireland. Historically, religion, politics and ethnicity became intertwined in Ireland. Four polls taken between 1989 and 1994 revealed that when asked to state their national identity, over 79% of Northern Ireland Protestants replied "British" or "Ulster" with 3% or less replying "Irish", while over 60% of Northern Ireland Catholics replied "Irish" with 13% or less replying "British" or "Ulster". A survey in 1999 showed that 72% of Northern Ireland Protestants considered themselves "British" and 2% "Irish", with 68% of Northern Ireland Catholics considering themselves "Irish" and 9% "British". The survey also revealed that 78% of Protestants and 48% of all respondents felt "Strongly British", while 77% of Catholics and 35% of all respondents felt "Strongly Irish". 51% of Protestants and 33% of all respondents felt "Not at all Irish", while 62% of Catholics and 28% of all respondents felt "Not at all British". |
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