ōu zhōu:   
'ěr Turkey   shǒudōu:ān   guógūdàimǎ: tr   
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   'ěr gòng guó 'ěr : TürkiyeCumhuriyeti) guó bāo kuò de 'ān tuō bàn dǎo 'ěr gān bàn dǎo de dōng léi shì héng kuà 'ōu liǎng zhōu de guó jiāběi lín hēi hǎinán lín zhōng hǎidōng nán jiē rǎng lín 'ài qín hǎibìng bǎo jiā jiē rǎngdōng měi ā sài bài jiāng lǎng jiē rǎngzài 'ān tuō bàn dǎo dōng léi zhī jiān deshì hǎi xiá 'ěr hǎi 'ěr hǎi xiá 'ěr de shǒu shì wèi chù 'ān tuō gāo yuán zhèng zhōng yāng de 'ān
  
   guó mín yòu 99% shì lín qián zhèng shēn qǐng jiā 'ōu méng
  
   shǐ
  
   xiàn dài 'ěr rén yuán wéi sài 'ěr zhù jué rén de fēn zhī, 11 shì zuǒ yòu yóu zhōng dài qiān xiǎo , 1299 niánào màn guó jiàn , 1453 niángōng xiàn jūn shì tǎn dīng bǎomiè dōng luó guó, 16 shì dào dǐng shèngtǒng zhì kuà 'ōufēi sān zhōu, 17 shì kāi shǐ shuāi luò。 19 shì ào xiōng guó xiàng 'ào màn guó kuò zhāngjiā liǎo 'ào xiōng guó 'é luó guó zài zhōng dōng de zhēng duó。 1914 nián zài shì jiè zhàn zhōng jiā tóng méng guó zuò zhàn, 1918 nián zhàn bàigēn fán 'ěr sài yuē》, 'ěr sàng shī liǎo piàn lǐng 。 1919 nián kǎi 'ěr dòng mín jiě fàng zhàn zhēng, 1923 nián 10 yuè 29 chéng 'ěr gòng guó
   zhèng zhì
  
   'ěr zhèng zhì shì huì zhì dài mín zhù zhì de gòng zhì wéi kuàng jià 'ěr zǒng shì zhèng de lǐng dǎo rénfèng xíng duō dǎng zhìxíng zhèng quán yóu zhèng xíng shǐ quán shǔ zhèng 'ěr guó mín huì xíng zhèng xiàn xíng de xiàn zài 1982 nián 11 yuè 7 shí shīxiàn fèng xíng shì zhù
  
   'ěr de zhèng zhì zhì fēn quán wéi yuán
   xíng zhèng huá
  
   'ěr xíng zhèng huá děng wéi shěngxiànxiāngcūnquán guó gòng yòu shí shěng
  
   rén kǒu
  7200 wàn (2006 nián )。
  
   shǎo shù mín
  
   'ěr rén 'ěr rén shì 'ěr rén kǒu zuì duō de shǎo shù mín yòu 1400 wàn rén zhōng yuē 700 wàn rén shēng huó zài dōng dōng nán piàn guǎng rén de 'ěr de 'ěr rén běn shàng quándōu shì lín men wài biǎo shàng 'ěr rén méi liǎng yàngdàn shì zài yánwén huà jiā tíng chuán tǒng shàng què xiāng jìng tíng
  
   'ěr rén 'ěr rén zhī jiān de máo dùn chōng zǎo yòu shǐ jìzǎizài gòng guó jiàn zhī hòu men zhī jiān de guān zhuǎn zhí xiàā 'ěr de gǎi diǎn rán liǎo mín zhù de huǒ zhǒngquè méi yòu gěi 'ěr zhī wài de rèn mín liú xià shēng cún kōng jiān chū suǒ liào 'ěr rén méi duō jiǔ biàn kāi shǐ liǎo men yào qiú fēn de dǒu zhēng
  
   zài shí zhì shàng jiàn 'ěr guó jiā de < luò sāng tiáo yuē > zhōng 'ěr rén zuò wéi shǎo shù mín quán méi yòu dào rèn bǎo zhèngzhè diǎn shì 'ěr rén yóu tài rén měi rén tóng de fāngsuī rán 'ěr dōng hěn duō rényóu shì xìng 'ěr de Kurmanci zuò wéi yánduì 'ěr de zhǎng fēi cháng yòu xiàndàn shí shàng zhí dào zuì jìn 'ěr zhèng hái shì chéng rèn 'ěr rén de cún zàizài 'ěr de rén kǒu diào chá zhōngzhèng réng rán zhǔn rèn rén guī wéi 'ěr rén 'ěr rén lái chēng menshēn fèn zhèng shàng yǔn 'ěr rén yàng chū xiàn
  
  1984 nián 'ā è jiǎ lán (AbdulahOcalan) jiàn liǎo gōng rén dǎngcóng 1980 nián dài zhōng kāi shǐfēn zhù zhě de sāo luàn shēng ér 'ěr dōng nán jìn liǎo cháng jǐn zhuàng tàijīng guò 80-90 nián dài cháng 15 nián de zhàn zhēng wáng rén shù dào liǎo 3 wàn rén shàng。 1991 niánā è jiǎ lán zài kěn bèi jìn 21 shì shǐè jiǎ lán hūyù de zhuī suí zhě fàng xià
  
   jìn zhè zhǒng gǎi biàn jìn jiā kuài de zuì hǎo huì jiù shì 'ěr shēn qǐng jiā 'ōu méngwèile huò zhǔn 'ěr kāi shǐ duì shǎo shù mín de wén huà mín quán biǎo shì zūn zhòng。 2002 nián 'ěr zhèng yǔn yòng 'ěr yán jìn xíng guǎng rán hòu yòu jìn tóng zài yán xué xiào jiào shòu 'ěr dōng nán de jǐn zhuàng tài bèi jiě chúzhèng duì zài chōng zhōng bèi qiān de nóng mín jǐyǔ chánghěn duō 'ěr rén duì zài běi biān jìngzhèng zhǎn chū zhǔn de (quasi-independent) 'ěr guó jiā de jìn chéng gǎn dào gāo xīng
  
   guòsuī rán qián xíng shì de zhǎn lìng rén guān xiē 'ěr jìn zhù zhě rèn wéi xiàn yòu de gǎi yuǎn yuǎn gòu。 2004 nián 6 yuètíng huǒ zhuàng tài bèi zài dōng nán shí shēng xiǎo guī zhàn dǒu
  
  
  Laz rén Laz mín gòng yòu 25 wàn rén kǒuzhù yào zhù zài zōng (Trabzon) (Rize) zhī jiān de 。 Laz rén céng jīng xìn fèng jiàoxiàn zài què duō wéi lín men shǔ gāo jiā suǒ mín yán (Georgian) yòu zhe hěn shēn de lián zhèng 1991 nián qián 'ěr jìn zhǐ shuō 'ěr yàngshuō Laz rén de yán Lazuri shì yǔn de
  
  
  Hemsin rén Hemsin rén zhù yào lái hēi hǎi yán 'àn piān yuǎn de dōng dàn xiàn réng zhù zài de 1.5 wàn rénhěn duō Hemsin rén hěn jiǔ qián jiù qiān liǎo chéng shìtóng Laz rén yàng, Hemsin rén zuì zǎo dōushì zhǐ shì hòu lái cái zhuǎn biàn liǎo zōng jiào xìn yǎng
  
  
   měi rén qián yuē yòu 7 wàn měi rén zhù zài 'ěr jìng nèizhù yào fēn zài tǎn 'ěrfán jìn 'ān zài 'è màn guó zuì hòu niánliǎng zhī jiān zhēng duànshǐ shuāng fāng guān zhí fēi cháng jǐn zhāngzài 1915 zhì 1917 nián jiān , yuē 150 wàn měi rén , bèi dāng shí de 'ěr 'ào màn guó zhèng yòu zhì shā hài ,  zhì zào liǎo zài shì jiè jìn xiàn dài shǐ shàng jǐn cuì de shā cǎn 'àn ,  guò zhè shǐ shì shí zài 'ěr guó nèi zhì jīn réng rán bèi fǒu rèn ...
  
  
  
  
   'ěr chǔyú zhōu 'ōu zhōu lián jiē chù de zhòng yào wèi zhìkòng zhì zhe hēi hǎi de kǒuzǒng miàn 780576 píng fāng gōng lüè xiǎo tǎnér shāo zhōng guó qīng hǎi shěngběi lín hēi hǎinán lín zhōng hǎidōng nán jiē rǎng lín 'ài qín hǎibìng bǎo jiā jiē rǎngdōng měi ā sài bài jiāng lǎng jiē rǎng
  
   'ěr de běi biān shì dōng léi dōng nán 'ōu zhōu), 24476km², shèng de fēn suàn shì xiǎo yòu chēng 'ān tuō )。 ān tuō bàn dǎo xíng zhuàng zhì chéng cháng fāng xíngzhàn 'ěr zǒng miàn 97 léi suǒ zhàn miàn suī chāo guò 3%, què bāo hán 'ěr rén kǒu 10% shàng zhōng fēn zhù zài tǎn 'ěr léi xiǎo bèi hǎi xiá 'ěr hǎi xiá 'ěr hǎi fēn kāi hēi hǎi luó láné luó xiāng wàng
   zhòng yào chéng shì
  
   'ěr
   'ěr wèi xīng
  
  * tǎn 'ěr( İstanbul)
  * ān ( Ankara)
  * 'ěr( Izmir)
  * 'ěr ( Bursa)
  * ā ( Adana)
  * jiā 'ān tài ( Gaziantep)
  * ( Konya)
  * ān ( Antalya)
  * kāi sài ( Kayseri)
  * sōng( Samsun)
  * fán chéng( Van)
  * ( Sivas)
  * zōng( Trabzon)
  * āi 'ěr nèi( Edirne)
  * āi 'ěr jīn zhān( Erzincan)
  * 'ěr ( Kars)
  * ( İznik)
  * jiā ( Bergama)
  * měi( Göreme)
  
   jīng
  
   'ěr de jīng shì xiàn dài gōng shāng chuán tǒng nóng de jié zhí dào 2001 nián 'ěr bǎi fēn zhī shí de jiù shuài zhōng zài nóng shì , guó mín shōu cháng chǔyú shuǐ píng , yòu guó zhì 'ěr bàn de rén kǒu de shōu zài guó pín qióng biāo zhǔn zhī xiàyóu shì dōng nán shòu zhàn luàn yǐng xiǎng de 'ěr yòu gāo zhǎn de yíng jìn guǎn guó jiā shǐ zhōng kòng zhì zuì guān jiàn de gōng ményínhángjiāo tōng tōng xìn
   wén huà
  
   dìng jié jiǎ zhōng wén míng 'ěr bèi zhù
   yuán yuè yuán dàn Yılbaşı -
   yuè 'èr shí sān guó jiā zhù quán 'ér tóng jié UlusalEgemenlikveÇocukBayramı -
   yuè shí jiǔ guó niàn , qīng nián yùn dòng jié Atatürk'üAnmaGençlikveSporBayramı -
   yuè sān shí zhàn shèng niàn ZaferBayramı -
   shí yuè 'èr shí jiǔ gòng guó niàn CumhuriyetBayramı -
   lán shí yuè kāi zhāi jié RamazanBayramı zōng jiào jié 3 tiān
   lán shí 'èr yuè shí 'ěr bāng jié ( zǎi shēng jié ) KurbanBayramı zōng jiào jié 4 tiān
   jiào
  
   'ěr gōng 6-14 suì de jiào zǒng gòng yòu yuē 820 suǒ bāo kuò xué zài nèi de lèi jiào gòuxué shēng zǒng shù yuē wéi bǎi wàn。 15 suǒ zhù yào de guó xué wèi tǎn 'ěr 'ān fēi jiào zhù yào yóu 'ěr gāo děng jiào wěi yuán huì bìng yóu zhèng zhùcóng 1998 nián kāi shǐ xué bèi gèng duō de zhì quánbìng dāng de shāng gòu zuò gāo xué de jīn
  
   'ěr zǒng gòng yòu yuē 85 suǒ xuézhù yào fēn wèiguó jīnguó xué shōu fēi cháng de xué fèiér rén jīn jiàn de xué shōu jiào gāo de xué fèishèn zhì yòu chāo guò 15000 měi jīn de xué xiàosuǒ yòu xué de róng liàng gài wéi 30 wàn xué shēngér měi nián de lián kǎo rén shù yòu bǎi wàn zuǒ yòu 'ěr de xué yuán pèi zhì bìng xiāng tóngyòu de xué pái míng shì jiè míng xiào wèi zhìér yòu de xué shèn zhì quē zuì běn de jiào shè shī yuán lùn 'ěr de xué shēng dōushì guó jiā zhōng shǎo shù de xìng yùn 'ér xué shēng jiē shòu 2 nián -4 nián de xué shì jiào shuò shì duō wéi 2 nián
  
   'ěr de yán jiū zhōng xīn zhōng zài běn xué yán jiūzǒng shù wéi 64 suǒ yán zhōng xīn zhì yán chéng guǒ zhōng zài nóng lín liáoshēng kuàng , IT guó fáng


  Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye), known officially as the Republic of Turkey, is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in Western Asia and Thrace (Rumelia) in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. Separating Anatolia and Thrace are the Sea of Marmara and the Turkish Straits (the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles), which are commonly reckoned to delineate the boundary between Europe and Asia, thereby making Turkey transcontinental.
  
  Turkey is the successor state to the Ottoman Empire. As a result of its location astride Europe and Asia, Turkey has come to acquire increasing strategic significance. Turks are the largest ethnic group followed by Kurds, who are the largest of the minority groups in Turkey. The majority religion of Turkey is Islam, and the official language is the Turkish language.
  
  Turkey is a democratic, secular, unitary, constitutional republic whose political system was established in 1923 under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, following the fall of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I. Since then, Turkey has become increasingly integrated with the West through membership in organizations such as the Council of Europe, NATO, OECD, OSCE and the G-20 major economies. Turkey began full membership negotiations with the European Union in 2005, having been an associate member of the EEC since 1963, and having reached a customs union agreement in 1995. Meanwhile, Turkey has continued to foster close cultural, political, economic and industrial relations with the Eastern world, particularly with the states of the Middle East and Central Asia, through membership in organizations such as the OIC and ECO. Turkey is classified as a developed country by the CIA and as a regional power by political scientists and economists worldwide.
 

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