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英国 United Kingdom 爱尔兰 Ireland 比利时 Belgium 荷兰 Netherlands 法国 France 西班牙 Spain 葡萄牙 Portugal 意大利 Italy 希腊 Greece 奥地利 Austria 匈牙利 Hungary 德国 Germany 瑞士 Switzerland 罗马尼亚 Romania 俄罗斯 Russia 波兰 Poland 克罗地亚 Croatia (Hrvatska) 捷克 Czech 芬兰 Finland 瑞典 Sweden 挪威 Norway 冰岛 Iceland 土耳其 Turkey 丹麦 Denmark 阿尔巴尼亚 Albania 爱沙尼亚 Republic of Estonia 安道尔 Andorra 白俄罗斯 Belarus 保加利亚 The Republic of Bulgaria 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 Bosnia and Herzegovina 梵蒂冈 Vatican City State (Holy See) 黑山 The Republic of Montenegro 拉脱维亚 Latvia 立陶宛 Republic of Lithuania 列支敦士登 Liechtenstein 卢森堡 Luxembourg 马耳他 Republic of Malta 马其顿 The Republic of Macedonia 摩尔多瓦 The Republic of Moldova 摩纳哥 Monaco 塞尔维亚 the Republic of Serbia 斯洛伐克 The Slovak Republic 斯洛文尼亚 the Republic of Slovenia 圣马力诺 San Marino 乌克兰 Ukraine |
| nuó wēi Norway shǒudōu:ào sī lù guógūdàimǎ: no |
 挪威guó míng shì yì： nuó wēi yī cí， dà yuē chū xiàn yú 9 shì jì， tā shì yóu Norreweg zhuǎn lái， yì wéi " tōng wǎng běi fāng zhī lù "、 " běi fāng háng dào "。 dāng shí lái wǎng yú sī kān de nà wéi yà bàn dǎo de háng dào zhù yào yòu 3 tiáo： dōng lù jīng bō luó de hǎi， xī lù jīng běi hǎi， běi lù yán zhe bàn dǎo de běi 'àn chū rù。 dāng shí， běi lù yī xiàn hǎi 'àn dì qū yǐ háng xiàn de míng chēng bèi jiào zuò " nuò léi wéi gé (Norreweg) dì qū "， shì jiāng rì 'ěr màn yǔ de Norre( běi ) hé Weg( lù ) pīn hé 'ér chéng de dì míng。 zài yīng yǔ zhōng， jiāng qí hòu bàn bù de " wéi gé "Weg( lù ) huàn chéng yīng yǔ de " wēi "Way( lù )， dú zuò " nuó wēi "(Norway)。 dàn zài nuó wēi běn guó， rén men hái shì bǎ cóng gǔ míng yǎn biàn guò lái de Norge zuò wéi zhèng shì guó míng。 dú lì rì： 6 yuè 7 rì（ 1905 nián） guó qìng rì： 5 yuè 17 rì（ 1814 nián） guó huā： shí nán huā guó niǎo： hé niǎo guó gē：《 duì！ wǒ men rè 'ài zǔ guó》 yǔ yán： nuó wēi yǔ nuó wēi tōng xíng liǎng zhǒng xiāng sì de guān fāng yǔ yán， xué xiào yě jiào shòu zhè liǎng zhǒng yǔ yán。 bō kè mò 'ěr yǔ (Bokmal) shì zhù yào yǔ yán， yīn wéi yóu dān mài wén yǎn biàn 'ér lái， suǒ yǐ yòu chēng dān mài shì nuó yǔ (Dano-Norwegian)。 tōng yòng yú bǎi fēn zhī bā shí de rén kǒu。 lìng yī zhǒng yǔ yán zé shì xīn nuó wēi yǔ (New-Norwegian huò Nynorsk)， yīn wéi shì cóng dān mài tǒng zhì shí de jiù nuó wēi yǔ yǎn biàn 'ér lái， bāo hán xǔ duō rì cháng fāng yán de tè sè， jù cǎo gēn xìng。 èr cì dà zhàn hòu， yóu yú dū shì huà de yǐng xiǎng， xīn nuó wēi yǔ míng xiǎn shǎo yòng liǎo， suǒ yǐ bō kè mò 'ěr yǔ hái shì zhàn yōu shì。 guān guāng qū de nuó wēi rén yě pǔ biàn shuō yīng wén， dàn xiāng cūn dì qū de rén men jīhū bù shuō yīng wén。 mín zú： rì 'ěr màn zú nuó wēi rén zhàn 95%， běi bù yòu sà mǐ zú yuē 2 wàn rén。 zōng jiào： jī dū jiào huò bì： nuó wēi kè lǎng (krone) tōng cháng zài guó jì huì shì xiě chéng NOK， zài běi 'ōu xiě chéng Nkr， nuó wēi jìng nèi zé shì kr。 1 nuó wēi kè láng děng yú 100 ōu léi (Ore)， yòu miàn 'é 50 ōu léi， 1、 5、 10、 20 kè láng de yìng bì jí 50、 100、 200、 500、 1000 kè láng de zhǐ bì。 guó qí： chéng cháng fāng xíng， cháng yǔ kuān zhī bǐ wéi 11:8。 qí dì wéi hóng sè， qí miàn shàng yòu lán、 bái sè de shí zì xíng tú 'àn， lüè piān zuǒ cè。 nuó wēi céng zài 1397 nián yǔ dān mài、 ruì diǎn jié chéng kǎ 'ěr mǎ lián méng， wéi dān mài suǒ tǒng zhì， suǒ yǐ guó qí shàng de shí zì yuán zì dān mài guó qí de shí zì tú 'àn。 nuó wēi guó qí yòu liǎng zhǒng， zhèng fǔ jī gòu xuán guà yàn wěi shì guó qí， qí tā chǎng hé xuán guà shàng shù héng cháng fāng xíng guó qí。 1821 nián， nuó wēi zhì dìng shāng chuán qí shí yǐ cǐ wéi tú 'àn。 1905 nián dú lì shí， zhèng shì dìng wéi guó qí。 hóng、 lán、 bái sān sè de zǔ hé， shì diǎn xíng de zì yóu yǔ dú lì de biāo zhì。 guó huī： nuó wēi jiǎn jié míng liǎo de guó huī chéng dùn xíng， hóng sè de dùn miàn shàng zhí lì zhe yī zhǐ jīn sè shī zǐ， tóu dài wáng guān， chí jīn bǐng yín fǔ。 jīn shī shì lì liàng de xiàng zhēng， yín fǔ shì nuó wēi zì yóu de bǎo hù zhě shèng 'ào lā fū de wǔ qì。 dùn huī shàng duān shì yī dǐng xiāng qiàn zhe yuán qiú hé shí zì de jīn sè wáng guān。 tā zuì chū yú 13 shì jì chū xiàn zài hā kāng guó wáng zǔ xiān sī wǎ lāi guó wáng de qí zhì yǔ huī zhāng shàng。 dùn huī zhōng xióng shī qián zhī jǐn wò zhàn fǔ de tú 'àn shì 8 shì jì yǐ lái shén shèng guó wáng de gè rén xiàng zhēng。 jīn sè xióng shī tóu shàng de wáng guān zào xíng jiǎn pǔ， tǐ xiàn liǎo sī kān de nà wéi yà dì qū jīn shǔ zhì zuò de tè yòu fēng gé。 dùn huī dǐng duān de wáng guān， xiàng zhēng wáng zú de wēi yán hé zhì gāo wú shàng de quán lì。 guó jiā zhèng yào： guó wáng hā lā 'ěr wǔ shì (HaraldV)， １ ９９１ nián jì chéng wáng wèi； shǒuxiàng sī tuō 'ěr téng bèi gé (JensStoltenberg)， ２ ００ ５ nián１０ yuè rèn zhí。 cān yǐn jiǎn jiè： guǎng dà de guó tǔ què yòu sān fēn zhī yī wèi yú běi jí juàn nèi， yīn cǐ fèn liàng chōng zú yòu néng tí gōng rè néng de yǐn shí， biàn xíng chéng rì cháng shēng huó de cān yǐn mó shì。 zǎo cān fèn liàng chōng zú， qǐ shì、 xūn guī yú、 jī dàn、 mài piàn、 miàn bāo、 kā fēi、 hóng chá děng， wǔ cān yòng dé bù duō， wǎn cān kě yǐ pǐn cháng shāo kǎo xùn lù ròu huò léi niǎo， bù guò zhù míng de wéi jīng liào lǐ què shì yī zhǒng yǐ lěng shí wéi zhù de cān diǎn， yòu xīng qù yě kě yǐ shì shì。 nuó wēi rén zuì 'ài hē pí jiǔ， pú táo jiǔ hé wēi shì jì jià qián hěn gāo。 xí sú： nuó wēi rén fēi cháng xǐ huān wò shǒu。 wú lùn hé shí， dāng mò shēng rén xiāng huì， zǒng yào wò shǒu jí hù dào xìng míng。 tóng yàng dì， dāng yǐ hòu yù jiàn liǎo bù zěn me shú de rén， nǐ yě dé zài zhāo hū shí jí dào bié shí wò shǒu。 diàn huà： nuó wēi diàn huà hào mǎ wú qū yù mǎ， suǒ yòu guó nèi diàn huà hào mǎ jiē wéi 8 mǎ。 gōng yòng diàn huà shōu 1、 5、 10 kè láng yìng bì， chá hào tái： 180。 dǎ cháng tú diàn huà yòng kǎ shì diàn huà huì jiào fāng biàn， diàn huà kǎ miàn 'é yòu 35、 98 jí 210 kè láng 3 zhǒng， kě zài bào tān (Narvesen) gòu dé。 17:00-8:00 de tōng huà fèi shì qí tā shí duàn de 1/3。 zì rán dì lǐ miàn jī wéi ３ ８５１５５ píng fāng gōng lǐ（ bāo kuò sī wǎ 'ěr bā qún dǎo、 yáng mǎ yán dǎo děng shǔ dì）。 wèi yú běi 'ōu sī kān de nà wéi yà bàn dǎo xī bù， dōng lín ruì diǎn， dōng běi yǔ fēn lán hé 'é luó sī jiē rǎng， nán tóng dān mài gé hǎi xiāng wàng， xī bīn nuó wēi hǎi。 hǎi 'àn xiàn cháng２ ．１ wàn gōng lǐ（ bāo kuò xiá wān）， duō tiān rán liáng gǎng。 sī kān de nà wéi yà shān mài zòng guàn quán jìng， gāo yuán、 shān dì、 bīng chuān yuē zhàn quán jìng２ ／３ yǐ shàng。 nán bù xiǎo qiū、 húpō、 zhǎo zé guǎng bù。 dà bù fēn dì qū shǔ wēn dài hǎi yáng xìng qì hòu。 nuó wēi shì shì jiè zhòng yào de hǎi shì guó zhī yī， qí hǎi 'àn xiàn qū zhé， jìn hǎi dǎo yǔ dá１５ wàn duō gè， jì shì yōu liáng gǎng kǒu， yòu shì fēng jǐng yōu měi de yóu lǎn qū。 nuó wēi běn tǔ shǔ yà hán dài zhēn yè lín qì hòu， sī wǎ 'ěr bā qún dǎo、 yáng mǎ yán dǎo shǔ tái yuán qì hòu。 shǒu dū nián píng jūn qì wēn 7 ℃， nián jiàng shuǐ liàng 740 háo mǐ zuǒ yòu。 zài wèi yú qí xī hǎi 'àn de bèi gēn， kě xīn shǎng dào yóu bǎi wàn nián bīng chuān dì xíng biàn dòng 'ér xíng chéng de xiá wān jǐng sè， yuǎn tiào qún shān huán bào liǎng 'àn fēng guāng měi lì， lìng rén mù bù xiá gěi。 ào sī lù shì nuó wēi de zhù míng gǎng kǒu， sì zhōu shān shuǐ huán bào， fēng guāng rú huà， yì shì quán guó zuì dà de jīng jì wén huà zhōng xīn。 fú luò gé nà gōng yuán、 wéi jīng chuán bó wù guǎn děngdōu shì zhè lǐ de zhù míng yóu lǎn qū， hái yòu yī zuò huá xuě bó wù guǎn， xiáng xì jiè shào guān yú huá xuě de lì shǐ。 nuó wēi dì chù piān běi， qí zuì nán diǎn（ běi wěi yuē５８ dù） bǐ zhōng guó zuì běi diǎn（ bù dào běi wěi５ ４ dù） hái yào běi。 běi jí juàn héng chuān nuó wēi běi bù， běi bù yī xiē chéng shì dào liǎo ６、 ７ yuè fèn gēn běn méi yòu yè， kě yǐ kàn dào wǔ yè de tài yáng yǐ jí měi lì de běi jí guāng。 zuì běi duān de běi jiǎo yě shì 'ōu zhōu dà lù de zuì běi diǎn。 xǔ duō rén bǎ mù zhì xiá bǎn jiào táng kàn chéng shì sī kān de nà wéi yà guó jiā de tè sè， rú jīn， zhè lèi jiào táng zài shì jiè shàng bǎo cún zuì wán hǎo de zhù yào shì zài nuó wēi。 nuó wēi xiàn cún３０ zuò mù zhì jiào táng， ér 'ào 'ěr nèi sī mù zhì jiào táng zé shì tā men dāng zhōng zuì yǐn rén zhù mùdì yī zuò。 tā wèi yú xī hǎi 'àn de sōng 'ēn － fěi yóu lā nè jùn， jiàn yú１２ shì jì。 jiào táng shì yī gè sì fāng xíng de sān céng jiàn zhù， quán bù yòng mù cái jiàn chéng， měi céng dōuyòu dǒu qiào de pī yán， shàng wéi jiān dǐng， wài xíng pō sì dōng fāng de shén miào。 jiào táng de shān qiáng shàng kè yòu gè zhǒng tú 'àn。 jiào táng nèi de chén shè zhì jīn réng bǎo chí zhe zhōng shì jì shí de fēng gé。 jiào táng mù qián bǎo cún wán hǎo， guān guāng zhě luò yì bù jué。１９７９ nián， ào 'ěr nèi sī mù zhì jiào táng bèi lián hé guó jiào kē wén zǔ zhì liè wéi shì jiè wén huà yí chǎn zhī yī。 huò 'ěr mén kǎo shān shì nuó wēi de huá xuě shèng dì。 tā wèi yú 'ào sī lù dōng běi yuē１３ gōng lǐ chù， hǎi bá３７１ mǐ， fēng jǐng yōu měi。 cóng１８９２ nián qǐ， měi nián３ yuè， shì jiè wén míng de huá xuě dà sài dōuzài cǐ jǔ xíng。 rú guǒ cóng yuǎn chù tiào wàng 'ào sī lù chéng shì de lún kuò， nǐ huì kàn dào huò 'ěr mén kǎo lún tiào xuě tái fēi cháng xǐng mù dì gāo gāo sǒng lì zài 'ào sī lù huò 'ěr mén kǎo lún shān shàng。 tā yě shì zhè xiàng zuì jù yòu nuó wēi tè sè de tǐ yù xiàng mùdì fēi cháng shēng dòng、 xíng xiàng de yī zhǒng biāo zhì。 huò 'ěr mén kǎo lún shān xià hái yòu yī gè huá xuě bó wù guǎn。 rén kǒu ４６０．５ wàn（２００５ nián１ yuè）。９６ ％ wéi nuó wēi rén， wài guó yí mín yuē zhàn４ .６％。 yòu sà mǐ zú yuē３ wàn rén， zhù yào fēn bù zài běi bù。 guān fāng yǔ yán wéi nuó wēi yǔ， yīng yǔ wéi tōng yòng yǔ。９０％ jū mín xìn fèng guó jiào jī dū jiào lù dé zōng。 shǒu dū ào sī lù（ Oslo）， shì qū rén kǒu yuē５３ wàn（２００５ nián１ yuè）。 ào sī lù shì nuó wēi de zhèng zhì zhōng xīn , yě shì jīn róng , shāng yè hé gōng yè zhōng xīn , tā de zào chuán yè zài shì jiè zào chuán yè zhōng zhàn yòu tū chū dì wèi , kān chēng “ hǎi yáng zhī dū ” xíng zhèng qū huá quán guó shè１ shì１８ jùn， xià shè４５４ gè shì zhèng： ào sī lù（ shì）、 ā kè shí hú sī、 dōng fú 'ěr、 hǎi dé mǎ kè、 ào pǔ lán、 bù sī kè lǚ、 xī fú 'ěr、 tài lè mǎ kè、 dōngē gé dé 'ěr、 xī 'ā gé dé 'ěr、 luó jiā lán、 huò dá lán、 sōng 'ēn－ fěi yóu lā nè、 mò lè－ lǔ mǔ sī dá 'ěr、 nán tè lún dé lā gé、 běi tè lún dé lā gé、 nuò 'ěr lán、 tè luó mǔ sī、 fēn mǎ kè。 jiǎn shǐ cóng 9 shì jì kāi shǐ， nuó wēi bèi xǔ duō xiǎo wáng guó tǒng zhì 'ér qiě qīn lüè jí tuán dào dá nuò màn dǐ， bīng dǎo， gé líng lán， sū gé lán hé 'ài 'ěr lán yǐ wài de dǎo yǔ， jí xīn shì jiè hǎi 'àn， nuó wēi zuì zhōng yú 12 shì jì tǒng yī bìng zài 13 shì jì dào dá tā zhōng shì jì fán róng de gāo dù。 gōng yuán９ shì jì xíng chéng tǒng yī de wáng guó。 900 nián， guó wáng huò 'ěr fǎ gé tǒng yī nuó wēi。 zài９ héng１１ shì jì běi 'ōu hǎi dào shí qī， céng bù duàn xiàng wài kuò zhāng， jìn rù dǐng shèng shí qī。１４ shì jì zhōng yè kāi shǐ shuāi luò，１３９７ nián yǔ dān mài hé ruì diǎn zǔ chéng kǎ 'ěr mǎ lián méng， shòu dān mài tǒng zhì。１８１４ nián， dān mài bǎ nuó wēi gē ràng gěi ruì diǎn， huàn qǔ xī bō měi lā ní yà。 1814 nián 5 yuè 17 rì tōng guò xiàn fǎ guī dìng nuó wēi wéi shì xí jūn zhù lì xiàn guó， dìng gāi rì wèiguó qìng rì。１９０５ nián dú lì chéng lì jūn zhù guó， bìng xuǎn dān mài wáng zǐ kǎ 'ěr wèiguó wáng， chēng hā kāng qī shì。 dì yī cì shì jiè dà zhàn zhōng bǎo chí zhōng lì。 dì 'èr cì shì jiè dà zhàn zhōng bèi fǎ xī sī dé guó zhàn lǐng， hā kāng guó wáng jí tā de zhèng fǔ liú wáng yīng guó。１９４５ nián huò dé jiě fàng。１９５７ nián hā kāng qī shì shì shì， qí zǐ jí wèi， chēng 'ào lā fū wǔ shì。 zhèng zhì xiàn xíng xiàn fǎ yú１８１４ nián５ yuè１７ rì tōng guò， hòu jīng duō cì xiū dìng。 xiàn fǎ guī dìng， nuó wēi shí xíng jūn zhù lì xiàn zhì， guó wáng wèiguó jiā yuán shǒu jiān wǔ zhuāng bù duì tǒng shuài， bìng tí míng shǒuxiàng rén xuǎn， dàn wú quán jiě sàn yì huì。 yì huì fēn shàng xià liǎng yuàn， chú zhì dìng fǎ lǜ xiān yóu xià yuàn hòu yóu shàng yuàn tǎo lùn wài， qí tā wèn tí jūn yóu liǎng yuàn hé bìng tǎo lùn。 jīng jì nuó wēi shì yōng yòu xiàn dài huà gōng yè de fā dá guó jiā。 xiàn yòu kě kāi cǎi yuán yóu yùn cáng liàng wéi４２ .８ yì lì fāng mǐ， tiān rán qì４ wàn duō yì lì fāng mǐ。 qí tā kuàng chǎn zī yuán yòu： méi２－５ yì dūn， tiě０．３ yì dūn， tài０．１８ yì dūn。 shuǐ lì zī yuán fēng fù， kě kāi fā de shuǐ diàn zī yuán yuē１８７０ yì dù， yǐ kāi fā６３％。 běi bù yán hǎi shì shì jiè zhù míng yú chǎng。 nóng yè miàn jī１０４６３ píng fāng gōng lǐ， qí zhōng mù cǎo dì６３２９ píng fāng gōng lǐ。 fù shí jī běn kě zìjǐ， liáng shí zhù yào kào jìn kǒu。 gōng yè zài guó mín jīng jì zhōng zhàn yòu zhòng yào dì wèi， zhù yào chuán tǒng gōng yè bù mén yòu jī xiè、 shuǐ diàn、 yě jīn、 huà gōng、 zào zhǐ、 mù cái jiā gōng、 yú chǎn pǐn jiā gōng hé zào chuán。 xī 'ōu zuì dà de lǚ shēng chǎn guó hé chū kǒu guó， měi de chǎn liàng jū shì jiè dì 'èr， guī tiě hé jīn chǎn pǐn dà bù fēn gōng chū kǒu。７０ nián dài xīng qǐ de jìn hǎi shí yóu gōng yè yǐ chéng wéi guó mín jīng jì zhòng yào zhī zhù， wéi xī 'ōu zuì dà chǎn yóu guó、 shì jiè dì sān dà shí yóu chū kǒu guó。 zhù yào lǚ yóu diǎn yòu 'ào sī lù、 bēi 'ěr gēn、 lè luó sī、 běi jiǎo děng dì。 xīn wén chū bǎn １９９９ nián quán guó chū bǎn gè zhǒng rì bào６５ zhǒng， rì píng jūn fā xíng liàng２２９ wàn fèn。 lìng yòu qí tā bào kān yuē１１０ zhǒng。 zhù yào bào zhǐ yòu《 wǎn yóu bào》、《 shì jiè zhī lù bào》、《 rì bào》、《 bēi 'ěr gēn shí bào》 děng， qí zhōng fā xíng liàng zuì dà de《 shì jiè zhī lù bào》。 nuó wēi guó jiā guǎng bō gōng sī（ NRK）１９３３ nián jiàn lì， fēn guǎng bō、 diàn shì liǎng bù fēn， lì shǔ wén huà bù。 nuó wēi tōng xùn shè (NorwegianNewsAgency)(NorskTelegrambyra--NTB) chuàng jiàn yú１８６７ nián９ yuè１ rì， shì nuó wēi wéi yī de tōng xùn shè， zǒng shè shè zài nuó wēi shǒu dū 'ào sī lù， shǔ yú nuó wēi bào zhǐ lián hé gǔ fèn gōng sī xìng zhì。 zuì gāo jué cè jī gòu shì bào yè dài biǎo dà huì jí qí cháng shè wěi yuán huì。 jīng lǐ hé zhù biān yóu wěi yuán kuàirèn mìng， lǐng dǎo rì cháng gōng zuò。 nuó tōng shè zài jīng jì shàng yǐ kào quán guó１１５ jiā bào zhǐ fù gěi de diàn xùn gǎo hé tú piàn dìng fèi。 nuó tōng shè zài guó nèi wú fēn shè， zhǐ zài bēi 'ěr gēn hé tè lóng hàn mǔ liǎng dà chéng shì pài yòu cháng zhù jì zhě。 guó nèi xīn wén zhù yào tōng guò gè dì bào zhǐ zhǐ dìng de bào dào yuán tí gōng。 nuó tōng shè zài yì huì zhōng zhuān mén pài yòu bào dào zǔ。 guó jì xīn wén zhù yào yǐ kào zhuǎn fā lù tòu shè、 fǎ xīn shè hé hé zhòng guó jì shè yǐ jí běi 'ōu gè guó tōng xùn shè de diàn xùn。 nuó tōng shè yǔ dé xīn shè hé tǎ sī shè děng xǔ duō tōng xùn shè dū dìng yòu jiāo huàn diàn xùn hé tóng， tóng běi 'ōu gè guó tōng xùn shè bǎo chí mìqiè hé zuò， tóng tā men zài běi jīng、 huá shèng dùn、 mò sī kē hé bō 'ēn lián hé pài yòu cháng zhù jì zhě。 yòu shí， hái lián hé pài chū jì zhě dào wài guó cǎi fǎng bào dào。 nuó tōng shè１９７４ nián hé xīn huá shè jiù céng xiāng hù jiāo huàn xīn wén huàn wén。 wài jiāo nuó wēi yǐ tóng běi yuē hé zuò wéi qí wài jiāo hé 'ān quán zhèng cè de jī chǔ。 jī jí fā zhǎn yǔ 'ōu méng jí běi 'ōu de hé zuò， tóng shí yǔ lín guó 'é luó sī wéi chí mù lín guān xì。 jìn nián lái， jìn yī bù jiā qiáng yǔ 'ōu méng、 měi guó、 é luó sī jí zhōu biān guó jiā de guān xì， gèng jiā zhòng shì fā zhǎn yǔ yà tài guó jiā de lián xì， nǔ lì tuò zhǎn wài jiāo kōng jiān， tōng guò lián hé guó jī jí cānyù guó jì shì wù。 nuó wēi shì běi dà xī yáng gōng yuē zǔ zhì、 ōu zhōu wěi yuán huì、 běi 'ōu lǐ shì huì、 ōu zhōu zì yóu mào yì lián méng chéng yuán guó。 yǔ zhōng guó guān xì：１９５４ nián１０ yuè５ rì， nuó wēi yǔ zhōng guó jiàn jiāo。２００７ nián３ yuè， sī tuō 'ěr téng bèi gé shǒuxiàng duì zhōng guó jìn xíng zhèng shì fǎng wèn。 2008 nián 5 yuè 12 rì mén chuān dà dì zhèn hòu， nuó wēi wài jiāo bù 13 rì xuān bù , nuó wēi zhèng fǔ jué dìng xiàng zhōng guó tí gōng 2000 wàn nuó wēi kè lǎng ( yuē hé 390 wàn měi yuán ) juān zhù kuǎn。 nuó wēi huán jìng yǔ guó jì fā zhǎn dà chén 'āi lǐ kè · suǒ 'ěr hǎi mǔ hái shuō , rú guǒ zhōng guó fāng miàn xū yào nuó wēi tí gōng tè shū shè bèi huò qí tā bāng zhù , nuó wēi jiāng jìn lì 'ér wéi gōng yè hé háng yùn yè nuó wēi shì lǚ、 guī、 tiě hé měi de zhù yào shēng chǎn zhě， běi hǎi shí yóu zé wéi shí huà gōng yè tí gōng yuán liào， nuó wēi yě shì shì jiè shàng zuì dà de huà féi shēng chǎn guó zhī yī。 nuó wēi de qǐ yè yǐ zhōng、 xiǎo xíng wéi zhù， zuì zhòng yào de yòu yī yào gōng yè、 diàn zǐ yè、 fú wù yè、 yǎng yú yè hé chuán tǒng de chuán bó zhì zào yè。 nuó wēi de zào chuán chǎng shàn cháng jiàn zào xiān jìn de tè shū yòng tú chuán bó。 lìng wài， nuó wēi yě wéi shì jiè gè dì de chuán duì tí gōng líng bù jiàn hé gè zhǒng fú wù。 cóng běi 'ōu hǎi dào shí dài qǐ， nuó wēi chuán jiù kāi shǐ háng xíng yú shì jiè gè dì， jīn tiān de nuó wēi yǐ shì shì jiè dì sì wèi háng yùn dà guó。 jiāo tōng zhuàng kuàng nuó wēi de dà zhòng yùn shū xì tǒng xiāng dāng biàn lì， huǒ chē gōng chē jí dù lún bān cì bǐ cǐ mìqiè xián jiē。 zài huǒ chē zhàn kě miǎn fèi suǒ qǔ《 NSBTogruter》， nèi róng xiáng zài liǎo huǒ chē shí kè biǎo jí yǔ gōng chē de zhuǎn chéng xìn xī， fēi cháng shí yòng。 chuán yǔ gōng chē de chū fā shí jiān huì yīn jì jié shèn zhì jiàrì 'ér biàn dòng ( lì rú zhōu liù de yùn shū bān cì tè bié shǎo ) suǒ yǐ bù fáng dào gè dì de lǚ yóu fú wù chù suǒ qǔ zuì xīn de shí kè biǎo。 · kōng yùn 25 suì yǐ xià huò 67 suì yǐ shàng de lǚ kè dōukě gòu mǎi yōu huì piào， ér qiě háng kōng gōng sī jiān cháng yòu zhé kòu zhàn。 běi 'ōu háng kōng yě shòu wài guó lǚ kè 80 dào 110 měi yuán de yù gòu piào， kě yòng yú sī kān dì bàn dǎo shàng rèn liǎng dìng diǎn jiān ( bāo kuò nuó wēi chéng shì ) gāi gōng sī de zhí fēi háng xiàn。 bù lā sēn gōng sī yòu“ nuó wēi lǚ yóu piào” (VisitNorwayPass)。 yǐ tè lún hàn jiāng nuó wēi fēn jiè wéi liǎng dà háng qū， gè qū nèi rèn liǎng dìng diǎn jiān de háng xiàn zhǐ xū yuē 85 měi yuán。 wēi dé luó háng kōng gōng sī tuī chū 410 kè láng de xià rì jì piào (6 yuè -8 yuè jiān )， xiáng qíng qǐng qià wēi dé háng kōng。 · gōng chē xì tǒng nuó wēi yòu sì tōng bā dá de gōng chē xì tǒng， cháng tú bā shì zuò qǐ lái xiāng dāng shū shì， yǐ jù lí cháng duǎn suàn piào jià， píng jūn měi 100 gōng lǐ 112 kè láng。 xǔ duō bā shì gōng sī yòu yōu huì xué shēng、 lǎo rén jí jiā tíng、 75 zhé dào bàn jià de zhé kòu piào， yào jì dé xún wèn。 · tiě lù xì tǒng zài nuó wēi， nǐ kě yǐ xuǎn zé běi 'ōu sì guó lián yíng huǒ chē piào， gòu mǎi yī gè yuè xuǎn shí tiān de piào zhǒng zuì hé shì。 lìng yī zhǒng xuǎn zé shì gòu mǎi nuó wēi guó tiě lián piào， kě yǐ bù xiàn cì shù、 jù lí zài tè dìng shí jiān nèi dā huǒ chē yóu nuó wēi， yě kě zài rù jìng hòu gòu mǎi。 wàng jì 'èr děng cāng piào jià rú xià： lián xù 7 tiān、 14 tiān de lián piào gè wéi 1260、 1700 kè láng； yī gè yuè nèi rèn xuǎn 3 tiān de lián piào wéi 900 kè láng。 10-4 yuè de piào jià 8 zhé。 nuó wēi huǒ chē de 'èr děng cāng xiāng dāng shū shì， yǔ yī děng cāng xiāng qù bù dà， shí bù xū duō huā yī bàn de jià qián qù zuò yī děng cāng。 chú liǎo lián piào zhī wài hái yòu yī zhǒng piào jiào zuò“ minipris”， cháng chéng lǚ xíng shǐ yòng xiāng dāng huá suàn， dàn zuì wǎn bì xū zài chū fā qián yī tiān gòu mǎi。 zhè zhǒng piào shì yòng yú xǔ duō bān cì liè chē， dàn fēi quán bù。 nǐ kě cān yuè《 NSBTogruter》 shǒu cè shàng， yòu biāo lǜ diǎn de bān cì biàn kě yòng“ minipris”。 · zū chē zhù yào de zū chē gōng sī ( rú Hertz,Avis,Europcar)， zài jī chǎng jí shì zhōng xīn dū shè yòu fú wù chù， dàn zū chē suǒ fèi bù fěi。 ruò qīn zì xiàn chǎng zū chē， yī bù xiǎo xíng chē yī tiān 800 kè láng ( hán jiā zhí shuì jí bǎo xiǎn fèi )、 bù xiàn gōng lǐ shù。 dàn zū chē gōng sī wéi xī yǐn guān guāng kè， yòu shí huì tuī chū“ fàn diàn jià” 600 kè láng。 yī bān lái shuō dǐ dá nuó wēi zhī qián， xiān yǐ diàn huà huò wǎng luò yù dìng chē huì jiào huá suàn。 zhù yào zū chē gōng sī lìng wài yě yòu zhōu mò zū chē yōu huì， jiào wéi jīng jì。 zhōu wǔ zhōng wǔ guò hòu qǔ chē、 zhōu yī shàng wǔ shí diǎn yǐ qián hái chē jí kě， yào jì dé què rèn cǐ jià gé yào shì bù xiàn gōng lǐ shù de cái huá suàn。 · chuán dà guī mó de dù lún jí kuài tǐng yùn shū wǎng， lián luò liǎo jìn hǎi dǎo yǔ jí bīn hǎi shì zhèn、 xiá wān dì qū de jiāo tōng。 nuó wēi chuán qí de xún háng qì chuán (Hurtigruten)， bǎi nián lái yī zhí shì lián luò běi bù lín hǎi língsan xiǎo yú cūn de shēng mìng xiàn。 měi wǎn jiē yòu cóng bēi 'ěr gēn wǎng běi shǐ de chuán， jīng guò 6 tiān de háng chéng、 tíng kào 33 gè gǎng， mùdì dì wéi kē kè nèi sī (Kirkenes)， zhī hòu suí jí huí tóu wǎng nán shǐ。 rú guǒ tiān qì bù cuò， yán tú de qún shān jùn lǐng、 xiá wān mián yán， yìng zhe zhàn lán hǎi tiān jìn rù yǎn dǐ， měi bù shèng shōu。 dàn jì 9/1-4/30 qī jiān， yòu jiǎn jià fāng 'àn， suǒ yòu piào jià 6 zhé yōu huì， bù fáng duō jiā lì yòng。 fú lì guó jiā nuó wēi shì chuàng jiàn xiàn dài fú lì guó jiā de xiān qū zhī yī。 fú lì guó jiā de jī chǔ shì yī tào zhǐ zài bǎo zhàng shè huì hé jīng jì 'ān quán de jīng jì tǐ xì。 měi gè gōng mín dōushì guó jiā fú lì yǔ láo bǎo zǔ zhì de chéng yuán， xiǎng yòu yī liáo、 tuì xiū jīn、 cán fèi jīn děng yī zhěng tào guǎng fàn de jīng jì zī zhù。 zài guò qù de jǐ nián lǐ， guó jiā jiāng zhòng diǎn fàng zài gǎi shàn yòu hái zǐ jiā tíng de shēng huó shuǐ píng shàng， chú liǎo měi gè jiā tíng dōukě yǐ dé dào 'ér tóng fǔ yǎng fèi zhī wài， yǔ fù nǚ shēng chǎn yòu guān de jiàqī tiáo lì yě dìng dé fēi cháng kuān fàn。 bǎi fēn zhī jiǔ shí yǐ shàng de 'ér tóng dōuzài gōng lì xué xiào miǎn fèi shàng xué， guī dìng bì xū jiē shòu de qī xiàn shì jiǔ nián， dàn měi gè réndōu yòu jì xù qiú xué shēn zào de quán lì。 kuà rù xīn shì jì nuó wēi jīng jì huó dòng de hěn dà yī bù fēn shì yǐ lì yòng zì rán zī yuán wéi jī chǔ de。 tóng shí， nuó wēi yě shì zuì yǐ lài qí guó jì mào yì de guó jiā。 wèile yíng jiē wèi lái de tiǎo zhàn， qǐ yè hé zhèng fǔ dū fēi cháng zhòng shì yán jiū yǔ fā zhǎn。 chōng pò jiāng jiè ā méng sēn（ 1872-1928） shì rén lèi zhōng dì yī gè dào dá nán jí de， yě shì dì yī gè jià chuán tōng guò jiā ná dà yǐ běi de xī běi tōng dào de rén； fú lǐ dé chí qiáo fū · nán sēn （ 1861-1930） de yī shēng fēng fù duō cǎi， tā jì shì kē xué jiā hé jí dì xué zhě， yòu shì yì shù jiā hé zhèng zhì jiā， tā céng huá xuě chuān yuè gé líng lán， yòu jià shǐ fān chuán“ fú lā mǔ” hào chuān guò běi bīng yáng， wéi biǎo zhāng tā duì qiǎn fǎn zhàn zhēng nànmín hé jiě chú qián sū lián zǎo qī dà jī huāng suǒ zuò de nǔ lì， 1922 nián bèi shòu yú nuò bèi 'ěr hé píng jiǎng； kē xué jiā tú lè · hǎi yé dá 'ěr（ 1914-） shì dāng jīn zuì fù míng de tàn xiǎn jiā， tā céng jià shǐ mù fá《 kāng tí jī hào》 cóng nán měi zhōu dǐ dá bō lǐ ní xī yà qún dǎo， zhèng míng zǎo qī yìn dì 'ān rén yòu kě néng yòng tóng yàng fāng fǎ héng guò tài píng yáng， tā hái jià shǐ pú cǎo chuán《 lā hào》 zhèng míng liǎo rén lèi kě néng zǎo yǐ chuān yuè guò dà xī yáng。 zài nuó wēi de jù yuàn lǐ dāng rán kě yǐ kàn dào hēng lǐ kè · yì bǔ shēng（ 1828-1906） de《 qún guǐ》 hé《 wán 'ǒu zhī jiā》， dàn zài niǔ yuē、 lún dūn、 bā lí huò bólín kàn dào yì bǔ shēng xì jù de jī huì dà gài tóng yàng duō。 yì bǔ shēng gěi 'ōu zhōu xì jù zēng jiā liǎo suō shì bǐ yà yǐ lái yī zhí quē shǎo de xīn lǐ shēn dù hé shè huì xiào guǒ。 sān wèi nuó wēi zuò jiā céng huò dé nuò bèi 'ěr wén xué jiǎng。 bǐ 'áng sī tí 'ěr nà · bǐ 'áng sēn（ 1832-1910） yú 1903 nián huò jiǎng。 tā zhù yào xiě zuò mín jiān chuán shuō、 xiǎo shuō、 shī gē hé xì jù bìng chuàng zuò liǎo nuó wēi guó gē hègē cí。 kè nǔ tè · hàn mǔ shēng（ 1859-1952） 1920 nián yīn《 tǔ dì de chéngzhǎng》 yī shū huò jiǎng， nà shí tā yǐ jīng wán chéng liǎo《 jī 'è》、《 pān shén》 hé《 wéi duō lì yà》 děng zhù zuò。 xī gé lǐ dé · wēn sài tè（ 1882-1949） zài 1928 nián huò jiǎng。 tā de míng zhù shì yòu guān kè lì sī tīng ? lā fú lǎng sī dá tè de sān bù qū， gāi shū yǐ bèi fān yì chéng duō zhǒng wén zì chū bǎn。 zài huì huà shàng， ài dé huá · méng kè（ 1863-1944） de《 nà hǎn》 nà yàng rén rén jiē zhī de zuò pǐn bìng bù duō jiàn。 méng kè shì xiàn dài huì huà biǎo xiàn zhù yì de kāi chuàng rén。 zuòqǔ jiā 'ài dé huá · gé lǐ gé yīn qí dà liàng de yīnyuè zuò pǐn“ chén qū” ér míng wén xiá 'ěr。 rú tā de xǔ duō qí tā zuò pǐn yī yàng， gé lǐ gé zài cǐ jiè jiàn liǎo nuó wēi mín jiān yīnyuè de yīn sè yǔ hé shēng， tā de A dà diào xié zòu qū shì xǔ duō gāng qín jiā de bǎo liú qū mù。 suǒ ní yà · hǎi nī（ 1912-1969） céng huò dé shí cì huā yàng huá bīng shì jiè guànjūn hé sān cì 'ào yùn huì guànjūn。 tā kāi chuàng liǎo wèi yú 'ào sī lù jiāo wài hé wéi kù dūn de hǎi nī héng wēng sī dá yì shù zhōng xīn。 gé lāi tè · wéi cí（ 1953-） shì zuì shú xī de niǔ yuē bǎi yóu mǎ lù de nuó wēi fù nǚ， tā céng huò niǔ yuē hé lún dūn mǎ lā sōng de guànjūn， hái duō cì róng huò mǎ lā sōng hé yě wài cháng páo shì jiè guànjūn。 gé lāi tè · wéi cí yǐ zuò wéi fù nǚ cháng páo de xiān qū zài rù shǐ cè。 ào sī lù nuó wēi shǒu dū 'ào sī lù shì běi fāng zhī lù shàng dedōu chéng。 zhè zuò chéng shì zhèng rú běi 'ōu rén zhí shuǎng de xìng gé， tòu chè 'ér bēn fàng。 yuǎn gǔ shí dài， jù dà de bīng chuān shǐ bù kān zhòng fù de shān tǐ yī diǎn diǎn xià chén， zuì zhōng yǔ hǎi yáng lián tōng 'ér xíng chéng liǎo jīn tiān de xiá wān。 ào sī lù shì nán cè de 'ā bù liè gé qū shì guān shǎng xiá wān jué hǎo qù chù， kě chéng bān lún zài xiá wān shì chàng yóu。 mǎ tóu zuì běi duān， zhuān bì wéi lù tiān yú shì。 bù zhī shì yīn wéi yú shì de xī yǐn， hái shì liáng gǎng de tiān rán tè zhēng， ào sī lù xiá wān kě chēng dé shàng shuǐ niǎo de shì jiè， hěn yuǎn chù jiù néng tīng dào niǎo 'ér de jiào shēng。 xiá wān zhī lǚ zhī hòu， zài chéng chuán yuē２０ fēn zhōng kě dǐ dá duì miàn de bǐ gé dǎo， dǎo shàng yòu zhù míng de hǎi dào chuán bó wù guǎn hé mín sú bó wù guǎn。 mín sú bó wù guǎn shì shì jiè shàng zuì zǎo de lù tiān bó wù guǎn， zhè lǐ jí zhōng zhǎn shì liǎo zhěng gè nuó wēi de mín fēng mín qíng。 néng zài yī tiān nèi“ zǒu biàn” nuó wēi quán guó。 mín sú bó wù guǎn zhǎn chū cóng quán guó gè dì yuán wù yí lái de１５３ zuò gǔ shì fáng wū， hái yòu１７００ nián zhì１８００ nián de chéng shì jiàn zhù rú jiù shì jiā yóu zhàn děng。 mín sú bó wù guǎn biān de hǎi dào bó wù guǎn shì sī kān de nà wéi yà guó jiā zhōng zuì shòu huān yíng de hǎi dào wén huà bǎo kù zhī yī。 zhǎn pǐn jūn shì cóng 'ào sī lù xiá wān dì qū wéi jīng rén mù xué zhōng fā xiàn de， qí zhōng zuì wéi zhuàng guān de shì liǎng sōu shì jiè shàng bǎo hù dé zuì hǎo de jiàn yú gōng yuán９ shì jì de mù zhì hǎi dào chuán。 bó wù guǎn zhōng hái zhǎn shì liǎo wéi jīng rén de xǔ duō chū tǔ yòng pǐn， bāo kuò mǎ chē、 chuī jù děng， yóu rén kě gēn jù tā men yáo xiǎng“ hǎi dào suì yuè”。 dǎo shàng yòu gōng gòng qì chē fǎn huí shì qū， ào shì zhōng xīn bù dà， kě tú bù yóu lǎn。 cóng lǚ yóu zī xùn zhōng xīn chū fā， xiān qù duì miàn de shì zhèng tīng， zhè zuò zhuān hóng sè de jiàn zhù yú１９５０ nián wéi qìng zhù 'ào sī lù jiàn chéng９００ nián 'ér jiàn， bù jú wéi 'āo zì xíng， zhōu wéi yòu dà liàng diāo sù， biǎo xiàn liǎo nuó wēi rén shēng huó de gè gè fāng miàn。 shì zhèng tīng guǎng chǎng gǎng dōng biān shì lín hǎi 'ér lì de 'ā kè sī hú sī chéng bǎo， jiàn yú７００ nián qián。 cóng zhè lǐ kě yǐ fǔ kàn xiá wān。 chū chéng bǎo běi xíng１０ fēn zhōng， jiù kě dào dá 'ào sī lù zuì fán huá díkǎ 'ěr · yuē hàn dà jiē。 dà jiē dōng qǐ 'ào sī lù zuì dà de jī dū jiào táng， héng guàn shì zhōng xīn。 zài měi nián wǔ yuè shí qī rì de nuó wēi guó qìng jié shí， jiē biān háo huá lǚ diàn de yáng tái jiù chéng liǎo zuì jiā de guān jǐng diǎn。 yán jiē 'ér xíng， zài guó jiā jù yuàn qián， kě yǐ kàn dào jǔ shì wén míng de xì jù dà shī yì bǔ shēng de diāo xiàng。 liǎng nián yī dù de yì bǔ shēng xì jù jié shǐ zhè lǐ chéng wéi 'ào sī lù zhòng yào de wén huà zhǎn chǎng。 jì xù xī xíng， lù běi guǎng chǎng shàng yòu yī zǔ fǎng gǔ luó mǎ fēng gé de jiàn zhù， zhè jiù shì zhù míng de 'ào sī lù dà xué， nuò bèi 'ěr hé píng jiǎng bān jiǎng diǎn lǐ měi nián jiù zài zhè shí jǔ xíng。 zài dà jiē de jìn tóu， shì qì dù bù fán de huáng gōng， hòu miàn shì gǔ mù cān tiān de guó wáng huā yuán。 gōng yuán nán cè de dà jiē shàng yòu yì bǔ shēng bó wù guǎn hé nuò bèi 'ěr xué yuàn， qián fāng bù yuǎn chù zhù míng de diāo sù－－“ jiā lāi yì mín” qún diāo zhōng de“ ná yàoshì de rén” shì luó fán zèng sòng gěi 'ào sī lù de zhēn guì lǐ wù。 tí qǐ 'ào sī lù hé míng shèng， zuì zhù míng de yào suàn shì wéi jí lán diāo sù gōng yuán liǎo。 tā shì yǐ fú luò gé nà gōng yuán de lǜ dì、 húpō wéi zì rán bèi jǐng， yóu nuó wēi zhù míng diāo sù jiā gǔ sī tǎ fū · wéi jí lán yòng４０ nián shí jiān jīng xīn shè jì jiàn zào de， zhěng gè gōng yuán yǐ rén shēng wéi zhù tí， yòng zhù tiě、 tóng hé huā gǎng yán sān zhǒng cái liào diāo chéng５００ duō zuò diāo xiàng。 gōng yuán zhōng zuì yòu míng de diāo xiàng shì“ shēng qì de nán hái”、“ rén shēng pēn quán” hé“ shēng mìng zhī zhù”。 xǐ 'ài yùn dòng de péng yǒu zì rán bù huì cuò guò yòu１００ duō nián lì shǐ de hóu mén kù lún tiào xuě tái。 zhè zuò wèi yú 'ào sī lù běi miàn shān pō shàng de gāo dà jiàn zhù wù zào xíng yōu měi， xuě bái de tái tǐ gāo dá bǎi mǐ yǐ shàng， yòng lán sè huì de shì nuó wēi běi bù de xùn lù， hóng sè huì zhe xià jì nuó wēi běi bù tè yòu de qí miào zì rán jǐng guān“ wǔ yè tài yáng”。 xuě yuán shàng de xùn lù yòng jiǎo dǐng qǐ bù luò hé tài yáng， nuó wēi rén yǐ cǐ quán shì bīng xuě yùn dòng de hán yì。 cóng shì nèi rèn hé yī diǎn dōukě yǐ kàn dào tā， ér cóng gāo gāo de tiào tái shàng yě kě jiāng zhěng gè 'ào sī lù shì qū yī lǎn wú yú。 měi nián３ yuè de tiào xuě jié dū xī yǐn liǎo chéng qiān shàng wàn huá xuě zhě， zài cǐ jīng rén yī tiào de jì lù yòu１１３ mǐ yuǎn。 luó fú dūn qún dǎo luó fú dūn zài nuó wēi yǔ zhōng shì“ shān māo jiǎo” de yì sī， tóng shí yě 'àn zhǐ qí lǐng hǎi bá dì 'ér qǐ de yī liè xiǎn jùn de dǎo yǔ héng héng“ luó fú dūn zhī qiáng”。 zhè dǔ“ luó fú dūn zhī qiáng” zài xī bù xiá wān yǔ běi hǎi zhī jiān xíng chéng liǎo yī dào cháng dá１６０ gōng lǐ de píng zhàng。 mò xī gē wān nuǎn liú shǐ dé zhè lǐ de dōng jì xiāng duì bǐ jiào wēn nuǎn shī rùn， měi nián cóng１ yuè dào４ yuè mò， dà pī de yú qún huì huì jí dào luó fú dūn de qiǎn 'àn shuǐ yù chǎn luǎn， měi nián zhè shí jiù huì yòu dà liàng yú mín yǒng rù。 jìn nián lái， luó fú dūn hǎi dǎo shàng de yú mín shǎo liǎo， lǚ yóu zhě hé yì shù jiā de shù liàng què zēng jiā liǎo。 nà xiē chuàng zào liǎo luó fú dūn lì shǐ de yú mín de péng wū， xiàn zài chéng liǎo qián lái dù jiǎ de yóu kè men de jiàrì jū suǒ。 bèi luó fú dūn rì guāng suǒ xī yǐn de huà jiā men yuè lái yuè wéi rén men suǒ shú zhī。 zài kào jìn sī wò 'ěr wǎ de sī wéi nèi yà， rén men xīn jìn wéi liù wèi ruì diǎn huà jiā hé liǎng wèi nuó wēi huà jiā jiàn zào liǎo yī suǒ“ yì shù zhī jiā”。 nuó wēi zhōng bù de tè lóng hè mǔ (Trondheim)， shì gè xiǎo xiǎo de chéng shì， cóng zhè lǐ zuò huǒ chē xiàng běi chuān guò běi jí juàn dào bó dé， cóng bó dé zài chéng dù chuán jiù kě dào dá duì miàn de luó fú dūn qún dǎo。 yóu mò sī kěn nèi sī mǎ tóu shàng 'àn， lí mǎ tóu bù dào 100 mǐ de yú wū， zhè shì yī xiē yóu mù zhù zǐ jià zài hǎi biān shàng de hóng sè mù fáng zǐ， yòu de yǐ yòu yī bǎi duō nián de lì shǐ。 luó fú dūn yī dài méi yòu nà zhǒng yòu fú wù yuán hé zǒng tái de lǚ guǎn， quán shì qīng yī sè de zì zhù shì yú mín wū。 xià jì gōng yóu rén xiǎo zhù， dōng tiān gōng yú mín cháng zū。 luó fú dūn qún dǎo zuì xī duān yòu yī gè jiào 'ào (A) de yú cūn， shì E10（ ōu zhōu 10 hào） gōng lù de jìn tóu， shì shì jiè shàng míng chēng zuì duǎn de cūn luò zhī yī， wèicǐ rén men mù míng 'ér qù。 qún dǎo běi miàn de lián bǎo shì gè hǎi biān de xiǎo yú cūn， yǔ 'ào、 mò sī kěn nèi sī shāo yòu bù tóng， ào、 mò sī kěn nèi sī de hóng fáng zǐ hěn mì jí， dū jià zài hǎi miàn shàng； lián bǎo zé shì xiàng hǎi chǎng kāi， fēng dà làng xiōng， xī shū de fáng zǐ dū jiàn zài 'àn biān lù dì shàng， jīhū quán shì cháng zhù de gè guó diào yú zhě。 tè lóng hè mǔ de lǚ yóu jǐng diǎn rú xià： Nidaros dà jiào táng； sī kān de nà wéi yà zhōng shì jì zuì dà de jiàn zhù wù； TheArchbishop'sPalace dà zhù jiào gōng； Stiftgarden de huáng jiā guān dǐ； sī kān de nà wéi yà zuì dà de mù jiàn zhù； KristianstenFotr kè lǐ sī tīng shān dǐng yào sài； RingveMuseum yīnyuè shǐ bó wù guǎn。 nuó wēi de huáng shí gōng yuán－ hǎi 'ěr xī tè wèi yú gài lún gé xiá wān xī cè， hé gài lún gé bìng chēng wéi nuó wēi de huáng shí gōng yuán， yòu fēi cháng liáo kuò de tián yuán shān jǐng， qīng chén zài bàn shān yāo fǔ shì zhè shān chéng， lǜ sè zhuāng yuán méng shàng yī céng báobáo de bái wù， nà fèn tián shì gǎn ràng rén liú lián wàng fǎn。 zhè lǐ yě shì yī qiān duō nián yǐ qián wéi jīng rén rù qīn yīng、 fǎ、 é děng guó de jī dì， suǒ yǐ kě fā xiàn jiù shí nóng zhuāng de yí jì。 jiǎ chéng zhèn－ bā lǐ sī chuān (Balestrand) suǒ gé nà (Sognefjord) xiá wān， nuó wēi zuì cháng zuì shēn de xiá wān， cháng dá liǎng bǎi duō gōng lǐ， zuì shēn chù dá yī qiān sān bǎi gōng chǐ， yòu xiē dì fāng chuí zhí zhī shān bì zì hǎi píng miàn hū rán shēng qǐ dá qiān gōng chǐ， dà zì rán de guǐ fǔ shén gōng jiào rén jīng tàn。 bā lǐ sī chuān shì suǒ gé nà xiá wān bàng de xiǎo zhèn， shì jǐ gè xiǎo xiá wān de huì hé diǎn， yě shì cǐ qū yù zhòng yào de lǚ yóu diǎn yǔ jiāo tōng chéng shì， yuǎn chù gāo shān jī xuě zhōng nián bù huà， xià tiān shān gǔ lǐ lǜ cǎo rú yìn， xiàng shì yīng gé lán de xiāng cūn jǐng sè， yòu yòu diǎn xiàng shì ruì shì de hú biān dù jiǎ cūn。 lǚ yóu fú wù zhōng xīn zài chē zhàn bàng， kě tí gōng jiàn xíng lù xiàn tú。 huò 'ān pái chuán、 jiàn xíng、 zū dān chē， yóu jú bàng yòu liǎng jiā kuài cān diàn， Hostle cān tīng yòu 70kr de tè cān。 bō duō Bodo bō duō shì nuó wēi běi bù Nordland de zuì dà chéng， yě shì zhòng yào gǎng kǒu。 yòu yīn wèi yú nuó wēi guó yíng tiě lù de běi duān zhōng diǎn， jiān zhī shì chū rù luó fú dūn qún dǎo (Lofoten) de shū niǔ， yīn cǐ jiāo tōng dì wèi gé wài zhòng yào。 yī bān rén lǚ xíng nuó wēi běi jìng， hěn shǎo huì zài bō duō duō zuò tíng liú； yīn wéi 'èr cì dà zhàn shí， zhè gè měi lì de xiǎo chéng céng zāo dé jūn wú qíng de cuī cán， jǐ jìn quán huǐ。 1950 nián jiān chóngjiàn， dàn zhěng gè chéng shì zhì cǐ bù fù yuán mào。 gǎi jiàn hòu de bó wù guǎn huò jiào táng dū xiāng dāng xiàn dài huà， zhǐ yòu luó dīng jiào táng (RodinChurch) zhè zuò shí cái suǒ zhù de bā luò kè shì jiào táng jiào yòu kě guān。 shì qū nèi yóu qīng nián lǚ guǎn bù xíng yuē sān shí fēn zhōng kě yǐ dēng shàng Ronvik shān， zài cǐ kě yǐ qīng chǔ dì xīn shǎng wǔ yè tài yáng de měi jǐng。 bō duō nán jiāo yuē 33 gōng lǐ chù de Saltstraumen yòu quán shì jiè zuì dà de xuán wō qí jǐng， jù làng zài cháng sān gōng lǐ de xiá wān jiān fān téng， shēng shì jīng rén， shèn shì zhuàng guān。 cǐ wài， yóu 'ào sī lù (Oslo)、 ān dào 'ěr ní sī (Andalsnes)、 tè lún hàn (Trondheim)、 bō duō dào nà wéi kè (Narvik) de huǒ chē lù xiàn yě wéi lǚ xíng zhě suǒ jīn jīn lè dào： zhè duàn jǐng guān huǒ chē lù xiàn lǐ yòu gāo shān、 pù bù、 hé gǔ、 sēn lín、 hǎi 'àn xiàn， hái jiāng tōng guò biāo shì běi jí juàn de shí zhì jì niàn bēi。 huǒ chē bìng huì tíng xià wǔ fēn zhōng， ràng lǚ xíng zhě xià chē shè yǐng liú niàn ní！ nuó wēi de sì dà xiá wān gài lǎng 'è 'ěr xiá wān gài lǎng 'è 'ěr xiá wān wèi yú nuó wēi xī nán 'àn de bēi 'ěr gēn běi bù， shì nuó wēi xiá wān zhōng zuì wéi měi lì shén mì de yī chù。 xiá wān quán cháng 16 gōng lǐ， liǎng 'àn sǒng lì zhe hǎi bá 1500 mǐ yǐ shàng de qún shān。 gài lǎng 'è 'ěr xiá wān yǐ pù bù zhòng duō 'ér zhù chēng， yòu xǔ duō pù bù yán zhe dǒu qiào de yán bì xiè rù gāi xiá wān， bǐ rú“ xīn láng de miàn shā” hé“ qī zǐ mèi”。 xiá wān dǐng duān shì gài lǎng 'è 'ěr cūn， dào gāi cūn jǐn kào yī tiáo yán shān pō wān yán 'ér xià de cháng 1000 mǐ de dào lù， xià jì tú bù qián lái dù jiǎ de yóu kè hěn duō。 cūn lǐ chú 1842 nián jiàn zào de gài lǎng 'è 'ěr xiá wān jiào táng wài， hái yòu shè yǐng shī jīng cháng guāng gù de fú lǐ dá 'ěr sī yóu wēi zhǎn wàng tái hé hǎi bá 1500 mǐ gāo de dá 'ěr sī ní bā zhǎn wàng tái。 zhōu wéi de jǐng diǎn hái yòu wèi bù lǐ kè sī dá 'ěr bīng chuān。 sōng 'ēn xiá wān sōng 'ēn xiá wān shì nuó wēi zuì dà de xiá wān， yě shì shì jiè shàng zuì cháng、 zuì shēn de xiá wān， quán cháng dá 240 gōng lǐ， zuì shēn chù dá 1308 mǐ。 liǎng 'àn shān gāo gǔ shēn， gǔ dǐ shān pō dǒu qiào， chuí zhí shàng cháng， zhí dào hǎi bá 1500 mǐ de fēng dǐng。 xiá wān liǎng 'àn de yán céng hěn jiān yìng， zhù yào yóu huā gǎng yán hé piàn má yán gòu chéng， bìng jiā zá zhe shǎo shù de shí huī yán、 bái yún yán hé dà lǐ yán。 dǒu qiào de yá bì chā rù dì biǎo yǐ xià 1200 mǐ， zài píng zhěng chéng gāo yuán zhī qián， yá bì shēn xiàng tiān kōng。 sōng 'ēn xiá wān qí shí shì yī gè xiá wān zhùgàn de míng chēng， qí hái fù yòu xǔ duō de xiǎo xiá wān， qí zhōng zuì zhù míng de nà lè 'ěr xiá wān shì shì jiè shàng zuì xiá zhǎi de xiá wān， zuì zhǎi chù jǐn 250 mǐ。 zhè lǐ de yá bì jǐn jǐ zài yī qǐ， yǐ zhì chuán zhǐ xià xíng shí sì hū xiāo shì zài suì dào zhōng。 dà xiá wān jiāng qí yán tú sù zào chéng guāng luǒ 'ér huāng wú rén yān de jǐng sè， yán tú liǎng cè de dà bù fēn shān mài hè rán sǒng lì yú shuǐ miàn zhī shàng， sì hū zhōng rì chǔyú huáng hūn mù guāng zhōng。 hā dāng 'è 'ěr xiá wān hā dāng 'è 'ěr xiá wān quán cháng 179 gōng lǐ， shì sì dà xiá wān zhōng zuì wéi píng huǎn de yī chù， yòu tián yuán bān fēng jǐng de xiá wān。 hā dāng 'è 'ěr xiá wān shì gè hěn dà de xiá wān， yě yòu yī xiē xiǎo de fēn zhī xiá wān， ài de xiá wān jiù shì qí zhōng de yī gè。 xiá wān liǎng 'àn shān pō de guǒ shù xiān huā shèng kāi， bīn fēn làn màn。 hā dāng 'è 'ěr xiá wān jìn tóu shì zhù míng de xiū xián shèng dì héng héng wū tuō nèi hé luò fū tè hú sī de wū lún sī wàng dì qū。 yuē 800 nián qián sēng lǚ dào cǐ dì zhòngzhí liǎo píng guǒ shù hé xìng shù， měi dào 5 yuè biàn kāi huā， xià jì jiēguǒ。 hā dāng 'è 'ěr xiá wān yán xiàn yě yòu xǔ duō zhuàng guān de pù bù， hái yòu hā dāng 'è 'ěr wéi dé guó lì gōng yuán， nuó wēi dì sān dà guī mó de fú gé fēng nà bīng hé děng jǐng guān。 lǚ sè xiá wān lǚ sè xiá wān wèi yú nuó wēi nán bù， quán cháng 42 gōng lǐ。 lǚ sè xiá wān de rù kǒu shì nuó wēi xī hǎi 'àn de sī tǎ wàn gé。 hé shuǐ zài tū wù de qiào bì hé wēi 'é de qún shān zhī jiān wān yán liú tǎng。 liǎng 'àn jù yán wù lì， qí zhōng hǎi bá 600 mǐ de duàn yá bù léi kǎi sī tè lún shì zuì zhí dé yī kàn de dì fāng。 zhàn zài jù yán zhī shàng， gǎn jué zì jǐ yóu rú piào fú zài kōng zhōng， néng qiáng liè dì gǎn shòu dào dà zì rán xióng jìn de huó lì。 sī tǎ wàn gé wèi yú nuó wēi de xī bù， shì dào lǚ sè xiá wān yóu lǎn guān guāng de lǐ xiǎng chū fā diǎn， cóng zhè lǐ nín hái kě yǐ chéng guān guāng chuán yóu lǎn。 The Kingdom of Norway also includes the Arctic island territories of Svalbard and Jan Mayen. Norwegian sovereignty over Svalbard is based upon the Svalbard Treaty, but that treaty does not apply to Jan Mayen. Bouvet Island in the South Atlantic Ocean and Peter I Island and Queen Maud Land in Antarctica are external dependencies, but those three entities do not form part of the kingdom. Since World War II, Norway has experienced rapid economic growth, and is now amongst the wealthiest countries in the world, with a Scandinavian welfare system. Norway is the world's third largest oil exporter after Russia and Saudi Arabia and the petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of GDP. It has also rich resources of gas fields, hydropower, fish, forests, and minerals. Norway was the second largest exporter of seafood (in value, after China) in 2006. Other main industries include food processing, shipbuilding, metals, chemicals, mining, fishing and pulp and paper products. Norway was ranked highest of all countries in human development from 2001 to 2006, and came second in 2007 (to fellow Nordic country Iceland). It also rated the most peaceful country in the world in a 2007 survey by Global Peace Index. It is a founding member of NATO. Norway is officially called Kongeriket Norge in the bokmål written norm, and Kongeriket Noreg in the nynorsk written norm. In other languages spoken in Norway the country is known as Northern Sami: Norga, or Norgga gonagasriika Lule Sami: Vuodna or Vuona gånågisrijkka Southern Sami: Nøørje or Nøørjen gånkarijhke Finnish/Kven: Norja or Norjan kuningaskunta Many etymologists believe the country's name comes from the North Germanic languages and that it means "the northern route" (the way to the north), which in Old Norse would be nord veg or *norð vegri.[citation needed] The Old Norse name for Norway was Nóreegr, in Anglo-Saxon Norþ weg, and in Medieval Latin Nhorvegia. The Old Norse and nynorsk forms are quite similar to an ancient Sami word that means "along the coast" or "along the sea" — realized as nuorrek in contemporary Lule Sami. The presence of the archaic prosecutive case marker (sometimes also called prolative in Finno-Ugric language research) supports the claim that the Sami word is indigenous and not a borrowing from North Germanic languages. The earliest known written occurrence of the name "Norway" is in the late 9th century, Old English translation of Orosius' Seven Books of History Against The Pagans, written by King Alfred the Great of Wessex, and adapted by him to include an account of the travels of Ohthere of Hålogaland. History Archaeological findings indicate that Norway was inhabited at least since early 10th millennium BC. Most historians agree that the core of the populations colonizing Scandinavia came from the present-day Germany. In the first centuries AD, Norway consisted of a number of petty kingdoms. According to tradition, Harald Fairhair unified them into one, in 872 AD after the Battle of Hafrsfjord, thus becaming the first king of a united Norway. Rock carvings at AltaThe Viking age, 8-11th centuries AD, was characterized by expansion and immigration. Many Norwegians left the country to live in Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Greenland and parts of Britain and Ireland. The modern-day Irish cities of Limerick, Dublin, and Waterford were founded by Norwegian settlers. Norse traditions were slowly replaced by Christianity in the 9th and 10th centuries, and this is largely attributed to the missionary kings Olav Tryggvasson and St. Olav. Haakon the Good was Norway's first Christian king, in the mid tenth century, though his attempt to introduce the religion was rejected. In 1349, the Black Death killed between 40% and 50% of the population, resulting in a period of decline, both socially and economically. Ostensibly, royal politics at the time resulted in several personal unions between the Nordic countries, eventually bringing the thrones of Norway, Denmark, and Sweden under the control of Queen Margrethe I of Denmark when the country entered into the Kalmar Union. Although Sweden broke out of the union in 1523, Norway remained till 1814, a total of 434 years. The National romanticism of the 19th century, the centralization of the kingdom's royal, intellectual, and administrative powers in Copenhagen, Denmark, the dissolution of the archbishopric in Trondheim with the introduction of Protestantism in 1537, as well as the distribution of the church's incomes to the court in Copenhagen meant that Norway lost the steady stream of pilgrims to the relics of St. Olav at the Nidaros shrine, and with them, much of the contact with cultural and economic life in the rest of Europe. The steady decline was highlighted by the loss of the provinces Båhuslen, Jemtland, and Herjedalen to Sweden, as a result of wars. After Denmark–Norway was attacked by Great Britain, it entered into an alliance with Napoleon, with the war leading to dire conditions and mass starvation in 1812. As the kingdom found itself on the losing side in 1814 it was forced to cede Norway to the kingdom of Sweden, while the old Norwegian provinces of Iceland, Greenland and the Faroe Islands remained with the Danish crown. Norway took this opportunity to declare independence, adopted a constitution based on American and French models, and elected the Danish crown prince Christian Fredrik as king on May 17, 1814. This caused the Norwegian-Swedish War to break out between Sweden and Norway but as Sweden's military was not strong enough to defeat the Norwegian forces outright, Norway agreed to enter a personal union with Sweden. Under this arrangement, Norway kept its liberal constitution and independent institutions, except for the foreign service. The 1814 constitutional assembly, painted by Oscar Wergeland.This period also saw the rise of the Norwegian romantic nationalism cultural movement, as Norwegians sought to define and express a distinct national character. The movement covered all branches of culture, including literature (Henrik Wergeland, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, Peter Christen Asbjørnsen, Jørgen Moe, Henrik Ibsen), painting (Hans Gude, Adolph Tidemand), music (Edvard Grieg), and even language policy, where attempts to define a native written language for Norway led to today's two official written forms for Norwegian: Bokmål and Nynorsk. Christian Michelsen, a Norwegian shipping magnate and statesman, Prime Minister of Norway from 1905 to 1907 played a central role in the peaceful separation of Norway from Sweden on June 7, 1905. After a national referendum confirmed the people's preference for a monarchy over a republic, the Norwegian government offered the throne of Norway to the Danish Prince Carl and Parliament unanimously elected him king. He took the name of Haakon VII, after the medieval kings of independent Norway. In 1898, all men were granted universal suffrage, followed by all women in 1913. During both World wars Norway claimed neutrality but during World War II it was invaded by German forces on April 9, 1940 while the allies also had plans in mind for an invasion of the country. In April 1940, the British fleet mined Norwegian territorial waters. Norway was unprepared for the German surprise attack, but military resistance continued for two months. During the Norwegian Campaign, the Kriegsmarine lost many ships including the cruiser Blücher. The battles of Vinjesvingen and Hegra eventually became the last strongholds of Norwegian resistance in southern Norway in May, while the armed forces in the north launched an offensive against the German forces in the Battles of Narvik, until they were forced to surrender on June 10. On the day of the invasion, the collaborative leader of the small National-Socialist party Nasjonal Samling — Vidkun Quisling — tried to seize power, but was forced by the German occupiers to step aside. Real power was wielded by the leader of the German occupation authority, Reichskommissar Josef Terboven. Quisling, as minister president, later formed a collaborationist government under German control. At the time of the invasion, Norway had the fourth largest merchant marine in the world led by the shipping company Nortraship, which under the Allies took part in every war operation from the evacuation of Dunkirk to the Normandy landings. Following the war, the Social Democrats came to power and ruled the country for much of the cold war. Norway joined NATO in 1949, and became a close ally of the United States. Two plebiscites to join the European Union failed by narrow margins in 1972 and 1994. Large reserves of petroleum and natural gas were discovered in the 1960s, which led to a continuing boom in the economy. Geography, climate and environment Satellite image of continental Norway in winterNorway comprises the western part of Scandinavia in Northern Europe. The rugged coastline, broken by huge fjords and thousands of islands, stretches over 2,500 km as the crow flies and over 83,000 km including the fjords and islands. Norway shares a 2,542 km land border with Sweden, Finland, and Russia to the east. To the west and south, Norway is bordered by the Norwegian Sea, the North Sea, and Skagerak. The Barents Sea washes on Norway's northern coasts. At 385,252 km² (including Jan Mayen, Svalbard), Norway is slightly larger than Germany, but much of the country is dominated by mountainous or high terrain, with a great variety of natural features caused by prehistoric glaciers and varied topography. The most noticeable of these are the fjords: deep grooves cut into the land flooded by the sea following the end of the Ice Age. The longest is Sognefjorden. Norway also contains many glaciers and waterfalls. Typical Western Norwegian landscape with village (Geiranger)The land is mostly made of hard granite and gneiss rock, but slate, sandstone and limestone are also common, and the lowest elevations have marine deposits. Due to the Gulf Stream and prevailing westerlies, Norway experiences warmer temperatures and more precipitation than expected at such northern latitudes, especially along the coast. The mainland experiences four distinct seasons, with colder winters and less precipitation inland. The northernmost part has a mostly maritime Subarctic climate, while Svalbard has an Arctic tundra climate. Due to Norway's high latitude, there are large seasonal variations in daylight. From late May to late July, the sun never completely descends beneath the horizon in areas north of the Arctic Circle (hence Norway's description as the "Land of the Midnight Sun") and the rest of the country experiences up to 20 hours of daylight per day. Conversely, from late November to late January, the sun never rises above the horizon in the north, and daylight hours are very short in the rest of the country. Politics Norway is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of government. The Royal House is a branch of the princely family of Glücksburg, originally from Schleswig-Holstein in Germany. As it stands, the functions of the King, Harald V, are mainly ceremonial, but he has influence as the symbol of national unity. Although the constitution of 1814 grants important executive powers to the King, these are always exercised by the Council of State in the name of the King (King's Council or cabinet). The reserve powers vested in the Monarch by the constitution have in the 20th century in reality been symbolic, but has on a few occasions been important such as in World War II, when the Monarch said he would step down if the government should accept the German demand. The Council of State consists of a Prime Minister and other ministers, formally appointed by the King. Parliamentarism has evolved since 1884 and entails that the cabinet must not have the parliament against it, and that the appointment by the King is a formality when there is a clear majority in Parliament for a party or a coalition of parties. But after elections resulting in no clear majority to any party or coalition, the leader of the party most likely to be able to form a government is appointed Prime Minister by the King. Norway has often been ruled by minority governments. The King has government meetings every Friday at the Royal Palace (Council of State), but the government decisions are decided in advance in government conferences, headed by the Prime Minister, every Tuesday and Thursday. The King opens the Parliament every October, he receives ambassadors to the Norwegian court, and he is the symbolic Supreme Commander of the Norwegian Defence Force and the Head of the Church of Norway. Stortinget, Oslo.The Norwegian parliament, Stortinget, currently has 169 members (increased from 165, effective from the elections of 12 September, 2005). The members are elected from the nineteen counties for four-year terms according to a system of proportional representation. In addition, 19 seats, the socalled "levelling seats" are allocated on a nationwide basis to make the representation in parliament correspond better with the popular vote. There is a 4% election threshold to gain levelling seats. When voting on legislation, the Storting – until the 2009 election – divides itself into two chambers, the Odelsting and the Lagting. Laws are in most cases proposed by the government through a Member of the Council of State, or in some cases by a member of the Odelsting in case of repeated disagreement in the joint Storting. Nowadays, however, the Lagting rarely disagrees, effectively rubber-stamping the Odelsting's decisions. A constitutional amendment of February 20, 2007 will repeal the division after the 2009 general election. Impeachment cases are very rare (the last being in 1927, when Prime Minister Abraham Berge was acquitted) and may be brought against Members of the Council of State, of the Supreme Court (Høyesterett), or of the Storting for criminal offenses which they may have committed in their official capacity. Prior to an amendment to the Norwegian Constitution on February 20, 2007 indictments were raised by the Odelsting and judged by the Lagting and the Supreme Court justices as part of the High Court of the Realm. In the new system impeachment cases will be heard by the five highest ranking Supreme Court justices and six lay members in one of the Supreme Court courtrooms (previously cases were heard in the Lagting chamber). Storting representatives may not perform as lay judges. Indictments will be raised by the Storting in a plenary session. The Storting otherwise functions as a unicameral parliament and after the 2009 general election the division into Odelsting and Lagting for passing legislation will be abolished. Legislation will then have to go through two – three in case of dissent – readings before being passed and sent to the King for assent. The judiciary consists of the Supreme Court (eighteen permanent judges and a chief justice), courts of appeal, city and district courts, and conciliation councils. Judges attached to regular courts are appointed by the King in council. In order to form a government, more than half the membership of the Council of State is required to belong to the Church of Norway. Currently, this means at least ten out of nineteen members. After the negotiations of looser ties between the church and the state, it was decided that this requirement will be abolished in the near future. In December each year, Norway gives a Christmas tree to the United Kingdom, in thanks for the UK's assistance during World War II. A ceremony takes place to erect the tree in Trafalgar Square. In its 2007 Worldwide Press Freedom Index, Reporters Without Borders ranked Norway at a shared 1st place (with Iceland) out of 169 countries. Corporal punishment of children has been illegal in Norway since 1983. Foreign relations Map of NorwayNorway maintains embassies in 86 countries around the world. Norway has diplomatic relations with many countries without maintaining an embassy in the country. 60 countries maintain an embassy in Norway, all of them in the capital, Oslo. Norway was a founding member of the United Nations, NATO, the Council of Europe, the European Free Trade Association, the OECD and the OSCE, and maintains membership in several other international organisations. Norway has twice rejected proposed membership of the European Union although Norway has access to the European single market through membership in the European Economic Area. Norway has also assisted in international negotiations, such as in facilitating the Oslo Accords. Cities and municipalities A geopolitical map of Norway, exhibiting its nineteen first-level administrative divisions (fylker or "counties")Norway is divided into nineteen first-level administrative regions known as fylker ("counties", singular fylke) and 430 second-level kommuner ("municipalities", singular kommune). The fylke is the intermediate administration between state and municipality. The King is represented in every county by a Fylkesmann. There is ongoing debate as to whether the nineteen "fylker" should be replaced with five to nine larger regions.[citation needed] Some expect this to happen by 2010, whereas others expect the intermediate administration to disappear entirely. Another option would probably require consolidating the municipalities into larger entities and delegating greater responsibility to them. The counties of Norway are: Akershus Aust-Agder Buskerud Finnmark Hedmark Hordaland Møre og Romsdal Nordland Nord-Trøndelag Oppland Oslo Østfold Rogaland Sogn og Fjordane Sør-Trøndelag Telemark Troms Vest-Agder Vestfold Economy Norwegians enjoy the second highest GDP per-capita (after Luxembourg) and third highest GDP (PPP) per-capita in the world, and has maintained first place in the world in the UNDP Human Development Index (HDI) for six consecutive years (2001-2006). However, in 2007 Iceland very narrowly beat Norway as the #1 place according to the Human Development Index. Cost of living is about 30% higher in Norway than in the United States and 25% higher than the United Kingdom. The standard of living in Norway is very high, and the continuing increase in oil prices ensure that Norway will remain one of the richest countries in the world over the foreseeable future. The Norwegian economy is an example of mixed economy, featuring a combination of free market activity and large government ownership. The government controls key areas, such as the strategic petroleum sector (StatoilHydro), hydroelectric energy production (Statkraft), aluminium production (Norsk Hydro), the largest Norwegian bank (DnB NOR) and telecommunication provider (Telenor). The government controls 31.6% of publicly listed companies. When non-listed companies are included the state has even higher share in ownership (mainly from direct oil license ownership). The control mechanisms over petroleum resources are a combination of state ownership in major operators in the Norwegian fields (StatoilHydro approx. 62% in 2007) and the fully state owned Petoro (market value of about twice Statoil) and SDFI. Finally the government controls licensing of exploration and production of fields. The country is richly endowed with natural resources including petroleum, hydropower, fish, forests, and minerals. Norway has obtained one of the highest standards of living in the world in part by having a large amount of natural resources compared to the size of the population. The income from natural resources include a significant contribution from petroleum production and the substantial and well-managed income related to this sector. Norway also has a very low unemployment rate, currently below 2% (June 2007). The hourly productivity levels, as well as average hourly wages in Norway are among the highest in the world. The egalitarian values of the Norwegian society[citation needed] ensure that the wage difference between the lowest paid worker and the CEO of most companies is much smaller than in comparable western economies. This is also evident in Norway's low Gini coefficient. Export revenues from oil and gas have risen to 45% of total exports and constitute more than 20% of the GDP. Only Russia and OPEC member Saudi Arabia export more oil than Norway, which is not an OPEC member. To reduce over-heating from oil money and the uncertainty from the oil income volatility, and to save money for an aging population, the Norwegian state started in 1995 to save petroleum income (taxes, dividends, licensing, sales) in a sovereign wealth fund ("Government Pension Fund — Global"). This also reduces the boom and bust cycle associated with raw material production and the marginalization of non-oil industry (see also Dutch Disease). The fund invests in developed financial markets outside Norway. The budgetary rule ("Handlingsregelen") is to spend no more than 4% of the fund each year (assumed to be the normal yield from the fund ). By January 2006, the pension fund had reached a value of USD 200 billion. During the first half of 2007, the pension fund became the largest fund in Europe, with assets totalling about USD 300 billion, equivalent to over USD 62,000 per capita. As such, the Norwegian state has savings equal to 100% of the Norwegian GDP. Norway has the largest capital reserve per capita of any nation (April 2007). Projections indicate that the Norwegian pension fund may become the largest capital fund in the world. It is the second largest state-owned sovereign wealth fund in the world, second only to the sovereign wealth fund of Abu-Dhabi. Conservative estimates tell that the fund may reach USD 800-900 billion by 2017. Other natural resource-based economies in countries like Russia and Chile are trying to learn from Norway by establishing similar funds. The investment choices of the Norwegian fund are guided by ethical guidelines. For example, the fund is not allowed to invest in companies that produce parts for nuclear weapons. The openness about the investment choices is lauded by the international community. The future size of the fund is of course closely linked to the oil price and the developments in international financial market. At an average oil price of USD 100 per barrel, the trade surplus for 2008 is expected to reach USD 80 billion. At present oil prices (June 2008) the trade surplus for 2008 is expected to reach USD 90 billion. Norway is also the world's largest exporter of fish. In light of the rising energy and food prices, Norway's economic prospects are better than perhaps any other country in the world. Investing in research and development is an important priority for the Norwegian government, as it is important to have something to fall back on when the oil becomes a smaller part of the economy. Referendums in 1972 and 1994 indicated that the Norwegian people wished to remain outside the European Union (EU). However, Norway, together with Iceland and Liechtenstein, participates in the European Union's single market via the European Economic Area (EEA) agreement. The EEA Treaty between the European Union countries and the EFTA countries – transposed into Norwegian law via "EØS-loven" – describes the procedures for implementing European Union rules in Norway and the other EFTA countries. This makes Norway a highly integrated member of most sectors of the EU internal market. However, some sectors, such as agriculture, oil and fish, are not wholly covered by the EEA Treaty. Norway has also acceded to the Schengen Agreement and several other intergovernmental agreements between the EU member states. In 2000, the government sold one-third of the then 100% state-owned oil company Statoil in an IPO. The next year, the main telecom supplier, Telenor, was listed on Oslo Stock Exchange. The state also owns significant shares of Norway's largest bank, DnB NOR and the airline SAS. Since 2000, economic growth has been rapid, pushing unemployment down to levels not seen since the early 1980s. (unemployment: 1.3%) Demography Borgund stave churchAs of 2007, Norway's population numbered 4.7 million. Most Norwegians are ethnic Norwegians, a North Germanic people. The Sami people traditionally inhabit central and northern parts of Norway and Sweden, as well as in northern Finland and in Russia on the Kola Peninsula. Another national minority are the Kven people who are the descended of Finnish speaking people that moved to northern Norway in the 18th up to 20th century. Both the Sami and the Kven were subjected to a strong assimilation policy by the Norwegian government from the 19th century up to the 1970s. Because of this "Norwegianisation process", many families of Sami or Kven ancestry now self-identify as ethnic Norwegian . This, combined with a long history of co-habitation of the Sami and North Germanic peoples on the Scandinavian peninsula, makes claims about ethnic population statistics less straightforward than is often suggested — particularly in central and northern Norway. Other groups recognized as national minorities of Norway are Jews, Forest Finns, Roma/Gypsies and Romani people/Travellers. In recent years, immigration has accounted for more than half of Norway's population growth. According to Statistics Norway (SSB), record 61,200 immigrants arrived in the country in 2007 — 35% higher than 2006. At the beginning of 2008, there were 459,600 persons in Norway with an immigrant background (i.e. immigrants, or born of immigrant parents), comprising 9.7% of the total population. 350,000 of these were from a non-Western background, which includes the formerly Communist countries according to the definition used by Statistics Norway. The largest immigrant groups by country of origin, in order of size, are Poles, Pakistanis, Swedish, Iraqis, Somalis , Vietnamese, Danes, and Germans.The Iraqi immigrant population has shown a large increase in recent years. After the enlargement of the EU in 2004, there has also been an influx of immigrants from Central and Eastern Europe, particularly Poland. The largest increase in 2007 was of immigrants from Poland, Germany, Sweden and Lithuania . Religion In common with other Scandinavian countries, the Norse followed a form of native Germanic paganism known as Norse paganism. By the end of the eleventh century, when Norway had been Christianized, the indigenous Norse religion and practices were prohibited. Anti-heathenry laws, however, were removed early in the twentieth century.[citation needed] Many remnants of the native religion and beliefs of Norway exist today, including names, referential names of cities and locations, the days of the week, and other parts of the everyday language. Parts of the Sami minority retained their shamanistic religion well into the 18th century when they were converted to Christianity by Dano-Norwegian missionaries. Nearly 83% of Norwegians are members of the state Church of Norway, to which they are registered at birth. Many remain in the state church to be able to use services such as baptism, confirmation, marriage and burial, rites which have strong cultural standing in Norway. Up to 40% of the membership attends church or religious meetings during a year , with fewer attending regularly. According to the most recent Eurobarometer Poll 2005, 32% of Norwegian citizens responded that "they believe there is a god," whereas 47% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 17% that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, god, or life force." Other Christian denominations total about 4.5% of the population. These include the Evangelical Lutheran Free Church, the Roman Catholic Church, Pentecostal congregations, the Methodist Church, Adventists, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and Jehovah's Witnesses and others. Among non-Christian religions, Islam is the largest, representing about 1.5% of the population: It is practiced mainly by the Somalian, Arab, Albanian, Pakistani and Turkish communities. Other religions comprise less than 1% each, including Judaism (see Jews in Norway). Indian immigrants introduced Hinduism to Norway, but account for less than 5,000 people, or 1% of non-Lutheran Norwegians . There are eleven Buddhist organizations, grouped under the Buddhistforbundet organisation, which make up 0.42% of the population. Around 1.5% of Norwegians adhere to the secular Norwegian Humanist Association. About 5% of the population is unaffiliated. Languages Reine, Lofoten.The North Germanic Norwegian language has two official written forms, Bokmål and Nynorsk. They have officially equal status, i.e. they are both used in public administration, in schools, churches, radio and television, but Bokmål is used by the vast majority, about 85-90%. Around 95% of the population speak Norwegian as their native tongue, although many speak dialects that may differ significantly from the written language. In general Norwegian dialects are inter-intelligible, though some may require significant effort. Several Finno-Ugric Sami languages are spoken and written throughout the country, especially in the north, by the Sami people. The state recognises these languages as official, and speakers have a right to get education in Sami language no matter where they are living, and receive communications from government in various Sami languages. The Kven minority speak the Finno-Ugric Kven language/Finnish. Norwegian is highly similar to the other languages in Scandinavia, Swedish and Danish. All three languages are mutually intelligible and can be, and commonly are, employed in communication between inhabitants of the Scandinavian countries. As a result of the cooperation within the Nordic Council, inhabitants of all Nordic countries, including Iceland and Finland, have the right to communicate with the Norwegian authorities in their own language. Any Norwegian student who is a child of immigrant parents is encouraged to learn the Norwegian language. The Norwegian government offers language instructional courses for immigrants wishing to obtain Norwegian citizenship. Somali is the largest non-western language spoken in Norway[citation needed], as Somalis are the third largest population of non-western immigrants in Norway, after Pakistani and Iraqi people. The main foreign languages taught in Norwegian elementary school are English, German and French. Spanish, Russian, Japanese and Italian are available in some schools, mostly in the cities. Individual human rights Scouts holding Norwegian flags lead a parade on the 17 May, Norway's Constitution DayNorway is currently the second most highly ranked nation in the UN Human Development Index, an index made up by literacy rate, education level and per capita income, though it had been the highest on the list for the six years between 2001 and 2006. Freedom of expression is enshrined in Article 1 of the Constitution of Norway. Freedom of religion is enshrined in Article 2 of the Constitution, which also establishes the state religion as "Evangelical Lutheran". The press is not censored. Editors adhere to self-imposed commandments of caution, in order to protect people's privacy and other civic rights.(Vær Varsom-plakaten- Norwegian Wikipedia in Bokmål, see for an English translation). Public radio and TV broadcast without interference from the government, although permission to broadcast depends on the program spectrum. Broadcast advertisement is regulated, with particular restrictions on paid political messages and advertising directed at children. The constitution forbids retroactive laws, punishment not based on laws and court decisions, and the use of torture. Capital punishment for high crime during wartime was abolished in 1979. In 1999, the Human Rights conventions of the United Nations and the Council of Europe were constituted as law in Norway (menneskerettsloven) and given superiority to all laws after the constitution. Norwegian lawyers have joined the Council of Europe's Committee Against Torture to express their concern about the long-term detention of criminal defendants and the use of solitary confinement in Norway, deeming it to be torture. Long processing times for asylum seekers and the treatment of those arriving without identity papers has also been under discussion. An issue of much debate and public interest in Norway is the phenomenon of criminals and suspected terrorists being granted asylum, on the grounds that they may be persecuted in their native countries. Examples are Najmuddin Faraj Ahmad (a.k.a. Mullah Krekar), the Aeroflot hijackers of 1993, and several suspected war criminals, for example suspected collaborators in the Rwandan Genocide. Successive governments have often been criticised for deporting sick people, orphans, and well-integrated children. In 2005, the international conventions against discrimination of women and race discrimination were incorporated into (but not made superior to) Norwegian law. Amnesty International has recently focused on violence against women in Norway and a shortage of public services to victims of violence. Norway has compulsory military service for men. Conscripts are drafted at age 18 for initial service (førstegangstjeneste) of between six to twelve months (Service may begin at age 17 with parental consent). After completion of the initial service period, personnel serving in the home guard are transferred to reserve units, which may be called up for periodic training (repetisjonstjeneste) until age 44. Conscientious objectors serve twelve months in alternative civilian national service. If a candidate refuses to attend the assessment of fitness (sesjon), where any objections to future military service are to be stated, they are liable to prosecution. A person who is deemed fit for service and who is not a conscientious objector, but still refuses military service is also liable to prosecution. Changes to the structure of the armed forces has resulted in a lower demand for conscripts, and the number of males needing to serve is decreasing.[citation needed] Homosexuality was officially decriminalized in 1972 and same sex civil partnerships were instituted in 1993. According to Statistics Norway (SSB), 192 same sex civil partnerships were recorded in 2004. Since 2002, it has become possible for same sex couples to adopt each other's children from previous relationships, although joint adoption is not allowed. The Norwegian government introduced a gender neutral marriage law in June 2008, allowing same-sex marriages, granting homosexuals the same rights and obligations as heterosexuals. International rankings Organization Survey Ranking International Monetary Fund GDP per capita 2nd out of 232 (2006) United Nations Development Programme Human Development Index 2nd out of 177 (2007) (1st, 2001-2006) A.T. Kearney / Foreign Policy Globalization Index 2005 14th out of 111 Heritage Foundation / Wall Street Journal Index of Economic Freedom 2006 30th out of 155 Reporters Without Borders Worldwide press freedom index 1st out of 168 (1st 2002-2005) Save the Children State of the World's Mothers 2004 (Children) 1st out of 119 Save the Children State of the World's Mothers 2004 (Women) 6th out of 119 Save the Children State of the World's Mothers 2004 (Mothers) 6th out of 119 UNICEF Child Well-being league table 7th out of 21 industrial countries Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index 2004 8th out of 145 World Economic Forum Global Competitiveness Report 2005-2006 9th out of 117 Nationmaster Labour Strikes 5th out of 27 The Economist Intelligence Unit Worldwide quality-of-life index, 2005 3rd out of 111 Yale University/Columbia University Environmental Sustainability Index, 2005 (pdf) 2nd out of 146 The Fund for Peace Failed States Index, 2007 177th out of 177 (the most desirable result) The Economist Global Peace Index 3rd out of 140 (2008) The Economist Democracy Index 4th out of 167 Privacy International Leading Surveillance Societies Around the World, 2007 21-23rd out of 30 European states (Systemic failure to uphold safeguards) Literature The history of Norwegian literature starts with the pagan Eddaic poems and skaldic verse of the 9th and 10th centuries with poets such as Bragi Boddason and Eyvindr Skáldaspillir. The arrival of Christianity around the year 1000 brought Norway into contact with European medieval learning, hagiography and history writing. Merged with native oral tradition and Icelandic influence this was to flower into an active period of literature production in the late 12th and early 13th centuries. Major works of that period include Historia Norwegie, Thidreks saga and Konungs skuggsjá. Little Norwegian literature came out of the period of the Scandinavian Union and the subsequent Dano-Norwegian union (1387—1814), with some notable exceptions such as Petter Dass and Ludvig Holberg. In his play Peer Gynt, Ibsen characterized this period as "Twice two hundred years of darkness/brooded o'er the race of monkeys", although the latter line is not as frequently quoted as the former. During the union with Denmark, written Norwegian was replaced by Danish. Two major events precipitated a major resurgence in Norwegian literature. In 1811 a Norwegian university was established in Christiania Seized by the spirit of revolution following the American and French Revolutions, the Norwegians signed their first constitution in 1814. Soon, the cultural backwater that was Norway brought forth a series of strong authors recognized first in Scandinavia, and then worldwide; among them were Henrik Wergeland, Peter Asbjørnsen, Jørgen Moe and Camilla Collett. By the late 19th century, in the Golden Age of Norwegian literature, the so-called Great Four emerged: Henrik Ibsen, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, Alexander Kielland, and Jonas Lie. Bjørnson's "peasant novels", such as "En glad gutt" (A Happy Boy) and "Synnøve Solbakken" are typical of the national romanticism of their day, whereas Kielland's novels and short stories are mostly realistic. Although an important contributor to early Norwegian romanticism (especially the ironic Peer Gynt), Henrik Ibsen's fame rests primarily on his pioneering realistic dramas such The Wild Duck and A Doll's House, many of which caused moral uproar because of their candid portrayals of the middle classes. In the twentieth century three Norwegian novelists were awarded the Nobel prize in literature: Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson in 1903, Knut Hamsun for the book "Markens grøde" ("Growth of the Soil") in 1920, and Sigrid Undset in 1928. In the 20th century writers like Dag Solstad, Jostein Gaarder, Erik Fosnes Hansen, Jens Bjørneboe, Kjartan Fløgstad, Lars Saabye Christensen, Johan Borgen, Herbjørg Wassmo, Jan Erik Vold, Rolf Jacobsen, Olaf Bull, Jan Kjærstad, Georg Johannesen, Tarjei Vesaas, Sigurd Hoel, Arnulf Øverland and Johan Falkberget have made important contributions to Norwegian literature. |
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