芬兰

ōu zhōu:

英国 United Kingdom 爱尔兰 Ireland 比利时 Belgium 荷兰 Netherlands 法国 France 西班牙 Spain 葡萄牙 Portugal 意大利 Italy 希腊 Greece 奥地利 Austria 匈牙利 Hungary 德国 Germany 瑞士 Switzerland 罗马尼亚 Romania 俄罗斯 Russia 波兰 Poland 克罗地亚 Croatia (Hrvatska) 捷克 Czech 芬兰 Finland 瑞典 Sweden 挪威 Norway 冰岛 Iceland 土耳其 Turkey 丹麦 Denmark 阿尔巴尼亚 Albania 爱沙尼亚 Republic of Estonia 安道尔 Andorra 白俄罗斯 Belarus 保加利亚 The Republic of Bulgaria 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 Bosnia and Herzegovina 梵蒂冈 Vatican City State (Holy See) 黑山 The Republic of Montenegro 拉脱维亚 Latvia 立陶宛 Republic of Lithuania 列支敦士登 Liechtenstein 卢森堡 Luxembourg 马耳他 Republic of Malta 马其顿 The Republic of Macedonia 摩尔多瓦 The Republic of Moldova 摩纳哥 Monaco 塞尔维亚 the Republic of Serbia 斯洛伐克 The Slovak Republic 斯洛文尼亚 the Republic of Slovenia 圣马力诺 San Marino 乌克兰 Ukraine

fēn lán Finland shǒudōu:hè 'ěr xīn jī guógūdàimǎ: fi

cháozhèng

芬兰

　　fēn lán gòng hé guó（ TheRepublicofFinland， SuomenTasavalta）。
　　
　　【 guó míng shì yì】 yì wéi “ hú zhǎo zhī guó ”
　　
　　【 miàn jī】 33.8145 wàn píng fāng gōng lǐ。
　　
　　【 rén kǒu】 523.66 wàn rén（ 2004 nián dǐ）。 fēn lán yòu liǎng zhǒng guān fāng yǔ yán： 93% de rén kǒu suǒ shǐ yòng de fēn lán yǔ hé 6% rén kǒu de mǔ yǔ ruì diǎn yǔ。 shǎo shù rén kǒu bāo kuò liǎo sà mǐ rén、 é luó sī rén、 yóu tài rén děng。 dà duō shù fēn lán rén (89%) xìn fèng jī dū jiào lù dé zōng， dà yuē 1% de rén kǒu zé xìn fèng dōng zhèng jiào。 qí yú bāo kuò liǎo shǎo bù fēn jī dū jiào xīn jiào qí tā jiào pài de jiào tú、 luó mǎ tiān zhù jiào tú、 mù sī lín hé yóu tài jiào tú。 dōng jì zhàn zhēng hòu dà yuē yòu 12% de rén kǒu xū yào bèi 'ān zhì。 zhàn zhēng péi kuǎn、 shī yè wèn tí yǐ jí duì fēn lán bǎo chí dú lì qián jǐng de bù què dìng céng dǎo zhì liǎo dà pī de yí mín zài 1970 nián dài lí kāi fēn lán。 ér dào liǎo 1990 nián dài， fēn lán yòu kāi shǐ jiē shōu dà pī nànmín yǔ yí mín。
　　
　　【 shǒu dū】 hè 'ěr xīn jī（ Helsinki） , rén kǒu 55.9 wàn rén (2004 nián dǐ )。 xià jì píng jūn qì wēn 16 ℃， dōng jì píng jūn qì wēn － 5℃。
　　 shǒu dū hè 'ěr xīn jī sù chēng“ bō luó de hǎi míng zhū”， shì yī zuò huā yuán bān xiàn dài huà dū shì， jiē dào kuān kuò， shāng yè fán róng， xiàn dài jiàn zhù hé zhōng shì jì jiàn dū jù nóng yù de mín zú tè sè， shì nèi zhòng duō de gè zhǒng lèi xíng de bó wù guǎn xī yǐn zhe gè dì yóu rén。
　　
　　【 guó jiā yuán shǒu】 zǒng tǒng tǎ lǐ yà · hā luò níng（ TarjaHalonen， nǚ， shè mín dǎng rén） ,2000 nián 3 yuè 1 rì jiù rèn。 2006 nián 3 yuè 1 rì lián rèn。
　　
　　【 zhòng yào jié rì】 dú lì jì niàn rì（ 12 yuè 6 rì）
　　
　　【 guó qí】 chéng cháng fāng xíng， cháng yǔ kuān zhī bǐ wéi １８ ∶１１。 qí dì wéi bái sè。 shāo piān zuǒ cè de shí zì xíng lán sè kuān tiáo jiāng qí miàn fēn wéi sì gè bái sè cháng fāng xíng。 fēn lán yǐ“ qiān hú zhī guó” zhù chēng， xī nán lín bō luó de hǎi， qí shàng de lán sè xiàng zhēng húpō， hé liú hé hǎi yáng； lìng yī shuō xiàng zhēng lán tiān。 fēn lán yòu sān fēn zhī yī de lǐng tǔ zài běi jí juàn nèi， qì hòu hán lěng， qí shàng de bái sè xiàng zhēng bái xuě fù gài zhe de guó tǔ。 qí miàn shàng de shí zì biǎo shì fēn lán lì shǐ shàng yǔ běi 'ōu qí tā guó jiā de mìqiè guān xì。 gāi guó qí shì１８６０ nián qián hòu gēn jù fēn lán shī rén tuō chá lǐ sī · tuō pèi lì wū sī de jiàn yì zhì zuò de。
　　
　　【 guó huī】 wéi hóng sè dùn huī。 dùn miàn shàng wéi yī zhǐ tóu dài wáng guān de jīn sè shī zǐ， qián zhǎo wò zhe yī bǎ jiàn， hòu zhǎo cǎi zhe yī bǎ wān dāo。 jiǔ duǒ bái sè de méi guī huā diǎn zhuì zài shī zǐ zhōu wéi。 shī zǐ xiàng zhēng fēn lán rén mín de yǒng gǎn hé lì liàng， jiǔ duǒ méi guī huā dài biǎo fēn lán lì shǐ shàng de jiǔ gè shěng。
　　
　　【 guó gē】《 zǔ guó》
　　
　　【 guó huā】 líng lán（ bǎi hé kē）
　　
　　【 yǔ yán】 fēn lán yǔ
　　
　　【 huò bì】 fēn lán mǎ kè
　　
　　【 tóng běi jīng shí chā】 -6.00
　　
　　【 guó jì diàn huà mǎ】 358
　　
　　
　　
　　【 jiǎn kuàng】
　　 wèi yú 'ōu zhōu běi bù。 yǔ ruì diǎn、 nuó wēi、 é luó sī jiē rǎng， nán lín fēn lán wān， xī bīn bō de ní yà wān。 hǎi 'àn xiàn cháng 1100 gōng lǐ。 dì shì běi gāo nán dī。 běi bù yǔ dōng bù yòu gāo dì， qí yú dà bù fēn dì qū wéi qiū líng hé píng yuán。 nèi lù shuǐ yù miàn jī zhàn quán guó miàn jī de 10%， yòu dǎo yǔ yuē 17.9 wàn gè， húpō yuē 18.8 wàn gè， yòu“ qiān hú zhī guó” zhī chēng。 quán guó 1/3 de tǔ dì zài běi jí juàn nèi。 shǔ wēn dài hǎi yáng xìng qì hòu。 píng jūn qì wēn dōng jì -14℃ -3℃， xià jì 13℃ -17℃， nián píng jūn jiàng yǔ 600 háo mǐ。 dōng jì hán lěng， jǐn nán bù jiào wēn hé。 cóng nán zhì běi， 1 yuè píng jūn qì wēn yuē -4--16℃； 7 yuè qì wēn 16-13℃。 nián jiàng shuǐ liàng yuē 400-600 háo mǐ（ sān fēn zhī yī wéi xiàn hé xuě）。 sēn lín miàn jī zhàn zǒng miàn jī de 71 ％， yǐ sōng hé yún shān wéi zhù。 shuǐ lì zī yuán fēng fù。 yòu tóng、 xīn、 jīn、 gè、 gǔ、 tài、 fán děng kuàng cáng。
　　
　　 fēn lán zuì zǎo de jū mín wéi lā pǔ rén， gù fēn lán yòu chēng lā pǔ lán， yǐ hòu fēn lán rén qiān rù， jiàn lì liǎo fēn lán dà gōng guó。 shí 'èr shì jì hòu bàn qī bèi ruì diǎn tǒng zhì。 1809 nián 'é ruì zhàn zhēng hòu bìng rù dì 'é， chéng wéi dà gōng guó。 1917 nián 12 yuè fēn lán gòng hé guó xuān bù dú lì。
　　
　　 yuē 9000 nián qián bīng hé mò qī， fēn lán rén de zǔ xiān cóng nán fāng hé dōng nán fāng qiān jū zhì cǐ。
　　
　　 zài ruì diǎn de 'āi lǐ kè guó wáng (KingErik)1154 nián jiāng jī dū jiào dài rù fēn lán zhī hòu， liǎng guó zài 700 nián jiān jiù yī zhí bǎo chí zhe fēi cháng mìqiè de guān xì。 ruì diǎn yǔ yī zhí shì xíng zhèng、 jiào yù jī gòu de dì yī yǔ yán， ér fēn lán yǔ zhí dào 19 shì jì fēn lán mín zú zhù yì gāo zhǎng yǐ jí fēn lán de dì yī piān mín zú shī shǐ《 kǎ lè wǎ lā》 (Kalevala) fā biǎo hòu cái shòu dào zhòng shì。 1808 nián fēn lán bèi shā huáng yà lì shān dà yī shì de jūn duì zhàn lǐng， cǐ hòu fēn lán jiù yī zhí jiù shì 'é luó sī dì guó nèi de zì zhì dà gōng guó， zhí dào 1917 nián。 1917 nián 12 yuè 6 rì 'é guó bù 'ěr shí wéi kè gé mìng ( shí yuè gé mìng ) hòu bù jiǔ， fēn lán xuān bù dú lì。 1918 nián zhè gè guó jiā jīng lì liǎo yī cì jiǎn duǎn dàn què kè gǔ míng xīn de nèi zhàn。 dì 'èr cì shì jiè dà zhàn qī jiān fēn lán yǔ sū lián liǎng dù jiāo shǒu： 1939~1940 nián de dōng jì zhàn zhēng（ zhè chǎng zhàn zhēng zhōng ruì diǎn tí gōng liǎo fēn lán bù fēn xié zhù） yǐ jí 1941~1944 nián de jì xù zhàn zhēng（ nà cuì dé guó duì fēn lán tí gōng liǎo zhòng yào bāng zhù）。 1944 nián ~1945 nián jiān de lā pǔ lán zhī zhàn zhōng， fēn lán yòu jiāng dé guó rén gǎn chū liǎo fēn lán běi bù dì qū。 1947 nián hé 1948 nián yǔ sū lián qiān shǔ de duō fèn tiáo yuē guī dìng liǎo fēn lán duì sū lián de yì wù yǔ xiàn zhì， fēn lán yě zài 1940 nián hé yuē de jī chǔ shàng zuò chū liǎo gèng duō de lǐng tǔ ràng bù。 1991 nián sū lián jiě tǐ hòu fēn lán zhōng yú kě yǐ zì jǐ jué dìng mìng yùn， bìng qiě zài 1995 nián jiā rù 'ōu méng。
　　
　　
　　【 zhèng zhì】
　　 jīng guò 2003 nián 3 yuè de yì huì xuǎn jǔ， yóu zhōng jiān dǎng、 shè mín dǎng hé ruì diǎn zú rén mín dǎng zǔ chéng lián hé zhèng fǔ zhí zhèng。 zhèng fǔ zài nèi zhèng fāng miàn lì qiú bǎo chí guó mín jīng jì de wěn dìng zēngzhǎng， tí gāo jiù yè shuài， shí xiàn zhōng yāng cái zhèng yíng yú， bǎo zhàng shè huì fú lì， fā zhǎn jiào yù、 kē yán； duì wài jī jí cānyù 'ōu méng jué cè， tuī dòng 'ōu méng běi bù dì qū zhèng cè shí shī hé bō luó de hǎi dì qū néng yuán、 hé 'ān quán hé huán bǎo lǐng yù hé zuò de fā zhǎn。
　　
　　【 xiàn fǎ】
　　1919 nián 7 yuè 17 rì bān bù shēng xiào。 xiàn fǎ guī dìng， guó jiā lì fǎ quán yóu yì huì hé gòng hé guó zǒng tǒng gòng tóng xíng shǐ； zǒng tǒng shì guó jiā yuán shǒu， yōng yòu zhǎng guǎn wài jiāo、 tǒng shuài sān jūn děng shí quán， měi liù nián xuǎn jǔ yī cì。 1999 nián fēn yì huì tōng guò xīn xiàn fǎ， míng chēng yóu《 zhèng fǔ zǔ zhì fǎ》 gǎi wéi《 xiàn fǎ》。 xīn xiàn fǎ jiā qiáng liǎo yì huì hé zhèng fǔ zài guó jiā zhèng zhì shēng huó zhōng de zuò yòng， xuē jiǎn liǎo zǒng tǒng bù fēn quán lì。
　　
　　【 yì huì】
　　 yī yuàn zhì， guó jiā zuì gāo quán lì jī guān hé lì fǎ jī guān。 yóu xuǎn mín zhí jiē xuǎn jǔ de 200 míng yì yuán zǔ chéng， rèn qī 4 nián。 zhù yào zhí néng shì lì fǎ、 jiān dū zhèng fǔ、 jiān dū cái zhèng。 běn jiè yì huì yú 2003 nián 3 yuè xuǎn jǔ chǎn shēng。 zhōng jiān dǎng 55 xí、 shè mín dǎng 53 xí、 lián hé dǎng 41 xí、 zuǒ yì lián méng 19 xí、 lǜ sè lián méng 14 xí、 ruì diǎn zú rén mín dǎng 9 xí、 jī dū jiào lián méng 6 xí、 zhèng tǒng fēn lán rén dǎng 3 xí。 yì cháng pà wò · lì bō níng（ PaavoLipponen， shè mín dǎng）， 2003 nián 4 yuè 22 rì dāng xuǎn。
　　
　　【 zhèng fǔ】
　　 běn jiè zhèng fǔ shì 2003 nián 4 yuè 17 rì yóu zhōng jiān dǎng、 shè mín dǎng、 ruì diǎn zú rén mín dǎng sān dǎng lián hé zǔ chéng。 gòng yòu gé yuán 18 míng， qí zhōng nǚ gé yuán yòu 8 míng。 xiàn rèn nèi gé chéng yuán wéi： zǒng lǐ mǎ dì · wàn hā níng（ MattiVanhanen， zhōng jiān dǎng）， fù zǒng lǐ jiān cái zhèng bù cháng 'āi luó · hǎi nài lú 'ào mǎ（ EeroHeinaluoma， shè mín dǎng）、 wài cháng 'āi 'ěr jī · tú 'ào mǐ 'ào yà（ ErkkiTuomioja， shè mín dǎng）， wài mào hé fā zhǎn bù cháng mǎ lì · jī wéi niè mǐ（ MariKiviniemi, nǚ , zhōng jiān dǎng）， sī fǎ bù cháng lāi nà · lú hè tǎ níng（ LeenaLuhtanen， nǚ， shè mín dǎng）， nèi zhèng bù cháng kǎ lǐ · lā yà mài jī（ KariRajamaki， shè mín dǎng）， dì fāng shì wù bù cháng hàn nèi sī · màn ní níng（ HannesManninen， zhōng jiān dǎng）， guó fáng bù cháng sài bō · kǎi lǐ 'āi níng（ SeppoKaariainen， zhōng jiān dǎng）， dì 'èr cái cháng wū lā－ mǎ yī · wéi dé luó sī（ Ulla-MajWideroos， nǚ， ruì diǎn zú rén mín dǎng）， jiào yù bù cháng 'ān dì · kǎ lì 'ào mài jī（ AnttiKalliomaki， shè mín dǎng） , wén huà bù cháng tǎ ní yà · kǎ pèi lā（ TanjaKarpela， nǚ， zhōng jiān dǎng）， nóng lín bù cháng yóu hā · kè 'ěr kǎi yà 'ào yà（ JuhaKorkeaoja， zhōng jiān dǎng）， jiāo tōng hé tōng xìn bù cháng sū shān nà · huò wéi níng（ SusannaHuovinen, nǚ）， mào gōng bù cháng máo lǐ · pèi kǎ lǐ níng（ MauriPekkarinen， zhōng jiān dǎng）， shè huì wèi shēng bù cháng tú lā · hā tài níng（ TuulaHaatainen， nǚ， shè mín dǎng）， shè huì fú lì bù cháng lì sà · xī sà lā（ LiisaHyssala， nǚ， zhōng jiān dǎng）， láo dòng bù cháng tǎ lǐ yà · fèi lā tuō fū（ TarjaFilatov， nǚ， shè mín dǎng）， huán jìng bù cháng yáng - āi lǐ kè · āi nèi sī tǎ mǔ（ Jan-ErikEnestam， ruì diǎn zú rén mín dǎng）。
　　
　　【 wǎng zhǐ】
　　 zhèng fǔ wǎng zhǐ： http//www.valtioneuvosto.fi；
　　
　　 yì huì wǎng zhǐ： http://www.eduskunta.fi；
　　
　　 wài jiāo bù wǎng zhǐ： http://formin.finland.fi；
　　
　　【 xíng zhèng qū huá】
　　 fēn lán zuì zǎo yòu 12 gè shěng fèn ( fēn lán yǔ： dān shù lääni， fù shù läänit; ruì diǎn yǔ： län)， 1997 nián chóngxīn huàdìng xíng zhèng qū hòu xiàn yòu shěng fèn jiǎn shǎo dào 6 gè：
　　
　　 ào lán fǔ ( fēn lán yǔ： Ahvenanmaanmaakunta； ruì diǎn yǔ： Åland)
　　 dōng fēn lán shěng ( fēn lán yǔ： Itä-Suomenlääni； ruì diǎn yǔ： ÖstraFinlandslän)
　　 lā pǔ lán shěng ( fēn lán yǔ： Lapinlääni； ruì diǎn yǔ： Lapplandslän)
　　 ào lú shěng ( fēn lán yǔ： Oulunlääni； ruì diǎn yǔ： Uleåborgslän)
　　 nán fēn lán shěng ( fēn lán yǔ： Etelä-Suomenlääni； ruì diǎn yǔ： SödraFinlandslän)
　　 xī fēn lán shěng ( fēn lán yǔ： Länsi-Suomenlääni； ruì diǎn yǔ： VästraFinlandslän)
　　 qí zhōng 'ào lán fǔ (Åland) xiǎng yòu gāo dù zì zhì。
　　
　　【 sī fǎ jī gòu】
　　 zuì gāo sī fǎ jī guān wéi zuì gāo fǎ yuàn hé zuì gāo xíng zhèng fǎ yuàn。 zuì gāo fǎ yuàn yóu yuàn cháng hé 19 míng fǎ guān zǔ chéng， fù zé shěn lǐ mín shì hé xíng shì 'àn jiàn。 zuì gāo xíng zhèng fǎ yuàn yóu yuàn cháng hé 20 míng fǎ guān zǔ chéng， fù zé shěn lǐ zhèng fǔ jī gòu hé shěng、 shì（ xiàn） jī gòu de xíng zhèng 'àn jiàn。 qǐ sù jī guān shì gè jí jiǎn chá yuàn。 lìng shè yòu guó jiā fǎ lǜ jiān chá guān， yòu quán chū xí nèi gé huì yì， jiān dū zǒng tǒng、 nèi gé hé zhèng fǔ gè bù mén de jué dìng shì fǒu fú hé xiàn fǎ guī dìng。 zuì gāo fǎ yuàn hé zuì gāo xíng zhèng fǎ yuàn de yuàn cháng、 fǎ guān yǐ jí zuì gāo jiǎn chá cháng jūn yóu zǒng tǒng rèn mìng。 zuì gāo fǎ yuàn yuàn cháng bǎo lín · gāo sī kē luò（ PauliineKoskelo， nǚ）， 2006 nián 1 yuè jiù rèn； zuì gāo xíng zhèng fǎ yuàn yuàn cháng bèi kǎ · hā 'ěr bèi gé（ PekkaHallberg） ,1993 nián jiù rèn； zuì gāo jiǎn chá cháng mǎ dì · kù xī mài jī（ MattiKuusimaki） ,1997 nián jiù rèn； guó jiā fǎ lǜ jiān chá guān pà wò · ní gǔ lā（ PaavoNikula）， 1998 nián jiù rèn。 yì huì fǎ lǜ jiān chá guān lì tǎ - lāi nà · bào ní 'ōu（ Riitta-LeenaPAUNIO）， 2003 nián jiù rèn。
　　
　　【 zhèng dǎng】
　　 fēn lán shì yī gè duō dǎng zhì guó jiā， zài 2003 nián 3 yuè yì huì xuǎn jǔ zhōng zhù cè de zhèng dǎng yòu 21 gè， zhù yào zhèng dǎng shì zhōng jiān dǎng、 shè mín dǎng hé lián hé dǎng。
　　
　　（ 1） fēn lán zhōng jiān dǎng（ CentrePartyofFinland）： zhí zhèng dǎng， 1906 nián chéng lì。 céng xiān hòu chēng nóng cūn jū mín lián méng、 nóng mín lián méng hé zhōng jiān lì liàng， 1988 nián 6 yuè gǎi wéi xiàn míng。 dǎng yuán yuē 20 wàn rén。 èr cì dà zhàn hòu yī zhí rù gé。 1987 nián 3 yuè yì huì xuǎn jǔ hòu bèi pái chì zài zhèng fǔ zhī wài。 1991 nián 3 yuè yì huì xuǎn jǔ huò shèng， yǐ dì yī dà dǎng zī gé zǔ gé。 1995 nián 3 yuè yì huì xuǎn jǔ shī lì， dàn réng wéi yì huì dì 'èr dà dǎng。 2003 nián yì huì dà xuǎn zài cì huò shèng， chóngxīn yǐ dì yī dà dǎng zī gé zǔ gé。 zhù zhāng wéi hù nóng yè zài guó mín jīng jì zhōng de dì wèi。 duì wài zhù zhāng cái jūn、 huǎn hé。 zhù xí mǎ dì · wàn hā níng（ MattiVanhanen,2003 nián 10 yuè dāng xuǎn）。
　　
　　（ 2） fēn lán shè huì mín zhù dǎng（ TheFinnishSocialDemocraticParty） : zhí zhèng dǎng， 1899 nián chéng lì， yuán míng fēn lán gōng rén dǎng， yì huì dì 'èr dà dǎng， dǎng yuán 5.9 wàn rén。 céng duō cì zhí zhèng， 2003 nián 3 yuè yì huì xuǎn jǔ hòu yǔ zhōng jiān dǎng hé ruì diǎn zú rén mín dǎng zǔ chéng duō dǎng lián hé zhèng fǔ。 chàng dǎo mín zhù、 zì yóu， zhù zhāng xiàng jīng jì mín zhù huà fā zhǎn， shí xíng shì yìng jīng jì fā zhǎn de shè huì biàn gé， jiàn lì mín zhù shè huì zhù yì。 zài guó jì shàng jī jí cóng shì zhēng qǔ wéi hé、 cái jūn huó dòng。 zhù xí pà wò · lì bō níng（ PaavoLipponen,1993 nián 6 yuè shǒu cì dāng xuǎn， zhì 2002 nián liǎng cì lián rèn）。
　　
　　（ 3） ruì diǎn zú rén mín dǎng（ TheSwedishPeople'sParty）： zhí zhèng dǎng， 1906 nián chéng lì。 yóu fēn lán de ruì diǎn zú rén zǔ chéng， dǎng yuán 3 wàn yú rén。 duì nèi wéi hù ruì diǎn zú jū mín de shè huì dì wèi hé quán lì， duì wài zhī chí fēn guān fāng wài jiāo zhèng cè。 2003 nián yì huì dà xuǎn hòu tóng zhōng jiān dǎng hé shè mín dǎng jì xù lián hé zhí zhèng。 zhù xí yáng－ āi lǐ kè · āi nèi sī tǎ mǔ（ Jan-ErikEnestam， 1998 nián dāng xuǎn）。
　　
　　（ 4） mín zú lián hé dǎng（ TheNationalCoalitionParty）： jiǎn chēng lián hé dǎng， zài yě dǎng， 1918 nián chéng lì。 yì huì dì sān dà dǎng， dǎng yuán yuē 7 wàn rén。 zhù yào dài biǎo zī chǎn jiē jí lì yì， zhù zhāng tóng xī fāng bǎo chí jǐn mì de jīng jì、 zhèng zhì guān xì。 1987 nián qǐ lián xù sān jiè zhí zhèng， 2003 nián yì huì dà xuǎn zhōng shī bài， chéng wéi zài yě dǎng。 zhù xí yú 'ěr jī · kǎ tài níng（ JyrkiKatainen， 2004 nián dāng xuǎn）。
　　
　　（ 5） fēn lán zuǒ yì lián méng（ TheFinnishLeftUnion） : jiǎn chēng zuǒ lián。 zài yě dǎng， xiàn yòu dǎng yuán 3.42 wàn rén。 1990 nián 5 yuè yóu fēn lán gòng chǎn dǎng hé rén mín mín zhù lián méng hé bìng zǔ chéng， tí chū jīn hòu dǎng de zhèng zhì huó dòng hé zǔ zhì xíng shì yào shì yìng zī běn zhù yì shè huì de biàn huà， zōng zhǐ bù zài shì duó qǔ zhèng quán hé shí xíng guó yòu huà， ér shì zài zī běn zhù yì zhì dù nèi kuò dà shè huì zhù yì chéng fèn。 1995 nián 3 yuè yì huì xuǎn jǔ hòu rù gé， 2003 nián yì huì dà xuǎn hòu chéng wéi zài yě dǎng。 dǎng zhù xí sū wēi－ ān nī · xī méi sī（ Suvi-AnneSiimes， nǚ）。
　　
　　（ 6） lǜ sè lián méng（ TheGreenLeague）： zài yě dǎng， yóu bù tóng sī xiǎng de xié huì hé dì qū xìng xié huì zǔ chéng， méi yòu gè rén méng yuán。 1983 nián 3 yuè yì huì xuǎn jǔ zhōng shǒu cì huò dé 2 gè yì xí； 5 yuè jǔ hángdì yī cì quán guó xìng huì yì。 1987 nián qiū， jué dìng chéng lì lǜ sè lián méng。 1991 nián 3 yuè yì huì xuǎn jǔ hòu yì xí dà fú dù zēng jiā， dàn yīn néng yuán zhèng cè shàng fēn qí wèi néng rù gé。 1995 nián 3 yuè yì huì xuǎn jǔ hòu rù gé， 2002 nián yīn yì huì tōng guò xīn jiàn hé diàn zhàn jìhuà tuì chū zhèng fǔ， chéng wéi zài yě dǎng。 zhù xí 'ào sī mò · suǒ yī níng wǎ lā（ OsmoSoininvaara， 2001 nián dāng xuǎn）。
　　
　　（ 7） fēn lán jī dū jiào lián méng（ TheFinnishChristianUnion）： zài yě dǎng， 1958 nián chéng lì， méng yuán 1.8 wàn rén， yǐ jī dū jiào jiào yì zuò wéi lián méng de zōng zhǐ。 1960 nián yì huì xuǎn jǔ zhōng shǒu cì huò dé xí wèi。 zhù xí bài yǐ wéi · lāi sài níng (PaiviRasanen, nǚ）。
　　
　　（ 8） zhèng tǒng fēn lán rén dǎng（ TheTrueFinns）： yuán míng nóng cūn dǎng， zài yě dǎng， 1959 nián cóng fēn lán zhōng jiān lì liàng fēn liè chū lái。 dǎng yuán 2 wàn rén。 zhù zhāng wéi hù xiǎo nóng、 chéng shì pín mín hé zhōng xiǎo qǐ yè lì yì。 céng zì chēng shì guān fāng zhèng cè de jiān dìng fǎn duì pài， hòu lái duì zhèng cè jìn xíng liǎo tiáozhěng。 1983 nián yì huì xuǎn jǔ hòu shǒu cì cān jiā zhèng fǔ。 1990 nián 8 yuè， yīn tí chū guó mín yǎng lǎo jīn de yù suàn tí yì wèi bèi cǎi nà， tuì chū zhèng fǔ。 1991 nián yì huì xuǎn jǔ hòu zài yě。 zhù xí dì mò · suǒ yǐ ní（ TimoSoini， 1997 nián dāng xuǎn）。
　　
　　（ 9） fēn lán gòng chǎn dǎng (TheFinnishCommunistParty): zài yě dǎng， yú 1986 nián 4 yuè yóu yuán fēn gòng zhōng fēn liè chū lái de“ shǎo shù pài” zǔ chéng。 1990 nián fēn gòng tíng zhǐ huó dòng bìng rù“ zuǒ lián” hòu， gāi dǎng yǐ fēn gòng（ tuán jié pài） de míng yì jì xù kāi zhǎn huó dòng， xuān chēng yào jì chéng fēn lán gòng chǎn dǎng de chuán tǒng。 dǎng yuán yuē 4000 rén。 1994 nián 11 yuè gāi dǎng jǔ xíng dǎng dài huì， jué dìng gǎi chēng gòng chǎn dǎng。 yú 'ěr yuē . hā kǎ níng（ YrjoHakkanen） dāng xuǎn dǎng zhù xí zhì jīn。
　　
　　【 zhòng yào rén wù】
　　 zǒng tǒng： tǎ lǐ yà · hā luò níng， nǚ， 1943 nián shēng。 fǎ xué shuò shì， shè mín dǎng rén， yì yuán。 1970 nián qǐ rèn fēn gōng huì zhōng yāng lián méng fǎ lǜ shì wù gù wèn， 1974 zhì 75 nián rèn zǒng lǐ mì shū， 1977 zhì 96 nián rèn hè 'ěr xīn jī shì yì huì yì yuán。 1979 nián dāng xuǎn guó huì yì yuán， céng rèn yì huì shè huì shì wù wěi yuán huì zhù xí hé dà wěi yuán huì zhù xí。 1987 zhì 90 nián rèn shè huì wèi shēng bù cháng， 1990 zhì 91 nián rèn sī fǎ bù cháng。 1995 nián 4 yuè chū rèn wài cháng， 2000 nián dāng xuǎn wéi fēn lán lì shǐ shàng dì yī wèi nǚ zǒng tǒng， 2006 nián 1 yuè huò xuǎn lián rèn。 70 nián dài céng lái huá lǚ yóu。 1995 nián 9 yuè shuài tuán cān jiā běi jīng shì fù huì， 1996 nián 4 yuè péi tóng fēn zǒng tǒng fǎng huá。 1997 nián chū xí xiāng gǎng huí guī yí shì。 1998 nián 9 yuè yǐ wài cháng shēn fèn fǎng huá。 2002 nián 11 yuè yìng yāo duì huá jìn xíng guó shì fǎng wèn。 yǐ hūn， zhàng fū péng dì · ā lā yé 'ěr wéi（ PenttiArajarvi）。 shēng yòu yī nǚ。
　　
　　 zǒng lǐ： mǎ dì · wàn hā níng， 1955 nián shēng。 zhèng zhì xué shuò shì， zhōng jiān dǎng rén。 1980-83 nián rèn zhōng jiān dǎng qīng nián lián méng zhù xí， 1981-84 nián rèn 'āi sī bǎo shì yì huì yì yuán。 1981-2003 nián rèn qīng nián jī jīn huì fù zhù xí、 zhù xí。 1985-91 nián rèn KEHASANOMAT bào shè biān ji、 zǒng biān。 1991 nián dāng xuǎn guó huì yì yuán。 1991-95 nián rèn yì huì huán jìng wěi yuán huì fù zhù xí， 2000-01 nián rèn yì huì dà wěi yuán huì zhù xí。 1994-2001 nián rèn zhōng jiān dǎng yì huì dǎng tuán fù zhù xí， 2000 nián qǐ dān rèn zhōng jiān dǎng fù zhù xí。 2002 nián -2003 nián 4 yuè rèn 'ōu méng zhì xiàn chóu bèi huì yì de fēn lán dài biǎo。 2003 nián 4 yuè chū rèn guó fáng bù cháng， 6 yuè 24 rì jiē tì yīn xiè mì shì jiàn 'ér cí zhí de yé téng mài jī chū rèn zǒng lǐ。 2005 nián 9 yuè fēi zhèng shì fǎng huá， fù shàng hǎi、 jiāng sū、 guǎng dōng děng dì fǎng wèn。 yǐ hūn， yòu liǎng gè zǐ nǚ。
　　
　　 yì cháng： pà wò · lì bō níng， 1941 nián chū shēng yú lín chǎng zhù jiā tíng， zhèng zhì xué shuò shì， shè mín dǎng zhù xí。 60 nián dài céng rèn hè 'ěr xīn jī dà xué xué bào hé fēn guǎng bō gōng sī jì zhě。 hòu zài shè mín dǎng zǒng bù dān rèn zhèng cè yán jiū jí guó jì shì wù shū jì、 jìhuà bù zhù rèn， 1979-1982 nián rèn zǒng lǐ mì shū， 1983 nián rèn láo gōng bù zhèng zhì mì shū， 1989-1991 nián rèn fēn wài jiāo zhèng cè yán jiū suǒ suǒ cháng。 1964 nián jiā rù shè mín dǎng， bìng xiān hòu rèn qū wěi zhù xí、 zhōng yāng wěi yuán děng zhí， 1983-1987 nián、 1991 nián zhì jīn rèn yì huì yì yuán， 1993 nián dāng xuǎn shè mín dǎng zhù xí。 1995 nián 4 yuè qǐ rèn zǒng lǐ , lián rèn liǎng jiè。 2003 nián 4 yuè dāng xuǎn yì cháng。 shú xī guó jì wèn tí， céng duō cì zài qí tā běi 'ōu guó jiā、 xī 'ōu guó jiā、 qián sū lián hé měi guó zuò bào gào huò jiǎng xué， bìng zài ruì diǎn、 yīng、 dé guó bào kān shàng zhuàn wén。 1998 nián zhèng shì fǎng huá。 fū rén bài yǐ wéi · lì bō níng (PaiviLipponen)， zhé xué shuò shì。
　　
　　
　　【 jīng jì】
　　80 nián dài， fēn lán jīng jì yǐ nián píng jūn zēngzhǎng 3.7% de sù dù chí xù fā zhǎn。 90 nián dài chū， jīng jì chū xiàn yán zhòng shuāi tuì。 1993 nián kāi shǐ fù sū， 1994 nián yǐ lái jīng jì zǒng tǐ shàng fā zhǎn liáng hǎo。 fēn zhèng fǔ 90 nián dài chū wán chéng jīng jì jié gòu tiáozhěng， zēng dà zhī shí xíng jīng jì zài guó mín jīng jì zhōng suǒ zhàn bǐ zhòng， zhòng shì kē jì tóu rù， fā zhǎn gāo xīn jì shù hé xìn xī jì shù， zài hóng guān shàng jì xù zhí xíng jǐn suō cái zhèng、 gǔ lì tóu zī、 xuē jiǎn shè huì fú lì、 jiàng dī suǒ dé shuì、 jiā kuài guó yòu qǐ yè sī yòu huà jìn chéng、 gǎi shàn jiù yè de zhèng cè， shǐ jīng jì bǎo chí wěn dìng zēngzhǎng。 shàng shì jì 90 nián dài zhōng hòu qī jīng jì zēngzhǎng bǎo chí zài 5％ zuǒ yòu。 1999 nián jiā rù 'ōu yuán， 2002 nián 1 yuè 'ōu yuán zhèng shì liú tōng， qǔ dài fēn lán mǎ kè。 2004 nián guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí wéi 1497 yì 'ōu yuán， bǐ shàng nián zēngzhǎng 3.7%， rén jūn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí 2.86 wàn 'ōu yuán。 2003、 2004、 2005 lián xù 3 nián bèi shì jiè jīng jì lùn tán píng wéi nián dù“ shì jiè zuì jù jìng zhēng lì de guó jiā”。
　　
　　 gōng yè yǐ mù cái（ cǎi fá、 jiā gōng） hé zào zhǐ wéi zhù， cì wéi liàn yóu、 jī xiè、 zào chuán、 gāng tiě、 yòu sè yě jīn、 fǎng zhì děng。 rǔ yòng xùmù yè fā dá。 gēng dì zhǐ zhàn zǒng miàn jī de 9％， dà bù zhòngzhí sì liào zuò wù， yú zhǒng xiǎo mài、 dà mài、 mǎ líng shǔ、 tián cài děng。 chū kǒu shōu rù de 40-50％ wéi mù cái、 mù cái zhì pǐn、 zhǐ zhāng hé zhǐ jiāng， yú wéi jīn shǔ zhì pǐn hé xùchǎn pǐn（ ròu、 rǔ pǐn） děng。 jìn kǒu yǐ jī qì、 méi、 shí yóu、 jīn shǔ、 yùn shū shè bèi、 mián huā hé yān cǎo wéi zhù。 duì wài jiāo tōng zhòng hǎi yùn； nèi lù hú qū jiāo tōng zhòng yào， yòu yùn hé lián xì xǔ duō húpō， háng chéng dá 6， 600 duō gōng lǐ。 lǚ yóu yè fā dá。
　　
　　2004 nián zhù yào jīng jì zhǐ biāo rú xià：
　　
　　 guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí :1497 yì 'ōu yuán。
　　
　　 rén jūn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí： 2.86 wàn 'ōu yuán。
　　
　　 guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí zēngchánglǜ： 3.7%。
　　
　　 huò bì míng chēng： ōu yuán（ Euro）
　　
　　 huì shuài： 1 měi yuán ＝ 0.8840 ōu yuán（ 2003 nián）
　　
　　 tōng huò péng zhàng shuài :0.9%
　　
　　 shī yè shuài： 9.0%
　　
　　【 zī yuán】
　　
　　 sēn lín fù gài shuài gāo dá 66.7%， yuē 2024.7 wàn gōng qǐng， rén jūn zhàn yòu liàng 3.89 gōng qǐng， mù cái chǔ jī liàng 20.48 yì lì fāng mǐ。 kuàng chǎn zī yuán zhōng tóng jiào duō， hái yòu shǎo liàng de tiě、 niè、 fán、 gǔ děng。 ní tàn zī yuán fēng fù， yǐ tàn míng chǔ liàng yuē 700 yì lì fāng mǐ， xiāng dāng yú 40 yì dūn shí yóu。 yòu liǎng zuò hé diàn zhàn（ sì gè hé fǎn yìng duī）。
　　
　　【 gōng yè】
　　
　　2003 nián gōng yè chǎn zhí 400.12 yì 'ōu yuán , yuē zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng chǎn zhí 31.1%。 gōng yè cóng yè rén kǒu wéi 64.2 wàn rén， yuē zhàn zǒng láo lì de 34.2%。 gōng yè 90 nián dài dé dào kuài sù fā zhǎn， yǐ cóng láo dòng、 zī jīn mì jí xíng zhuǎn biàn wéi jì shù mì jí xíng。 jiàn lì zài sēn lín jī chǔ shàng de mù cái jiā gōng、 zào zhǐ hé lín yè jī xiè zhì zào yè wéi jīng jì zhī zhù， bìng jù yòu shì jiè lǐng xiān shuǐ píng， zhěng gè sēn lín gōng yè chǎn liàng zhàn shì jiè zǒng chǎn liàng de 5%， shì shì jiè dì 'èr dà zhǐ zhāng、 zhǐ bǎn chū kǒu guó（ zhàn shì jiè chū kǒu liàng de 25%） jí shì jiè dì sì dà zhǐ jiāng chū kǒu guó。 jìn nián lái， huà gōng、 diàn zǐ gōng yè xùn sù fā zhǎn， 2003 nián zhù yào gōng yè chǎn pǐn chǎn liàng rú xià：
　　
　　200120022003
　　
　　 yuán cái（ bǎi wàn lì fāng mǐ） 53.354.255
　　
　　 zhǐ jiāng（ bǎi wàn lì fāng mǐ） 27.627.8
　　
　　（ zī liào lái yuán :2004 nián fēn lán tǒng jì nián jiàn）
　　
　　【 xìn xī yè】
　　
　　 xìn xī chǎn yè fā dá， jí dà dì cù jìn liǎo běn guó jīng jì de fā zhǎn。 2003 nián de chǎn zhí wéi 33.92 yì 'ōu yuán， zhàn GDP de 2.8%。 fēn lán shì yīn tè wǎng jiē rù bǐ lì hé rén jūn shǒu jī chí yòu liàng zuì gāo de guó jiā zhī yī， 2003 nián měi 1000 rén yōng yòu 219 gè jiē rù zhōng duān， shǒu jī pǔ jí shuài wéi 91%。
　　
　　【 nóng lín yè】
　　 lín yè fā dá， nóng chù chǎn pǐn zìjǐ yòu yú。 2003 nián nóng lín yè chǎn zhí wéi 43.67 yì 'ōu yuán， zhàn dāng nián guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí 3%。 nóng lín mìqiè jié hé， jīhū suǒ yòu de nóng hù dū jīng yíng yī dìng shù liàng de lín dì。 2002 nián gēng dì yuē 221.55 wàn gōng qǐng， cóng shì nóng lín yè de láo dòng lì wéi 11.3 wàn， yuē zhàn zǒng láo lì de 5.1%。 zhù yào nóng chù chǎn pǐn chǎn liàng rú xià（ dān wèi： wàn dūn）：
　　
　　200120022003
　　
　　 xiǎo mài 48.956.967.9
　　
　　 dà mài 178.7173.9169.7
　　
　　 yàn mài 128.7150.8129.5
　　
　　 hēi mài 6.47.37.3
　　
　　 niú nǎi（ yì gōng shēng） 23.823.823.2
　　
　　 huáng yóu 6.16.15.8
　　
　　 ròu lèi 34.035.937.4
　　
　　 jī dàn 5.75.55.6
　　
　　（ zī liào lái yuán： 2004 nián fēn lán tǒng jì nián jiàn）
　　
　　【 fú wù yè】
　　
　　 fú wù yè fā dá， 80 nián dài yǐ lái gèng wéi wán shàn。 jī běn fēn wéi sī rén fú wù yè hé gōng gòng guǎn lǐ fú wù yè liǎng dà lèi。 zhù yào bāo kuò shāng yè、 mào yì、 lǚ guǎn、 fàn diàn、 yínháng、 bǎo xiǎn、 shè huì xìng fú wù yè hé gōng gòng fú wù yè。 2003 nián fú wù yè chǎn zhí wéi 780.8 yì 'ōu yuán， zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 54.4%， cóng yè rén kǒu wéi 69.5 wàn， zhàn zǒng láo lì de 31.2%。
　　
　　【 lǚ yóu yè】
　　
　　2003 nián wài guó lái fēn lǚ yóu zhě gòng 433 wàn rén cì， lǚ yóu shōu rù 16.55 yì 'ōu yuán， zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 1.15%。 yóu kè zhù yào lái zì ruì diǎn、 é luó sī、 dé guó、 yīng guó、 měi guó děng。 zhù yào lǚ yóu diǎn shì hè 'ěr xīn jī、 tú 'ěr kù、 dōng bù hú qū、 běi bù lā bì dì qū hé 'ào lán dǎo。
　　 lǚ yóu xiàng mù：
　　 cǎi zhāi
　　 dào yě wài cǎi zhāi yě jiāng guǒ hé yě mó gū， shì lǐng lüè fēn lán qīng chún dà zì rán de tú jìng zhī yī。 zài qí tā guó jiā， nǐ kě néng xū yào jiǎo fèi， bìng qiě yòu dì qū xiàn zhì， dàn zài fēn lán guó jiā fǎ guī Everyman'sRights de bǎo zhàng xià， kě yǐ suí yì cǎi zhāi。
　　 zài fēn lán， yòu 67％ de rén huì yǐ cǐ zuò wéi xià jì de huó dòng xiàng mù。
　　
　　 tiān wén jǐng guān
　　 jí yè yǔ jí zhòu
　　 yóu yú fēn lán de lā pǔ lán shěng de dà bù fēn wèi yú běi jí juàn nèi， suǒ yǐ kě yǐ kàn dào jí yè yǔ jí zhòu， zài jí zhòu zhōng， wǔ yè de tiān kōng yě bù huì huī 'àn， jí shǐ zài nán bù hǎi 'àn， yě yòu 19－ 20 gè xiǎo shí de rì zhào。
　　
　　 běi jí guāng
　　 zài hán lěng、 gān zào de yè wǎn， wěi dù yuè dà， yuè yòu duō de jī huì kàn dào běi jí guāng， běi bù de wū cí yuē jī， měi nián guān shǎng běi jí guāng de rì qī wéi 11 yuè 25 rì dào 1 yuè 17 rì
　　
　　【 jiāo tōng yùn shū】
　　 jiāo tōng yùn shū yè fā dá， yǐ tiě lù hé gōng lù wéi zhù。 2003 nián jiāo tōng yùn shū qíng kuàng：
　　
　　 tiě lù： zǒng cháng 5851 gōng lǐ， 41% wéi diàn qì huà， kè yùn liàng 33 yì rén gōng lǐ， huò yùn liàng 100 yì dūn gōng lǐ。
　　
　　 gōng lù : zǒng cháng 78197 gōng lǐ , qí zhōng 653 gōng lǐ gāo sù gōng lù。 gè zhǒng jī dòng chē 263 wàn liàng， qí zhōng xiǎo qì chē yuē 227.5 wàn liàng、 gōng gòng qì chē 1.04 wàn liàng、 huò chē 35.94 wàn liàng， kè yùn liàng 77 yì rén gōng lǐ， huò yùn liàng 269 yì dūn gōng lǐ。
　　
　　 shuǐ yùn： shāng chuán 630 sōu， zǒng dūn wèi 148.4 wàn dūn； nèi hé háng xiàn cháng 9149 gōng lǐ , kè yùn liàng 0.1 yì rén gōng lǐ , huò yùn liàng 4 yì dūn gōng lǐ； yán hǎi háng xiàn cháng 9534 gōng lǐ， kè yùn liàng 1.37 yì rén gōng lǐ， huò yùn liàng 25 yì dūn gōng lǐ； shuǐ yùn gǎng kǒu jìn 30 gè， zǒng tūn tù liàng 31 yì dūn。 zhòng yào gǎng kǒu yòu hè 'ěr xīn jī、 tú 'ěr kù、 kē tè kǎ hé bō lǐ。
　　
　　 kōng yùn： yòu 157 gè jī chǎng， 4 jiā háng kōng gōng sī， 697 jià mín yòng fēi jī， guó jì háng xiàn 35 tiáo； kè yùn liàng 11 yì rén gōng lǐ； huò yùn liàng 200 wàn dūn gōng lǐ ; guó jì jī chǎng yòu hè 'ěr xīn jī、 tú 'ěr kù hé tǎn pèi léi děng。
　　
　　 guǎn dào： tiān rán qì guǎn dào 580 gōng lǐ。
　　
　　【 cái zhèng jīn róng】
　　 guó jiā cái zhèng shōu zhī qíng kuàng（ dān wèi : yì 'ōu yuán） :
　　
　　200120022003
　　
　　 shōu rù ( bù bāo kuò jiè zhài )354.26363.53364.13
　　
　　 zhī chū 360.72355.11368.97
　　
　　 chā 'é -6.46+8.42-4.84
　　
　　（ zī liào lái yuán :2004 nián fēn lán tǒng jì nián jiàn）
　　
　　2003 nián wài huì chǔ bèi 80.45 yì 'ōu yuán， qí zhōng huáng jīn chǔ bèi 5.15 yì 'ōu yuán； guó jì shōu zhī jīng cháng xiàng mù shùn chā 105.99 yì 'ōu yuán， jìng wài zhài lěi jì 633.2 yì 'ōu yuán， zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 44.2%。
　　
　　【 duì wài mào yì】
　　2003 nián chū kǒu 'é wéi 463.78 yì 'ōu yuán， zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí 57%， yòu mào yì guān xì de guó jiā yuē 50 gè。 jìn jǐ nián duì wài mào yì qíng kuàng rú xià（ dān wèi : yì 'ōu yuán） :
　　
　　200120022003
　　
　　 chū kǒu 478472.45463.78
　　
　　 jìn kǒu 358.91356.11367.75
　　
　　 chā 'é 119.1116.3496.03
　　
　　（ zī liào lái yuán： 2004 nián fēn lán tǒng jì nián jiàn）
　　
　　 fēn chū kǒu shāng pǐn zhù yào yòu jī xiè shè bèi、 huà gōng chǎn pǐn、 jīn shǔ、 zhǐ zhāng zhǐ bǎn děng； jìn kǒu shāng pǐn zhù yào yòu shí pǐn、 shí yóu jí shí yóu chǎn pǐn、 gāng tiě、 fǎng zhì pǐn、 sì liào děng。 zhù yào mào yì duì xiàng wéi 'ōu méng guó jiā。 2003 nián duì 'ōu méng guó jiā de jìn chū kǒu fēn bié zhàn jìn chū kǒu zǒng 'é de 55% hé 53%， duì qí tā 'ōu zhōu guó jiā de jìn chū kǒu fēn bié zhàn 13% hé 9%， duì běi měi dì qū jìn chū kǒu zhàn 5% hé 9.2%， duì jīng hé zǔ zhì chéng yuán jìn chū kǒu zhàn 73% hé 74%， duì fā zhǎn zhōng guó jiā jìn chū kǒu zhàn 12% hé 14%。 2003 nián， fēn zhù yào mào yì huǒ bàn yǐ cì wéi dé、 ruì diǎn、 é、 yīng、 měi。
　　
　　【 duì wài tóu zī】
　　 fēn zhí jiē tóu zī guó zhù yào wéi ruì diǎn jí qí tā 'ōu méng guó jiā， wài guó duì fēn zhí jiē tóu zī zhù yào lái zì ruì diǎn、 hé lán hé měi guó děng guó jiā。 2003 nián fēn duì wài zhí jiē tóu zī 543.96 yì 'ōu yuán , wài guó duì fēn tóu zī 'é 367.38 yì 'ōu yuán。
　　
　　【 duì wài yuán zhù】
　　90 nián dài chū fēn jīng jì shuāi tuì， zhèng fǔ bèi pò dà fú xuē jiǎn wài yuán kuǎn xiàng， 1994 nián hòu yòu suǒ zēng jiā。 duì wài yuán zhù qíng kuàng rú xià（ dān wèi : yì 'ōu yuán） :
　　
　　200120022003
　　
　　 zǒng 'é 4.354.94.94
　　
　　 zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí bǎi fēn bǐ 0.32%0.35%0.35%
　　
　　（ zī liào lái yuán： 2004 nián fēn lán tǒng jì nián jiàn）
　　
　　 zhù yào shòu yuán guó wéi： tǎn sāng ní yà、 zàn bǐ yà、 mò sāng bǐ kè、 kěn ní yà、 yuè nán、 āi jí、 ní jiā lā guā、 zhōng guó、 āi sài 'é bǐ yà hé ní bó 'ěr。
　　
　　【 zhù míng gōng sī】
　　
　　 fēn 'ōu huì chuān jí tuán（ UPM－ Kymmene） shì shì jiè dì sān dà zhǐ hé zhǐ zhì pǐn shēng chǎn shāng， jù yòu bǎi nián lì shǐ， zài fēn yōng yòu 93 wàn gōng qǐng sēn lín， nián píng jūn xiāo fèi lín cái 24 wàn lì fāng mǐ。 zhù yào shēng chǎn zhǐ zhāng zhǐ jiāng、 zhǐ bǎn hé bāo zhuāng báomó。 2003 nián yòu gù yuán 3.3 wàn rén， jìng xiāo shòu 'é 99 yì 'ōu yuán， yíng lì 10.6 yì 'ōu yuán。 1999 nián zài jiāng sū tóu zī 6 yì měi yuán jiàn lì fēn 'ōu huì chuān（ cháng shú） zhǐ chǎng， nián chǎn 35 wàn dūn yōu zhì wén huà yòng zhǐ。 2003 nián zài huá yíng yè 'é wéi 5 yì měi yuán。 2005 nián 9 yuè， fēn 'ōu huì chuān zài jiāng sū cháng shú de tóu zī xīng jiàn de dì 'èr tiáo zào zhǐ shēng chǎn xiàn zhèng shì tóu chǎn， fēn zǒng lǐ wàn hā níng chū xí qìng zhù huó dòng。
　　
　　 nuò jī yà jí tuán（ Nokia） gōng sī chéng lì yú 1865 nián， zǎo qī cóng shì zào zhǐ、 huà gōng、 xiàng jiāo hángyè， 60 nián dài kāi shǐ jìn rù diàn xìn shì chǎng， jìn shí nián dé dào kuài sù fā zhǎn。 zhù yào shēng chǎn yí dòng hé gù dìng diàn xìn wǎng luò shè bèi jí yí dòng diàn huà， zài 9 gè guó jiā shè yòu 17 gè gōng chǎng， zài 14 gè guó jiā shè yòu yán fā zhōng xīn， xiàn yǐ chéng wéi shì jiè zuì dà yí dòng diàn huà shēng chǎn shāng， quán qiú lǐng xiān de shù zì yí dòng hé gù dìng wǎng luò gōng yìng shāng。 2003 nián yòu gù yuán 5.14 wàn rén， xiāo shòu 'é 294.55 yì 'ōu yuán， yíng lì 53.45 yì 'ōu yuán。 zhōng guó yǐ chéng wéi nuò jī yà quán qiú dì 'èr dà shì chǎng， qí lěi jì zài huá tóu zī chāo guò 23 yì 'ōu yuán。 2001 nián zài huá xiāo shòu shōu rù 34 yì 'ōu yuán , chū kǒu 25 yì 'ōu yuán。 2000 nián 5 yuè， nuò jī yà xīng wǎng（ guó jì） gōng yè yuán zài běi jīng luò chéng。
　　
　　 sī tuō lā－ ēn suǒ zhǐ yè jí tuán（ StoraEnso） yóu ruì diǎn sī tuō lā zhǐ yè gōng sī hé fēn lán 'ēn suǒ zhǐ yè gōng sī yú 1998 nián hé bìng zǔ jiàn 'ér chéng。 wéi shì jiè zuì dà de lín yè shēng chǎn jí tuán zhī yī， zhù yào shēng chǎn zá zhì yòng zhǐ、 xīn wén zhǐ、 bāo zhuāng yòng zhǐ hé bàn gōng yòng zhǐ děng。 2004 nián yòu gù yuán 4.5 wàn， xiāo shòu 'é 124 yì 'ōu yuán。 1998 nián zài sū zhōu jiàn lì nián chǎn 12 wàn dūn jiāo bǎn zhǐ de gōng chǎng。
　　
　　 fù téng gōng chéng yòu xiàn gōng sī（ Fortum） ōu zhōu zhù yào néng yuán gōng sī zhī yī， yóu nài sī tè（ NESTE） gōng chéng gōng sī、 IVO yòu xiàn gōng sī děng zǔ chéng。 jīng yíng fàn wéi bāo kuò shí yóu hé tiān rán qì， diàn lì hé rè néng， gōng chéng jiàn zào、 yùn yíng hé wéi hù， yè wù jīhū shè jí suǒ yòu néng yuán lǐng yù。 2004 nián gōng sī yòu gù yuán 1.3 wàn rén， xiāo shòu 'é 117 yì 'ōu yuán， yíng lì 19 yì 'ōu yuán。 fù téng zài zhōng guó shì chǎng kāi zhǎn yè wù yǐ yòu 20 nián lì shǐ， zhù yào zài shí yóu、 tiān rán qì、 tài yáng néng、 qū yù gōng rè、 rè diàn hùn hé chǎn pǐn hé huán bǎo jì shù děng lǐng yù tí gōng fú wù hé xì tǒng shè bèi。
　　
　　 kǎi sī kē（ Kesko） 1940 nián yóu sì jiā líng shòu shāng hé bìng zǔ jiàn 'ér chéng， 90 nián dài kāi shǐ shí xíng lián suǒ jīng yíng， bìng huò dé kuài sù fā zhǎn。 gōng sī zhù yào cóng shì shí pǐn、 jiā jū yòng pǐn děng pī fā líng shòu， jiàn zhù zhuāng xiū jí nóng yè chǎn pǐn de liú tōng hé xiāo shòu。 2003 nián yòu gù yuán 1.5 wàn rén， xiāo shòu 'é 70.7 yì 'ōu yuán， yíng lì 1.62 yì 'ōu yuán。
　　
　　
　　【 rén mín shēng huó】
　　2003 nián， láo dòng lì rén jūn shōu rù wéi 2.75 wàn 'ōu yuán。 2002 nián， shè huì bǎo zhàng hé yī liáo bǎo xiǎn kāi zhī zhàn dāng nián GDP de 26.4%。 2003 nián， quán guó yōng yòu yī shēng 16633 rén， bìng chuáng 37656 zhāng， měi qiān rén yōng yòu 3.2 míng yī shēng， 7.2 zhāng bìng chuáng； měi qiān rén yōng yòu xiǎo qì chē 436 liàng、 diàn huà 492 bù、 yí dòng diàn huà 909 bù； rén jūn zhù fáng miàn jī 36.3 píng fāng mǐ。
　　
　　【 jūn shì】 zǒng tǒng wéi jūn duì zuì gāo tǒng shuài。 guó fáng wěi yuán huì shì zuì gāo zī xún jī gòu。 zǒng lǐ fù zé lǐng dǎo mín zhèng fāng miàn de guó fáng huó dòng。 guó fáng jūn zǒng sī lìng fù zé jūn shì fāng miàn de guó fáng huó dòng。 guó fáng jūn zǒng sī lìng hǎi jūn shàngjiàng yóu hā ní · kǎ sī kǎi yà lā（ JuhaniKaskeala） 2001 nián 6 yuè 4 rì jiù rèn。 shí xíng pǔ biàn yì wù bīng yì zhì， fú yì qī 6-12 gè yuè。
　　
　　 cháng bèi wǔ zhuāng lì liàng 4.15 wàn rén， qí zhōng lù jūn 2.73 wàn rén； hǎi jūn 3000 rén , jiàn tǐng zǒng dūn wèi 1.3 wàn dūn； kōng jūn 4500 rén， zhù zhàn fēi jī wéi F－ 18C。
　　
　　2003 nián guó fáng yù suàn wéi 20.06 yì 'ōu yuán， zhàn zhèng fǔ yù suàn de 5.4%。
　　
　　【 jiào yù】 jiào yù shì yè fā dá。 1921 nián qǐ shí xíng yì wù jiào yù。 1980 nián qǐ zài quán guó shí xíng 9 nián yī guàn zhì yì wù、 miǎn fèi jiào yù。 2003 nián quán guó yòu gè lèi xué xiào 5103 suǒ， zài xiào xué shēng chāo guò 190.1 wàn rén。
　　
　　2003 nián jiào yù yù suàn wéi 57.86 yì 'ōu yuán， zhàn zhèng fǔ yù suàn de 15.7%。 zhù míng gāo děng xué xiào yòu hè 'ěr xīn jī dà xué、 hè 'ěr xīn jī jì shù dà xué、 tǎn pèi léi dà xué děng。 2002 nián gè jí xué xiào shù、 xué shēng jí jiào shī rén shù：
　　
　　 xué xiào（ suǒ） xué shēng（ rén） jiào shī（ rén）
　　
　　 jī chǔ xué xiào 387360660043783
　　
　　 pǔ tōng gāo zhōng 4411318007480
　　
　　 zhí yè xué xiào 30019750013854
　　
　　 zhuān kē xué yuàn 301350005844
　　
　　 zōng hé xìng dà xué 201660007728
　　
　　2003 nián， fēn quán guó yòu gè lèi tú shū guǎn 968 jiā， gōng mín rén jūn nián jiè shū 20.9 běn。
　　
　　【 xīn wén chū bǎn】 2003 nián， quán guó gòng yòu bào zhǐ 205 zhǒng， qí zhōng měi zhōu fā xíng 4-7 qī de rì bào 53 zhǒng； gè zhǒng zá zhì、 qī kān 5042 zhǒng。 zhù yào bào kān、 chuàng kān nián jí fā xíng liàng：《 hè 'ěr xīn jī xīn wén》， 1904 nián， 43.96 wàn fèn；《 wǎn jiān xīn wén》， 19.87 wàn fèn；《 chén bào》， 1882 nián， 13.63 wàn fèn；《 wǎn bào》， 12.13 wàn fèn；《 tú 'ěr kù xīn wén》， 11.15 wàn fèn；《 shǒu dū rì bào》， 1864 nián， 5 wàn fèn。 yòu 5 jiā tōng xùn shè， qí zhōng zuì dà de shì fēn lán tōng xùn shè， jiǎn chēng fēn tōng shè， 1915 nián chéng lì， shǔ bàn guān fāng xìng zhì， tóng shì jiè zhù yào tōng xùn shè jūn yòu yè wù lián xì。 wài guó zài fēn de tōng xùn fēn shè yòu 15 jiā。
　　
　　 fēn lán guǎng bō gōng sī（ FinnishBroadcastingCompany,YLE）： 1926 nián chéng lì， 1934 nián gǎi wéi guó yíng。 duì wài yòng fēn lán yǔ、 ruì diǎn yǔ、 yīng yǔ、 dé yǔ hé fǎ yǔ guǎng bō。 1958 nián zhèng shì kāi bō diàn shì， xiàn yòu diàn shì 1 tái、 diàn shì 2 tái、 diàn shì 3 tái。 cǐ wài hái yòu sī yíng guǎng gào diàn shì tái。 70 nián dài kāi shǐ yòu yòu xiàn diàn shì（ hè 'ěr xīn jī yòu xiàn diàn shì tái）。
　　
　　【 duì wài guān xì】
　　 zhàn hòu cháng qī fèng xíng tóng sū lián bǎo chí mù lín yǒu hǎo guān xì、 bù jiè rù dà guó chōng tū、 tóng gè guó fā zhǎn yǒu hǎo guān xì de“ jī jí de hé píng zhōng lì zhèng cè”。 lěng zhàn jié shù、 sū lián jiě tǐ hòu， fēn lán duì qí wài jiāo zhèng cè jìn xíng liǎo zhòng dà tiáozhěng， jiāng fā zhǎn tóng 'ōu méng de guān xì zuò wéi wài jiāo zhòng diǎn。 1995 nián 1 yuè 1 rì qǐ chéng wéi 'ōu méng zhèng shì chéng yuán。 fēn réng jiān chí fèng xíng jūn shì bù jié méng hé dú lì kě kào de fáng wù zhèng cè， mìqiè yǔ běi yuē de hé zuò， tóng shí jì xù yǔ 'é luó sī bǎo chí mù lín guān xì， zhī chí 'é róng rù guó jì shè huì。 fēn yǐ zhèng shì chéng rèn 183 gè guó jiā， yǔ 165 gè guó jiā yòu wài jiāo guān xì（ jié zhì 2004 nián）。
　　
　　【 duì dāng qián zhòng dà guó jì wèn tí de tài dù】
　　
　　 guān yú shì jiè xíng shì： rèn wéi guó jì xíng shì zǒng tǐ qū xiàng huǎn hé， dàn“ 9·11” shì jiàn hòu， shì jiè 'ān quán xíng shì fā shēng liǎo shēn kè biàn huà， mín zú máo dùn、 dì qū chōng tū、 kǒng bù zhù yì、 dà guī mó shā shāng xìng wǔ qì kuò sàn jí huán jìng wū rǎn děng wèn tí gòu chéng xīn de quán qiú 'ān quán wēi xié。 zhù zhāng tōng guōguó jì hé zuò hé fā huī lián hé guó de hé xīn zuò yòng yìng duì shàng shù tiǎo zhàn。
　　
　　 guān yú quán qiú huà jìn chéng： rèn wéi quán qiú huà jì yòu jī jí yě yòu xiāo jí yī miàn。 quán qiú huà dài lái de xīn kē jì yóu qí shì xìn xī jì shù de yìng yòng zēng jiā liǎo gè guó jiān de yǐ lài dù， bìng zài mǒu zhǒng chéng dù shàng tí gāo liǎo mín zhù hé rén quán de zhòng yào xìng。 dàn quán qiú huà tóng shí zào chéng liǎo pín fù chā jù lā dà hé dì qū xìng fā zhǎn bù píng héng děng wèn tí。 tóng tǎn sāng ní yà děng guó gòng tóng tí chū“ hè 'ěr xīn jī jìn chéng”， mù de shì jiàn lì yī gè tǎo lùn quán qiú huà wèn tí de lùn tán， tōng guò duì huà yǔ hé zuò jiù zhèng què yǐn dǎo hé guǎn lǐ quán qiú huà tí chū jù tǐ jiàn yì。
　　
　　 guān yú 'ōu zhōu xíng shì： rèn wéi 'ōu zhōu mù qián bù cún zài dà zhàn wēi xiǎn， dàn fēi chuán tǒng 'ān quán yīn sù duì 'ōu zhōu 'ān quán de yǐng xiǎng rì yì shēn yuǎn。 rèn wéi 'ōu méng hé běi yuē shì 'ōu 'ān jī zhì de zhù yào jué dìng yīn sù。 běi yuē dōng kuò de zhèng zhì yì yì dà yú qí jūn shì yì yì。 běi yuē zhèng xiàng zhèng zhì zǔ zhì de fāng xiàng fā zhǎn， dàn jiāng bǎo liú jí tǐ fáng yù zǔ zhì de xìng zhì。 ōu méng dōng kuò qiáng huà liǎo 'ōu zhōu zhěng tǐ wěn dìng。 zhī chí 'ōu méng fā zhǎn gòng tóng wài jiāo hé 'ān quán zhèng cè， dàn fǎn duì yīn cǐ sǔn hài kuà dà xī yáng hé zuò guān xì。 zhī chí 'ōu méng lì xiàn， qiáng diào bǎo hù xiǎo guó lì yì hé bǎo chí 'ōu méng gè jī gòu quán lì de píng héng， bù zàn chéng shè 'ōu méng cháng rèn zhù xí。
　　
　　 guān yú lián hé guó zuò yòng jí qí gǎi gé： rèn wéi lián hé guó jí qí 'ān lǐ huì shì wéi hù shì jiè hé píng、 shí jiàn guó jì fǎ de zhù yào jī zhì， zhù zhāng jiā qiáng lián hé guó de zuò yòng， wéi hù lián hé guó de quán wēi， fǎn duì dān biān zhù yì。 rèn wéi lián hé guó gǎi gé shì zài bì xíng， zhī chí kuò dà 'ān lǐ huì。 jī jí cānyù lián hé guó wéi chí hé píng huó dòng， zhù zhāng suǒ yòu dì qū xìng zǔ zhì zài jiě jué chōng tū hé wēi jī zhōng yìng yǔ lián hé guó mìqiè hé zuò。
　　
　　 guān yú fǎn kǒng dǒu zhēng： zhī chí bìng cānyù guó jì fǎn kǒng dǒu zhēng， tóng shí zhù zhāng zhòng shì pín kùn hé fā zhǎn wèn tí， cóng yuán tóu shàng fáng zhǐ kǒng bù zhù yì。 rèn wéi fǎn kǒng guò chéng zhōng bù yìng gǎo dān biān zhù yì、 zhì zào bù tóng wén míng hé zōng jiào de duì lì。 dān píng jūn shì shǒu duàn bù néng gēn chú kǒng bù zhù yì， yìng jìn xíng guǎng fàn de guó jì hé zuò， bìng chōng fēn fā huī lián hé guó de hé xīn zuò yòng。
　　
　　 guān yú yī lā kè wèn tí： qiáng diào lián hé guó zài xiàng yī tí gōng rén dào zhù yì yuán zhù hé zhàn hòu wéi hé yǐ jí chóngjiàn gōng zuò zhōng yìng fā huī zhù dǎo zuò yòng。 zhù zhāng guó jì shè huì yìng jī jí hé zuò， gòng tóng cānyù wéi hé xíng dòng。 fēn míng què biǎo shì yuàn zài lián hé guó 'ān lǐ huì shòu quán de qián tí xià pài qiǎn wéi hé rén yuán fù yī。 2004 nián tōng guò shì jiè yínháng hé lián hé guó chóngjiàn yǔ fā zhǎn jī jīn xiàng yī tí gōng yuē 500 wàn 'ōu yuán de zī zhù。
　　
　　【 tóng zhōng guó de guān xì】 1950 nián 10 yuè 28 rì zhōng fēn jiàn jiāo， 1951 nián hù shè gōng shǐ guǎn， 1954 nián shēng gé wéi dà shǐ guǎn。 jiàn jiāo yǐ lái liǎng guó guān xì yī zhí yǒu hǎo。 shuāng fāng qiān yòu shuāng biān nián dù mào yì xié dìng hé zhī fù xié dìng、 háng kōng xié dìng、 hǎi yùn xié dìng、 jīng jì、 gōng yè hé kē jì hé zuò xié dìng、 wén huà xié dìng、 tóu zī bǎo hù xié dìng、 bì miǎn shuāngchóng zhēng shuì xié dìng、 kāi fā xìn dài xié dìng hé kē jì hé zuò xié dìng jí zhuān yè lǐng yù de jiāo liú yǔ hé zuò liàng jiě bèi wàng lù。
　　
　　2005 nián， zhōng gòng zhōng yāng zhèng zhì jú cháng wěi、 zhōng jì wěi shū jì wú guān zhèng， guó wù yuàn fù zǒng lǐ huí liáng yù， quán guó rén dà cháng wěi huì fù wěi yuán cháng lù yǒng xiáng yǐ jí sì chuān shěng shěng cháng zhāng zhōng wěi、 hé běi shěng zhèng xié zhù xí zhào jīn duó děng 80 yú qǐ fù bù jí yǐ shàng dài biǎo tuán fǎng wèn huò guò jìng fēn lán。 2005 nián 9 yuè， fēn zǒng lǐ wàn hā níng duì shàng hǎi、 jiāng sū hé guǎng dōng jìn xíng fēi zhèng shì fǎng wèn。 fēn lán qián zǒng tǒng 'ā hè dì sà lǐ、 nóng lín bù cháng kē 'ěr kǎi 'ào yà、 sī fǎ bù cháng kē sī jī níng、 wén huà bù cháng kǎ pèi lā、 guó fáng bù cháng kǎi lǐ 'āi níng jí fēn lán yì huì wài shì wěi yuán huì、 fǎ lǜ wěi yuán huì、 nóng lín wěi yuán huì、 yínháng jiān guǎn zhuān yuán hé yì huì mì shū cháng dài biǎo tuán děng fēn bié fǎng huá。 2005 nián 2 yuè， fēn lán wài jiāo bù guó wù mì shū mǎn sà lā lái huá yǔ zhōng guó wài jiāo bù fù bù cháng zhāng yè suì jǔ xíng zhèng zhì cuō shāng。 5 yuè， zhōng guó wài jiāo bù cháng lǐ zhào xīng zài rì běn chū xí yà 'ōu wài cháng huì yì qī jiān huì jiàn fēn lán wài jiāo bù cháng tú 'ào mǐ 'ào yà。 2005 nián 5 yuè， zhōng guó rén mín jiě fàng jūn fù zǒng cān móu cháng xǔ qí liàng zhōngjiàng fǎng fēn。 6 yuè， fēn lán guó fáng jūn zǒng cān móu cháng lín bì zhōngjiàng fǎng huá。 10 yuè， fēn lán guó fáng bù cháng kǎi lǐ 'āi níng fǎng huá。
　　
　　2005 nián， zhōng fēn mào yì zǒng 'é wéi 62.54 yì měi yuán， tóng bǐ zēngzhǎng 13.4%， qí zhōng zhōng fāng chū kǒu 'é wéi 36.26 yì měi yuán， jìn kǒu 'é wéi 26.28 yì měi yuán， tóng bǐ fēn bié zēngzhǎng 45.4% hé jiǎn shǎo 13%。 fēn lián xù dì sān nián chéng wéi zhōng guó zài běi 'ōu dì qū dì yī dà mào yì huǒ bàn。 2005 nián 3 yuè hé 5 yuè， liǎng guó fēn bié qiān shǔ《 zhōng fēn nóng yè hé zuò liàng jiě bèi wàng lù》 hé xīn de《 zhōng fēn jīng jì、 gōng yè hé kē xué jì shù hé zuò xié dìng》。 7 yuè， fēn lán guó jiā lǚ yóu jú zhù jīng bàn shì chù zhèng shì chéng lì。 9 yuè， fēn lán háng kōng gōng sī kāi tōng hè 'ěr xīn jī zhì guǎng zhōu zhí háng háng xiàn。 9 yuè， fēn lán mào gōng bù yǔ pǔ dōng xīn qū zhèng fǔ zài shàng hǎi pǔ dōng zhāng jiāng kē jì yuán qū shè lì“ fēn zhōng chuàng xīn zhōng xīn”。
　　
　　 zhōng guó zhù fēn lán dà shǐ : zhāng zhí jiàn（ 2002 nián 3 yuè dào rèn）。 guǎn zhǐ： Vanhakelkkamaki9-11,00570Helsinki,Finland； wǎng zhǐ： www.chinemb.fi； diàn huà ( guó jiā dì qū hào 3589):22890110( bàn gōng shì )， 6848416( shāng wù chù ); chuán zhēn :22890168( shǐ guǎn ),6849595( shāng wù chù )。
　　
　　 fēn lán zhù huá dà shǐ： guō 'ān qí（ AnttiKuosmanen， 2005 nián 12 yuè dì jiāo guó shū）。 guǎn zhǐ： běi jīng cháo yáng qū guāng huá lù 1 hào jiā lǐ zhōng xīn nán lóu 26 céng , yóu zhèng biān mǎ 100020； wǎng zhǐ： www.finland-in-china.com； diàn huà :85298541/42/43 chuán zhēn :85298547； shāng wù chù diàn huà： 85298625/26/27/28 chuán zhēn： 85298559。
　　
　　【 tóng 'ōu zhōu lián méng de guān xì】 1995 nián 1 yuè 1 rì zhèng shì jiā rù 'ōu méng。 1999 nián 1 yuè 1 rì zài běi 'ōu guó jiā zhōng shuài xiān jiā rù 'ōu yuán。 2001 nián 3 yuè 25 rì zhèng shì shí shī << shēn gēn xié dìng >>。 fēn yǔ 'ōu méng qí tā chéng yuán guó de mào yì yuē zhàn fēn wài mào zǒng 'é de 56%， duì wài tóu zī jìn yī bàn miàn xiàng 'ōu méng guó jiā。 zhù zhāng 'ōu méng chéng wéi yī gè zhèng fǔ jiān hé zuò jī gòu， zhī chí bìng cān jiā 'ōu méng tǒng yī de wài jiāo hé 'ān quán zhèng cè， zhī chí 'ōu méng dōng kuò hé shí xiàn jīng mào lián méng。 fēn yú 1997 nián xiàng 'ōu méng tí chū běi bù dì qū zhèng cè chàng yì， zhù zhāng 'ōu méng jiā qiáng tóng bāo kuò 'é luó sī zài nèi de 'ōu zhōu běi bù dì qū de hé zuò， cù jìn jīng jì fā zhǎn hé dì qū 'ān quán yǔ wěn dìng， gāi jìhuà 2000 nián huò dé tōng guò。 2004 nián， ōu méng wěi yuán huì zhù xí pǔ luó dí、 ōu méng gòng tóng wài jiāo hé 'ān quán zhèng cè gāo jí dài biǎo suǒ lā nà、 ōu méng duì wài guān xì wěi yuán péng dìng kāng jí mào yì wěi yuán lā mǐ fēn bié fǎng fēn。
　　
　　【 tóng 'é luó sī de guān xì】 1992 nián 1 yuè， fēn tóng 'é luó sī qiān shǔ《 fēn 'é liǎng guó guān xì jī chǔ tiáo yuē》， tóng shí xuān bù fèi chú《 fēn sū yǒu hǎo hé zuò hù zhù tiáo yuē》。 fēn rèn wéi 'ōu zhōu gòng tóng jià zhí guān、 mín zhù guān、 rén quán guān yǐ chéng wéi fēn 'é guān xì de jī chǔ， jī jí zhī chí bìng hūyù guó jì shè huì zhī yuán 'é de mín zhù gǎi gé jìn chéng， tuī dòng fā zhǎn 'ōu 'é guān xì。 fēn 'é guān xì mìqiè， hé zuò zhù yào shè jí néng yuán、 huán bǎo、 hé 'ān quán、 hǎi yùn 'ān quán děng lǐng yù。 é shì fēn dì sān dà mào yì huǒ bàn。 2004 nián， fēn zǒng tǒng、 zǒng lǐ、 wài cháng、 wài mào bù cháng fēn bié fǎng 'é， é zǒng lǐ fú lā dé kē fū fǎng fēn。
　　
　　【 tóng běi 'ōu jí bō hǎi sān guó de guān xì】 tóng běi 'ōu guó jiā de chuán tǒng hé zuò shì fēn wài jiāo zhèng cè de zhòng yào zhī zhù。 zhù zhāng 'ōu méng běi 'ōu chéng yuán guó yìng zài shè jí dào běi 'ōu de zhòng dà wèn tí shàng xié diào lì chǎng， yǐ wéi hù běi 'ōu guó jiā de lì yì， tóng shí jìn yī bù shēn huà běi 'ōu guó jiā zài néng yuán、 huán bǎo、 jūn gōng fāng miàn de hé zuò。 fēn、 ruì、 dān sān guó jiàn lì liǎo zài 'ōu méng shǒu nǎo huì qián cuō shāng de jī zhì。 2004 nián， fēn chéng bàn“ ōu méng kuò dà hòu de běi bù dì qū hé zuò dà huì”， fēn zǒng lǐ chū xí bō hǎi guó jiā lǐ shì huì dì wǔ jiè shǒu nǎo huì yì。 fēn zǒng lǐ fǎng wèn dān mài， fēn yì cháng hé wài cháng fēn bié fǎng wèn ruì diǎn， ruì diǎn shǒuxiàng pèi 'ěr sōng、 nuó wēi shǒuxiàng bāng dé wéi kè、 ài shā ní yà zǒng lǐ pà cí fēn bié fǎng fēn。
　　
　　【 tóng měi guó hé běi yuē de guān xì】 fēn zhòng shì tóng měi guó de guān xì， rèn wéi měi zài 'ōu zhōu réng fā huī zhòng yào zuò yòng。 90 nián dài yǐ lái fēn xiān hòu cóng měi gòu mǎi 64 jià F－ 18 xíng zhàn dǒu jī jí pèi tào fáng hù xì tǒng。 jìn nián lái shuāng fāng hù fǎng pín fán。 2004 nián， fēn zǒng tǒng、 wài cháng、 guó fáng bù cháng hé wài mào bù cháng fēn bié fǎng měi， fēn yì cháng shuài běi 'ōu jí bō hǎi dì qū guó jiā yì cháng dài biǎo tuán fǎng měi。 fēn zhù zhāng jiā qiáng yǔ běi yuē hé zuò， dàn mù qián bù zhǔn bèi jiā rù běi yuē。 1992 nián 6 yuè， fēn chéng wéi běi dà xī yáng hé zuò wěi yuán huì（ NACC） de guān chá yuán， 1994 nián 5 yuè yǔ běi yuē qiān shǔ“ hé píng huǒ bàn guān xì jìhuà” kuàng jià xié yì。 1997 nián fēn shǒu cì pài chū 156 rén kuài sù fǎn yìng bù duì fù nuó wēi cān jiā běi yuē lián hé jūn shì yǎn xí。 tóng nián 11 yuè zài bù lǔ sài 'ěr zhèng shì shè lì zhù běi yuē dài biǎo chù。 2004 nián， běi yuē mì shū cháng xià hóu yǎ bó fǎng fēn， fēn zǒng tǒng chū xí 'ōu zhōu - dà xī yáng huǒ bàn guān xì wěi yuán huì shǒu nǎo huì yì。
　　
　　【 tóng fā zhǎn zhōng guó jiā de guān xì】 fēn zhòng shì duì fā zhǎn zhōng guó jiā guān xì。 rèn wéi fā zhǎn zhōng guó jiā de jīng jì hé shè huì wèn tí bìng wèi jiǎn shǎo， pín kùn zhèng zài zēng jiā。 gōng yè guó jiā yìng zhòng shì fā zhǎn wèn tí。 jī jí zhī chí nán běi duì huà， zhù zhāng jiàn lì guó jì jīng jì xīn zhì xù。 2004 nián， fēn zǒng tǒng fǎng wèn ní jiā lā guā， fēn wài cháng fǎng wèn yìn dù、 jí 'ěr jí sī sī tǎn、 yà měi ní yà， fēn wài mào bù cháng fǎng wèn yuè nán、 tài guó、 wū kè lán。 bā jī sī tǎn zǒng tǒng mù shā lā fū fǎng fēn。 2004 nián， fēn dà fú dù tí gāo duì wài fā zhǎn yuán zhù zī jīn， shǒu cì zhàn dào guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 0.7%。
　　
　　【 wén huà】
　　 fēn lán yán jùn de qì hòu tiáo jiàn yǐ jí tè shū de dì lǐ wèi zhì hé lì shǐ， shǐ fēn lán rén xíng chéng liǎo jí fù běi 'ōu tè sè de mín zú xìng gé hé wén huà。 fēn lán rén xìng gé nèi liǎn， xíng shì dī diào， dàn shí jì shàng nèi xīn chōng mǎn mín zú zì háo gǎn， zài quán qiú huà de jīn tiān bìng bù suí bō zhú liú， ér shì jiān dìng de wéi hù zhe zì jǐ de chuán tǒng wén huà。
　　
　　 fēn lán yòu hěn duō zhù míng de yì shù jiā： wěi dà de yīnyuè jiā xī bèi liǔ sī kāi chuàng liǎo mín zú yīnyuè de xīn jì yuán， bèi yù wéi fēn lán mín zú yīnyuè zhī fù； yǔ yán xué jiā lún luò tè sōu jí biān zhuàn de chōng mǎn chuán qí sè cǎi de mín zú shǐ shī《 kǎ lè wǎ lā》 chéng wéi shì jiè wén xué shǐ zhōng zuì wěi dà de shǐ shī zhī yī； zhù míng jiàn zhù dà shī 'ā 'ěr wǎ · ā 'ěr tuō yǐ chōng mǎn fēn lán běn tǔ chuán tǒng làng màn fēng gé de shè jì zài xiàn dài zhù yì jiàn zhù shè jì cháo liú zhōng dú shù yī zhì。 fēn lán hái yòu yī pī shì jiè yī liú de yì shù jiā。 yóu wéi tè bié de shì， fēn lán jí jù běn mín zú wén huà tè sè de shè jì fēng gé shǐ xǔ duō jǐ shí nián qián de gōng yì pǐn hé jiàn zhù wù zài xiàn dài rén yǎn zhōng réng shì xīn yíng bié zhì、 fù yòu xiǎng xiàng lì de jié zuò。 chū zì fēn lán shè jì dà shī zhī shǒu de zuò pǐn dà dū yǐ jiǎn jié shí yòng de shè jì fēng gé、 yōu zhì de cái liào hé jīng měi de zuò gōng 'ér xiǎng yù shì jiè。
　　
　　 fēn lán hái shì shèng dàn lǎo rén de gù xiāng。 1927 nián fēn lán de 'ér tóng gù shì dà wáng mǎ 'ěr kù sī zài diàn tái jiǎng gù shì shí shuō， shèng dàn lǎo rén hé liǎng wàn tóu xùn lù yī qǐ jiù zhù zài fēn lán hé sū lián fēn jiè de lā pǔ lán shěng“ ěr duǒ shān” shàng， zhèng shì yīn wéi yòu“ ěr duǒ”， shèng dàn lǎo rén cái néng zài běi jí tīng dào shì jiè shàng suǒ yòu hái zǐ de xīn shēng。 tā de zhè zhǒng pō yòu gǎn rǎn lì de làng màn tuī lǐ huò dé liǎo shì rén rèn kě， cóng cǐ， gù shì zhōng de“ ěr duǒ shān” jiù chéng liǎo shèng dàn lǎo rén de gù xiāng。 zài měi nián de píng 'ān yè hái zǐ men zài shuì jué qián jiāng cháng tǒng wà guà zài bì lú bàng， rán hòu dài zhe rèqiè de qī pàn jìn rù mèng xiāng， shèng dàn lǎo rén wǎn shàng jiù huì chéng zhe xùn lù lā de xuě qiāo， bǎ shèng dàn lǐ wù cóng bì lú yān cōng zhōng fēn fā dào hái zǐ men de cháng tǒng wà lǐ。
　　
　　 chú liǎo yì shù， fēn lán rén hái fā míng liǎo sāng ná yù， hào chēng fēn lán de guó cuì。 fēn lán yàn yǔ shuō： xiān jiàn sāng ná， zài dā fáng wū。 sāng ná（ Sauna） shì wéi shǔbù duō de jìn rù shì jiè yǔ yán fàn chóu de fēn lán cí huì zhī yī。 fēn lán sāng ná shì yī dìng wán quán yòng mù cái jiàn zào， qí zhōng yī dìng bāo kuò zhēng qì fáng、 xǐ zǎo jiān hé gēngyī shì。 fēn lán quán guó yòu bù tóng dà xiǎo sāng ná shàng bǎi wàn jiān， píng jūn měi sān gè rén jiù yōng yòu yī jiān sāng ná fáng， mì dù shì quán qiú zhī guān。 duì dào fēn lán lǚ yóu de rén lái shuō， rú guǒ méi yòu xǐ guò sāng ná， jiù děng yú méi dào guò fēn lán。
　　
　　 fēn lán de yīnyuè：
　　 fēn lán dì tú shàng kàn lái gèng xiàng yī gè dǎo guó， yīn wéi yuǎn lí 'ōu zhōu dà lù xiǎn dé xiāng duì bǐ jiào gū lì， nà lǐ dào chù dōushì mào mì de sēn lín hé měi lì de húpō， yùn yù chū liǎo dú tè de běi 'ōu jīn shǔ wén huà。
　　 yuè shì jù yòu yì guó qíng diào de guó jiā tā men de jīn shǔ lè jiù yuè chū sè。
　　 wǒ xiǎng yě zhèng shì tā de dì lǐ wèi zhì shǐ dé fēn lán de jīn shǔ wén huà hé qí tā 'ōu zhōu guó jiā cún zài liǎo chā yì， jīhū zài zhěng gè bā shí nián dài hǎi wài duì zhè piàn tǔ dì de jīn shǔ yīnyuè hái shì yī wú suǒ zhī de， gāo 'é de jiāo tōng fèi yòng yě shǐ dé hěn shǎo yòu hǎi wài de yuèduì dào fēn lán xún yǎn， yī qiē de gù shì hé yǎn biàn dōuzài běn guó nèi jìn xíng . zài bā shí nián dài mò de shí hòu， nà lǐ de hēi 'àn sǐ wáng jīn shǔ shì lì yǐ jīng gé wài qiáng dà， nà shí hòu yǐ jīng yòu hěn duō xiāng dāng yōu xiù de dì xià sǐ wáng jīn shǔ yuèduì， què shì nà me de méi yòu míng qì !
　　 jiàn jiàn de yī xiē yuèduì zài shāng yè shàng qǔ dé liǎo jù dà de chéng gōng， xiàng StratovArius， impalednazarene,Amorphis,childrenofbodom， Nightwish,Eternaltearsofsorrow yī gè gèdōu dēng shàng liǎo dāng dì zuì dà de yīnyuè páiháng bǎng， cóng cǐ quán shì jiè de jīn shǔ yuèmí bǎ mù guāng tóu xiàng liǎo fēn lán， dàn zhù yì dào de duō shù shì shāng yè hén jì hěn zhòng de yuèduì， bǐ rú shàng shù tí dào de zhè xiē yuèduì， duì yú zī shēn jīn shǔ mí lái shuō， qí zhōng de duō shù yuèduì fā zhǎn dào jīn tiān yǐ jīng méi yòu rèn hé chuàng yì hé kě tīng xìng kě yán， suī rán tā men céng jīng dài lǐng lì shǐ de cháo liú。 xuán lǜ huà shì zhè xiē chéng míng yuèduì de yī dà tè diǎn， zhè jiù shì wǒ men cháng shuō fēn lán yuèduì zhòng xuán lǜ de yuán yīn
　　 fēn lán shí zài yòu tài duō tài duō de jīn shǔ yuèduì， tā men yòu tài duō de néng liàng xū yào bào fā？ hái shì běi 'ōu màn cháng de dōng rì chén diàn liǎo tā men yīn yù de qíng gǎn？ zài nà lǐ nǐ wán quán kě yǐ zhǎo dào gèng zì wǒ， gèng chún cuì de jīn shǔ yīnyuè！
　　Demigod,Abhorrence,Sentenced,Amorphis,ImpaledNazarene， Yxysma,Beherit,Sarcofagus... tā men duì bié rén de yǐng xiǎng hé qǐ fā shì yòu mù gòng dǔ de， rú guǒ nǐ xǐ huān fēn lán jīn shǔ yīnyuè， jì zhù zhè xiē míng zì bā
　　 jìn jǐ nián fēn lán xīn shēng dài shǔ yuèduì HIM,Entwine,Charon,ToDieFor,69Eyes,Shamrain,Soulrelic zǔ chéng de FinnishMetal dà jūn gèng shì fēngmǐ quán qiú
　　 dāng rán， fēn lán rén zài zuò jīn shǔ yīnyuè de tóng shí bìng méi yòu fàng qì tā men de chuán tǒng mín lè , chū xiàn liǎo yī pī yǐ Moonsorrow,Ensiferum,Finntroll( qián sān zhě tǒng chēng wéi jīng sān jiàn kè ),Korpiklaani wéi dài biǎo de jiāng chuán tǒng mín lè， yīngxióngchuánshuō， jí dì fēng guāng， yì jiào lì liàng wán měi róng hé wéi yī tǐ de jīn shǔ yuèduì。 lèi sì yuèduì hái yòu viikate， Tenhi（ cǐ wéi Darkwave）， EternalTearsofSorrow， Calvarium děng děng。
　　 fēn lán de diàn yǐng：
　　 fēn lán de diàn yǐng zài guó jì shàng bìng bù zhù míng， dàn tí cái yě shì duō zhǒng duō yàng， zuì zhù míng de yào shǔ 90 nián dài chū qī pāi shè de fǎn yìng sū fēn biān jiè zhàn zhēng de diàn yǐng《 WinterWar》（ dōng zhàn）， yǔ zhōng guó zài 2006 nián hé pāi de《 yù zhàn shì》， jiá nà diàn yǐng jié píng shěn tuán dà jiǎng hé zuì jiā nǚ yǎn yuán jiǎng de《 méi yòu guò qù de nán rén》 (TheManWithoutAPast)。
　　 qí tā hái yòu：
　　《 bó mù zhī guāng》（ Laitakaupunginvalot）
　　《 zòng qíng yù hǎi》（ Min?jaMorrison）
　　《 yī gè rén de gōng zuò / zhí yè nán rén》（ Miehentyö）
　　《 xìng fú bèi hòu》（ ShadesOfHappiness）
　　《 hēi bīng》 (BlackIce)- fēn lán dé guó hé pāi
　　《 lěng chāo piào》（ pahamaa)

　　Finland, officially the Republic of Finland (Finnish: Suomi; Swedish: Finland), is a Nordic country situated in Northern Europe. It has borders with Sweden to the west, Russia to the east, and Norway to the north, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland. The capital city is Helsinki.
　　
　　Around 5.3 million people reside in Finland, with the majority concentrated in the southern part of country. It is the eighth largest country in Europe in terms of area and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union. Finland has two national languages. Most Finns are native in Finnish, which is related to Estonian and is one of the few official EU languages not of Indo-European origin. The other national language, Swedish, is spoken natively by 5.5 percent of the population. Finland is a democratic, parliamentary republic with a central government and local governments in 415 municipalities. Greater Helsinki (including Helsinki, Espoo, and Vantaa) totals a million residents and a third of the GDP. Other major cities include Tampere, Turku, and Oulu.
　　
　　Finland was historically part of Sweden and from 1809 an autonomous Grand Duchy within the Russian Empire. Finland's declaration of independence in 1917 from Russia was followed by a civil war, wars against the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany, and a period of official neutrality during the Cold War. Finland joined the European Union in 1995 and participates in the Eurozone.
　　
　　Finland has seen excellent results in many international comparisons of national performance such as the share of high-technology manufacturing, the rate of gross domestic product growth, and the protection of civil liberties.
　　
　　Prehistory
　　According to archaeological evidence, the area now composing Finland was first settled around 8500 BCE during the Stone Age as the ice shield of the last ice age receded. The earliest people were hunter-gatherers, living primarily off what the tundra and sea could offer. Pottery is known from around 5300 BCE (see Comb Ceramic culture).The arrival of the Battle Axe culture (or Cord-Ceramic culture) in southern coastal Finland around 3200 BCE may have coincided with the start of agriculture. However, the earliest certain records of agriculture are from the late third millennium BCE. Even with the introduction of agriculture, hunting and fishing continued to be important parts of the subsistence economy, especially in the northern and eastern parts of the country.
　　
　　The Bronze Age (1500–500 BCE) and Iron Age (500 BCE – 1200 CE) were characterised by extensive contacts with other cultures in the Fennoscandian and Baltic regions. There is no consensus on when Finno-Ugric languages and Indo-European languages were first spoken in the area of contemporary Finland.
　　
　　The first verifiable written documents appeared in the 12th century.[citation needed]
　　
　　Swedish era
　　
　　Sweden in 1658.Sweden established its official rule of Finland in the 13th century. Swedish became the dominant language of the nobility, administration and education; Finnish was chiefly a language for the peasantry, clergy and local courts in predominantly Finnish-speaking areas. The Bishop of Turku was the most socially pre-eminent person in Finland before the Reformation.
　　
　　During the Reformation, the Finns gradually converted to Lutheranism. In the 16th century, Mikael Agricola published the first written works in Finnish. The first university in Finland, The Royal Academy of Turku, was established in 1640. In the 18th century, wars between Sweden and Russia led to the occupation of Finland twice by Russian forces, known to the Finns as the Greater Wrath (1714–1721) and the Lesser Wrath (1742–1743). By this time Finland was the predominant term for the whole area from the Gulf of Bothnia to the Russian border.
　　
　　Russian Empire era
　　
　　See also: Finland's language strife and Russification of Finland
　　On March 29, 1809, after being conquered by the armies of Alexander I of Russia in the Finnish War, Finland became an autonomous Grand Duchy in the Russian Empire until the end of 1917. During the Russian era, the Finnish language started to gain recognition. From the 1860s onwards, a strong Finnish nationalist movement, known as the Fennoman movement, grew. Milestones included the publication of what would become Finland's national epic, the Kalevala, in 1835, and the Finnish language achieving equal legal status with Swedish in 1892.
　　
　　The Finnish famine of 1866–1868 killed 15 percent of the population, making it the last and one of the worst famines in European history. The famine led the Russian Empire to ease financial regulations, and investment rose in following decades. Economic and political development was rapid. The GDP per capita was still a half of United States and a third of Great Britain.
　　
　　In 1906, universal suffrage was adopted in the Grand Duchy of Finland. However, the relationship between the Grand Duchy and the Russian Empire soured when the Russian government made moves to restrict Finnish autonomy. For example, the universal suffrage was, in practice, virtually meaningless, since the emperor did not have to approve any of the laws adopted by the Finnish parliament. Desire for independence gained ground, first among radical nationalists and socialists.
　　
　　Civil war and early independence
　　
　　On December 6, 1917, shortly after the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, Finland declared its independence, which was approved by Bolshevist Russia.
　　
　　Months after in 1918, the violent wing of the Social Democratic Party started a coup, which led a brief but bitter civil war that affected domestic politics for many decades afterwards. The civil war was fought between "the Whites", who were supported by Imperial Germany, and "the Reds", supported by Bolshevist Russia. Eventually, the Whites overcame the Reds. The deep social and political enmity between the Reds and Whites remained. The civil war and activist expeditions (see Heimosodat) to the Soviet Union strained Eastern relations.
　　
　　After a brief flirtation with monarchy, Finland became a presidential republic, with Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg elected as its first president in 1919. The Finnish–Russian border was determined by the Treaty of Tartu in 1920, largely following the historic border but granting Pechenga (Finnish: Petsamo) and its Barents Sea harbour to Finland. Finnish democracy didn't see any more Soviet coup attempts and survived the anti-Communist Lapua Movement. The relationship between Finland and the Soviet Union was tense. Finnish ethnicity was targeted by genocides in the Soviet Union. Germany's Nazism led to a deterioration of relations with Germany. Military was trained in France instead and relations to Western Europe and Sweden were strengthened.
　　
　　In 1917 the population was 3 million. Credit-based land reform was enacted after the civil war, increasing the proportion of capital-owning population. About 70% of workers were occupied in agriculture and 10% in industry. The largest export markets were the United Kingdom and Germany. The Great Depression in the early 1930s was relatively light in Finland.
　　
　　World War II
　　
　　During World War II, Finland fought the Soviet Union twice: in the Winter War of 1939–40 after the Soviet Union had attacked Finland and in the Continuation War of 1941–44, following Operation Barbarossa, in which Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union. Following German losses on the Eastern Front and the subsequent Soviet advance, Finland was forced to make peace with the Soviet Union. This was followed by the Lapland War of 1944–45, when Finland forced the Germans out of northern Finland.
　　
　　The treaties signed in 1947 and 1948 with the Soviet Union included Finnish obligations, restraints, and reparations as well as further Finnish territorial concessions (cf. the Moscow Peace Treaty of 1940). Finland ceded most of Finnish Karelia, Salla, and Pechenga, which amounted to ten percent of its land area and twenty percent of its industrial capacity. Some 400,000 evacuees, mainly women and children, fled these areas. Some were left behind and were not able to immigrate in Finland until the Soviet Union collapsed (after which they formed a large immigrant group).
　　
　　Finland had to reject Marshall aid. United States shipped secret development aid such as much of welding equipment and helped the still non-communist SDP in hope of saving Finland's independence. Establishing trade with the Western powers, such as the United Kingdom, and the reparations to the Soviet Union caused Finland to transform itself from a primarily agrarian economy to an industrialised one. Even after the reparations had been paid off, Finland continued to trade with the Soviet Union in the framework of bilateral trade.
　　
　　Cold War
　　In 1950 half of the Finnish workers were occupied in agriculture and a third lived in urban areas. The new jobs in manufacturing, services and trade quickly attracted people to the towns. The average number of births per woman declined from a baby boom peak of 3.5 in 1947 to 1.5 in 1973. When baby boomers entered the workforce, the economy did not generate jobs fast enough and hundreds of thousands emigrated to the more industrialized Sweden, with emigration peaking in 1969 and 1970 (today 4.7 percent of Swedes speak Finnish). The 1952 Summer Olympics brought international visitors. Finland took part in trade liberalization in the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.
　　
　　Officially claiming to be neutral, Finland lay in the grey zone between the Western countries and the Soviet Union. The YYA Treaty (Finno-Soviet Pact of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance) gave the Soviet Union some leverage in Finnish domestic politics. This was extensively exploited by President Urho Kekkonen against his opponents. He maintained an effective monopoly on Soviet relations from 1956 on, which was crucial for his continued popularity. In politics, there was a tendency of avoiding any policies and statements that could by interpreted as anti-Soviet. This phenomenon was given the name "Finlandisation" by the German press (fi. suomettuminen). Self-censorship vis-à-vis anything negative associated with the Soviet Union was prevalent in the media. Public libraries pulled from circulation thousands of books that were considered anti-Soviet, and the law made it possible for the authorities to directly censor movies with supposedly anti-Soviet content. Asylum-seeking Soviet citizens were frequently returned to the Soviet Union by the Finnish authorities.
　　
　　Despite close relations with the Soviet Union, Finland remained a market economy. Various industries benefited from trade privileges with the Soviets, which explains the widespread support that pro-Soviet policies enjoyed among business interests in Finland. Economic growth was rapid in the postwar era, and by 1975 Finland's GDP per capita was the 15th highest in the world. In the 1970s and 1980s, Finland built one of the most extensive welfare states in the world. In 1981, President Urho Kekkonen's failing health forced him to retire after holding office for 25 years.
　　
　　Miscalculated macroeconomic decisions, a banking crisis, the collapse of the Soviet Union and a global economic downturn caused a deep recession in Finland in the early 1990s. The depression bottomed out in 1993, and Finland has seen steady economic growth ever since.
　　
　　Recent history
　　Like other Nordic countries, Finland has liberalized its economy since the late 1980s. Financial and product market regulation was loosened. Some state enterprises have been privatized and there have been some modest tax cuts. Finland joined the European Union in 1995, and the Eurozone in 1999.
　　
　　The population is aging with the birth rate at 10.42 births per 1,000 population, or a fertility rate of 1.8. With a median age of 41.6 years, Finland is one of the oldest countries; half of voters are estimated to be over 50 years old. Like most European countries, without further reforms or much higher immigration, Finland is expected to struggle with demographics, even though macroeconomic projections are healthier than in most other developed countries.
　　
　　Etymology
　　The name Suomi (Finnish for "Finland") has uncertain origins but a strong candidate for a cognate is the proto-Baltic word *zeme, meaning "land". According to an earlier theory the name was derived from suomaa (fen land) or suoniemi (fen cape).
　　
　　The exonym Finland has resemblance with, e.g., the Scandinavian placenames Finnmark, Finnveden and hundreds of other toponyms starting with Fin(n) in Sweden and Norway. Some of these names are obviously derived from finnr, a Germanic word for a wanderer/finder and thus supposedly meaning nomadic "hunter-gatherers" or slash and burn agriculturists as opposed to the Germanic sedentary farmers and sea-faring traders and pirates. It is unknown how, why and when Finnr started referring to the people of Finland Proper in particular (from where the name spread from the 15th century onwards to refer to the people of the entire country).
　　
　　Among the first documents to mention "a land of the Finns" are two rune-stones. There is one in Söderby, Sweden, with the inscription finlont (U 582) and one in Gotland, a Swedish island in the Baltic Sea, with the inscription finlandi (G 319), dating from the 11th century.
　　
　　Geography and environment
　　
　　Topography and geology
　　Finland is a country of thousands of lakes and islands – 187,888 lakes (larger than 500 m²) and 179,584 islands to be precise. One of these lakes, Saimaa, is the fifth largest in Europe. The Finnish landscape is mostly flat with few hills, and its highest point, the Halti at 1,324 meters, is found in the extreme north of Lapland at the border between Finland and Norway.
　　
　　The landscape is covered mostly (seventy-five percent of land area) by coniferous taiga forests and fens, with little arable land. The most common type of rock is granite. It is a ubiquitous part of the scenery, visible wherever there is no soil cover. Moraine or till is the most common type of soil, covered by a thin layer of humus of biological origin. The greater part of the islands are found in the southwest in the Archipelago Sea, part of the archipelago of the Åland Islands, and along the southern coast in the Gulf of Finland.
　　
　　Finland is one of the few countries in the world whose surface area is still growing. Owing to the post-glacial rebound that has been taking place since the last ice age, the surface area of the country is growing by about 7 square kilometres (2.7 square miles) a year.
　　
　　The distance from the most Southern point – Hanko – to the most northern point of Finland – Nuorgam – is 1,445 kilometres (898 miles) (driving distance), which would take approximately 18.5 hours to drive. This is very similar to Great Britain (Land's End to John o' Groats – 1,404 kilometres (872 miles) and 16.5 h).
　　
　　Flora and fauna
　　Phytogeographically, Finland is shared between the Arctic, Central European and Northern European provinces of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom. According to the WWF, the territory of Finland can be subdivided into three ecoregions: the Scandinavian and Russian taiga, Sarmatic mixed forests and Scandinavian Montane Birch forest and grasslands.
　　
　　All terrestrial life in Finland was completely wiped out during the last ice age that ended some 10,000 years ago, following the retreat of the glaciers and the appearance of vegetation.
　　
　　Today, there are over 1,200 species of vascular plant, 800 bryophytes and 1,000 lichen species in Finland, with flora being richest in the southern parts of the country. Plant life, like most of the Finnish ecology, is well adapted to tolerate the contrasting seasons and extreme weather. Many plant species, such as the Scots Pine, spruce, and birch, spread throughout Finland from Norway and only reached the western coast less than three millennia ago. Oak and maple grows in nature only in the southern part of Finland.
　　
　　The Archipelago Sea, between the Gulf of Bothnia and the Gulf of Finland, is the largest archipelago in the world by number of islands; estimates vary between 20,000 and 50,000.Similarly, Finland has a diverse and extensive range of fauna. There are at least sixty native mammalian species, 248 breeding bird species, over seventy fish species and eleven reptile and frog species present today, many migrating from neighbouring countries thousands of years ago.
　　
　　Large and widely recognised wildlife mammals found in Finland are the Brown Bear (the national animal), Gray Wolf, elk (moose) and reindeer. Other common mammals include the Red Fox, Red Squirrel, and Mountain Hare. Some rare and exotic species include the flying squirrel, Golden Eagle, Saimaa Ringed Seal and Arctic fox. Two of the more striking birds are the Whooper Swan, a large European swan and the national bird of Finland, and the Capercaillie, a large, black-plumaged member of the grouse family. The latter is considered an indicator of old-growth forest connectivity, and has been declining due to landscape fragmentation. The most common breeding birds are the Willow Warbler, Chaffinch and Redwing. Of some seventy species of freshwater fish, the northern pike, perch and others are plentiful. Atlantic salmon remains the favorite of fly rod enthusiasts.
　　
　　The endangered Saimaa Ringed Seal, one of only three lake seal species in the world, exists only in the Saimaa lake system of southeastern Finland, down to only 300 seals today. It has become the emblem of the Finnish Association for Nature Conservation.
　　
　　Due to hunting and persecution in history, many animals such as the Golden Eagle, Brown Bear and Eurasian Lynx all experienced significant declines in population. However, their numbers have increased again in the 2000s, mainly as a result of careful conservation and the establishment of vast national parks.
　　
　　Climate
　　The climate in Southern Finland is a northern temperate climate. In Northern Finland, particularly in the Province of Lapland, a subarctic climate dominates, characterised by cold, occasionally severe, winters and relatively warm summers. The main factor influencing Finland's climate is the country's geographical position between the 60th and 70th northern parallels in the Eurasian continent's coastal zone, which shows characteristics of both a maritime and a continental climate, depending on the direction of air flow. Finland is near enough to the Atlantic Ocean to be continuously warmed by the Gulf Stream, which explains the unusually warm climate considering the absolute latitude.
　　
　　A quarter of Finland's territory lies above the Arctic Circle, and as a consequence the midnight sun can be experienced – for more days, the farther north one travels. At Finland's northernmost point, the sun does not set for 73 consecutive days during summer, and does not rise at all for 51 days during winter.
　　
　　Population
　　Finland currently numbers 5,302,778 inhabitants and has an average population density of 17 inhabitants per square kilometre. This makes it, after Norway and Iceland, the most sparsely populated country in Europe. Finland's population has always been concentrated in the southern parts of the country, a phenomenon even more pronounced after 20th century urbanisation. The biggest and most important cities in Finland are the cities of the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area – Helsinki, Espoo and Vantaa. Other large cities include Tampere, Turku and Oulu.
　　
　　The share of immigrants in Finland is among the lowest of the European Union countries. Foreign citizens comprise 2.3 percent of the population. Most of them are from Russia, Estonia and Sweden.
　　
　　Language
　　
　　Most of the Finnish people (92 percent) speak Finnish as their mother tongue. Finnish is a member of the Baltic-Finnic subgroup of the Uralic languages and is typologically between inflected and agglutinative languages. It modifies and inflects the forms of nouns, adjectives, pronouns, numerals and verbs, depending on their roles in the sentence. In practice, this means that instead of prepositions and prefixes there is a great variety of different suffixes and that compounds form a considerable percentage of the vocabulary of Finnish. It has been estimated that approximately 65–70 percent of all words in Finnish are compounds. A close linguistic relative to the Finnish language is Estonian, which, though similar in many aspects, is not mutually intelligible with it. These languages, together with Hungarian (all members of the Uralic language family), are the primary non-Indo-European languages spoken in Europe. Finland, together with Estonia and Hungary, is one of three independent countries where a Uralic language is spoken by the majority.
　　
　　The largest minority language is Swedish, which is the second official language in Finland, spoken by 5.5 percent of the population. Other minority languages are Russian (0.8 percent) and Estonian (0.3 percent). To the north, in Lapland, are also the Sami people, numbering around 7,000 and recognized as an indigenous people. About a quarter of them speak a Sami language as their mother tongue. There are three Sami languages that are spoken in Finland: Northern Sami, Inari Sami and Skolt Sami. Other minority languages are Finnish Romani, Finnish Sign Language (spoken natively by 4,000–5,000 people) and Finland-Swedish Sign Language (spoken natively by about 150 people). The rights of minority groups (in particular Sami, Swedish-speaking Finns and Romani people) to cherish their culture and language is protected by the constitution.
　　
　　In a 2005 Eurobarometer survey studying languages of the European Union, 60% percent of residents claimed to know English, 38% claimed to know Swedish, and 17% claimed to know German. Ranking those claiming a knowledge of English, Finland ranked fifth behind Malta, the Netherlands (86%), Sweden (85%), and Denmark (83%). Relatively many Finns knew German, while relatively few knew French or Spanish.
　　
　　Religion
　　
　　Religion in Finland
　　religion percent
　　Lutheran 84.2%
　　Unaffiliated 15.1%
　　Other 1.2%
　　Orthodox 1.1%
　　
　　Most Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland (84.2 percent). A minority belong to the Finnish Orthodox Church (1.1 percent; see Eastern Orthodox Church). Other Protestant denominations and the Roman Catholic Church in Finland are significantly smaller, as are the Muslim, Jewish and other non-Christian communities (totaling 1.2 percent). 15.1 percent of the population is unaffiliated. The main Lutheran and Orthodox churches are constitutional national churches of Finland with special roles in ceremonies and often in school morning prayers. Politicians to Lutheran Church assemblies are selected in church elections every four years.
　　
　　Over half of Finns say they pray at least once a month, the highest proportion in Nordics. However, the majority of Lutherans attend church only for special occasions like Christmas, weddings and funerals. According to a 2005 Eurobarometer poll, 41 percent of Finnish citizens responded that "they believe there is a god"; 41 percent answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force"; and 16 percent that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, god, or life force".
　　
　　Family structure
　　Finnish family life is centered on the nuclear family. Relations with the extended family are often rather distant, and Finnish people do not form politically significant clans, tribes or similar structures. According to UNICEF, Finland ranks fourth in the world in child well-being.
　　
　　Health
　　There are 307 residents for each doctor. About 18.9 percent of health care is funded directly by households and 76.6 percent by public and other insurances. Finland limits medicine sales to the around 800 licensed pharmacies. Some significant institutions include Ministry of Health and National Public Health Institute.
　　
　　The Finnish health care system has been rated the most efficient in terms of results to resources in Western countries.
　　
　　The life expectancy is 82 years for women and 75 years for men. After having one of the highest death rates from heart disease in the world in the 1970s, improvements in the Finnish diet and exercise have paid off. Finland has exceptionally low smoking rates: 26% for males and 19% for females.
　　
　　Finland's health problems are similar to other developed countries: circulatory diseases make up about half of all causes of death and cancer is the second most common cause of death.
　　
　　The total annual consumption of pure alcohol of residents is lower than other European countries, even though heavy drinking is common at parties on the weekend. However, becoming intoxicated has remained the central characteristic of Finnish drinking habits. In the working-age population, diseases or accidents caused by alcohol consumption have recently surpassed coronary artery disease as the biggest single cause of death.
　　
　　National Public Health Institute claims 54% male obesity and 38% female obesity, while other estimates put obesity rates at 70% and 50%. The rate of diabetes is predicted to grow to 15% by 2015. Finland has the world's highest rate of Type I diabetes. Suicide mortality in Finland has generally been one of the highest in Europe, especially significant among males under 35 years.
　　
　　Schools teach sports, health and hands-on cooking classes. Finnish schoolchildren have one of the lowest amounts of sport classes in the European Union and according to National Public Health Institute only a third of adults exercise enough.
　　
　　Administrative divisions
　　
　　The state organisation is divided into six administrative provinces (lääni, pl. läänit), though they have little significance. Police, prosecutors, and other state services operate under the administration of the province, which is again divided to admistratively insignificant districts. After 1997 reforms the provinces have been Southern Finland, Western Finland, Eastern Finland, Oulu, Lapland, Åland. The province of Åland Islands is autonomous.
　　
　　Municipalities and regions map of Finland (2007).
　　Black borders refer to municipalities, red to regions.Municipalities (which may also call themselves towns or cities) account for half of public spending. Spending is financed by municipal income tax, state subsidies, and other revenue. As of 2008, there are 415 municipalities and most are under 5,000 residents. In Finland, state has started the Municipality and Service Structure Reform Program to reform the complex and expensive municipal system, but initiatives have encountered much opposition from local bureaucrats and interest groups. People often identify with their municipality.
　　
　　In addition to municipalities, there are complex other arrangements. Municipalities co-operate in seventy-four sub-regions and twenty regions. These are governed by the member municipalities. The Åland region has a permanent, democratically elected regional council as a part of the autonomy. In the Kainuu region, there is a pilot project underway, with regional elections. Sami people have a semi-autonomous Sami Domicile Area in Lapland for issues on language and culture.
　　
　　In the following chart, the number of inhabitants includes those living in the entire municipality (kunta/kommun), not just in the built-up area. The land area is given in km², and the density in inhabitants per km² (land area). The figures are as of January 1, 2007. Notice that the capital region – comprising Helsinki, Vantaa, Espoo and Kauniainen (see Greater Helsinki) – forms a continuous conurbation of one million people. However, common administration is limited to voluntary cooperation of all municipalities, e.g. in Helsinki Metropolitan Area Council.
　　
　　Politics
　　
　　Eduskuntatalo, the main building of the Parliament of Finland (Eduskunta) in Helsinki.The Constitution of Finland defines the political system. Finland is a representative democracy with a semi-presidential parliamentary. Aside from state-level politics, residents use their vote in municipal elections and in the European Union elections.
　　
　　According to the Constitution, the President is the head of state and responsible for foreign policy (which excludes affairs related to the European Union) in cooperation with the cabinet. Other powers include Commander-in-Chief, decree, and appointive powers. Direct vote is used to elect the president for a term of six years and maximum two consecutive terms. The current president is Tarja Halonen (SDP).
　　
　　The 200-member unicameral Parliament of Finland exercises the supreme legislative authority in Finland. The parliament may alter laws, the constitution, bring about the resignation of the Council of State, and override presidential vetoes. Its acts are not subject to judicial review. Various parliament committees listen to experts and prepare legislation. Proportional vote in multi-seat constituencies is used to elect the parliament for a term of four years. The Speaker of Parliament, the first person in the presidential line of succession, is currently Sauli Niinistö (National Coalition Party). The cabinet (the Finnish Council of State) exercises most executive powers. It is headed by the Prime Minister of Finland and includes other ministers and the Chancellor of Justice. Parliament majority decides its composition and a vote of no confidence can be used to modify it. The current prime minister is Matti Vanhanen (Centre Party).
　　
　　Since equal and common suffrage was introduced in 1906, the parliament has been dominated by the Centre Party (former Agrarian Union), National Coalition Party, and Social Democrats, which have approximately equal support, and represent 65–80 percent of voters. After 1944 Communists were a factor to consider for a few decades. The relative strengths of the parties vary only slightly in the elections due to the proportional election from multi-member districts, but there are some visible long-term trends. The autonomous Åland islands has separate elections, where Liberals for Åland was the largest party in 2007 elections.
　　
　　After the parliamentary elections on March 18, 2007, the seats were divided among eight parties as follows:
　　
　　Party Seats Net Gain/Loss % of seats % of votes
　　Centre Party 51 –4 ▼ 25.5 23.1
　　National Coalition Party 51 +10 ▲ 25.0 22.3
　　Social Democratic Party 45 –8 ▼ 22.5 21.4
　　Left Alliance 17 –2 ▼ 8.5 8.8
　　Green League 14 +1 ▲ 7.5 8.5
　　Swedish People's Party 9 +1 ▲ 4.5 4.5
　　Christian Democrats 7 0 ▬ 3.5 4.9
　　True Finns 5 +2 ▲ 2.5 4.1
　　Others 1* 0 ▬ 0.5 2.4
　　
　　* Province of Åland representative.
　　
　　Judicial system and law enforcement
　　
　　A mounted police officer in Helsinki.The judicial system of Finland is a civil law system divided between courts with regular civil and criminal jurisdiction and administrative courts with responsibility for litigation between the individuals and the administrative organs of the state and the communities. Finnish law is codified and based on Swedish law and in a wider sense, civil law or Roman law. Its court system consists of local courts, regional appellate courts, and the Supreme Court. The administrative branch of justice consists of administrative courts and the Supreme Administrative Court. In addition to the regular courts, there are a few special courts in certain branches of administration. There is also a High Court of Impeachment for criminal charges against certain high-ranking offices.
　　
　　A general court of first instance (käräjäoikeus) has professional judges and in complex cases, includes non-professional lay judges (lautamies) appointed by municipal councils. Administrative courts, appeals courts and supreme courts consist of professional judges only. Like the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, Finland has no constitutional court, and courts may not strike down laws or pronounce on their constitutionality. In principle, the constitutionality of laws in Finland is verified by parliament's constitutional committee and a simple vote in the parliament.
　　
　　Around 92% of residents are confident in Finland's security institutions. Crime in Finland has some unique features. The overall crime rate of Finland is not high in the EU context. Some crime types are above average, notably the highest homicide rate in Western Europe. Crime is prevalent among lower educational groups and is often committed by intoxicated persons. A day fine system is in effect and also applied to offences such as speeding. Fines and jail sentences tend to be among the world's lowest, with an official emphasis on rehabilitation.
　　
　　Finland has successfully fought against the corruption which was larger in the 1970s and 1980s. For instance, economic reforms and EU membership introduced stricter requirements for open bidding and many public monopolies were abolished. Today Finland has a very low number of corruption charges; Transparency International ranks Finland as one of the least corrupted countries. Also, Finland's public records are among the world's most transparent. In one court case, a line was drawn when judge was convicted for accepting a 10-euro lunch. Finland has not implemented central corruption monitoring systems or agencies recommended by GRECO, citing that local corruption is too small. However, Finland is not totally free from corruption. Even some famous irregularities in the municipal sector rarely lead to investigations.
　　
　　Finland has strict libel standards, and in one case a blogger was convicted for incitement to hatred when referring to statistics about an ethnic group. The voluntary Internet censorship list, similar to other Nordic countries, is classified "nominal" censorship by the ONI. Nevertheless, Worldwide Press Freedom Index 2007 edition ranked Finland (along with Belgium and Sweden) fifth out of 169 countries.
　　
　　Foreign relations
　　
　　According to the latest constitution of 2000, the President (currently Tarja Halonen) leads foreign policy in cooperation with the government (currently Prime Minister Matti Vanhanen and Foreign Minister Alexander Stubb), except that the government leads EU affairs. In surveys, most diplomats and foreign policy experts consider the current constitution flawed because it is often unclear who is in charge. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs implements the foreign policy.
　　
　　During the Cold War, Finland conducted its foreign policy in association with the Soviet Union and simultaneously stressed Nordic cooperation (as a member of the Nordic Council). After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Finland freed itself from the last restrictions imposed on it by the Paris peace treaties of 1947 and the Finno-Soviet Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance. Although opposed by socialists and agrarians, the government filed an EU membership application three months after the dissolution of the USSR and became a member in 1995. Unlike all other post-Soviet countries in the Baltic sea and elsewhere, Finland did not attempt to join NATO, and even opposed defence cooperation.
　　
　　President Martti Ahtisaari and the coalition governments led Finland closer to the core EU in the late 1990s. Finland was considered a cooperative model state, and Finland did not oppose proposals for a common EU defence policy. This was reversed in the 2000s, when the socialist-wing trio of Tarja Halonen and Erkki Tuomioja made Finland's official policy to resist other EU members' plans for common defense. This received some criticism, because many considered that Finland would have been the largest beneficiary of defense cooperation. However, Halonen allowed Finland to join European Union Battlegroups in 2006 and the NATO Response Force in 2008. Relations with most countries except Russia have been good.
　　
　　Relations with Russia are cordial and common issues include bureaucracy (particularly at the Vaalimaa border crossing), airspace violations, development aid Finland gives to Russia (especially in environmental problems that affect Finland), and Finland's energy dependency on Russian gas and electricity. Behind the scenes, the administration has witnessed a resurrection of Soviet-era tactics. The National Security Agency, SUPO, estimates that the known number of Russian agents from SVR and GRU now exceeds Cold War levels and there are unknown numbers of others. Old methods such as KGB-style connections have been restored. Internet brigades target Finnish Internet forums. To combat Russian agents' connections with Finnish politicians, Finland has limited the time Russian diplomats can stay in the country.
　　
　　Some socialists and agrarians want to exit the EU. Right-wing politicians are more supportive of integration, with the current Foreign Minister Alexander Stubb one of the most pro-EU politicians in Finnish history and one of the first Finnish politicians to have openly supported NATO membership. After socialist parties lost elections in 2007, the term "non-allied" was dropped from the official policy publication (replicated by Sweden just months later).
　　
　　The electorate is polarized between internationalists and isolationists. Support for international cooperation, global markets, and European integration is common among the young, right-wing, urban electorate. Nevertheless, the old, left-wing, rural electorate contributes to Finland's extraordinary levels of opposition to the EU, NATO, and immigration. Studies indicate that few have knowledge about the EU or NATO, and many of the electorate's conceptions date back to the Soviet Era when both were opposed as too Western institutions. Critics sometimes call the current political era a "paused era".
　　
　　Defence Forces
　　
　　The Finnish Defence Forces is a cadre army of 16,500, of which 8,700 are professional soldiers (officers), with a standard readiness strength of 34,700 people in uniform (27,300 Army, 3,000 Navy, and 4,400 Air Force). A universal male conscription is in place, under which all men above 18 years of age serve for 6, 9, 11 (unarmed service) or 12 months. Alternative non-military service and volunteer service by women (chosen by around 500 annually) are possible.
　　
　　Finland is the only non-NATO EU country bordering Russia. Finland's official policy states that the 350,000 reservists with mostly ground weaponry are a sufficient deterrent. The military strategy is to hide in forests when attacked, perhaps abandon some regions, and attempt to defeat the enemy from forests in planned places. Most military experts call for NATO membership, but are careful to avoid politics. Finland's defence budget equals about 2 billion euro or 1.4–1.6 percent of the GDP. In international comparisons the defense expenditure is around the third highest in the EU. The voluntary overseas service is highly popular and troops serve around the world in UN, NATO and EU missions. Residents claim around 80% homeland defense willingness, one of the highest rates in Europe.
　　
　　The Finnish Defence Forces are under the command of the Chief of Defence (currently Juhani Kaskeala), who is directly subordinate to the President of the Republic in matters related to the military command. The military branches are the Finnish Army, Finnish Navy and Finnish Air Force. The Border Guard is under the Ministry of the Interior but can be incorporated into the Defence Forces when required by defence readiness.
　　
　　Economy
　　
　　Finland has a highly industrialized, free-market economy with a per capita output equal to that of other western economies such as France, Germany, Sweden or the UK. The largest sector of the economy is services at 65.7 percent, followed by manufacturing and refining at 31.4 percent. Primary production is at 2.9 percent. With respect to foreign trade, the key economic sector is manufacturing. The largest industries are electronics (21.6 percent), machinery, vehicles and other engineered metal products (21.1 percent), forest industry (13.1 percent), and chemicals (10.9 percent). Finland has timber and several mineral and freshwater resources. Forestry, paper factories, and the agricultural sector (on which taxpayers spend around 2 billion euro annually) are politically sensitive to rural residents. The Greater Helsinki area generates around a third of GDP. In a 2004 OECD comparison, high-technology manufacturing in Finland ranked second largest after Ireland. Knowledge-intensive services have also ranked the smallest and slow-growth sectors – especially agriculture and low-technology manufacturing – second largest after Ireland. Investment was below expected. Overall short-term outlook was good and GDP growth has been above many EU peers. Inflation has been low, averaging 1.8 percent between 2004 and 2006.
　　
　　Finland is highly integrated in the global economy, and international trade is a third of GDP. The European Union makes 60 percent of the total trade. The largest trade flows are with Germany, Russia, Sweden, United Kingdom, USA, Netherlands and China. Trade policy is managed by the European Union, where Finland has traditionally been among the free trade supporters, except for agriculture. Finland is the only Nordic country to have joined the Eurozone.
　　
　　Companies, income and consumption
　　
　　Aleksanterinkatu, a commercial street.Notable companies in Finland include Nokia, the market leader in mobile telephony; Stora Enso, the largest paper manufacturer in the world; Neste Oil, an oil refining and marketing company; UPM-Kymmene, the third largest paper manufacturer in the world; Aker Finnyards, the manufacturer of the world's largest cruise ships (such as Royal Caribbean's Freedom of the Seas); Instrumentarium Imaging, the creator of the Orthopantomograph (Pan X-Ray machine) and world innovative leader of dental imaging systems and software.; KONE, a manufacturer of elevators and escalators; Wärtsilä, a producer of power plants and ship engines; and Finnair, the largest Helsinki-Vantaa based international airline. Finland has sophisticated financial markets comparable to UK in efficiency. The largest foreign-headquartered companies included names such as ABB, Tellabs, Carlsberg, and Siemens.
　　
　　According to Invest in Finland, Finland's largest industrial sector is technology based and growth in recent years has been rapid. The chemical industry is Finland's third-largest industrial sector. Products produced include plastics, paints, oil products, pharmaceuticals, environmental products and petrochemicals. According to Invest in Finland, about one in ten European companies in biotechnology is Finnish. Finland has five bio-tech science parks in Helsinki, Turku, Kuopio, Tampere and Oulu. Finnish high-tech exports amounted to 18,2 % (EUR 11,2 billion) of total exports in 2006.
　　
　　The total stock of office space in the main Finnish cities amounts to some 10-11 million square meters. Of this, almost 8 million square meters is located in the Helsinki metropolitan area. Other major growth centres are Jyväskylä, Kuopio, Lahti, Oulu, Tampere and Turku.
　　
　　The 40 largest Finland-registered companies by turnover in 2007 or 2006 were (Oy and Oyj abbreviations removed): Nokia Oyj, Stora Enso, Neste Oil, UPM-Kymmene, Kesko, Suomen Osuuskauppojen Keskuskunta, Metsäliitto, Outokumpu, Metso, Tamro, Fortum, Sampo, Kone, Elcoteq, Rautaruukki, Wärtsilä, YIT, Varma, Cargotec, SanomaWSOY, Kemira, Ilmarinen Keskinäinen Eläkevakuutusyhtiö, TeliaSonera Finland, Luvata International, Huhtamäki, Finnair, Lemminkäinen, HKScan, Onvest, RTF Auto, TietoEnator, Ahlstrom, Konecranes, Valio, ABB, Itella, Amer Sports, Teboil AB, Elisa, and Myllykoski.
　　
　　Private sector employees amount to 1.8 million, out of which around a third with tertiary education. The average earnings per hour was 25.1 euro in 2007, before the approximately 60% median tax wedge. As of 2008 the average purchasing power-adjusted income levels are similar to Italy, Sweden, Germany, and France. In 2003, the average employment lasted 10 years in the same company and people had average 5 jobs in lifetime. As of 2006, a typical proportion of 62% works for enterprises smaller than 250 employees, they account for 49% of total turnover, and have the strongest growth. Female employment rate was relatively high, perhaps affected by various policies. Gender segregation between male-dominated professions and female-dominated professions was higher than in the US. In 1999 the proportion of part-time workers was one of the lowest in OECD.
　　
　　Employment rate 68% and unemployment rate was 6.8% in early 2008. Taxpayers subsidy early retirements and that legislation discriminates older workers, with 18% outside job market at the age of 50 and less than a third working at the age of 61. Finland has a private pension system and, while Sweden has private individual savings accounts, employer chooses the pension company in Finland. Unfunded pensions are a dominative future liability and other non-pension promises such as health insurances may add up more, even though Finland is much better prepared than countries such as France or Germany. Directly held public debt has been reduced to around 32 percent in 2007. In 2007, the average household savings rate was -3.8 and household debt 101 percent of annual disposable income, a typical level in Europe. Residents prefer keep their savings in bank accounts and only 15% has invested in stock market. 60% of population owns a dwelling.
　　
　　In 2006, around 2,381,500 households resided in Finland and the average size was 2.1 persons. Around 40 percent of households consisted of a single person, 32 percent two persons and 28 percent three or more persons. There were 1.2 million residential buildings in Finland and the average residential space was 38 square meters per person. The average residential property (without land) cost 1,187 euro per sq metre (without land) and residential land on 8.6 euro per sq metre. Consumer energy prices were 8-12 euro per kilowatt hour. 74 percent of households had a car. There were 2.5 million cars and 0.4 other vehicles. Around 92 percent has mobile phone and 58 percent Internet connection at home. The average total household consumption was 20,000 euro, out of which housing at around 5500 euro, transport at around 3000 euro, food and beverages excluding alcoholic at around 2500 euro, recreation and culture at around 2000 euro. Upper-level white-collar households (409,653) consumed an average 27,456 euro, lower-level white-collar households (394,313) 20,935 euro, and blue-collar households (471,370) 19,415 euro euro. Purchasing power-adjusted household consumption is about the same level as Italy, Spain and Greece.
　　
　　According to Invest in Finland, private consumption grew by 3% in 2006 and households purchased a substantial amount of consumer durables, especially home electronics. The current trend among consumers in Finland is that they are purchasing more expensive high quality products such as jewelry and precious metal products, or digital electronic products. Consumers are also spending more money on well-being and, for example, the use of fitness and sports facilities has increased.
　　
　　Education, science and technology
　　
　　Even though many or most schools were started as private schools, today only around 3% students are enrolled in private schools (mostly Helsinki-based schools such as SYK) compared to around 8% in Sweden, 10% in the US, and 70% in Netherlands. Pre-school education is rare compared to other EU countries. Formal education is usually started at the age of 7. The primary school takes normally 6 years, the lower secondary school 3 years, and most schools are managed by municipal officials. The flexible curriculum is set by the Ministry of Education and the Education Board. Attendance is compulsory between the ages of 7 and 16, and free meals are served. According to PISA assessments of the age group 15, students had high average results and low variation between schools or students. McKinsey has attributed the result distribution to high teacher education (Master's degree), high continuing teacher training, and emphasis on laggards. Homogeneous population may also contribute. After lower secondary school, students apply to further studies. Trade schools prepare for professions, though they can be used to enter tertiary education as well. Academically-oriented Gymnasiums prepare for Abitur and further tertiary education.
　　
　　In tertiary education, two, mostly separate and non-interoperating sectors are found: the profession-oriented higher vocational schools and the research-oriented universities. Finns used to take student loans and scholarships, but for the past decades the financial risk has been moved solely to the government. There are 20 universities and 30 polytechnics in the country. The World Economic Forum ranks Finland's tertiary education #1 in the world. Around 33% of residents has a tertiary degree, similar to Nordics and more than in most other OECD countries except Canada (44%), United States (38%) and Japan(37%). The proportion of foreign students is 3% of all tertiary enrolments, one of the lowest in OECD, while in advanced programs it is 7.3%, still below OECD average 16.5%. Finnish universities have long wanted more autonomy from political inference and the relatively low budgets available, and the government is now encouraging them to take private funding, although still very low.
　　
　　More than 30% of tertiary graduates are in science-related fields. Finnish researchers are leading contributors to such fields as forest improvement, new materials, the environment, neural networks, low-temperature physics, brain research, biotechnology, genetic technology and communications.
　　
　　Energy
　　
　　Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant with two existing units. The third unit and Finland's fifth (far left) is computer manipulated and will be ready by 2011.See also: Nordic energy market
　　See also: Nuclear power in Finland
　　Anyone can enter the free and largely privately-owned Nordic energy market traded in Nord Pool exchange, which has provided competitive prices compared to other EU countries.
　　
　　In 2006, the energy market was around 90 terawatt hours and the peak demand around 15 gigawatts in winter. Industry and construction consumed 51% of total consumption. Finland's hydrocarbon resources are limited to peat and wood, while neighboring Norway has oil and Estonia oil shale. Finland has little hydropower capacity compared to Sweden or Norway. Most energy demand is satisfied with fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas. Finland has four privately-owned nuclear reactors producing 18 percent of the country's energy., one research reactor in Otaniemi campus, and the fifth AREVA-Siemens-built reactor – the world's largest at 1600 MWe and a focal point of Europe's nuclear industry – is scheduled to be operational by 2011. Renewable energy forms (industrial and consumer wood, peat, industrial residue, garbage) make high 25 percent compared to the EU average 10 percent. A varying amount (5–17 percent) of electricity has been imported from Russia (at around 3 gigawatt power line capacity), Sweden and Norway. A new submarine power cable from Russia has been considered a national security issue and one permit application has already been rejected.
　　
　　Finland negotiated itself expensive Kyoto and EU emission terms. They are causing a sharp increase in energy prices and 1-2 billion euro annual cost, amplified by the aging and soon commissioned capacity. Nuclear power is by far the most inexpensive energy form and energy companies are already ready to file applications for several new reactors. Each reactor requires a permit from the parliament, where The Green League and a sect of The Centre Party are particularly opposed, and the discussion about the permit can take years. Some industries are excepted to exit because of the rising energy costs.
　　
　　Transportation
　　
　　The extensive road system is utilized by most internal cargo and passenger traffic. As of 2005, the country's network of main roads has a total length of 13,258 km and all public roads 78,186 km, of which 50,616 km are paved. The motorway network totals 653 km. The annual road network expenditure of around 1 billion euro is paid with vehicle and fuel taxes which amount to around 1.5 billion euro and 1 billion euro.
　　
　　The main international passenger gateway is the Finavia-semiprivatized Helsinki-Vantaa Airport with over 13 million passengers in 2007. Tampere-Pirkkala airport is the second largest and around 25 airports have scheduled passenger services. The Helsinki-Vantaa based Finnair (known for an Asia-focused strategy), Blue1 and Finncomm Airlines sell air services both domestically and internationally, and there are many others offering direct flights around the world. Helsinki has an optimal location for great circle routes between Western Europe and the Far East. Hence, many international travelers visit Helsinki on a stop-over between Asia and Europe.
　　
　　Despite low population density, taxpayers spend annually around 350 million euro in maintaining 5,865 km railway tracks even to many rural towns. Operations are privatized and currently the only operator is VR. It has 5 percent passenger market share (out of which 80 percent are urban trips in Greater Helsinki) and 25 percent cargo market share. Helsinki has an urban rail network.
　　
　　The majority of international cargo utilizes ports. Port logistics prices are low. Vuosaari harbour in Helsinki is the largest container port after completion in 2008 and others include Hamina, Hanko, Pori, Rauma, Oulu. There is passenger traffic from Helsinki and Turku, which have ferry connections to Tallinn, Mariehamn, Sweden and several other destination. The Helsinki-Tallinn route, one of the busiest passenger sea routes in the world, is also served by a helicopter line.
　　
　　Public policy
　　
　　Finnish politicians have often emulated other Nordics and the Nordic model. Nordics have been free-trading and relatively welcoming to skilled migrants for over a century, though in Finland immigration is relatively new. The level of protection in commodity trade has been low, except for agricultural products.
　　
　　As an economic environment, Finland's judiciary is efficient and effective. Finland is highly open to investment and free trade. Finland has top levels of economic freedom in many areas, although there is a heavy tax burden and inflexible job market. Finland is ranked 16th (ninth in Europe) in the 2008 Index of Economic Freedom. Recently, Finland has topped the patents per capita statistics, and overall productivity growth has been strong in areas such as electronics. While the manufacturing sector is thriving, OECD points out that the service sector would benefit substantially from policy improvements. The data-based IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 2007 ranked Finland 17th most competitive, next to Germany, and lowest of the Nordics. The World Economic Forum report, based on loose opinion polls, has ranked Finland the most competitive country. The central government has officially given many promised such as emphasis on information technology, but critics question the central government's competency to deliver much. For instance, Finland did not have an Internet-based tax filing system as of 2007. Finland is one of the most fiscally responsible EU countries.
　　
　　Economists attribute much growth to reforms in the product markets. According to OECD, only four EU-15 countries have less regulated product markets (UK, Ireland, Denmark and Sweden) and only one has less regulated financial markets (Denmark). Nordic countries were pioneers in liberalizing energy, postal, and other markets in Europe. The legal system is clear and business bureaucracy less than most countries. For instance, starting a business takes an average of 14 days, compared to the world average of 43 days and Denmark's average of 6 days. Property rights are well protected and contractual agreements are strictly honored. Finland is rated one of the least corrupted countries in Corruption Perceptions Index. Finland is rated 13th in the Ease of Doing Business Index. It indicates exceptional ease to trade across borders (5th), enforce contracts (7th), and close a business (5th), and exceptional hardship to employ workers (127th) and pay taxes (83rd).
　　
　　According to OECD, the job market is the most inflexible among Nordic countries. Finland increased job market regulation in the 1970s to provide stability to manufacturers. In the 90s, Denmark liberalized its job market, Sweden moved to more decentralized contracts, and Finnish trade unions blocked most reforms. Finnish law forces all workers to obey the lengthy and bureaucracy-imposing country-wide contracts that are drafted every few years for each profession (copy machinist, metallurgical engineer, etc.) and seniority level, usually in Comprehensive Income Policy Agreement. Along with tax rates, the system is a key contributor to unemployment and distorted prices, and possibly slows down structural change as there are less incentives to acquire better skills. Trade unions have traditionally lobbied for anti-immigrant policies, but Finland has now made some effort to improve the economy's competitiveness and marketing as a destination for skilled workers.
　　
　　The middle income worker suffers from a nearly 60 percent tax wedge and effective marginal tax rates are very high. Value-added tax is 22 percent for most items. Capital gains tax and corporate tax are 26 percent, about the EU median. Property taxes are low, but there is a stamp duty of 4% for home sellers. Alcoholic beverages are separately taxed and highly restricted. For instance, McKinsey estimates that a worker has to pay around 1600 euro for another's 400 euro service - restricting service supply and demand - though some taxation is avoided in the black market and self-service culture. Another study by Karlson, Johansson & Johnsson estimates that the percentage of the buyer’s income entering the service vendor’s wallet (inverted tax wedge) is slightly over 15%, compared to 10% in Belgium, 25% in France, 40% in Switzerland and 50% in the United States. Tax cuts have been in every post-depression government's agenda and the overall tax burden is now around 43% of GDP compared to 51.1% in Sweden, 34.7% in Germany, 33.5% in Canada, and 30.5% in Ireland.
　　
　　State and municipal politicians have struggled to cut their consumption, which is very high at 51.7% of GDP compared to 56.6% in Sweden, 46.9 in Germany, 39.3 in Canada, and 33.5% in Ireland. Much of the taxes are spent on public sector employees, many of which are jobs-for-life and amount to 124,000 state employees and 430,000 municipal employees. That is 113 per 1000 residents (over a quarter of workforce) compared to 74 in the US, 70 in Germany, and 42 in Japan (8% of workforce). The Economist Intelligence Unit's ranking for Finland's e-readiness is high at 13th, compared to 1st for United States, 3rd for Sweden, 5th for Denmark, and 14th for Germany. Also, early and generous retirement schemes have contributed to high pension costs. Social spending such as health or education is around OECD median. Social transfers are also around OECD median. In 2001 Finland's outsourced proportion of spending was below Sweden's and above most other Western European countries. Outsourcing to free market has saved costs and increased customer satisfaction. For instance, Finland's health care is more bureaucrat-managed than in most Western European countries, though many use private insurance or cash to enjoy private clinics. Better access to private services is is very popular among voters and small reforms toward more equal marketplace have been made in 2007-2008. In education, child nurseries, and elderly nurseries private competition is bottom-ranking compared to Sweden and most other Western countries. Some public monopolies such Alko remain, and are sometimes challenged by the European Union.
　　
　　Tourism
　　
　　In 2005, Finnish tourism grossed over €6.7 billion with a five percent increase from the previous year. Much of the sudden growth can be attributed to the globalisation and modernisation of the country as well as a rise in positive publicity and awareness. There are many attractions in Finland which attracted over 4 million visitors in 2005.
　　
　　The Finnish landscape is covered with thick pine forests, rolling hills and complemented with a labyrinth of lakes and inlets. Much of Finland is pristine and virgin as it contains 35 national parks from the Southern shores of the Gulf of Finland to the high fells of Lapland. It is also an urbanised region with many cultural events and activities.
　　
　　Commercial cruises between major coastal and port cities in the Baltic region, including Helsinki, Turku, Tallinn, Stockholm and Travemünde, play a significant role in the local tourism industry. Finland is regarded as the home of Saint Nicholas or Santa Claus, living in the northern Lapland region. Above the Arctic Circle, there is a polar night, a period when the sun doesn't rise for days or weeks, or even months. Lapland, the extreme north of Finland, is so far north that the Aurora Borealis, atmospheric fluorescence, is seen regularly in winter.
　　
　　Outdoor activities range from Nordic skiing, golf, fishing, yachting, lake cruises, hiking, kayaking among many others. At Finland's northernmost point, in the heart of summer, the Sun does not completely set for 73 consecutive days. Wildlife is abundant in Finland. Bird-watching is popular for those fond of flying fauna, however hunting is also popular. Elk, reindeer and hare are all common game in Finland. There are many churches, cathedrals, museums and castles. Olavinlinna in Savonlinna hosts the annual Savonlinna Opera Festival. The capital city of Helsinki, on the other hand, is famous for its Grand Duchy era architecture, which resembles that of imperial St. Petersburg.
　　
　　Culture
　　
　　Throughout Finland's prehistory and history, cultural contacts and influences have concurrently, or at varying times, come from all directions. As a result of 600 years of Swedish rule, Swedish cultural influences are still notable. Today, cultural influences from North America are prominent. Into the twenty-first century, many Finns have contacted cultures from distantly abroad, such as with those in Asia and Africa. Beyond tourism, Finnish youth in particular have been increasing their contact with peoples from outside Finland by travelling abroad to both work and study.
　　
　　There are still differences between regions, especially minor differences in accents and vocabulary. Minorities, such as the Sami, Finland Swedes, Romani, and Tatar, maintain their own cultural characteristics. Many Finns are emotionally connected to the countryside and nature, as urbanisation is a relatively recent phenomenon.
　　
　　Literature
　　
　　Though Finnish written language could be said to exist since Mikael Agricola translated the New Testament into Finnish in the sixteenth century as a result of the Protestant Reformation, few notable works of literature were written until the nineteenth century, which saw the beginning of a Finnish national Romantic Movement. This prompted Elias Lönnrot to collect Finnish and Karelian folk poetry and arrange and publish them as Kalevala, the Finnish national epic. The era saw a rise of poets and novelists who wrote in Finnish, notably Aleksis Kivi and Eino Leino.
　　
　　After Finland became independent there was a rise of modernist writers, most famously Mika Waltari. Frans Eemil Sillanpää was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1939 – so far the only one for a Finnish author. The second World War prompted a return to more national interests in comparison to a more international line of thought, characterized by Väinö Linna. Literature in modern Finland is in a healthy state, with detective stories enjoying a particular boom of popularity. Ilkka Remes, a Finnish author of thrillers, is very popular.
　　
　　Visual arts
　　
　　Finns have made major contributions to handicrafts and industrial design. Finland's best-known sculptor of the twentieth century was Wäinö Aaltonen, remembered for his monumental busts and sculptures. Finnish architecture is famous around the world. Among the top of the twentieth century Finnish architects to win international recognition are Eliel Saarinen (designer of the widely recognised Helsinki Central railway station and many other public works) and his son Eero Saarinen. Alvar Aalto, who helped bring the functionalist architecture to Finland, is also famous for his work in furniture and glassware.
　　
　　Music
　　
　　Folk music
　　Much of the music of Finland is influenced by traditional Karelian melodies and lyrics, as comprised in the Kalevala. Karelian culture is perceived as the purest expression of the Finnic myths and beliefs, less influenced by Germanic influence, in contrast to Finland's position between the East and the West. Finnish folk music has undergone a roots revival in recent decades, and has become a part of popular music.
　　
　　Sami music
　　
　　The people of northern Finland, Sweden and Norway, the Sami, are known primarily for highly spiritual songs called Joik. The same word sometimes refers to lavlu or vuelie songs, though this is technically incorrect.
　　
　　Classical and opera
　　
　　The Finnish composer Jean Sibelius (1865–1957), a significant figure in the history of classical music.The first Finnish opera was written by the German composer Fredrik Pacius in 1852. Pacius also wrote Maamme/Vårt land (Our Land), Finland's national anthem. In the 1890s Finnish nationalism based on the Kalevala spread, and Jean Sibelius became famous for his vocal symphony Kullervo. He soon received a grant to study runo singers in Karelia and continued his rise as the first prominent Finnish musician. In 1899 he composed Finlandia, which played its important role in Finland gaining independence. He remains one of Finland's most popular national figures and is a symbol of the nation.
　　
　　Today, Finland has a very lively classical music scene. Finnish classical music has only existed for about a hundred years, and many of the important composers are still alive, such as Magnus Lindberg, Kaija Saariaho, Aulis Sallinen and Einojuhani Rautavaara. The composers are accompanied with a large number of great conductors such as Sakari Oramo, Mikko Franck, Esa-Pekka Salonen, Osmo Vänskä, Jukka-Pekka Saraste, Susanna Mälkki and Leif Segerstam. Some of the internationally acclaimed Finnish classical musicians are Karita Mattila, Soile Isokoski, Kari Kriikku, Pekka Kuusisto, Réka Szilvay and Linda Brava.
　　
　　Popular music
　　Modern Finnish popular music includes a renowned heavy metal music scene, in common with other Nordic countries, as well as a number of prominent rock bands, jazz musicians, hip hop performers, and dance music acts such as Bomfunk MCs and Darude. Finnish electronic music such as the Sähkö Recordings record label enjoys underground acclaim. Iskelmä (coined directly from the German word Schlager, meaning hit) is a traditional Finnish word for a light popular song. Finnish popular music also includes various kinds of dance music; tango, a style of Argentinean music, is also popular. One of the most productive composers of popular music was Toivo Kärki, and the most famous singer Olavi Virta (1915–1972). Among the lyricists, Sauvo Puhtila (born 1928), Reino Helismaa (died 1965) and Veikko "Vexi" Salmi are the most remarkable authors. The composer and bandleader Jimi Tenor is well known for his brand of retro-funk music.
　　
　　Dance music
　　Notable Finnish dance and electronic music artists include Jori Hulkkonen, Darude, JS16, DJ Proteus and DJ Orkidea.
　　
　　Rock and heavy metal music
　　
　　Apocalyptica's Perttu Kivilaakso playing metal music live.Finnish rock-music scene emerged in 1960s with pioneers such as Blues Section and Kirka. In the 1970s Finnish rock musicians started to write their own music instead of translating international hits into Finnish. During the decade some progressive rock groups, such as Tasavallan Presidentti and Wigwam, gained respect abroad but failed to make a commercial breakthrough outside Finland. This was also the fate of the rock and roll group Hurriganes. The Finnish punk scene produced some internationally acknowledged names including Terveet Kädet in 1980s. Hanoi Rocks was a pioneering 1980s-glam rock act that left perhaps a deeper mark in the history of popular music than any other Finnish group, giving inspiration for Guns N' Roses.
　　
　　In 1990s Finnish rock and metal music started to gain international fame with bands such as Catamenia, The 69 Eyes, Amorphis, Children of Bodom, Ensiferum, HIM, Lordi, Negative, Nightwish, The Rasmus, Sentenced, Sonata Arctica, and Stratovarius. In the later 1990s the cello metal group Apocalyptica played Metallica cover versions as cello quartettos and sold half a million records worldwide. Some of the Finland's most domestically popular rock groups are CMX and Eppu Normaali.
　　
　　In the 2000s, other Finnish rock bands started to sell well internationally. The Rasmus became more known in Europe (and other places, like South America) in the 2000s. Their 2003 album Dead Letters sold 1.5 million units worldwide and garnered them eight gold and five platinum album designations. But so far the most successful Finnish band in the United States has been HIM; they were the first band from Finland to ever sell an album that was certified gold by the RIAA. Most recently, the Finnish hard rock/heavy metal music band Lordi won the 2006 Eurovision Song Contest with a record 292 points, giving Finland its first ever victory, and the band Nightwish have sold world wide with their album Dark Passion Play. As of 2008, Finland has, according to some surveys, the most heavy metal bands in the world per-capita.
　　
　　The Tuska Open Air Metal Festival, one of the largest open-air heavy metal music festivals in the world, is held annually in Kaisaniemi, Helsinki. Ruisrock and Provinssirock are the most famous rock festivals held in Finland.
　　
　　Cinema
　　
　　In film industry, famous directors include Aki Kaurismäki, Timo Koivusalo, Aleksi Mäkelä and Klaus Härö. Hollywood film director/producer Renny Harlin (born Lauri Mauritz Harjola) was born in Finland.
　　
　　Media and communications
　　
　　Linus Torvalds, a famous Finnish software engineer, best known for initiating the development of the kernel of the Linux operating system.See also: Communications in Finland, List of newspapers in Finland, and List of Finnish television stations
　　Until economic liberalization in the early 90s, media and communications were highly restricted. Self-censorship was common among allowed newspapers and private television channels were not allowed at all until 1993. Today there are 200 newspapers; 320 popular magazines, 2,100 professional magazines and 67 commercial radio stations, with one nationwide, five national public service radio channels, three digital radio channels. Each year around twelve feature films are made, 12,000 book titles published and 12 million records sold.
　　
　　SanomaWSOY publishes the newspaper Helsingin Sanomat (the circulation of 434,000 making it the largest newspaper), the tabloid Ilta-Sanomat, the commerce-oriented Taloussanomat, and the television channel Nelonen. The other major publisher Alma Media publishes over thirty magazines, including newspaper Aamulehti, tabloid Iltalehti and commerce-oriented Kauppalehti. Finns, along with other Nordic people and the Japanese, spend the most time in the world reading newspapers. The politically-controlled National Broadcasting Company YLE has five television channels and 13 radio channels in two national languages. YLE is funded through a mandatory license for television owners and fees for private broadcasters. In the 1990s politicians made a controversial decision to transform to a digital television standard, which has now been completed. The most popular television channel MTV3 and the most popular radio channel Radio Nova are owned by Nordic Broadcasting (Bonnier and Proventus Industrier). International newspapers such as Aftonbladet or Financial Times are available, but according to the sole importer the readership is only around 600,000 copies per year or around 2,000 on average day.
　　
　　Around 79 percent of the population use the Internet. Finland had around 1.52 million broadband Internet connections by the end of June 2007 or around 287 per 1,000 inhabitants. All Finnish schools and public libraries have Internet and a few computers. Most residents have a mobile phone. It's used mostly for contact and value-added services are rare.
　　
　　Cuisine
　　
　　Traditional Finnish cuisine is a combination of European, Fennoscandian and Western Russian elements; table manners are European. The food is generally simple, fresh and healthy. Fish, meat, berries and ground vegetables are typical ingredients whereas spices are not common due to their historical unavailability. In years past, Finnish food often varied from region to region, most notably between the west and east. In coastal and lakeside villages, fish was a main feature of cooking, whereas in the eastern and also northern regions, vegetables and reindeer were more common. The prototypical breakfast is oatmeal or other continental-style foods such as bread. Lunch is usually a full warm meal, served by a canteen at workplaces. Dinner is eaten at around 17.00 to 18.00 at home.
　　
　　Modern Finnish cuisine combines country fare and haute cuisine with contemporary continental cooking style. Today, spices are a prominent ingredient in many modern Finnish recipes, having been adopted from the east and west in recent decades.
　　
　　Public holidays
　　
　　All official holidays in Finland are established by acts of Parliament. The official holidays can be divided into Christian and secular holidays, although some of the Christian holidays have replaced holidays of pagan origin. The main Christian holidays are Christmas, Epiphany, Easter, Ascension Day, Pentecost, and All Saints Day. The secular holidays are New Year's Day, May Day, Midsummer Day, and the Independence Day. Christmas is the most extensively celebrated holiday: usually at least 23rd to 26th of December are holidays.
　　
　　In addition to this, all Sundays are official holidays, but they are not as important as the special holidays. The names of the Sundays follow the liturgical calendar and they can be categorised as Christian holidays. When the standard working week in Finland was reduced to 40 hours by an act of Parliament, it also meant that all Saturdays became a sort of de facto public holidays, though not official ones. Easter Sunday and Pentecost are Sundays that form part of a main holiday and they are preceded by a kind of special Saturdays. Retail stores are prohibited by law from doing business on Sundays, except during the summer months (May through August) and in the pre-Christmas season (November and December). Business locations that have less than 400 square metres of floor space are allowed Sunday business throughout the year, with the exception of official holidays and certain Sundays, such as Mother's Day and Father's Day.
　　
　　Sports
　　
　　Various sporting events are popular in Finland. Pesäpallo (reminiscent of baseball) is the national sport of Finland, although the most popular sports in Finland in terms of media coverage are Formula One, ice hockey and football. The Finnish national ice hockey team is considered one of the best in the world. During the past century there has been a rivalry in sporting between Finland and Sweden, mostly in ice hockey and athletics (Finland-Sweden athletics international). Jari Kurri and Teemu Selänne are the two Finnish-born ice hockey players to have scored 500 goals in their NHL careers. Football is also popular in Finland, though the national football team has never qualified for a finals tournament of the World Cup or the European Championships. Jari Litmanen and Sami Hyypiä are the most internationally renowned of the Finnish football players.
　　
　　Relative to its population, Finland has been a top country in the world in automobile racing, measured by international success. Finland has produced three Formula One World Champions – Keke Rosberg (Williams, 1982), Mika Häkkinen (McLaren, 1998 and 1999) and Kimi Räikkönen (Ferrari, 2007). Along with Räikkönen, the other Finnish Formula One driver currently active is Heikki Kovalainen (McLaren). Rosberg's son, Nico Rosberg (Williams), is also currently driving, but under his mother's German nationality. Other notable Finnish Grand Prix drivers include Leo Kinnunen, JJ Lehto and Mika Salo. Finland has also produced most of the world's best rally drivers, including the ex-WRC World Champion drivers Marcus Grönholm, Juha Kankkunen, Hannu Mikkola, Tommi Mäkinen, Timo Salonen and Ari Vatanen. The only Finn to have won a road racing World Championship, Jarno Saarinen, was killed in 1973 while racing.
　　
　　Among winter sports, Finland has been the most successful country in ski jumping, with former ski jumper Matti Nykänen being arguably the best ever in that sport. Most notably, he won five Olympic medals (four gold) and nine World Championships medals (five gold). Among currently active Finnish ski jumpers, Janne Ahonen has been the most successful. Kalle Palander is a well-known alpine skiing winner, who won the World Championship and Crystal Ball (twice, in Kitzbühel). Tanja Poutiainen has won an Olympic silver medal for alpine skiing, as well as multiple FIS World Cup races.
　　
　　Some of the most outstanding athletes from the past include Hannes Kolehmainen (1890–1966), Paavo Nurmi (1897–1973) and Ville Ritola (1896–1982) who won eighteen gold and seven silver Olympic medals in the 1910s and 1920s. They are also considered to be the first of a generation of great Finnish middle and long-distance runners (and subsequently, other great Finnish sportsmen) often named the "Flying Finns". Another long-distance runner, Lasse Virén (born 1949), won a total of four gold medals during the 1972 and 1976 Summer Olympics.
　　
　　Also, in the past, Riku Kiri, Jouko Ahola and Janne Virtanen have been the greatest strength athletes in the country, participating in the World's Strongest Man competition between 1993 and 2000.
　　
　　The 1952 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XV Olympiad, were held in 1952 in Helsinki, Finland. Other notable sporting events held in Finland include the 1983 and 2005 World Championships in Athletics, among others.
　　
　　Some of the most popular recreational sports and activities include floorball, Nordic walking, running, cycling and skiing.

pínglún (0)