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英国 United Kingdom 爱尔兰 Ireland 比利时 Belgium 荷兰 Netherlands 法国 France 西班牙 Spain 葡萄牙 Portugal 意大利 Italy 希腊 Greece 奥地利 Austria 匈牙利 Hungary 德国 Germany 瑞士 Switzerland 罗马尼亚 Romania 俄罗斯 Russia 波兰 Poland 克罗地亚 Croatia (Hrvatska) 捷克 Czech 芬兰 Finland 瑞典 Sweden 挪威 Norway 冰岛 Iceland 土耳其 Turkey 丹麦 Denmark 阿尔巴尼亚 Albania 爱沙尼亚 Republic of Estonia 安道尔 Andorra 白俄罗斯 Belarus 保加利亚 The Republic of Bulgaria 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 Bosnia and Herzegovina 梵蒂冈 Vatican City State (Holy See) 黑山 The Republic of Montenegro 拉脱维亚 Latvia 立陶宛 Republic of Lithuania 列支敦士登 Liechtenstein 卢森堡 Luxembourg 马耳他 Republic of Malta 马其顿 The Republic of Macedonia 摩尔多瓦 The Republic of Moldova 摩纳哥 Monaco 塞尔维亚 the Republic of Serbia 斯洛伐克 The Slovak Republic 斯洛文尼亚 the Republic of Slovenia 圣马力诺 San Marino 乌克兰 Ukraine |
| xiōng yá lì Hungary shǒudōu:bù dá pèi sī guógūdàimǎ: hu |
 匈牙利 匈牙利 匈牙利 匈牙利 匈牙利 匈牙利guó míng shì yì yǐ mín zú míng chēng mìng míng。 yī bān rèn wéi xiōng yá lì de zhù yào mín zú mǎ zhā 'ěr zú jí xiōng yá lì zú。 “ xiōng yá lì ” de hán yì shì“ shí gè bù luò”。 guó qí chéng cháng fāng xíng， cháng yǔ kuān zhī bǐ wéi ３ ∶ ２。 zì shàng 'ér xià yóu hóng、 bái、 lǜ sān gè píng xíng xiāng děng de héng cháng fāng xíng xiāng lián 'ér chéng。 hóng sè xiàng zhēng 'ài guó zhě de rè xuè， hái xiàng zhēng guó jiā de dú lì hé zhù quán； bái sè xiàng zhēng hé píng， dài biǎo rén mín zhuī qiú zì yóu hé guāng míng de měi hǎo yuàn wàng； lǜ sè xiàng zhēng zhe xiōng yá lì de fán róng chāng shèng， xiàng zhēng rén mín duì wèi lái chōng mǎn xìn xīn hé xī wàng。 guó huī wéi dùn huī。 dùn miàn chuí zhí fēn wéi liǎng bù fēn： zuǒ biān wéi píng xíng、 hóng bái xiāngjiàn de kuān tiáo； yòu biān xià fāng shì lǜ sè de shān fēng， fēng dǐng shàng yòu yī dǐng wáng guān， wáng guān shàng miàn shì bái sè shuāng shí zì tú 'àn， zhè shì zhù jiào biāo zhì。 dùn huī shàng miàn shì yī gè shèng sī tí fēn dà wáng guān， wáng guān zhī shàng yòu yī qīng xié de shí zì jià， chuán shuō shí zì jià shì wáng guān bèi qiè shí ràng xiǎo tōu yā xié de。 guó gē《 xiōng yá lì gòng hé guó guó gē》。 dú lì rì 11 yuè 16 rì（ 1918 nián） guó qìng rì 8 yuè 20 rì（ 1949 nián） dà tú shā jì niàn rì： ４ yuè １ ６ rì（１ ９４４ nián） zhēng qǔ zì yóu dǒu zhēng rì：３ yuè１ ５ rì（１ ８４８ nián） mín zú mǎ zhā 'ěr zú zhàn zǒng rén kǒu de 98 ％， qí tā yòu rì 'ěr màn zú、 sī luò fá kè zú、 luó mǎ ní yà zú、 sài 'ěr wéi yà zú děng。 yòu yī shuō fǎ shì zhōng guó gǔ dài de xiōng nú。 （ yòu shī zhèng míng： wǒ men nà yáo yuǎn de zǔ xiān， nǐ men shì zěn me cóng yà zhōu zǒu guò màn cháng de dào lù， lái dào duō nǎo hé biān jiàn lì qǐ guó jiā de？ --------- xiōng yá lì shī rén péi duō fěi） shǒu dū bù dá pèi sī (Budapest)。 rén kǒu１ ７ ０ wàn（２００６ nián１ yuè１ rì）。 zhù yào chéng shì mǐ shí kē 'ěr cí、 dé bù lè sēn、 sài gé dé。 huò bì fú lín。 tóng běi jīng shí chā -7.00 guó jì diàn huà mǎ 36 guó huā yù jīn xiāng héng héng（ bǎi hé kē） míng shèng bā lā dùn hú、 bā lā dé lā dòng qún、 shèng · yī sī tè wàn dà jiào táng。 fēng sú fù nǚ hūn hòu， biàn yòng huā bù bǎ tóu fā bāo zhù， zhè shì yǔ wèi hūn shàonǚ de zuì dà qū bié。 jié hūn xū jīng qiú hūn、 dìng hūn hé yíng qǔ sān gè jiē duàn， dìng hūn de yí shì bì bù kě shǎo， shuāng fāng dū yóu yī wèi nǚ xìng qīn qī péi tóng qù shén fù chù dēng jì。 guó jiā zhèng yào： zǒng tǒng shào yuē mǔ · lā sī luò (SolyomLaszlo)，２００５ nián６ yuè dāng xuǎn； zǒng lǐ jiǔ 'ěr qià ní · fèi lún cí（ GyurcsanyFerenc），２００４ nián９ yuè dāng xuǎn，２００６ nián４ yuè， shè huì dǎng zài guó huì dà xuǎn zhōng huò shèng， yíng dé zǔ gé quán， tóng nián６ yuè， jiǔ 'ěr qià ní xuān shì jiù rèn zǒng lǐ。 rén kǒu １００６ wàn（２００７ nián１ yuè１ rì）。 zhù yào mín zú wéi mǎ zhā 'ěr zú（ jí xiōng yá lì zú）， yuē zhàn９８％。 shǎo shù mín zú yòu sī luò fá kè、 luó mǎ ní yà、 kè luó dì yà、 sài 'ěr wéi yà、 sī luò wén ní yà、 dé yì zhì hé jí bǔ sài děng zú。 guān fāng yǔ yán wéi xiōng yá lì yǔ。 jū mín zhù yào xìn fèng tiān zhù jiào（６６ .２％） hé jī dū jiào（１７ .９％）。 15 suì yǐ shàng gōng mín yòu 98.9% de rén jù yòu jī běn jiào yù shuǐ píng。 zì rán dì lǐ miàn jī wéi 93030 píng fāng gōng lǐ。 shì wèi yú 'ōu zhōu zhōng bù de nèi lù guó jiā， quán jìng yǐ píng yuán wéi zhù， 80％ de guó tǔ hǎi bá bù zú 200 mǐ， shǔ duō nǎo hé zhōng yóu píng yuán。 duō nǎo hé yǐ dōng de xiōng yá lì dà píng yuán， miàn jī yuē 5 wàn píng fāng gōng lǐ， hái yòu xī běi bù de xiǎo píng yuán， dà bù hǎi bá 100-150 mǐ。 shān dì bù zú wǔ fēn zhī yī， běi bù wéi kā 'ěr bā qiān shān mài de yī bù fēn， hǎi bá 300-1， 000 mǐ。 běi bù shān dì de kǎi kǎi shí fēng wéi quán guó zuì gāo diǎn， hǎi bá 1015 mǐ。 xī bù wài duō nǎo shān dì wéi 'ā 'ěr bēi sī shān de yú mài， yī bān hǎi bá 300-500 mǐ， zuì gāo kē lǐ shí fēng， hǎi bá 704 mǐ。 bāo kē ní shān nán lù de bā lā dùn hú， wéi zhōng 'ōu zuì dà húpō。 shān qū sēn lín mào mì， yòu lì shù、 shān máo jǔ、 duàn shù děng； píng yuán yòu dà piàn cǎo yuán， fā yù yòu féi wò de hēi tǔ。 zhòng yào hé liú wéi duō nǎo hé jí qí zhī liú dì sà hé。 bā lā dùn hú wéi zuì dà dàn shuǐ hú。 shǔ wēn dài dà lù xìng qì hòu， píng jūn qì wēn 1 yuè -4 ～ -2 ℃， 7 yuè 20～ 22℃， nián jiàng shuǐ liàng 480～ 800 háo mǐ， zì xī xiàng dōng dì jiǎn。 dōng lín luó mǎ ní yà， nán jiē sài 'ěr wéi yà， xī yǔ 'ào dì lì jiē rǎng， běi yǔ jié kè、 sī luò fá kè、 wū kè lán wéi lín。 lǚ tǔ kuàng chǔ liàng fēng fù， fēn bù zài wài duō nǎo shān dì yī dài； hái yòu méi、 shí yóu、 tiān rán qì、 tiě、 měng、 yóu děng kuàng cáng。 quán jìng sān fēn zhī 'èr dì qū yòu dì xià rè shuǐ yùn cáng。 jiǎn shǐ xiōng yá lì guó jiā de xíng chéng qǐ yuán yú dōng fāng yóu mù mín zú ── mǎ zhā 'ěr yóu mù bù luò， gōng yuán９ shì jì shí tā men cóng wū lā 'ěr shān xī lù hé fú 'ěr jiā hé wān yī dài xiàng xī qiān xǐ， gōng yuán 896 nián zài duō nǎo hé pén dì dìng jū xià lái。 gōng yuán 1000 nián， shèng · yī sī tè wàn guó wáng jiā miǎn， zhèng shì jiàn lì fēng jiàn guó jiā。 15 shì jì xià bàn yè mǎ jiā shí guó wáng tǒng zhì shí qī shì xiōng yá lì lì shǐ shàng jiào wéi huī huáng de shí qī。 1526 nián tǔ 'ěr qí rù qīn， fēng jiàn guó jiā jiě tǐ。 1699 nián kāi shǐ quán jìng yóu hā bù sī bǎo wáng cháo tǒng zhì。 1848 nián bào fā liǎo kē sū tè lǐng dǎo de zì yóu gé mìng dǒu zhēng。 1849 nián 4 yuè xiōng guó huì tōng guò dú lì xuān yán， jiàn lì xiōng yá lì gòng hé guó， dàn bù jiǔ bèi 'ào dì lì hé shā 'é jūn duì suǒ 'ě shā。 1867 nián 'ào xiōng xié dìng xuān bù chéng lì 'ào xiōng dì guó。 dì yī cì shì jiè dà zhàn hòu 'ào xiōng dì guó jiě tǐ。 1918 nián 11 yuè xiōng xuān bù chéng lì dì 'èr gè zī chǎn jiē jí gòng hé guó。 1919 nián 3 yuè 21 rì xiōng yá lì sū wéi 'āi gòng hé guó chéng lì， tóng nián 8 yuè bèi dì guó zhù yì gān shè zhě lián hé wǔ zhuāng jìn gōng suǒ diān fù， huī fù liǎo jūn zhù lì xiàn zhèng tǐ， kāi shǐ liǎo huò 'ěr dì de fǎ xī sī tǒng zhì。 1945 nián 4 yuè sū lián hóng jūn zài xiōng yá lì rén mín pèi hé xià jiě fàng liǎo xiōng quán jìng， 1946 nián 2 yuè xuān bù fèi chú dì zhì chéng lì xiōng yá lì gòng hé guó， 1949 nián 8 yuè 20 rì chéng lì xiōng yá lì rén mín gòng hé guó bìng bān bù xiàn fǎ。 1956 nián１０ yuè bào fā xiōng yá lì shì jiàn。 1989 nián 10 yuè 23 rì， gēn jù xiàn fǎ xiū zhèng 'àn， jué dìng jiāng xiōng yá lì rén mín gòng hé guó gǎi chēng xiōng yá lì gòng hé guó。 1999 nián dǐ tōng guò wáng guān fǎ， bìng chéng lì yǐ zǒng tǒng wéi shǒu de wáng guān wěi yuán huì。 zhèng zhì 1989 nián xiōng yá lì zhèng jú fā shēng jí jù biàn huà， tóng nián 2 yuè， xiōng yá lì shè huì zhù yì gōng rén dǎng（ jiǎn chēng shè gōng dǎng） xuān bù fàng qì zhí zhèng dǎng dì wèi， shí xíng duō dǎng zhì。 cǐ hòu， xiōng dǎng nèi máo dùn bù duàn gōng kāi huà， zuì hòu dǎo zhì dǎng de fēn liè。 1989 nián 10 yuè， shè gōng dǎng gǎi míng wéi shè huì dǎng， tí chū yào zài xiōng yá lì jiàn lì“ mín zhù shè huì zhù yì”。 dāng yuè， xiōng guó huì tōng guò xiàn fǎ xiū zhèng 'àn， bǎ“ xiōng yá lì rén mín gòng hé guó” gǎi wéi“ xiōng yá lì gòng hé guó”， jué dìng qǔ xiāo zuò wéi jí tǐ guó jiā yuán shǒu de gòng hé guó zhù xí tuán， shí xíng zǒng tǒng zhì； què lì duō dǎng zhì hé yì huì mín zhù de fǎ zhì guó jiā； qǔ xiāo mǎ liè zhù yì zhèng dǎng zài guó jiā jī gòu zhōng de lǐng dǎo zuò yòng de guī dìng。 jīng jì xiōng yá lì shì yī gè jù yòu zhōng děng fā zhǎn shuǐ píng de guó jiā， gōng yè jī chǔ jiào hǎo。 xiōng gēn jù běn guó guó qíng， yán fā hé shēng chǎn yī xiē yòu zì jǐ tè cháng de hé zhī shí mì jí xíng chǎn pǐn， rú jì suàn jī、 tōng xùn qì cái、 yí qì、 huà gōng hé yī yào děng。 xiōng cǎi qǔ gè zhǒng cuò shī yōu huà tóu zī huán jìng， shì zhōng dōng 'ōu dì qū rén jūn xī yǐn wài zī zuì duō de guó jiā zhī yī。 zì rán zī yuán bǐ jiào pín fá， zhù yào kuàng chǎn zī yuán shì lǚ fán tǔ， qí yùn cáng liàng jū 'ōu zhōu dì sān wèi。 cǐ wài yòu shǎo liàng hè méi、 shí yóu、 tiān rán qì、 yóu、 tiě、 měng děng。 sēn lín fù gài shuài yuē wéi１８％。 nóng yè jī chǔ jiào hǎo， zài guó mín jīng jì zhōng zhàn zhòng yào dì wèi， bù jǐn wèiguó nèi shì chǎng tí gōng fēng fù de shí pǐn， ér qiě wèiguó jiā zhèng qǔ dà liàng wài huì。 zhù yào nóng chǎn pǐn yòu xiǎo mài、 yù mǐ、 tián cài、 mǎ líng shǔ děng。 lǚ yóu yè bǐ jiào fā dá。 xiōng yá lì suī rán zī yuán pín fá， dàn shān hé xiù měi， jiàn zhù zhuàng lì hé fù yòu tè sè， zhè lǐ wēn quán biàn bù， qì hòu sì jì fēn míng， gè guó yóu kè mù míng 'ér lái。 zhù yào lǚ yóu diǎn yòu bù dá pèi sī、 bā lā dùn hú、 duō nǎo hé wān、 mǎ tè láo shān。 zuò luò zài duō nǎo hé pàn de shǒu dū bù dá pèi sī shì 'ōu zhōu zhù míng de gǔ chéng， fēng guāng wú xiàn， yòu“ duō nǎo hé shàng de míng zhū” zhī měi yù。 ōu zhōu zuì dà de dàn shuǐ hú bā lā dùn hú yě shì xī yǐn dà pī yóu kè de yī gè liàng diǎn。 lìng wài， xiōng yá lì de pú táo měi jiǔ yě wéi zhè gè guó jiā zēng guāng tiān cǎi， yǐ qí lì shǐ yōu jiǔ、 jiǔ wèi chún xiāng wén míng yú shì。 xiōng yá lì dú tè de zì rán fēng guāng hé rén wén jǐng guān shǐ qí chéng wéi lǚ yóu dà guó， chéng wéi xiōng wài huì zhòng yào lái yuán zhī yī。 1989 nián yǐ lái， xiōng yá lì jīng lì liǎo cóng jìhuà jīng jì xiàng shì chǎng jīng jì de zhuǎn biàn， qí mù biāo shì jìn kuài dì yǔ 'ōu zhōu jīng jì róng wéi yī tǐ。 suí zhe zhèng zhì jú shì de wěn dìng hé jīng jì de bù duàn fā zhǎn， xiōng yá lì yú 1996 nián jiā rù liǎo jīng jì hé zuò fā zhǎn zǔ zhì， 1999 nián jiā rù běi dà xī yáng gōng yuē zǔ zhì， 2002 nián 'ōu méng xuān bù jiāng yú 2004 nián jiē nà xiōng yá lì、 bō lán、 jié kè děng shēn qǐng jiā rù de guó jiā wéi qí zhèng shì chéng yuán。 xiōng xiàn zhèng 'àn zhào 'ōu méng de fǎ lǜ kuàng jià jiā jǐn wán shàn qí guó nèi fǎ lǜ tǐ xì。 jiǔ shí nián dài zhōng qī， xiōng dà dāo kuò fǔ dì tuī xíng liǎo yī tào jīng jì gǎi gé jìhuà， jí zài shì chǎng jīng jì de jī chǔ shàng shí shī sī yòu huà hé jīng jì zì yóu huà de zhèng cè， dà lì xī yǐn wài guó tóu zī。 gǎi gé qǔ dé liǎo míng xiǎn de chéng xiào， xiōng shī yè shuài zhú nián xià jiàng， tōng huò péng zhàng dà fú dù jiàng dī， wài guó tóu zī bù duàn yǒng rù， xiōng hěn kuài dì zǒu shàng liǎo yǐ chū kǒu dài dòng jīng jì kuài sù zēngzhǎng de dào lù， jìn 2000 jiā guó yíng qǐ yè zài sī yòu huà guò chéng zhōng bèi chū shòu， sī yíng jīng jì zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de bǐ lì yóu 1989 nián de 20% zēng zhì 2000 nián de 80% yǐ shàng。 1997 héng 2000 nián， xiōng jīng jì píng jūn zēngchánglǜ chāo guò liǎo 4%。 2001 nián， jìn guǎn qí guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de zēng fú fàng màn， dàn réng rán shì zhōng dōng 'ōu dì qū zēngchánglǜ zuì gāo de guó jiā zhī yī， qiě gāo yú 'ōu méng de píng jūn zēngzhǎng shuǐ píng。 zài guò qù jiào cháng yī duàn shí qī， xiōng yá lì tōng huò péng zhàng shuài yī zhí gāo jū bù xià， yán zhòng zhì yuē zhe jīng jì zēngzhǎng。 wèicǐ， xiōng zhōng yāng yínháng cǎi qǔ liǎo yán gé de huò bì zhèng cè， què bǎo wù jià de wěn dìng， kòng zhì tōng huò péng zhàng de pān shēng。 2001 nián， xiōng zhōng yāng yínháng fàng qì liǎo zhí xíng duō nián de huì shuài xiǎo fú biǎn zhí jī zhì， jiāng qí shàng xià bō dòng fú dù gè zēng jiā 15%， bìng jiāng yuán lái shí xíng de fú lín yǔ měi yuán guà gōu gǎi wéi yǔ 'ōu yuán guà gōu。 tōng guò gè fāng miàn de nǔ lì， 2002 nián xiōng tōng huò péng zhàng shuài yóu shàng nián de 6.8% jiàng dào liǎo 5.3%， jīng jì zēngchánglǜ wéi 3.3%， jīng jì zēngzhǎng zhù yào dé yì yú lǚ yóu hé jiàn zhù yè de chí xù zēngzhǎng yǐ jí zhèng fǔ cǎi qǔ de zēng jiā gōng zī、 kuò dà xiāo fèi xū qiú de cái zhèng cì jī zhèng cè。 2002 nián， jīng cháng zhàng hù chì zì jìhuà bǎo chí zài guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 4.5% yǐ xià。 xiōng huò bì fú lín mù qián yǐ shí xiàn liǎo zì yóu duì huàn。 2002 nián mù dí tóu zī fú wù gōng sī jiāng xiōng yá lì zhèng fǔ wài bì zhài quàn de xìn yòng píng jí yóu BBB3 tí gāo dào A1。 xiōng zài zhōng dōng 'ōu dì qū jìng zhēng lì de pái míng jǐn cì yú sī luò wén ní yà jū dì 'èr wèi。 【 gōng yè】 xiōng yá lì gōng yè zhèng cè shì yǐ cù jìn tóu zī wéi zōng zhǐ， yǐ zhī chí qǐ yè de yán fā hé chuàng xīn yǐ jí jiàn lì qǐ yī gè guǎng fàn de chǎn pǐn gōng xiāo wǎng luò wéi mù biāo， tí gāo gōng yè jìng zhēng lì yǐ biàn wéi jiā rù 'ōu méng zuò hǎo zhǔn bèi。 xiōng gōng yè zhù yào hángyè yòu jī xiè zhì zào、 yī yào、 xìn xī jì shù hé shí pǐn jiā gōng děng。 xiōng 2000 nián gōng yè shēng chǎn zēngchánglǜ wéi 18.3%, ér 2001 nián jiàng zhì 4.1%,2002 nián gèng jiàng zhì 2.6%. xiōng gōng yè shēng chǎn zēngzhǎng zhù yào lái zì yú xìn xī jì shù、 diàn xùn hé jiā diàn děng bù mén de fā zhǎn。 【 jī chǔ shè shī】 xiōng yá lì de jiāo tōng jī chǔ shè shī zài zhèng fǔ de zhī chí xià jìn xíng liǎo dà guī mó chóngjiàn， gāo sù gōng lù gōng lǐ shǔbù duàn zēng jiā。 tiě lù réng shǔ guó yíng， yóu yú qí yùn shū chéng běn dī qiě 'ān quán kě kào 'ér bèi guǎng fàn dì yùn yòng yú gōng yè yùn shū。 xiōng yá lì guó jì jī chǎng wèi yú bù dá pèi sī shì jiāo， gāi jī chǎng yōng yòu liǎng gè xiàn dài huà de háng kōng jí sàn zhàn。 xiōng yá lì diàn xìn xì tǒng jiào wéi wán shàn， qí yí dòng tōng xùn yè yóu wéi fā dá。 wèile fú hé jiā rù 'ōu méng de yào qiú， xiōng yá lì zhèng fǔ 2001 nián tōng guò liǎo yī gè diàn xìn zì yóu huà fǎ 'àn。 gāi fǎ 'àn kāi fàng liǎo guó nèi hé guó jì gù dìng diàn huà shì chǎng， yí dòng tōng xùn shì chǎng yì yǐ fàng kāi。 mù qián， xiōng yá lì guó jiā diàn huà gōng sī zài guó jì cháng tú hé guó nèi gù huà shì chǎng shàng réng zhàn zhù dǎo dì wèi。 xiōng yá lì mù qián yuē yòu 50 jiā hù lián wǎng fú wù gōng yìng shāng。 【 láo dòng lì】 xiōng yá lì láo dòng lì sù zhì jiào gāo， qí láo dòng lì rén kǒu yuē wéi 410 wàn， dà dū shòu guò gāo děng jiào yù qiě jù yòu tè dìng de jì néng hé zhuān cháng。 xiōng yá lì shòu jiào yù rén kǒu bǐ lì chāo guò liǎo rén kǒu zǒng shù de 98%， dà yuē sān fēn zhī 'èr de láo dòng lì yǐ jīng wán chéng liǎo yī zhǒng zhuān cháng huò duō zhǒng xíng shì de jì shù péi xùn hé zhí yè jiào yù， xiōng yá lì xǔ duō nián qīng rén zhǎng wò yīng yǔ、 dé yǔ hé fǎ yǔ děng wài yǔ。 2001 nián xiōng yá lì shī yè shuài wéi 5.4%， dà dà dī yú 'ōu méng de píng jūn shuǐ píng。 xiōng yá lì gè dì qū jiù yè zhuàng kuàng cún zài jiào dà chā bié， xī běi dì qū jì shù gōng rén duǎn quē， tè bié shì jīn róng hé shì chǎng yíng xiāo rén cái， ér duō nǎo hé de dōng bù shī yè shuài zé gāo yú quán guó de píng jūn shuǐ píng。 xiōng yá lì de gōng zī shuǐ píng dà dà dī yú xī 'ōu dì qū， yǔ zhōng dōng 'ōu de píng jūn shuǐ píng xiāngchà wú jǐ。 xiōng dōng bù dì qū de láo dòng lì chéng běn bǐ xī bù dī， dàn láo dòng zhě de jì shù shuǐ píng yǔ xī bù bù xiāng shàng xià。 【 xiōng yá lì de wài guó tóu zī】 wài guó tóu zī shì xiōng yá lì wài mào chū kǒu hé jīng jì zēngzhǎng de zhòng yào dòng lì。 tōng guò sī yòu huà jìn chéng， xiōng xī yǐn liǎo dà pī de wài guó tóu zī。 zài sī yòu huà fāng shì shàng， xiōng yá lì bìng wèi cǎi yòng dà bù fēn dōng 'ōu guó jiā suǒ shí xíng de piào quàn sī yòu huà fāng shì， yīn wéi piào quàn sī yòu huà dà dà dì xiàn zhì liǎo wài guó tóu zī zhě shōu gòu xiōng zhěng gè gōng sī de kě néng xìng。 xiōng yá lì gǔ lì wài guó tóu zī zhě zhěng tǐ shōu gòu guó yòu qǐ yè。 zì 1990 nián yǐ lái， xiōng gòng yòu 1500 duō jiā guó yòu qǐ yè shí xiàn liǎo sī yòu huà， sī yòu huà shōu rù chāo guò 100 yì měi yuán。 zì 1995 nián 6 yuè《 sī yòu huà fǎ 'àn》 jí qí xiū zhèng 'àn bān bù yǐ lái， sī yòu huà jìn chéng míng xiǎn jiā kuài， qí chéng xù yě gèng jiā tòu míng。 xiōng yá lì sī yòu huà hé guó yòu kòng gǔ gōng sī shì fù zé guǎn lǐ hé chū shòu guó yòu qǐ yè zī chǎn de zhuān mén jī gòu。 zì 1990 nián yǐ lái， wài guó tóu zī zhě zài xiōng tóu zī chuàng bàn liǎo yuē 30000 jiā qǐ yè， tóu zī 'é yuē wéi 284 yì měi yuán， yuē zhàn zhōng dōng 'ōu dì qū xī yǐn wài zī de sān fēn zhī yī， xiōng yá lì yīn 'ér chéng wéi zhōng dōng 'ōu dì qū xī shōu wài zī zuì duō de guó jiā zhī yī。 xiōng rén jūn xī yǐn wài zī 2480 měi yuán， wèi jū zhōng dōng 'ōu dì qū shǒu wèi。 zài xiōng yá lì tóu zī jiào duō de guó jiā hái bāo kuò fǎ guó、 yì dà lì、 rì běn hé yīng guó děng guó。 tóu zī 'é zài 1000 wàn měi yuán yǐ shàng de xiàng mù zhōng， měi guó zhàn 29%， dé guó zhàn 26%， fǎ guó zhàn 11%， hé lán zhàn 10%。 wài zī chǎn zhí yuē zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de sān fēn zhī yī， gù yòng liǎo quán guó 43% de láo dòng lì， qí chū kǒu 'é zhàn quán bù chū kǒu de 70%。 wài zī qǐ yè duì tí gāo xiōng yá lì de láo dòng shēng chǎn shuài qǐ dào liǎo zhòng yào de zuò yòng。 zhè xiē qǐ yè dà duō zhòng shì chǎn pǐn zhì liàng hé jì shù chuàng xīn， bìng kāi shǐ jiàn lì qǐ xīn de chǎn yè， rú qì chē zǔ zhuāng、 líng bù jiàn shēng chǎn、 diàn zǐ gōng yè yuán jiàn děng。 wài zī qǐ yè duì yú xiōng yá lì diàn xìn、 yī yào hé shí pǐn gōng yè de xiàn dài huà gèng shì qǐ dào liǎo guān jiàn zuò yòng。 wài guó tóu zī de chǎn yè jié gòu zhèng fā shēng biàn huà： zhì zào yè de bǐ lì cóng 2001 nián de 50% xià jiàng zhì 2002 nián de 36%， ér zài fáng dì chǎn、 zū lìn、 fǔ zhù shāng yè huó dòng（ 16%）、 jīn róng fú wù yè（ 12%）、 diàn lì hé tiān rán qì、 gōng nuǎnhuo gōng shuǐ（ 9%） děng lǐng yù tóu zī bǐ lì dōuyòu xiǎn zhù de tí gāo . mù qián shì jiè shàng zuì dà de 50 jiā kuà guó gōng sī zhōng yǐ yòu 45 jiā jìn zhù xiōng yá lì， qí zhōng bāo kuò： tōng yòng diàn qì、 tōng yòng qì chē、 ào dí、 IBM， Elextronics、 fěi lì pǔ、 nuò jī yà、 Ameritech-DeutscheTelekom,Electrolux、 xī mén zǐ gōng sī děng。 yī xiē kuà guó gōng sī jiāng qí zài xiōng shí xiàn de lì rùn yòu jìn xíng liǎo zài tóu zī。 yuè lái yuè duō de wài zī qǐ yè jiāng zhù yì lì jí zhōng zài gāo fù jiā zhí、 gāo pǐn zhì de chǎn pǐn zhōng。 hěn duō gōng sī rú tōng yòng diàn qì、 tōng yòng qì chē、 ōu bǎo、 nuò jī yà、 ào dí、 xī mén zǐ、 Flextronics、 fěi lì pǔ、 ài lì xìn děng qǐ yè yǐ jīng qiān wǎng xiōng yá lì。 tōng yòng diàn qì zhào míng gōng sī jué dìng yú 2002 nián 2 yuè jiāng wèi yú lún dūn de fù zé 'ōu zhōu、 zhōng dōng hé fēi zhōu dì qū shì wù de qū yù xìng zhōng xīn qiān zhì xiōng yá lì。 yóu yú xiōng yá lì de dì lǐ wèi zhì yōu yuè， yuè lái yuè duō de wài zī qǐ yè qīng xiàng yú zài xiōng yá lì jiàn lì fǔ zhù xìng fú wù zhōng xīn， tōng yòng diàn qì gōng sī、 DlageoPic hé diàn zǐ shù jù xì tǒng gōng sī zài guò qù de liǎng nián zhōng yǐ jīng zài xiōng yá lì jiàn lì liǎo fǔ zhù zhōng xīn。 zài guò qù de jǐ nián zhōng， xiōng zhèng fǔ zhòng diǎn gǔ lì fā zhǎn yǐ xià hángyè： zhù fáng、 qiáo liáng hé gāo sù gōng lù jiàn shè、 zhōng xiǎo qǐ yè de fā zhǎn、 lǚ yóu、 chuàng xīn hé yán fā（ tè bié shì zài xìn xī kē jì lǐng yù）。 【 xiōng yá lì de wài mào】 xiōng yá lì shì shì jiè mào yì zǔ zhì（ WTO） de chéng yuán， bìng jiāng zài 2004 nián chéng wéi 'ōu méng de yī yuán。 tā tóng shí hái shì 'ōu zhōu zì yóu mào yì xié dìng（ EFTA）、 zhōng 'ōu zì yóu mào yì dì qū（ CEFTA） de chéng yuán。 lìng wài， xiōng hái yǔ yǐ sè liè、 tǔ 'ěr qí、 kè luó dì yà hé 'ài shā ní yà qiān dìng liǎo shuāng biān zì yóu mào yì xié dìng。 wéi fú hé shì jiè mào yì zǔ zhì de guī dìng， zì 2001 nián 1 yuè 1 rì qǐ， xiōng yá lì qǔ xiāo liǎo lái zì yú shì jiè mào yì zǔ zhì chéng yuán guó de chǎn pǐn pèi 'é。 cóng 'ōu méng hé zhōng 'ōu zì yóu mào yì 'é dì qū guó jiā jìn kǒu de gōng yè chǎn pǐn de guān shuì yě tóng shí qǔ xiāo。 xiōng yá lì duì wài mào yì fēn lèi xiōng yá lì de chū kǒu zēngzhǎng zhù yào yǐ lài yú zài xiōng tóu zī de kuà guó gōng sī， qí chū kǒu 'é zhōng de 70% lái zì yú zhè xiē qǐ yè。 90 nián dài zhōng qī， suí zhe wài guó tóu zī de dà liàng yǒng rù， xiōng yá lì chū kǒu zēng fú jiào kuài， 1997 nián hé 1998 liǎng nián de zēngchánglǜ jūn dá dào 20%， 2002 nián mào yì zēngchánglǜ wéi 12.6%， wài mào zǒng 'é dá 343 yì měi yuán， qí zhōng jìn kǒu zēngzhǎng liǎo 11.7%， dá 376 yì měi yuán。 yǔ guò qù xiāng bǐ， xiōng yá lì zhù yào mào yì huǒ bàn yǐ fā shēng liǎo hěn dà biàn huà： duì 'ōu méng de wài mào 'é zhàn qí wài mào zǒng 'é de sān fēn zhī 'èr， ér zài 1989 nián qián， yǔ qián jīng hù huì guó jiā de mào yì zhàn qí wài mào de sān fēn zhī 'èr。 2002 nián xiōng yá lì 82% de chǎn pǐn chū kǒu dào fā dá guó jiā， qí zhōng 75.1% xiāo wǎng 'ōu méng guó jiā， ér 14% xiāo wǎng 'ōu méng guó jiā， ér 14% xiāo wǎng zhōng 'ōu zì yóu mào yì xié dìng guó jiā。 zài jìn kǒu fāng miàn， xiōng yá lì cóng fā dá guó jiā de jìn kǒu zhàn jìn kǒu zǒng 'é de 66.8%, qí zhōng 56.3% lái zì yú 'ōu méng， 16-17% lái zì yú qí tā dì qū。 2002 nián， xiōng yá lì zhù yào mào yì huǒ bàn： dé guó、 ào dì lì、 yì dà lì、 fǎ guó、 měi guó， duì xiōng chū kǒu jiào duō de guó jiā fēn bié wéi dé guó、 yì dà lì、 ào dì lì、 é luó sī、 zhōng guó、 fǎ guó、 rì běn hé měi guó。 xiōng yá lì wài mào de chǎn yè jié gòu fā shēng liǎo hěn dà biàn huà： chū kǒu chǎn pǐn zhōng jī xiè chǎn pǐn suǒ zhàn de bǐ lì yóu 1991 nián 21% zēng zhì 2002 nián de 58%： zhì chéng pǐn jū yú dì 'èr wèi， zhàn 30.8%。 rán liào hé diàn lì wéi chí zài yuán shuǐ píng（ 2-3%）。 nóng chǎn pǐn、 shí pǐn yǐ jí yuán cái liào zài chū kǒu zhōng suǒ zhàn de bǐ lì zài guò qù jǐ nián chí xù xià jiàng， yuē zhàn 9%。 2002 nián， nóng chǎn pǐn hé shí pǐn suǒ zhàn bǐ lì jiē jìn 7%， zài jìn kǒu fāng miàn， jī xiè shè bèi de jìn kǒu zhàn bǐ zuì gāo， wéi 52%， qí cì shì zhì chéng pǐn， zhàn 35.5%。 xiōng yá lì jìn kǒu de zhù yào chǎn pǐn yòu： shí yóu、 tiān rán qì、 qì chē líng bù jiàn、 jì suàn jī shè bèi、 qì lún jī、 cèliáng yí qì； chū kǒu de chǎn pǐn yòu： diàn zǐ chǎn pǐn、 jī xiè shè bèi、 jiāo tōng gōng jù（ fēi tiě lù） yǐ jí huà gōng chǎn pǐn děng。 xīn wén chū bǎn mù qián zài xiōng bàn bào wú xū pī zhǔn， dào wén jiào bù dēng jì jí kě。 bù shǎo kān wù yòu wài guó gǔ fèn。２００１ nián fā xíng liàng jiào dà de quán guó xìng bào zhǐ yòu７ zhǒng， qí tā kān wù８７ zhǒng。 zhù yào rì bào yòu《 dì tiě bào》、《 jīn rì yī piē》、《 rén mín zì yóu bào》、《 mín zú tǐ yù bào》、《 xiōng yá lì mín zú bào》、《 kuài bào》、《 xiōng yá lì xīn wén bào》、《 rén mín zhī shēng bào》。 xiōng yá lì tōng xùn shè wèiguó yíng，１８８０ nián chéng lì。 zhù yào guǎng bō diàn tái yòu kē shū tè guǎng bō diàn tái（１９４９ nián chéng lì） hé péi duō fěi guǎng bō diàn tái， jūn wéi guó yíng diàn tái。 cǐ wài hái yòu bào 'ěr duō kè guǎng bō diàn tái hé dào nǔ bǐ wū sī guǎng bō diàn tái。 zhù yào diàn shì tái yòu xiōng yá lì diàn shì tái， guó yíng，１９５８ nián chéng lì。 duō nǎo hé diàn shì tái， sī yíng。 wài jiāo fèng xíng dú lì de、 yǐ mín zú lì yì wéi jī chǔ de duì wài zhèng cè。 zài wéi hù dōng xī fāng píng héng de wài jiāo guān xì de tóng shí， zhēng qǔ fǎn huí 'ōu zhōu， zǎo rì jiā rù 'ōu méng。１９９９ nián３ yuè， xiōng yá lì zhèng shì jiā rù běi yuē。２００４ nián５ yuè１ rì， xiōng yá lì zhèng shì chéng wéi 'ōu méng chéng yuán guó。 yǔ zhōng guó guān xì 1949 nián 10 yuè 6 rì， xiōng yá lì yǔ zhōng guó jiàn lì dà shǐ jí wài jiāo guān xì。 Names In the late middle age, the Latin terms "Natio Hungarica" and "Hungarus" referred to all noblemen of the Kingdom. A Hungarus-consciousness (loyalty and patriotism above ethnic origins) existed among all inhabitants of this state. However, according to István Werbőczy's Tripartitum, the "Natio Hungarica" were only the privileged noblemen, subjects of the Holy Crown of Hungary regardless of ethnicity. The Latin name Regnum Hungariae/Vngarie (Regnum meaning kingdom); Regnum Marianum (The Kingdom or Reign of St. Mary); or simply Hungaria was the form used in official documents from the beginning of the kingdom to the 1840s, the German name (Königreich Ungarn) from 1849 to the 1860s and the Hungarian name (Magyar Királyság) in the 1840s and from the 1860's to 1918. The names in other languages of the kingdom were: (Hungarian: Magyar Királyság, Polish: Królestwo Węgier, Romanian: Regatul Ungariei, Serbo-Croatian: Краљевина Угарска/Kraljevina Ugarska, Slovene: Kraljevina Ogrska, Czech: Uherské království, Slovak: Uhorské kráľovstvo. History of the Kingdom of Hungary Medieval Hungary controlled more territory than medieval France (with only the Holy Roman Empire being larger than Hungary), and the population was the third largest of any country in Europe. The Kingdom of Hungary arose in present-day western Hungary and present-day western Slovakia, and subsequently spread to remaining present-day Hungary, to Transylvania (in present-day Romania), present-day eastern Slovakia, Carpatho-Ruthenia, Vojvodina (in present-day Serbia) and other smaller nearby territories. It existed in personal union with the Kingdom of Croatia from 1102 until 1918 under the name Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen. The Hungarian Holy Crown of Saint Stephen.The first kings of the Kingdom were from the Árpád dynasty. In the early 14th century, this dynasty was replaced by the Angevins, and later the Jagiellonians as well as several non-dynastic rulers, notably Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor and Matthias Corvinus. At the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the Hungarian army was defeated by the forces of the Ottoman Empire, and Louis II of Hungary ran away and drowned in the Csele Creek. Under the Ottoman attacks the central authority collapsed and a struggle for power broke out. The majority of Hungary's ruling elite elected John Zápolya (10 November 1526). A small minority of aristocrats sided with Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor who was Archduke of Austria and was related to Louis's family by marriage, as King of Hungary; there had been previous agreements that the Habsburgs would take the Hungarian throne if Louis died without heirs, as he did. Ferdinand was elected king by a rump diet in December 1526. On 29 February 1528, King John I of Hungary received the support of the Ottoman Sultan. A three-sided conflict ensued as Ferdinand moved to assert his rule over as much of the Hungarian kingdom as he could. By 1529 the kingdom had been split into two parts: Habsburg Hungary and "eastern-Kingdom of Hungary". At this time there were no Ottomans on Hungarian territories, except Srem's important castles. By 1541, the fall of Buda marked a further division of Hungary, in three parts and remained so until the end of the 17th century. Although the borders were changing very frequently during this period, the three parts can be identified more or less as follows: Present-day Slovakia, north-western Transdanubia, Burgenland, western Croatia, and adjacent territories were under Habsburg rule. This area was referred to as Royal Hungary, and though it nominally remained a separate state, it was administered more or less as part of the Habsburgs' Austrian holdings, to which it was immediately adjacent. This was the continuation of the Kingdom of Hungary. Map of the counties in the Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen (the Kingdom of Hungary proper and Croatia-Slavonia) around 1880The Great Alföld (i.e. most of present-day Hungary, incl. south-eastern Transdanubia and the Banat), partly without north-eastern present-day Hungary, became part of the Ottoman Empire (see Ottoman Hungary). The remaining territory became the newly independent principality of Transylvania, under Zápolya's family. Transylvania was a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire. After a failed Ottoman invasion of Austria in 1683, the Habsburgs went on the offensive against the Turks; by the end of the 17th century, they had managed to conquer the remainder of the historical Kingdom of Hungary and the principality of Transylvania. At this point, the Royal Hungary terminology was dropped, and the area was once again referred to as the Kingdom of Hungary, although it was still administered as a part of the Habsburg realm. In the 18th century, the Kingdom of Hungary had its own Diet (parliament) and constitution, but the members of the Governor's Council (Helytartótanács, the office of the palatine) were appointed by the Habsburg monarch, and the superior economic institution, the Hungarian Chamber, was directly subordinated to the Court Chamber in Vienna. The official language of the Kingdom of Hungary remained Latin until 1844; it was Hungarian between 1844 and 1849 then from 1867. Austria-Hungary The coat of arms of the Kingdom of HungaryFollowing the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, the Habsburg Empire became the "dual monarchy" of Austria-Hungary. The Austro-Hungarian economy changed dramatically during the existence of the Dual Monarchy. Technological change accelerated industrialization and urbanization. The capitalist way of production spread throughout the Empire during its fifty-year existence. The obsolete medieval institutions continued to disappear. By the early 20th century most of the Empire had started to experience rapid economic growth. The GNP per capita grew roughly 1.45% per year from 1870 to 1913. That level of growth compared very favorably to that of other European nations such as Britain (1.00%), France (1.06%), and Germany (1.51%). The historic lands of the Hungarian Crown (the Kingdom of Hungary proper, to which Transylvania was soon incorporated, and Croatia-Slavonia, which maintained a distinct identity and a certain internal autonomy) was granted equal status with the rest of the Habsburg monarchy; the two states comprising Austria-Hungary each had considerable independence, with certain institutions and matters (notably the reigning house, defence, foreign affairs, and finances for common expenditures) remaining joint. This arrangement was to last until 1918, when 72% of the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary was divided between neighbouring states of Austria/Romania and newly formed states of Czechoslovakia/Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes as the Central Powers went down in defeat in World War I. The new borders were set in 1920 by the Treaty of Trianon leaving more than 3,5 million ethnic Hungarians outside the new borders that were originally meant to accord ethnic borders. Kingdom of Hungary between 1920-1944 After the pullout of occupation forces of Romania in 1920 from its war against the Communist regime of Béla Kun, the country went into civil conflict, with Hungarian anti-communists and monarchists purging the nation of communists, leftists and others they felt threatened by. Later in 1920, a coalition of right-wing political forces united and returned Hungary to being a constitutional monarchy. Selection of the new King was delayed due to civil infighting, and a regent was appointed to represent the monarchy. Former Austro-Hungarian navy admiral Miklós Horthy became that regent. The Kingdom of Hungary existing from 1920 to 1944 was a de facto regency state under Regent Miklós Horthy officially representing the abdicated Hungarian monarchy. Attempts by Charles IV King of Hungary to return to the throne were prevented by threats of war from neighbouring countries, and by lack of support from Horthy (see Charles IV of Hungary's conflict with Miklós Horthy). The first ten years of the reinstated kingdom saw increased repression of Hungarian minorities. Limits on the number of Jews permitted to go to university were placed, corporal punishment was legalized. Under the leadership of Prime Minister István Bethlen, democracy dissipated as Bethlen manipulated elections in rural areas which allowed his political party, the Party of Unity to win repeated elections. Bethlen pushed for the revision of the Treaty of Trianon. After the collapse of the Hungarian economy from 1929 to 1931, national turmoil pushed Bethlen to resign. This state was conceived of as a "kingdom without a king," since there was no consensus on either who should take the throne of Hungary, or what form of government should replace the monarchy. The Kingdom of Hungary was one of the Axis powers during World War II until its defection in 1944, in which the state was occupied and dissolved by Nazi Germany and replaced by a briefly-existing puppet state. Historical perceptions In today's Hungary, the Kingdom of Hungary is regarded as one long stage in the development of the same state. This sense of continuity is reflected in the republic's national symbols, holidays, official language and the capital city of the country. The short form of the name is the same in Hungarian (Magyarország). The millennium of the Hungarian statehood was commemorated in 2000 and codified by the Millennium Act of 2000. In contrast, scholars outside Hungary observe that the Kingdom of Hungary, being a multiethnic and later multinational state, "bore little resemblance, in territory or population, to today’s Hungary". This observation is reflected also by the fact that the Croatian, Serbian, Slovak and Slovenian languages (groups formerly within Hungary) have different names for the Kingdom of Hungary and modern Hungary. |
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