葡萄牙

ōu zhōu:

英国 United Kingdom 爱尔兰 Ireland 比利时 Belgium 荷兰 Netherlands 法国 France 西班牙 Spain 葡萄牙 Portugal 意大利 Italy 希腊 Greece 奥地利 Austria 匈牙利 Hungary 德国 Germany 瑞士 Switzerland 罗马尼亚 Romania 俄罗斯 Russia 波兰 Poland 克罗地亚 Croatia (Hrvatska) 捷克 Czech 芬兰 Finland 瑞典 Sweden 挪威 Norway 冰岛 Iceland 土耳其 Turkey 丹麦 Denmark 阿尔巴尼亚 Albania 爱沙尼亚 Republic of Estonia 安道尔 Andorra 白俄罗斯 Belarus 保加利亚 The Republic of Bulgaria 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 Bosnia and Herzegovina 梵蒂冈 Vatican City State (Holy See) 黑山 The Republic of Montenegro 拉脱维亚 Latvia 立陶宛 Republic of Lithuania 列支敦士登 Liechtenstein 卢森堡 Luxembourg 马耳他 Republic of Malta 马其顿 The Republic of Macedonia 摩尔多瓦 The Republic of Moldova 摩纳哥 Monaco 塞尔维亚 the Republic of Serbia 斯洛伐克 The Slovak Republic 斯洛文尼亚 the Republic of Slovenia 圣马力诺 San Marino 乌克兰 Ukraine

pú táo yá Portugal shǒudōu:lǐ sī běn guógūdàimǎ: pt

cháozhèng

　　【 guó míng】 pú táo yá gòng hé guó（ yīng :Portugal,thePortugueseRepublic, pú :RepúblicaPortuguesa）。 lā dīng yǔ yì wéi “ wēn nuǎn de gǎng kǒu ” chù 'ōu zhōu xī nán bù， lǐng tǔ hái bāo kuò dà xī yáng shàng de hǎi wài lǐng tǔ yà sù 'ěr qún dǎo hé mǎ dé lā qún dǎo。
　　【 zhòng yào jié rì】 guó qìng rì： 6 yuè 10 rì
　　 gòng hé guó rì： 10 yuè 5 rì
　　 jì niàn 1974 nián 4 yuè 25 rì tuī fān dú cái tǒng zhì， jiàn lì mín zhù zhèng quán
　　 quán guó dǒu zhēng rì：６ yuè １３ rì
　　【 guó qí】 chéng cháng fāng xíng， cháng yǔ kuān zhī bǐ wéi３：２。 qí miàn yóu zuǒ lǜ yòu hóng liǎng bù fēn zǔ chéng， lǜ sè bù fēn shì yī gè shù cháng fāng xíng， hóng sè bù fēn jiē jìn zhèng fāng xíng， qí miàn jī wéi lǜ sè bù fēn de yī bèi bàn。 hóng、 lǜ lián xiàn de zhōng jiān huì yòu pú táo yá guó huī。 hóng sè biǎo shì duì１９１０ nián chéng lì dì 'èr gòng hé guó de qìng hè， lǜ sè biǎo shì duì bèi chēng wéi“ háng hǎi jiā” de hēng lì qīn wáng de jìng yì。
　　【 guó huī】 zhù tǐ bù fēn shì yī gè jīn sè de hún tiān yí， zhè shì gǔ lǎo de háng hǎi yí qì， dài biǎo pú táo yá rén de háng hǎi chéng jiù。 hún tiān yí zhōng yāng wéi yī miàn bái dùn， dùn miàn shàng wǔ gè lán sè xiǎo dùn zǔ chéng shí zì xíng， měi gè xiǎo lán dùn shàng yòu wǔ gè bái sè yuán bǎo。 wǔ gè xiǎo lán dùn shì jì niàn 'ā 'ěr fēng shā yī shì zài 'ào lì jī zhàn yì zhōng jī bài mó 'ěr rén de wǔ gè jūn zhù suǒ qǔ dé de shèng lì； bái sè yuán bǎo shì pú táo yá gǔ lǎo de biāo zhì， yě xiàng zhēng yé sū jī dū dǎ bài yì jiào tú de lì liàng。 bái sè dùn xíng chóngdié yú dà hóng dùn zhōng， hóng dùn zhōu biān yòu qī gè chéng bǎo， jì niàn pú táo yá cóng mó 'ěr rén shǒu zhōng shōu fù de shěng fèn。 hún tiān yí zhōu wéi shì gǎn lǎn zhī。
　　
　　【 guó huā】 xūn yī cǎo， shí zhú
　　【 huò bì míng chēng】 āi sī kù duō
　　【 guó jiā yuán shǒu】 zǒng tǒng 'ā ní bā 'ěr · ān dōng ní 'ào · kǎ wǎ kē · xí 'ěr wǎ (AníbalAntónioCavacoSilva),2006 nián 1 yuè dāng xuǎn、 2006 nián 3 yuè jiù zhí。 rèn qī 5 nián。　　　
　　
　　
　　
　　【 zì rán dì lǐ】
　　　　 miàn jī wéi９ .１９ wàn píng fāng gōng lǐ（２００５ nián１２ yuè）。 wèi yú 'ōu zhōu yī bǐ lì yà bàn dǎo xī nán bù。 dōng、 běi yǔ pí lín xī bān yá， xī nán bīn lín dà xī yáng。 hǎi 'àn xiàn cháng ８００ duō gōng lǐ。 dì xíng běi gāo nán dī， duō wéi shān dì hé qiū líng。 běi bù shì méi sài tǎ gāo yuán； zhōng bù shān qū píng jūn hǎi bá８００～１０００ mǐ， āi shí tè léi lā fēng hǎi bá１９９１ mǐ； nán bù hé xī bù fēn bié wéi qiū líng hé yán hǎi píng yuán。 zhù yào hé liú yòu tè rú hé、 dù luó hé（ liú jīng jìng nèi３２２ gōng lǐ） hé méng tè gǔ hé。 běi bù shǔ hǎi yáng xìng wēn dài kuò yè lín qì hòu， nán bù shǔ yà rè dài dì zhōng hǎi shì qì hòu。 píng jūn qì wēn１ yuè ７～１１ ℃，７ yuè２０～２６℃。 nián píng jūn jiàng shuǐ liàng５００～１０００ háo mǐ。　　
　　
　　【 rén kǒu】
　　　　１０３０ duō wàn（２００５ nián）。 qí zhōng９９％ yǐ shàng wéi pú táo yá rén， qí yú wéi xī bān yá rén děng。 rén kǒu mì dù wéi 114.7 rén / píng fāng gōng lǐ。 láo dòng lì rén kǒu wéi 550.7 wàn（ 2005 nián yī jì dù）。 guān fāng yǔ yán wéi pú táo yá yǔ。９７％ yǐ shàng jū mín xìn fèng tiān zhù jiào。　　
　　
　　【 shǒu dū】
　　　　 lǐ sī běn（ Lisbon）， rén kǒu 56.47 wàn（ 2001 nián）， zuì rè yuè（ 8 yuè） qì wēn wéi 17-28℃（ píng jūn rì zuì dī wēn jí zuì gāo wēn）， zuì lěng yuè（ 1 yuè） qì wēn wéi 8-14℃。 zuì hàn yuè（ 7 yuè） jiàng shuǐ 3 háo mǐ（ yuè jūn jiàng shuǐ liàng）， zuì shī yuè（ 1 yuè） 111 háo mǐ。
　　
　　【 xíng zhèng qū huá】
　　 dì qū xíng zhèng shàng pú táo yá běn tǔ yòu 18 gè qū yù：
　　 yà wēi luó qū（ Aveiro）
　　 bèi yǎ qū（ Beja）
　　 bù lā jiā qū（ Braga）
　　 bù lā gān sà qū（ Bragança）
　　 bù lǎng kù bǎo qū（ CasteloBranco）
　　 kē yīng bù lā qū（ Coimbra）
　　 āi wǔ lā qū（ Évora）
　　 fǎ lǔ qū（ Faro）
　　 guā dá qū（ Guarda）
　　 lāi lǐ yà qū（ Leiria）
　　 lǐ sī běn qū（ Lisboa）
　　 bō tǎ lāi gé léi qū（ Portalegre）
　　 bō 'ěr tú qū（ Porto）
　　 shèng tǎ lún qū（ Santarém）
　　 sài tú bā 'ěr qū（ Setubal）
　　 wéi yà nà bǎo qū（ VianadoCastelo）
　　 léi 'ā 'ěr chéng qū（ VilaReal）
　　 wéi sài wū qū（ Viseu）
　　 cǐ wài hái yòu liǎng gè zì zhì qū： yà sù qún dǎo（ Açores） hé mǎ dé lā qún dǎo（ Madeira）。 měi yī gè qū yòu kě yǐ zài xì fēn wéi pú táo yá shì zhèng qū。
　　
　　
　　
　　【 jiǎn shǐ】
　　1140 nián， pú táo yá tuō lí xī bān yá tǒng zhì， hēng lì kè“ chēng dì”， chéng wéi gāi guó de dì yī wèi guó wáng。
　　1143 nián， yī gè dú lì de jūn zhù zhì guó jiā pú táo yá， zài guāng fù lǐng tǔ de zhàn zhēng zhōng yìng yùn 'ér shēng， bìng qiě dé dào liǎo luó mǎ jiào huáng de chéng rèn， zhè shì 'ōu zhōu dà lù shàng chū xiàn de dì yī gè tǒng yī de mín zú guó jiā。
　　 pú táo yá rú jīn de bǎn tú chéng xíng yú 1249 nián de wáng 'ā fāng suǒ sān shì tǒng zhì shí qī。
　　 gōng yuán qián shí qī gōng yuán qián yī qiān nián shí jiù yòu ruò gànbù zú jū zhù zài yī bǐ lì bàn dǎo (IberianPeninsula)， ér dì yī gè yòu zhèng jù zhī chí céng jū zhù cǐ dì de shì gōng yuán qián 8、 9 shì jì shí， zhù zài pú táo yá běi bù jí xī bān yá de jiā lì xī yà (Galicia) de sài 'ěr tè rén (Celts)； tóng shí qī hái yòu yán zhe 'ào jiā wēi (Algarve) jiàn lì yú cūn de féi ní jī rén (Phoenicians)， tā men bìng céng wǎng běi kāi tuò zhí dào xiàn jīn de lǐ sī běn (Lisbon)； xī là rén (Greeks) jí jiā tài jī rén (Cathaginians) zé zhù zài nán fāng jí xī fāng hǎi 'àn dì dài。 luó mǎ rén (Romans) zài gōng yuán qián 201 nián jī bài jiā tài jī rén， gōng yuán qián 140 nián dǎ bài sài 'ěr tè rén hòu， jiù zhǎng kòng liǎo pú táo yá zhōng bù jí nán bù。 zài luó mǎ tǒng zhì de liù gè shì jì zhōng， yǐn jìn shǔ yú lā dīng yǔ xì de pú táo yá yǔ jí fēng sú， yě tì jī dū jiào de yǐn rù dǎ xià jī chǔ。 xī gē dé rén jí 'ā lā bó rén tǒng zhì shí qī ( gōng yuán 469 héng 1139 nián ) luó mǎ dì guó gōng yuán 3、 4 shì jì shí shì wēi， lián dài yǐng xiǎng zhè gè dì qū de tǒng zhì quán。
　　 gōng yuán 469 nián， shǔ rì 'ěr màn mín zú de xī gē dé rén (Visigoths) yuè guò bì lǐ niú sī shān (Pyrenees) lái dào cǐ dì， 7 shì jì shí yǐn jìn jī dū jiào。 gōng yuán 711 nián， huí jiào tú rù qīn tuī fān liǎo xī gē dé wáng cháo， zài kē duō bā (Córdoba) jiàn lì 'ài 'ěr 'ān dá lù sī (al-Andalus) wáng guó； suī rán huí jiào tǒng zhì zhě bù pái chì yóu tài jiào jí jī dū jiào， dàn xǔ duō jī dū tú gǎi xìn huí jiào， gōng yuán 9、 10 shì jì shì huí jiào zuì xīng shèng de shí qī。 jīng guò jìn sì gè shì jì de huí jiào tǒng zhì， pú táo yá jìng nèi réng yòu xǔ duō huí jiào shì jiàn zhù dì biāo， yǐ jí xǔ duō yuán zì huí jiào jí 'ā lā bó de xí sú， yě yǐng xiǎng liǎo dāng dì de fāng yán。 shí zì jūn dōng zhēng jí pú táo yá jiàn guó shí qī ( gōng yuán 1139 héng 1415 nián )
　　 gōng yuán 1139 nián， lái zì pú táo kǎi 'ěr (Portucale)( yǐ bō 'ěr duō wéi zhōng xīn de lǐng dì ) biān jìng de guì zú 'ài fāng suǒ ? hēng lì kè sī ( ài fāng suǒ yī shì )(AfonsoHenriques)(AfonsoI) xuān bù dú lì， bìng zì chēng shì dì yī rèn pú táo yá guó wáng， jiè yóu shí zì jūn de xié zhù yǔ huí jiào tú duì kàng，
　　 zài gōng yuán 1147 nián shōu fù lǐ sī běn， gōng yuán 1249 nián zài 'ā liè tí zhù (Alentejo) jí 'ào jiā wēi jī kuì cán cún huí jiào bù duì， zhì cǐ wán quán qǔ huí cǐ dì de tǒng xiá quán。 dí ní sī yī shì (DinisI)( gōng yuán 1279 héng 1325 nián ) tuī guǎng shǐ yòng pú táo yá yǔ ( yǐ qǔ dài xī bān yá yǔ )， zài gōng yuán 1290 nián chuàng lì dì yī suǒ dà xué， gōng yuán 1297 nián qiān dìng 'ào kǎ ní sài xǔ tiáo yuē (TreatyofAlca?ices) què lì guó jiè， chéng wéi shí sì shì jì 'ōu zhōu dì yī gè dú lì guó jiā。
　　 dà tàn xiǎn shí qī ( gōng yuán 1415 héng 1580 nián ) ài wéi cí wáng cháo (HouseofAviz) dì yī wèi guó wáng qiú 'ào yī shì (Jo?oI)( gōng yuán 1385 héng 1433) zài wèi shí， chéng jiù liǎo pú táo yá qián suǒ wèi jiàn de xīng shèng jǐng xiàng， yě wéi rì hòu de bǎn tú kuò zhāng yǔ jīng jì chéngzhǎng dǎ xià jiān shí de jī chǔ。 wèile zēng qiáng guó lì， yǔ yīng guó qiān dìng wēn sè tiáo yuē (TreatyofWindsor) jiàn lì yǒng jiǔ de tóng méng guān xì。 15 shì jì shì hǎi quán shí dài de huáng jīn shí qī， zài qiú 'ào de 'ér zǐ dǎo háng zhě hēng lì wáng zǐ (PrinceHenrytheNavigator) de lǐng jūn xià， pú táo yá chéng wéi hǎi yáng jì shù jí tàn xiǎn de shì jiè lǐng dǎo zhě。 pú táo yá mào xiǎn jiā de zú jì cóng mó luò gē (Moroccan)、 mǎ dé lā qún dǎo (MadeiraIslands) zhí zhì wú rén jū zhù de yà sù qún dǎo (AzoresIslands)， bìng wéi liǎo nú lì jí cái fù jìn jūn fēi zhōu dà lù。
　　 gōng yuán 1443 nián， zài 'ēn lǐ kè wáng zǐ de zhǐ huī xià， cóng luó kǎ jiǎo chū fā de pú táo yá háng hǎi jiā chuān yuè liǎo xī fēi hǎi 'àn de bó hā duō 'ěr jiǎo。 zài cǐ zhī qián， zhè lǐ shì yǐ zhī shì jiè de jìn tóu。
　　 dào 1460 nián， bèi pú táo yá huì zài dì tú shàng de fēi zhōu xī hǎi 'àn yǐ jīng dá dào liǎo 4000 gōng lǐ。
　　 gōng yuán 1488 nián bā tuō luó miù ? dí yà cí (BartolomeuDiaz) rào guò fēi zhōu nán duān de hǎo wàng jiǎo (CapeofGoodHope) zhī hòu， shì jiè jiù cǐ gǎi biàn， tā bù jǐn kāi qǐ qián wǎng dōng fāng de dà mén， yě dǎ kāi liǎo pú táo yá xiāng liào mào yì de rù kǒu。 jiē xià lái suī rán pú táo yá yǔ gē lún bù (ChristopherColumbus) shī zhī jiāo bì， réng zài gōng yuán 1498 nián， yóu wǎ sī kù · dá · jiā mǎ (VascodaGama) shuài lǐng dì yī zhǐ yuǎn zhēng jiàn duì qián wǎng yìn dù (India)， zài dōng fēi jí yìn dù ní xī yà dǎ xià bù shǎo zhí mín dì。 liǎng nián hòu， pèi zhuó · ào wéi ruì xǔ · kǎ bù 'ào (PedroAlvaresCabral) ná xià bā xī， jiàn lì guǎng dà de pú táo yá dì guó。
　　 hā pǔ sī bǎo jí bù lā gāng sà wáng cháo shí qī ( gōng yuán 1580 héng 1807 nián ) gōng yuán 1580 nián 'ài wéi cí wáng cháo shī shì， xī bān yá guó wáng fěi lì pǔ 'èr shì (FelipeII) qiáng shuō tā yòu yī bàn pú táo yá huáng shì xuè tǒng， shǐ dé yī bǐ lì bàn dǎo de tǒng zhì quán yòu huí dào yī gè guó jiā shǒu zhōng， zài hā pǔ sī bǎo wáng cháo (HouseofHabsnurg) tǒng zhì 60 nián zhōng， pú táo yá bèi tuō jìn hǎo jǐ cì zhàn zhēng zhōng， zuì cǎn de shì gōng yuán 1588 nián xī pú wú dí jiàn duì cǎn bài gěi yīng guó， jīng guò zhè xiē suì yuè pú táo yá dì guó yě zhú jiàn xiāo shī。
　　 gōng yuán 1640 nián， pú táo yá bù lā gāng sà wáng cháo (HouseofBragan?a) fǎn kàng xī bān yá de fěi lì pǔ sì shì xuān bù dú lì， wéi dǐ kàng xī bān yá wéi chí guó jiā dú lì， tā zài cì cháng tú bá shè yǔ yīng guó xiū hǎo。 jīng guò bàn shì jì， qiú 'ào wǔ shì ( gōng yuán 1706 héng 1750 nián ) lì yòng bā xī cǎi dào de huáng jīn jí zuàn shí zhèn xīng jīng jì， shǐ dé pú táo yá zài cì xīng shèng。
　　 gōng yuán 1755 nián de dà dì zhèn cuī huǐ liǎo lǐ sī běn jí pú táo yá nán bù， chāo guò 15,000 rén sǐ wáng， péng bō hòu jué (MarquêsdePombal) pèi hé guó jiā jīng jì gǎi gé， jìn xíng lǐ sī běn de chóngjiàn gōng zuò。
　　 ná pò lún jí hòu ná pò lún shí qī ( gōng yuán 1807 héng 1910 nián ) ná pò lún (Napoleon) zài gōng yuán 1807 nián gōng jìn pú táo yá， wáng shì què wèile bǎo mìng táo dào bā xī。 qiú 'ào liù shì zài gōng yuán 1821 nián chóngfǎn lǐ sī běn， suǒ miàn duì què shì fēn rǎo bù duàn pú táo yá wáng shì suǒ chǎn shēng de guǐ jué zhèng zhì qì fēn， ér zǐ pèi zhuó zài bā xī zì lì wéi wáng bìng xuān bù dú lì，
　　 gōng yuán 1826 nián qiú 'ào liù shì sǐ hòu， jiù fā shēng xiōng dì zhàn zhēng (WaroftheTwoBrothers)( gōng yuán 1826 héng 1834 nián )。 yīn wéi gōng yuán 1822 nián céng zài huáng shì quē xí qíng kuàng xià cǎo nǐ xiàn fǎ， dà fú xiāoqù jūn zhù de quán lì， suǒ yǐ gōng yuán 1826 nián shí， lì xiàn pài ( yòu pèi zhuó， bā xī dì yī wèi guó wáng ) yǔ jūn zhù pài ( yòu mǐ gé 'ěr (Miguel)， pèi zhuó de xiōng dì ) jiù zài pú táo yá gè dì bào fā zhàn zhēng。 8 nián de xuè xīng chōng tū hòu， mǐ gé 'ěr zāo dào fàng zhú， yóu nián jǐn 15 suì pèi zhuó de mèi mèi mǎ lì yà 'èr shì (MariaII)( gōng yuán 1834 héng 1854 nián ) jì rèn wáng wèi， bù guò jiē xià lái de 75 nián zhōng， zì yóu mín zhù pài yǔ jūn zhù pài réng rán chí xù duì zhì。
　　 dì yī gòng hé dào sà lā zhá shí qī ( gōng yuán 1910 héng 1974 nián ) gōng yuán 1910 nián 10 yuè 5 rì màn niǔ 'ěr 'èr shì (ManuelII) wáng mìng yīng guó， zhèng shì xuān gào shàng shì jì de zhèng zhì xuān rǎo gào yī duàn luò， dì yī gòng hé (FirstRepublic) shí qī yóu cǐ zhǎn kāi， xīn zhèng fǔ fù yǔ nán xìng xuǎn jǔ jí cān zhèng quán， bìng xuē ruò jiào huì yǐng xiǎng lì， tóng shí gōng rén yě yōng yòu bà gōng quán， yě yǐ gōng zuò biǎo xiàn píng dìng rén shì kǎo jì 'ér bù shì yǐ jiā shì bèi jǐng； dàn tiǎo zhàn jiào huì quán lì yǐn fā quán shì jiè fǎn dàn， shì chū láo gōng quán yì yě zào chéng zhèng fǔ yǔ láo gōng jiān de duì zhì。 jiā rù dì yī cì shì jiè dà zhàn gèng shǐ dé jīng jì dòng yáo， guó nèi dòng dàng， gōng yuán 1926 nián de jūn shì xíng dòng zhèng shì jié shù cuì ruò de gòng hé zhèng fǔ， ān dōng ní 'ào ? kǎ mò nà (AntónioCarmona) jiāng jūn chéng wéi lín shí jūn shì zhèng fǔ de lǐng dǎo rén， wèile jiě jué jīng jì wēi jī， tā zhǐ pài zhù míng jīng jì xué jiào shòu 'ān dōng ní 'ào ? dé ? ào lì wéi lā ? sà lā zhá (AntóniodeOliveiraSalazar) dān rèn cái zhèng dà chén， gōng yuán 1932 nián chéng wéi shǒuxiàng， dàn bù jiǔ yě chéng wéi dú cái zhě， yǐ jiù bào zhe quán lì bù fàng， kǒng bù de mì mì jǐng chá zhuā chū fǎn duì sà lā zhá de rén， bìng qiě xuè xīng zhèn yā fēi zhōu de pàn luàn， zhè yě tuō kuǎ liǎo pú táo yá de quán guó jīng jì。 gé mìng gǎi zào shí qī ( gōng yuán 1974 héng 1999 nián )70 nián dài zǎo qī， guó jì fǎn duì dì guó zhù yì shēng làng gāo zhǎng， guó nèi jūn rén yì duì zhèn yā fēi zhōu zhí mín dì xíng dòng gǎn dào yàn fán， yú shì zài gōng yuán 1974 nián 4 yuè 25 rì zuǒ pài jūn duì fā dòng zhèng biàn， jí wéi kāng nǎi xīn gé mìng (RevolutionofCarnations)， zài pú táo yá měi gè chéng zhèn dōuyòu yī tiáo jiào zuò 4 yuè 25 rì de jiē dào yǐ zī jì niàn。
　　 gōng yuán 1975 nián shè huì zhù yì zhèng fǔ xuān bù fàng qì fēi zhōu zhí mín dì de guǎn xiá quán， gōng yuán 1976 nián jǔ xíng dì yī cì xuǎn jǔ， xuǎn chū pō jù rén qì de mǎ lì 'ōu ? suǒ ruì cí (MarioSoares) dān rèn shǒuxiàng， miàn duì guó nèi jīng jì wēi jī， tā tí chū 「 bǎi rì wéi xīn 」 lái zhèn xīng jīng jì。
　　 gōng yuán 1986 nián pú táo yá jiā rù 'ōu zhōu gòng tóng tǐ ( yě jiù shì xiàn zài de 'ōu méng )， zhè xiàng xīn tiǎo zhàn réng wú fǎ zǔ zhǐ suǒ ruì cí yíng dé zhè nián de zǒng tǒng dà xuǎn， tā yě shì pú táo yá dì yī wèi píng mín zǒng tǒng。 xiàn jīn de pú táo yá pú táo yá mù qián réng zhì lì zài jīng jì gǎn shàng qí tā de xī 'ōu guó jiā， jiā rù 'ōu méng sì hū shàng wèi duì pú táo yá de jīng jì chǎn shēng bù liáng yǐng xiǎng，
　　 gōng yuán 1999 nián de jīng jì chéngzhǎng shuài dá 3.5%， zhè jǐ nián zài gōng gòng jiàn shè yì yòu pō duō jìn zhǎn。 suī rán zài lǐ sī běn jǔ xíng de 1998 wàn guó bó lǎn huì bù shèn chéng gōng， cān jiā rén shǔbù rú yù qī， dàn chóu bèi guò chéng zhōng gǎi shàn liǎo lǐ sī běn de jiāo tōng yùn shū， yě tí gāo liǎo pú táo yá de guó jì shēng shì。 chóngshēng de pú táo yá zài hòu zhí mín dì shí dài bàn yǎn yī gè quán xīn de juésè， guò qù jǐ nián dōuzài xié zhù guò qù de zhí mín dì 'ān gē lā jí dōng dì mén (EastTimor) xún qiú hé píng。
　　 gōng yuán 1999 nián 12 yuè 20 rì pú táo yá tóng yì fàng qì zuì hòu yī gè zhí mín dì héng 'ào mén (Macau)， jiāng tā jiāo hái zhōng guó jié shù 442 nián de tǒng zhì
　　
　　【 zhèng zhì】
　　　　 2004 nián dǐ， yīn shè mín dǎng hé rén mín dǎng zǔ chéng de zhí zhèng lián méng zhèng jì bù jiā qiě nèi bù máo dùn bù duàn， sāng pà yuē zǒng tǒng suì yú 12 yuè 10 rì xuān bù jiě sàn yì huì bìng tí qián jǔ xíng dà xuǎn。 2005 nián 2 yuè 20 rì， zài yě 3 nián de zuǒ yì zhèng dǎng shè huì dǎng zài yì huì xuǎn jǔ zhōng yǐ jué duì duō shù huò shèng， suí hòu shàng tái zhí zhèng。 xīn zhèng fǔ zài nèi zhèng、 jīng jì、 wài jiāo、 jūn shì děng lǐng yù quán miàn tuī xíng gǎi gé。 dàn yóu yú gǎi gé lì dù jiào dà， chù jí shè huì gè jiē céng lì yì， dǎo zhì mín zhòng bù mǎn qíng xù shàng shēng， bāo kuò jūn rén、 jǐng chá hé fǎ guān děng jiē céng yě jǔ xíng bà gōng jí kàng yì yóu xíng， shè huì máo dùn yòu suǒ jiā jù。 zài 2005 nián 10 yuè jǔ xíng de quán guó shì zhèng xuǎn jǔ zhōng， shè mín dǎng lì yòng xuǎn mín duì zhèng fǔ de bù mǎn yíng dé xuǎn jǔ， bǎo chí liǎo dì fāng zhèng fǔ zhōng de yōu shì dì wèi。 2006 nián 1 yuè 22 rì， zài pú zǒng tǒng xuǎn jǔ zhōng， shòu shè mín dǎng hé rén mín dǎng zhī chí díkǎ wǎ kē · xí 'ěr wǎ dāng xuǎn wéi zǒng tǒng， tóng nián 3 yuè 9 rì jiù zhí。 rèn qī 5 nián。
　　　　【 xiàn fǎ】
　　　　 xiàn xíng xiàn fǎ yú 1976 nián zhì dìng， hòu jīng lì liǎo liù cì xiū gǎi。 zuì jìn yī cì xiū dìng yú 2004 nián wán chéng。 xiàn fǎ guī dìng， zǒng tǒng、 yì huì、 zhèng fǔ hé fǎ yuàn shì guó jiā quán lì jī gòu； zǒng tǒng wéi wǔ zhuāng bù duì zuì gāo sī lìng， gēn jù zhèng fǔ tí míng rèn miǎn zǒng cān móu cháng hé sān jūn jiànglǐng。 zǒng tǒng zài tīng qǔ gè dǎng pài、 guó wù wěi yuán huì de yì jiàn hòu cái néng jiě sàn yì huì，“ zài bì yào shí” kě yǐ jiě sàn zhèng fǔ hé bà miǎn zǒng lǐ。　　
　　　　【 yì huì】
　　　　 yī yuàn zhì， yì yuán 230 rén， rèn qī sì nián。 běn jiè yì huì yú 2005 nián 2 yuè 20 rì xuǎn chū。 3 yuè 16 rì， yì huì jǔ xíng dì yī cì quán huì， xuǎn jǔ shè huì dǎng rén yǎ yī méi · gā mǎ（ JaimeGama） wéi yì cháng。 sì wèi fù yì cháng fēn bié wéi： màn nǔ 'āi 'ěr · ā lāi gé léi（ shè huì dǎng）、 jí liè mǔ · xí 'ěr wǎ（ shè mín dǎng）、 ān dōng ní 'ào · fěi lì pèi（ pú gòng）、 tè 'ěr mò · kē léi yà（ rén mín dǎng）。 gè dǎng pài yì xí fēn pèi rú xià： shè huì dǎng 121 xí， shè huì dǎng 75 xí， pú gòng 12 xí， rén mín dǎng 12 xí， zuǒ yì jí tuán 8 xí， lǜ dǎng 2 xí。
　　　　【 zhèng fǔ】
　　　　 běn jiè zhèng fǔ yú 2005 nián 3 yuè 12 rì jiù zhí， yóu shè huì dǎng zǔ chéng。 zhù yào chéng yuán yòu： zǒng lǐ ruò zé · suǒ kè lā tè sī（ JoseSocrates）， guó wù bù cháng jiān nèi zhèng bù cháng 'ān dōng ní 'ào · kē sī tǎ（ AntonioCosta）， guó wù bù cháng jiān wài jiāo bù cháng lù yì sī · ā mǎ duō（ LuísAmado）， guó wù bù cháng jiān cái zhèng bù cháng lù yì sī · kù ní yà（ LuisCamposeCunha）， zǒng lǐ fǔ bù cháng pèi dé luó · pèi léi lā（ PedroSilvaPereira）， guó fáng bù cháng nǔ nuò · tè xiè lā（ NunoSeverianoTeixeira）， sī fǎ bù cháng 'ā 'ěr bèi tuō · kē sī tǎ（ AlbertoCosta）， huán jìng、 tǔ dì guī huá hé dì qū fā zhǎn bù cháng fú lǎng xī sī kē · kē léi yà（ FranciscoNunesCorreia）， jīng jì hé chuàng xīn bù cháng màn nǔ 'āi 'ěr · pí ní 'ào（ ManuelPinho）， nóng yè、 xiāng cūn fā zhǎn hé yú yè bù cháng yǎ yī méi · xí 'ěr wǎ（ JaimeSilva）， gōng gòng gōng chéng、 jiāo tōng hé tōng xùn bù cháng mǎ lǐ 'ào · lì nuò（ MarioLino）， láo dòng hé shè huì tuán jié bù cháng ruò zé · dá xí 'ěr wǎ（ JoseAntoniodaSilva）， wèi shēng bù cháng 'ān dōng ní 'ào · kǎn bō sī（ AntonioCorreiadeCampos）， jiào yù bù cháng mǎ lì yà · luó dé lǐ gé sī（ nǚ）（ MariadeLurdesRodrigues）， kē jì hé gāo děng jiào yù bù cháng mǎ lǐ 'ān nuò · jiā gē（ MarianoGago）， wén huà bù cháng yī sà bèi 'ěr · dé lì mǎ（ IsabelPiresdeLima）， yì huì shì wù bù cháng 'ào gǔ sī tuō · xí 'ěr wǎ（ AugustoSantosSilva）， bù cháng wěi yuán huì zǒng lǐ fǔ guó wù mì shū ruò 'ěr rè · lā kāng（ JorgeLacao）。　　
　　　　【 sī fǎ jī gòu】
　　　　 zuì gāo fǎ yuàn shì zuì gāo sī fǎ jī gòu， yuàn cháng yóu fǎ guān xuǎn jǔ chǎn shēng。 zuì gāo fǎ yuàn yuàn cháng zài guó jiā lǐng dǎo rén zhōng pái míng dì sì， wèi yú zǒng tǒng、 yì cháng hé zǒng lǐ zhī hòu， rú qián sān wèi lǐng dǎo rén bù zài guó nèi huò wú lì lǚ xíng qí zhí zé shí， zuì gāo fǎ yuàn yuàn cháng kě dài rèn guó jiā yuán shǒu zhí wù。 xiàn rèn zuì gāo fǎ yuàn yuàn cháng wéi nǔ nèi sī · dá kè lǔ sī（ NunesdaCruz）， 2005 nián dāng xuǎn。 gòng hé guó zǒng jiǎn chá yuàn shì zuì gāo jiǎn chá jī gòu， zǒng jiǎn chá cháng ruò zé · dé mò lā（ JosedeMoura）， 2000 nián 10 yuè 10 rì jiù zhí。　
　　
　　【 wǎng zhǐ】
　　　　 zǒng tǒng fǔ： www.presidenciarepublica.pt
　　　　 yì huì： www.parlamento.pt
　　　　 zǒng lǐ fǔ： www.portugal.gov.pt/Portal/PT/
　　　　 wài jiāo bù： www.min-nestrangeiros.pt
　　　　 jiào yù bù： www.min-edu.pt
　　　　 wén huà bù： www.min-cultura.pt
　　　　 zuì gāo fǎ yuàn： www.cidadevirtual.pt/stj
　　 zhōng guó zhù pú táo yá dà shǐ guǎn http://pt.china-embassy.org/chn/
　　
　　
　　【 zhèng dǎng】
　　　　 pú shí xíng duō dǎng zhì， zhù yào zhèng dǎng yòu：
　　　　（ 1） shè huì dǎng（ PartidoSocialista）： zhí zhèng dǎng。 1973 nián 4 yuè zài“ pú táo yá shè huì zhù yì yùn dòng” jī chǔ shàng chóngjiàn。 dǎng yuán 9 wàn duō rén（ 2002 nián）。 1995 nián qǐ zhí zhèng zhì 2002 nián 4 yuè。 zǒng shū jì ruò zé · suǒ kè lā tè sī， 2004 nián 9 yuè jiù rèn。
　　　　（ 2） shè huì mín zhù dǎng（ PartidoSocialDemocrata）： zuì dà zài yě dǎng。 1974 nián 5 yuè chéng lì， yuán míng rén mín mín zhù dǎng， 1976 nián gǎi wéi xiàn míng。 dǎng yuán 12.18 wàn rén（ 2004 nián）。 céng yú 1985 nián zhì 1995 nián 10 yuè lián xù zhí zhèng 10 nián， 2002 nián 4 yuè zài cì shàng tái zhí zhèng , zhí dào 2005 nián 3 yuè。 zhù xí mǎ 'ěr gé sī · mén dé sī（ LuisMarquesMendes）， 2005 nián 4 yuè jiù rèn。
　　　　（ 3） pú táo yá gòng chǎn dǎng（ PartidoComunistaPortugues）： zài yě dǎng。 1921 nián chéng lì。 dǎng yuán 13 wàn rén（ 2002 nián）。 zǒng shū jì rè luó ní mǔ · dé suǒ sà（ JeronimodeSousa）， 2004 nián 11 yuè jiù rèn。
　　　　（ 4） rén mín dǎng（ PartidoPopular）： zài yě dǎng。 1974 nián 7 yuè chéng lì。 qián shēn shì shè huì mín zhù zhōng xīn dǎng， 1995 nián 2 yuè gǎi míng rén mín dǎng。 dǎng yuán 3 wàn rén（ 2002 nián）。 zhù xí wéi ruò zé · lǐ bèi luó · yǐ kǎ sī tè luó（ JoseRibeiroeCastro）。
　　　　（ 5） zuǒ yì jí tuán（ BlocodaEsquerda）： zài yě dǎng。
　　　　 qí tā zhèng dǎng hái yòu： lǜ dǎng（ OsVerdes）、 pú táo yá mín zhù yùn dòng（ MovimentoDemocraticodePortugal）、 rén mín jūn zhù dǎng（ PartidoPopularMonarquico）、 rén mín mín zhù lián méng（ UniaoDemocraticoPopular） yǐ jí gé mìng shè huì dǎng（ PartidoSocialRevolucionario） děng。　　
　　【 zhòng yào rén wù】
　　　　 ā ní bā 'ěr · ān dōng ní 'ào · kǎ wǎ kē · xí 'ěr wǎ， zǒng tǒng。 1939 nián 7 yuè 15 rì shēng yú pú nán bù 'ā 'ěr jiā wéi shěng luò lāi shì。 1964 nián huò lǐ sī běn jì shù dà xué jīng jì xué xué shì， hòu huò yīng guó yuē kè dà xué jīng jì xué bó shì。 xiān hòu zài lǐ sī běn xīn dà xué cái jīng xué yuàn、 pú tiān zhù jiào dà xué rèn jiào。 xì pú zī shēn jīng jì xué jiā。 1974 nián jiā rù pú shè mín dǎng。 1977 nián rèn pú táo yá yínháng yán jiū shì zhù rèn。 1980 nián rèn cái zhèng bù cháng， tóng nián dāng xuǎn wéi yì huì yì yuán。 1985 nián qǐ 4 cì dāng xuǎn wéi shè mín dǎng zhù xí。 1985 nián 11 yuè zhì 1995 nián 11 yuè dān rèn pú zǒng lǐ。 1996 nián chū jìng xuǎn zǒng tǒng shī bài， chóngfǎn dà xué rèn jiào， bìng dān rèn pú táo yá yínháng gù wèn。 2006 nián 1 yuè 22 rì dāng xuǎn wéi pú zǒng tǒng， 3 yuè 9 rì jiù zhí。 rèn qī 5 nián。 xí 1987 nián 4 yuè fǎng huá shí liǎng guó qiān shǔ《 zhōng pú guān yú 'ào mén wèn tí de lián hé shēng míng》。 1994 nián zài cì fǎng huá。 yǐ hūn， yòu yī zǐ yī nǚ。
　　　　 ruò zé · suǒ kè lā tè sī： zǒng lǐ。 1957 nián 9 yuè 6 rì shēng yú pú běi bù 'ā lì ruò shì。 huò tǔ mù gōng chéng xué shì xué wèi hé yī liáo gōng chéng shuò shì xué wèi。 1981 nián jiā rù shè huì dǎng。 1986 nián zhì 1995 nián rèn bù lán kē bǎo dà qū wěi yuán huì shè huì dǎng zhù xí， 1991 nián rèn shè huì dǎng quán guó mì shū chù jí zhèng zhì wěi yuán huì chéng yuán， céng wéi gāi dǎng huán jìng shì wù fā yán rén。 1987 nián yǐ lái， lián xù 4 dù dāng xuǎn wéi shè huì dǎng quán guó yì yuán， céng rèn shè huì dǎng yì yuán tuán fù zhù xí、 yì huì guó fáng wěi yuán huì jí yì huì cháng wěi huì chéng yuán。 1995 nián zhì 1997 nián， xiān hòu zài gǔ tè léi sī zhèng fǔ zhōng dān rèn huán jìng bù cháng zhù lǐ guó mì hé zhù guǎn fǎn dú pǐn、 tǐ yù、 qīng nián hé xīn wén shì wù de zǒng lǐ zhù lǐ bù cháng。 1999 nián 10 yuè zhì 2002 nián 4 yuè rèn huán jìng hé tǔ dì guī huá bù cháng。 2004 nián 9 yuè dāng xuǎn shè huì dǎng zǒng shū jì。 2005 nián 3 yuè 12 rì jiù rèn dì jiè xiàn fǎ zhèng fǔ zǒng lǐ。 lí hūn， yòu liǎng gè 'ér zǐ。　　
　　【 jīng jì】
　　　　 pú shì xī 'ōu jīng jì jiào luò hòu de guó jiā zhī yī， gōng yè jī chǔ jiào bó ruò。 fǎng zhì、 zhì xié、 lǚ yóu、 niàng jiǔ děng shì guó mín jīng jì de zhī zhù chǎn yè。 ruǎn mù chǎn liàng zhàn shì jiè zǒng chǎn liàng de yī bàn yǐ shàng， chū kǒu wèi jū shì jiè dì yī。 1986 nián pú jiā rù 'ōu gòng tǐ hòu， jīng jì fā zhǎn jiào kuài。 20 shì jì 90 nián dài chū， yīn shòu 'ōu zhōu jīng jì shuāi tuì de yǐng xiǎng， pú jīng jì zēngchánglǜ zhú nián xià jiàng， 1995 nián kāi shǐ fù sū。 1997 － 2001 nián， nián píng jūn jīng jì zēngchánglǜ dá 2.9％， gāo yú 'ōu méng píng jūn shuǐ píng。 1998 nián gèng gāo dá 4.6％。 1999 nián 1 yuè 1 rì， pú zuò wéi shǒu pī 'ōu méng guó jiā jiā rù 'ōu yuán qū。 2004 nián， pú dì yī chǎn yè、 dì 'èr chǎn yè hé dì sān chǎn yè fēn bié zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 3.93％、 24.75％ hé 71.32％， cóng yè rén kǒu fēn bié zhàn zǒng láo dòng lì rén kǒu de 12%、 31.2% hé 56.8%。 jīng jì cóng 2002 nián qǐ yòu suǒ xià huá， 2003 nián jīng jì fù zēngzhǎng 1.3％。 2004 nián guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí wéi 1411.15 yì 'ōu yuán， jīng jì zēngzhǎng 1.2%。 2005 nián zhù yào jīng jì shù zì rú xià：
　　　　 guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí： 1472.49 yì 'ōu yuán。
　　　　 rén jūn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí： 13800 ōu yuán。
　　　　 jīng jì zēngchánglǜ： 0.3％。
　　　　 huò bì míng chēng： ōu yuán（ Euro）。
　　　　 12 yuè píng jūn huì shuài： 1 ōu yuán ＝ 1.2441 měi yuán
　　　　 tōng huò péng zhàng shuài： 2.3％。
　　　　 shī yè shuài： 7.6％。
　　　　（ zī liào lái yuán： pú guó jiā tǒng jì jú）
　　　　【 zī yuán】 kuàng chǎn zī yuán jiào fēng fù， zhù yào yòu： wū、 tóng、 huáng tiě、 yóu、 chì tiě、 cí tiě kuàng hé dà lǐ shí， wū chǔ liàng wéi xī 'ōu dì yī wèi。 sēn lín miàn jī 320 wàn gōng qǐng， fù gài shuài 35％。 jìn nián yīn qì hòu biàn huà， lián nián fā shēng sēn lín huǒ zāi， měi nián sǔn shī 20 wàn gōng qǐng sēn lín。
　　　　【 gōng yè】 2004 nián gōng yè chǎn zhí wéi 349.35 yì 'ōu yuán， zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 24.75％。 2004 nián cóng yè rén kǒu wéi 159.83 wàn， yuē zhàn zǒng jiù yè rén kǒu de 31.2％。 zhù yào gōng yè bù mén yòu fǎng zhì、 fú zhuāng、 zhì xié、 shí pǐn、 huà gōng、 zào zhǐ、 diàn zǐ qì xiè、 táo cí、 niàng jiǔ、 ruǎn mù děng。 ruǎn mù nián chǎn liàng 15 wàn dūn， zhàn shì jiè zǒng chǎn liàng de yī bàn yǐ shàng， ruǎn mù shù zhòngzhí miàn jī zhàn shì jiè zhòngzhí miàn jī de 30%， chū kǒu zhàn shì jiè dì yī wèi。
　　　　【 nóng lín mù yú yè】 2004 nián nóng lín yú yè zǒng chǎn zhí yuē 55.46 yì 'ōu yuán， zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 3.93％。 2004 nián cóng yè rén kǒu wéi 61.47 wàn， zhàn zǒng jiù yè rén kǒu de 12％。
　　　　　　
　　　　 hǎi yáng bǔ lāo yǐ shā dīng yú、 jīn qiāng yú、 xuě yú wéi zhù。 2003 nián、 2004 nián bǔ yú liàng wéi fēn bié 15.16 wàn dūn hé 13.96 wàn dūn， chǎn zhí fēn bié wéi 2.741 yì 'ōu yuán hé 2.401 yì 'ōu yuán。
　　　　【 fú wù yè】 pú fú wù yè cóng 90 nián dài kāi shǐ xùn sù fā zhǎn， qí chǎn zhí lián nián zēngzhǎng。 dào 20 shì jì mò， zài guó mín jīng jì zhōng de bǐ zhòng yǐ jí gāi hángyè zài quán guó jiù yè rén kǒu zhōng de bǐ lì yǐ jiē jìn 'ōu zhōu fā dá guó jiā shuǐ píng。 2004 nián fú wù yè chǎn zhí wéi 1006.432 yì 'ōu yuán， zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 71.32％。 dāng nián cóng yè rén shù 290.96 wàn， zhàn zǒng jiù yè rén kǒu de 56.8％。 pú fú wù yè zhù yào bāo kuò yínháng、 bǎo xiǎn、 lǚ guǎn、 cān yǐn、 jiāo tōng、 cāng chǔ、 tōng xùn、 fáng dì chǎn、 shè huì jiù zhù jí qí tā jí tǐ、 shè huì hé gè rén fú wù。
　　　　【 lǚ yóu yè】 lǚ yóu yè shì pú wài huì shōu rù de zhòng yào lái yuán hé mí bǔ wài mào chì zì de zhòng yào shǒu duàn。 2000 nián zhì 2003 nián jiān lǚ yóu yè shōu rù fēn bié wéi 57.2 yì、 61.25 yì、 60.58 yì、 58.12 yì 'ōu yuán。 2004 nián lǚ yóu shōu rù wéi 62.61 yì 'ōu yuán（ pú guó jiā tǒng jì jú lín shí shù jù）， zài shì jiè gè guó pái míng zhōng liè dì 21 wèi， chǎn zhí zhàn dāng nián guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 8％， xī shōu liǎo quán guó 10％ de jiù yè rén kǒu； dāng nián wài guó yóu kè 1160 wàn， zài shì jiè zhù yào lǚ yóu mùdì dì pái míng zhōng liè dì 19 wèi。 2003 nián pú yōng yòu gè lèi lǚ guǎn 1934 suǒ。 zhù yào yóu kè lái zì yīng guó、 dé guó、 xī bān yá、 hé lán、 fǎ guó、 ài 'ěr lán、 yì dà lì、 ruì diǎn、 měi guó hé bǐ lì shí děng guó。 zhù yào lǚ yóu shèng dì yòu lǐ sī běn、 fǎ luó、 bō 'ěr tú、 mǎ dé lā dǎo děng。
　　　　【 jiāo tōng yùn shū】 yǐ lù lù yùn shū wéi zhù。
　　　　 tiě lù： 2004 nián guó yíng tiě lù zǒng cháng 2836 gōng lǐ； 2004 nián kè yùn liàng 36.93 yì rén gōng lǐ， huò yùn liàng 25.89 yì dūn gōng lǐ。
　　　　 gōng lù： 2004 nián guó jiā jí gōng lù zǒng cháng 12689 gōng lǐ。 2004 nián jiàn chéng gāo sù gōng lù 2126 gōng lǐ； yòu qì chē 609 wàn liàng。
　　　　 shuǐ yùn： yǐ hǎi yùn wéi zhù， 2004 nián shāng chuán zǒng dūn wèi 5559.9 wàn dūn。 2003 nián quán guó gǎng kǒu tūn tù liàng 7895 wàn dūn。 zhù yào gǎng kǒu yòu lǐ sī běn、 ā wēi luó、 xī tú bā 'ěr、 xī nài shí、 fēng shā 'ěr（ wèi yú mǎ dé lā qún dǎo） hé péng tǎ dé 'ěr jiā dá（ wèi yú yà sù 'ěr qún dǎo）。
　　　　 kōng yùn： quán guó yòu 4 jiā háng kōng gōng sī hé 16 tiáo guó jì háng xiàn。 2004 nián kè yùn liàng 2186.3 wàn rén cì， huò yùn liàng 15.3 wàn dūn。 2005 nián quán guó jī chǎng jìn chū 2000 wàn rén cì， yíng yè 'é wéi 2.95 yì 'ōu yuán， yíng lì 2380 wàn 'ōu yuán， tóng bǐ zēngzhǎng 4.4%。 zài lǐ sī běn、 bō 'ěr tú hé fǎ luó shè yòu guó jì jī chǎng。
　　　　　　 qiáo huì shōu rù shì pú zhòng yào jīng jì lái yuán zhī yī。 2004 nián hé 2005 nián qiáo huì shōu rù fēn bié wéi 24.422 yì 'ōu yuán hé 22.772 yì 'ōu yuán。
　　　　 2004 nián， pú zhèng fǔ wài zhài wù zǒng 'é wéi 2968 yì měi yuán， yuē zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 169.1％。 wài huì chǔ bèi 116.84 yì měi yuán， qí zhōng huáng jīn chǔ bèi yuē 65.1 yì měi yuán。（ zī liào lái yuán： 2005 nián yīng jīng jì jì píng）
　　　　
　　
　　　　 jìn kǒu zhù yào chǎn pǐn yòu jī xiè、 yí biǎo、 qì chē、 shí yóu、 huà gōng chǎn pǐn、 nóng chǎn pǐn hé cháng yòng jīn shǔ děng； chū kǒu zhù yào chǎn pǐn wéi jī xiè、 yí biǎo、 qì chē、 fú zhuāng、 fǎng zhì pǐn、 cháng yòng jīn shǔ、 xié lèi、 zhǐ jiāng、 mù cái hé ruǎn mù děng， dà lǐ shí chū kǒu jū shì jiè qián liè。 2004 nián， pú zhù yào chū kǒu duì xiàng shì 'ōu méng guó jiā（ yǐ cì wéi xī bān yá、 fǎ guó、 dé guó hé yīng guó děng， zhàn pú zǒng chū kǒu 'é 80.4％）、 běi měi（ 6.5％）、 pú yǔ guó jiā（ 3.6％）、 ōu zhōu zì yóu mào yì qū guó jiā（ 1.3％） hé zhōng、 dōng 'ōu guó jiā（ 0.5％）。 pú duì qí tā dì qū hé guó jiā de chū kǒu 'é zhàn zǒng 'é de 7.7％， qí zhōng， yuǎn dōng、 nán yà、 dōng yà zhàn 2.6%； duì zhōng guó chū kǒu zhàn qí zǒng chū kǒu de 0.3%。 tóng nián， pú zhù yào jìn kǒu lái yuán dì wéi 'ōu méng guó jiā（ yǐ cì wéi xī bān yá、 dé guó、 fǎ guó hé yì dà lì děng， zhàn zǒng jìn kǒu 'é 77.9％）、 zhōng、 dōng 'ōu guó jiā（ 2.3％）、 běi měi（ 2.5％）、 pú yǔ guó jiā（ 2.0％） hé 'ōu zhōu zì yóu mào yì qū guó jiā（ 1.9％）。 pú cóng qí tā dì qū hé guó jiā de jìn kǒu 'é zhàn zǒng jìn kǒu 'é de 13.4％， qí zhōng， yuǎn dōng、 nán yà、 dōng nán yà zhàn 4.6%， zhōng guó zhàn 1%。
　　（ zī liào lái yuán： pú guó jiā tǒng jì jú）
　　　　【 duì wài tóu zī】 1997 nián zhì 2004 nián jiān， pú zài guó wài zhí jiē tóu zī 'é měi nián fēn bié wéi 22.46 yì、 94.63 yì、 102.05 yì、 140.02 yì、 130.02 yì、 110.69 yì、 96.61 hé 79.25 yì 'ōu yuán， lěi jì 'é yuē 775.73 yì 'ōu yuán。 2004 nián， pú duì wài lěi jì tóu zī zhù yào liú xiàng dān mài（ 26.11 yì 'ōu yuán）、 hé lán（ 20.22 yì 'ōu yuán）、 xī bān yá（ 15.9 ōu yuán）、 bā xī（ 2.86 yì 'ōu yuán）、 yīng guó（ 2.22 yì 'ōu yuán）、 ài 'ěr lán（ 1.96 yì 'ōu yuán）、 měi guó（ 1.83 yì 'ōu yuán）、 lú sēn bǎo（ 0.89 yì 'ōu yuán）、 fǎ guó（ 0.88 yì 'ōu yuán） hé nán fēi（ 0.82 yì 'ōu yuán） děng。 zì 2001 nián yǐ lái， pú duì 'ōu méng chéng yuán guó de tóu zī 'é dà fú zēng jiā， mù qián yǐ zhàn tóu zī zǒng 'é de 80％ yǐ shàng。 àn tóu zī lǐng yù fēn， 2004 nián pú duì wài tóu zī 'é yǐ cì wéi fáng dì chǎn hé duì qǐ yè fú wù（ 87.0％）、 mào yì、 xiū lǐ yè wù、 lǚ guǎn jí cān yǐn（ 4.2%）、 jīn róng huó dòng（ 4.1％）、 jiā gōng yè（ 2.5%）、 jiāo tōng、 cāng chǔ hé tōng xùn（ 0.3％）、 diàn lì、 tiān rán qì jí zì lái shuǐ（ 0.1％） hé qí tā lǐng yù（ 1.2％）。
　　　　【 duì wài yuán zhù】 1991－ 2004 nián， pú duì wài shuāng biān yuán kuǎn 30 duō yì 'ōu yuán， qí zhōng 90％ de yuán kuǎn tí gōngjǐ fēi zhōu pú yǔ guó jiā hé dōng dì mén。 duì wài yuán kuǎn jué dà duō shù shì wú xī dài kuǎn， yī xiǎo bù fēn shì zhuān xiàng dài kuǎn。 pú duō biān yuán zhù yī bān tōng guò lián hé guó、 ōu méng、 shì jiè yín xíng hé dì qū fā zhǎn yínháng děng guó jì jī gòu jìn xíng。 1998 nián duō biān kuàng jià xià wán chéng de yuán kuǎn wéi 8214 wàn měi yuán。 zì 1999 nián dōng dì mén xuān bù tuō lí yìn ní tǒng zhì dào 2002 nián zhèng shì jiàn guó， pú zhí jiē huò tōng guò lián hé guó yuán zhù gāi dì qū 1.69 yì měi yuán。 2002 nián pú zhèng fǔ jué dìng zài xiàng dōng tí gōng 900 wàn měi yuán de jīng jì yuán zhù。 liǎng guó qiān shǔ liǎo 2004 nián zhì 2006 nián hé zuò jìhuà shū， àn zhào gāi jìhuà pú jiāng yuán zhù 5000 wàn 'ōu yuán。
　　　　【 wài guó zī běn】 pú zhèng fǔ cóng 1997 nián kāi shǐ jiā dà sī yòu huà lì dù yǐ zēng jiā cái zhèng shōu rù， bìng yú 1998 nián zēng jiā fā xíng pú bì hé wài bì gōng zhài， duì zēng jiā xī yǐn wài zī qǐ dào liǎo yī dìng xiào guǒ。 jìn nián lái， yóu yú shòu shì jiè jīng jì bù jǐng qì、 ōu méng jīng jì dī mí de yǐng xiǎng jí zhōng dōng 'ōu guó jiā lián jià láo dòng lì de chōng jī， wài guó duì pú zhí jiē tóu zī kāi shǐ xià jiàng。 1997 nián zhì 2004 nián jiān， wài guó duì pú zhí jiē tóu zī 'é měi nián fēn bié wéi 79.52 yì、 110.72 yì、 136.31 yì、 265.95 yì、 280.12 yì、 217.75 yì、 273.05 yì hé 251.62 yì 'ōu yuán， lěi jì 'é wéi 1615.04 yì 'ōu yuán。 2004 nián， wài zī zhù yào lái yuán yú xī bān yá（ 46.98 yì 'ōu yuán）、 yīng guó（ 38.32 yì 'ōu yuán）、 dé guó（ 35.21 yì 'ōu yuán）、 hé lán（ 29.37 yì 'ōu yuán）、 fǎ guó（ 27.87 yì 'ōu yuán）、 fēn lán（ 12.37 yì 'ōu yuán）、 bǐ lì shí（ 9.32 yì 'ōu yuán）、 ài 'ěr lán（ 4.45 yì 'ōu yuán） hé lú sēn bǎo（ 4.39 yì 'ōu yuán） děng 'ōu méng chéng yuán guó hé měi guó（ 9.29 yì 'ōu yuán） děng， zhù yào liú xiàng jiā gōng yè（ zhàn zǒng tóu zī 'é 30.1％）、 shāng pǐn líng shòu jí pī fā、 cān yǐn、 lǚ guǎn（ 28.2％）、 fáng dì chǎn、 zū lìn jí duì qǐ yè fú wù（ 24.1％）、 jīn róng huó dòng（ 10.7%）、 jiāo tōng、 cāng chǔ jí tōng xùn（ 1.4%）、 jiàn zhù yè（ 1.4％）、 diàn lì、 tiān rán qì hé zì lái shuǐ（ 0.9％） hé qí tā lǐng yù（ 3.2%） děng。 qì jīn wéi zhǐ， wài guó zài pú zuì dà de tóu zī xiàng mù wéi 1995 nián 4 yuè fú tè－ dà zhòng gōng sī（ Ford-Volkswagen） zài lǐ sī běn nán jiāo de pà 'ěr méi lā gōng yè yuán qū tóu zī xīng jiàn de 'ōu zhōu qì chē gōng sī（ AutoEuropa）。
　　（ zī liào lái yuán： pú táo yá yínháng）
　　　　【 wài guó yuán zhù】 1989－ 1999 nián， pú cóng 'ōu gòng tǐ yuán zhù kuàng jià jìhuà zhōng gòng huò yuán kuǎn 330 yì měi yuán。 2000－ 2006 nián， pú cóng 'ōu méng huò dé 255 yì měi yuán， qí zhōng 2001 nián cóng 'ōu méng dé dào gè lèi jī jīn zǒng 'é wéi 26 yì měi yuán。 2004 nián， pú cóng 'ōu méng huò dé 44 yì 'ōu yuán de jié gòu jī jīn， zhàn pú guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 3.5%。 dāng nián pú xiàng 'ōu méng nà kuǎn 12.72 yì 'ōu yuán， zhàn pú guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 2.37%。 cǐ wài， dāng nián 'ōu méng hái xiàng pú tí gōng liǎo 4.77 yì 'ōu yuán nóng yè jī jīn hé 2280 wàn 'ōu yuán nèi bù zhèng cè jī jīn。 2007-2013 nián pú jiāng cóng 'ōu méng huò dé 225 yì 'ōu yuán， qí zhōng jié gòu jī jīn 164.2 yì 'ōu yuán， tuán jié jī jīn 27.22 yì 'ōu yuán， nóng cūn fā zhǎn jī jīn 31.7 yì 'ōu yuán， yú yè jī jīn 2.2 yì 'ōu yuán。 zhè xiē yuán kuǎn duì pú jīng jì chí xù、 wěn dìng de fā zhǎn qǐ zhe shí fēn zhòng yào de zuò yòng。
　　　　【 rén mín shēng huó】 2005 nián qǐ， pú zuì dī yuè gōng zī wéi 374.7 ōu yuán。 2004 nián， pú yòu 54％ de rén yōng yòu diàn nǎo， 43％ de rén shàng wǎng。 2001 nián měi qiān gè jiā tíng yōng yòu nài yòng xiāo fèi pǐn： diàn huà 755 bù、 shǒu jī 899 bù、 diàn bīng xiāng 971 tái、 wēi bō lú 333 tái、 xǐ yī jī 822 tái、 diàn shì jī 979 tái、 lù xiàng jī 97 tái、 shōu lù jī 854 tái、 diàn nǎo 220 tái、 xiǎo qì chē 599 liàng。 yōng yòu dì 'èr chù zhù fáng de zhàn jiā tíng zǒng shù de 25％。 gè lèi yī yuàn 1126 suǒ， měi qiān rén yōng yòu 4.2 míng yī shēng、 3.8 gè chuáng wèi。 rén jūn yù qī shòu mìng 76.9 suì， nán xìng wéi 74.9 suì， nǚ xìng wéi 81.2 suì。　
　　【 jūn shì】　　 zǒng tǒng wéi sān jūn zuì gāo tǒng shuài， guó fáng bù cháng tōng guò zǒng cān móu bù hé gè jūn zhǒng cān móu bù lǐng dǎo wǔ zhuāng lì liàng。 zǒng cān móu cháng mén dé sī · kǎ bèi sà dá sī（ MendesCabecadas） shàngjiàng。 pú wǔ zhuāng lì liàng yóu zhèng guī jūn hé guó jiā 'ān quán bù duì zǔ chéng。 shí xíng yì wù bīng、 zhì yuàn bīng、 hé tóng bīng sān jié hé de bīng yì zhì。 fú yì qī： yì wù bīng 4 gè yuè， zhì yuàn bīng 8－ 10 gè yuè， hé tóng bīng bù dìng qī， dàn zhì shǎo yī nián yǐ shàng。 2005 nián guó fáng yù suàn kāi zhī 21.074 yì 'ōu yuán， zhàn zhèng fǔ yù suàn de 4.1％， zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 1.5％。
　　　　 2005 nián， pú zhèng guī jūn yòu zǒng bīng lì 4.49 wàn rén。 qí zhōng lù jūn 2.67 wàn rén， hǎi jūn 1.095 wàn rén， kōng jūn 0.725 wàn rén。 cǐ wài， pú hái yòu yù bèi yì bù duì 21.093 wàn rén， zhǔn jūn shì bù duì 4.77 wàn rén， qí zhōng gòng hé guó guó mín wèi duì 2.61 wàn rén， gōng 'ān jǐng chá 2.16 wàn rén。　
　　【 wén huà jiào yù】
　　　 shí xíng 12 nián yì wù jiào yù， bāo kuò jī chǔ jiào yù（ xiǎo xué 4 nián， zhōng xué yù bèi bān 2 nián， chū zhōng 3 nián） hé zhōng děng jiào yù（ 3 nián， xiāng dāng yú wǒ guó gāo zhōng）。 gāo děng jiào yù wéi dà xué 4－ 5 nián。 2005 nián yì wù jiào yù yù suàn wéi 47.91 yì 'ōu yuán， gāo jiào yù suàn wéi 17.34 yì 'ōu yuán。 25-64 suì zhī jiān de rén kǒu zhōng jǐn yòu 20.6％ shòu guò zhōng děng jiào yù。 wén máng shuài wéi 9％， zài kuò dà qián de 'ōu méng zhōng wéi zuì gāo。 zhù yào gāo děng yuàn xiào yòu lǐ sī běn dà xué、 kē yīng bù lā dà xué、 bō 'ěr tú dà xué、 lǐ sī běn lǐ gōng dà xué、 mǐ ní 'ào dà xué、 ā wēi luó dà xué、 āi wǔ lā dà xué hé guó jiā xíng zhèng guǎn lǐ xué yuàn。 pú táo yá yòu gè lèi bó wù guǎn 289 zuò， tú shū guǎn 1960 suǒ， gè lèi diàn yǐng yuàn、 jù yuàn 347 suǒ， huà láng huò zhǎn lǎn guǎn 306 suǒ。
　　　　　
　　
　　【 xīn wén chū bǎn】
　　　　 quán guó xìng bào kān 23 jiā， dì fāng xìng bào zhǐ 216 zhǒng， gè zhǒng qī kān 1334 zhǒng。 zhù yào bào kān yòu：《 xīn wén rì bào》， bàn guān fāng；《 kuài bào》， sī yíng zhōu bào；《 gōng zhòng bào》， sī yíng rì bào；《 chén yóu bào》， sī yíng rì bào；《 xīn wén bào》， guó jiā cānyù zī běn。
　　　　 lú sà shè shì 1987 nián yóu pú táo yá tōng xùn shè hé pú táo yá xīn wén shè hé bìng 'ér chéng de guó jiā tōng xùn shè。
　　　　 zhù yào yòu pú táo yá guǎng bō diàn tái、 fù xīng diàn tái（ zōng jiào bèi jǐng）、 shāng yè diàn tái děng。 diàn shì tái sān jiā： pú táo yá guó jiā diàn shì tái、 SIC diàn shì tái（ sī yíng） hé dú lì diàn shì tái。
　　
　　【 duì wài guān xì】
　　　　 zhù zhāng zài píng děng hù lì jī chǔ shàng tóng shì jiè gè guó pǔ biàn fā zhǎn yǒu hǎo hé zuò guān xì。 bǎ tóng 'ōu měi de chuán tǒng guān xì zuò wéi qí duì wài zhèng cè de jī shí， jī jí cānyù hé cù jìn 'ōu zhōu yī tǐ huà、 lǚ xíng běi yuē yì wù， zhuólì jiā qiáng tóng fēi zhōu hé lā měi yǐ jí běi fēi dì qū guó jiā de chuán tǒng guān xì。 rì yì zhòng shì fā zhǎn tóng yà zhōu guó jiā píng děng hù lì de hé zuò guān xì。 zhù zhāng chí jiǔ gōng zhèng dì jiě jué zhōng dōng wèn tí， xī wàng gāi dì qū guó jiā tōng guò duì huà hé píng jiě jué zhēng duān。 pú yǔ shì jiè shàng 180 gè guó jiā hé dì qū jiàn lì yòu wài jiāo guān xì， gòng shè 146 gè zhù wài shǐ lǐng guǎn。 qí zhōng shǐ guǎn 70 gè， zhí yè lǐng guǎn 66 gè， zhù guó jì zǔ zhì dài biǎo tuán 10 gè。
　　　　【 tóng zhōng guó de guān xì】 zhōng pú jiāo wǎng lì shǐ yōu jiǔ。１５０２ nián， pú táo yá jiù xiàng míng cháo zhèng fǔ pài qiǎn liǎo shǐ jié。 zhōng pú 1979 nián 2 yuè 8 rì jiàn jiāo。１９９９ nián 'ào mén wèn tí shùn lì jiě jué， wéi liǎng guó guān xì quán miàn fā zhǎn fān kāi liǎo xīn de yī yè。 2005 nián liǎng guó guān xì fā zhǎn píng wěn。 pú fāng zhù yào lái fǎng yòu： zǒng tǒng sāng pà yuē（ 1 yuè 11 rì -17 rì）， lǐ sī běn shì yì huì yì cháng nà wǎ luó（ 6 yuè 26 rì -29 rì）， zǒng lǐ fǔ guó mì lā kāng（ 8 yuè 28 rì -9 yuè 2 rì）， zuì gāo xíng zhèng fǎ yuàn yuàn cháng sài lā lái huá chū xí dì 22 jiè shì jiè fǎ lǜ dà huì（ 9 yuè 1 rì -14 rì）， mào yì guó mì fèi 'ěr nán duō（ 9 yuè 9 rì -12 rì）， kē jì jí gāo jiào bù cháng jiā gē（ 9 yuè 19 rì -21 rì）。 zhōng fāng zhù yào chū fǎng yòu： shěn jì shǔ fù shěn jì cháng yú xiào míng（ 4 yuè 11 rì -12 rì）， huí liáng yù fù zǒng lǐ jīng tíng lǐ sī běn（ 4 yuè 24 rì -25 rì）， zhōng guó hóng shí zì huì huì cháng péng pèi yún（ 9 yuè 24 rì -27 rì）， jiào yù bù fù bù cháng zhāng xīn shèng（ 9 yuè 24 rì -27 rì）， quán guó zhèng xié fù zhù xí zhōu tiě nóng（ 10 yuè 27 rì -31 rì）。 12 yuè 9 rì -10 rì， guó wù yuàn zǒng lǐ wēn jiā bǎo fǎng pú， zhōng pú xuān bù jiàn lì quán miàn zhàn lüè huǒ bàn guān xì。
　　　　 jù zhōng guó hǎi guān zǒng shǔ tǒng jì， 2005 nián quán nián shuāng biān mào yì 'é wéi 12.36 yì měi yuán， tóng bǐ zēngzhǎng 42.2%, qí zhōng wǒ chū kǒu 9.12 yì měi yuán， tóng bǐ zēngzhǎng 55.0%， jìn kǒu 3.24 yì měi yuán， tóng bǐ zēngzhǎng 15.3％。
　　　　 zhōng guó zhù pú táo yá dà shǐ： mǎ 'ēn hàn。　
　　　　 pú táo yá zhù zhōng guó dà shǐ： sāng tǎ nà · kǎ luò sī。
　　　　【 tóng 'ōu méng de guān xì】 ōu méng shì pú duì wài guān xì zhōng de jī chǔ。 pú yú 1986 nián 1 yuè 1 rì jiā rù 'ōu gòng tǐ。 1988 nián 11 yuè jiā rù xī 'ōu lián méng。 1999 nián chéng wéi 'ōu yuán chuàng shǐ guó。 pú měi nián cóng 'ōu méng dé dào jìn 30 yì měi yuán de jīng jì yuán zhù， jí dà dì cù jìn liǎo guó mín jīng jì de fā zhǎn。 pú jī jí zhī chí bìng cānyù 'ōu zhōu yī tǐ huà jìn chéng， zàn chéng 'ōu méng dōng kuò； fǎn duì jiāng guó jiā fēn chéng bù tóng děng jí， fǎn duì 'ōu méng jué cè quán guòfèn jí zhōng zài shǎo shù guó jiā shǒu zhōng。 2004 nián 9 yuè， pú yǔ fǎ、 yì、 xī hé hé lán 5 guó qiān shǔ zǔ jiàn 'ōu méng xiàn bīng bù duì shēng míng， zhí xíng mín shì wéi hé rèn wù， kuò dà liǎo pú zài 'ōu méng de yǐng xiǎng。 tóng nián 11 yuè， pú qián zǒng lǐ bā luó zuǒ jiù rèn 'ōu méng kuò dà hòu de shǒu rèn 'ōu méng wěi yuán huì zhù xí。 tóng yuè， ōu méng wěi yuán huì qǔ xiāo 1998 nián yǐ lái jìn zhǐ pú niú ròu chū kǒu de jìn lìng。 ōu méng xiàn fǎ yuē pī zhǔn jìn chéng zài fǎ guó、 hé lán děng guó shòu cuò hòu， pú tuī chí liǎo yuán dìng yú 2005 nián 10 yuè zài běn guó jǔ xíng de 'ōu zhōu xiàn fǎ gōng tóu。 pú rèn wéi 'ōu méng fā zhǎn sù dù hé kuò dà jìn chéng yìng fàng huǎn， dàn bù xī wàng tíng zhǐ。 2005 nián 11 yuè， pú guó fáng bù cháng xuān bù pú jiā rù yóu xī bān yá、 fǎ guó hé dé guó zǔ chéng de dì miàn zhàn dǒu xiǎo zǔ， jiāng yú 2007 nián 1 yuè qǐ cānyù běi yuē zǔ zhì de kuài sù fǎn yìng bù duì wéi hé xíng dòng。 pú duì wài mào yì zhù yào jí zhōng zài 'ōu méng nèi bù。 2005 nián， pú xiàng 'ōu méng qí tā chéng yuán guó de chū kǒu 'é yuē zhàn pú duì wài mào yì zǒng 'é de 79.1％， cóng 'ōu méng guó jiā jìn kǒu 'é zhàn pú jìn kǒu zǒng 'é de 75.7％。
　　　　【 tóng měi guó de guān xì】 pú shì měi guó de chuán tǒng méng guó， yě shì běi yuē chéng yuán guó， lì lái bǎ tóng měi guó de guān xì fàng zài yōu xiān dì wèi。 èr zhàn hòu， měi jiè shí shī mǎ xiē 'ěr yuán zhù jìhuà zài pú yà sù 'ěr qún dǎo jiàn lì liǎo jūn shì jī dì。 1983 nián dǐ， shuāng fāng xù qiān wéi qī 7 nián de měi zū yòng yà sù 'ěr qún dǎo lā rì shí jī dì xié dìng， měi yǔn gěi pú 13.25 yì měi yuán de jūn yuán hé jīng yuán。 1994 nián pú měi qiān dìng《 bì miǎn shuāngchóng zhēng shuì hé fáng zhǐ táo shuì tiáo yuē》 hé《 hǎi guān hù zhù xié dìng》。 1995 nián 6 yuè qiān shǔ《 pú měi hé zuò yǔ fáng wù xié dìng》。 2000 nián 5 yuè， měi guó zǒng tǒng kè lín dùn fǎng pú， liǎng guó qiān shǔ liǎo yòu guān háng kōng、 xiāng hù yǐn dù zuì fàn děng sān gè xié yì。“ 9.11” shì jiàn hòu， pú jiān jué zhī chí měi fǎn kǒng jūn shì xíng dòng， bìng wéi qí zhí xíng fǎn kǒng hé jiù yuán rèn wù de fēi jī zài yà sù 'ěr qún dǎo lā rì shí jūn shì jī dì qǐ jiàng tí gōng biàn lì。 2002 nián 9 yuè， pú zǒng lǐ bā luó zuǒ fǎng měi。 2003 nián 1 yuè 30 rì， pú zǒng lǐ bā luó zuǒ cānyù lián shǔ《 bā guó shēng míng》， zhī chí měi duì yī lā kè dòng wǔ。 bā hái biǎo shì zhī chí měi zài wèi huò lián hé guó shòu quán qíng kuàng xià duì yī lā kè cǎi qǔ jūn shì xíng dòng。 3 yuè 16 rì， pú zuò wéi dōng dào guó zài yà sù 'ěr qún dǎo zhào kāi měi yīng xī pú lǐng dǎo rén fēng huì， zhuózhòng tǎo lùn yī lā kè wèn tí hé 'ōu měi guān xì wèn tí。 3 yuè 20 rì měi yī kāi zhàn hòu， pú yǔn xǔ měi shǐ yòng lā rì shí jūn shì jī dì， dàn wèi duì yī xuān zhàn、 wèi pài bīng fù yī zuò zhàn， yě wèi guān bì yī zhù pú shǐ guǎn。 zhàn hòu， zhī chí měi、 yīng zài zhàn hòu zhù dǎo yī chóngjiàn； xiàng yī pài chū 128 míng guó mín wèi duì guān bīng， cānyù wéi chí dāng dì zhì 'ān xíng dòng； xiàng yī yuán zhù zī jīn 1750 wàn 'ōu yuán； tuī dòng pú zhèng jiè rén shì jìn rù yī lā kè lín shí guǎn lǐ kuàirèn zhí； hūyù měi guó、 ōu méng hé lián hé guó huà jiě zài yī wèn tí shàng de fēn qí。 2003 nián 5 yuè， pú guó fáng bù cháng bō 'ěr tǎ sī yìng yāo fǎng měi； 6 yuè， měi guó fáng bù cháng lā mǔ sī fěi 'ěr dé duì pú jìn xíng duǎn zàn fǎng wèn。 6 yuè， bā luó zuǒ pú zǒng lǐ zài cì fǎng měi。 2004 nián， pú zài bǎo chí fā zhǎn yǔ měi zhèng zhì、 jīng jì guān xì de tóng shí， jìn yī bù jiā qiáng jūn shì hé zuò。 shuāng fāng jiù pú gòu mǎi měi 2 sōu jūn jiàn dá chéng xié yì。 wéi xiāo chú zhī chí měi wǔ lì gōng dǎ yī lā kè suǒ chǎn shēng de fù miàn yǐng xiǎng， pú zhuózhòng qiáng diào lián hé guó zài yī wěn dìng hé chóngjiàn zhōng yìng qǐ zhù yào zuò yòng。 pú zhù yī guó mín wèi duì yǐ yú 2005 nián 2 yuè dào qī huí guó。 2005 nián， pú měi shuāng fāng jìn xíng liǎo wài cháng jí hù fǎng， shuāng fāng chóngxīn qiān shǔ liǎo yǐn dù tiáo yuē， bìng biǎo shì yuàn yì tuī dòng jiàn lì pú、 měi hé fēi zhōu pú yǔ guó jiā sān fāng hé zuò jī zhì。 pú zhù zhāng 'ōu zhōu yìng chuàng zào tiáo jiàn， jìn xíng gèng fù jiàn shè xìng de kuà dà xī yáng hé zuò。 tóng nián 9 yuè， měi guó zāo shòu jù fēng zāi hài hòu， pú xiàng měi yuán zhù liǎo dà liàng rì yòng pǐn， bìng tí gōng liǎo zhàn pú 2% shí yóu chǔ bèi liàng de 50 wàn tǒng yuán yóu。
　　　　【 tóng fēi zhōu pú yǔ guó jiā hé bā xī de guān xì】 fā zhǎn tóng fēi zhōu pú yǔ guó jiā（ mò sāng bǐ kè、 ān gē lā、 fó dé jiǎo、 jǐ nèi yà bǐ shào、 shèng duō měi hé pǔ lín xī bǐ） guān xì shì pú wài jiāo zhòng diǎn zhī yī。 yóu yú lì shǐ yuán yīn， pú tóng wǔ guó de guān xì jiào wéi mìqiè。 jìn jǐ nián， wéi fā huī pú zài 'ōu、 fēi liǎng dà lù de qiáo liáng zuò yòng， pú jī jí fā zhǎn tóng wǔ guó zài gè gè lǐng yù de hé zuò。 2005 nián 2 yuè pú xīn zhèng fǔ shàng tái yǐ lái， yǔ fēi zhōu pú yǔ guó jiā gāo céng bǎo chí mìqiè jiāo wǎng。 shèng pǔ、 mò sāng bǐ kè zǒng tǒng， fó dé jiǎo hé jǐ nèi yà bǐ shào zǒng lǐ hé 'ān gē lā wài cháng děng xiān hòu yìng yāo fǎng wèn pú táo yá； pú zǒng tǒng、 wài cháng yě xiān hòu fǎng wèn liǎo mò sāng bǐ kè、 fó dé jiǎo、 ān gē lā bìng chū xí jǐ bǐ xīn zǒng tǒng jiù zhí diǎn lǐ。 2004 nián， pú duì fēi zhōu pú yǔ guó jiā gòng tí gōng 6.402 yì 'ōu yuán de shuāng biān yuán kuǎn， qí zhōng duì 'ān gē lā、 fó dé jiǎo、 jǐ nèi yà bǐ shào、 mò sāng bǐ kè、 shèng duō měi yǔ pǔ lín xī bǐ tí gōng de shuāng biān yuán kuǎn fēn bié wéi 5.759 yì 'ōu yuán、 2477 wàn 'ōu yuán、 976.7 wàn 'ōu yuán、 1951.2 wàn 'ōu yuán hé 1029.9 wàn 'ōu yuán， zhù yào yòng yú gè guó shè huì、 jīng jì fā zhǎn、 jī chǔ shè shī jiàn shè jí kuà lǐng yù hé zuò xiàng mù。 2005 nián 1 yuè， pú yǔ 'ān gē lā qiān shǔ 2005 nián shuāng biān hé zuò jìhuà xié yì， pú jiāng tí gōng 2230 wàn 'ōu yuán yòng yú liǎng guó zài jiào yù、 wèi shēng、 wén huà hé rén yuán péi xùn děng lǐng yù de hé zuò。 2 yuè， yuán zhù jǐ bǐ guó jì huì yì chóu bèi dà huì zài pú zhào kāi， pú xiàng jǐ bǐ tí gōng 100 wàn 'ōu yuán yòng yú huī fù jīng jì fā zhǎn。 12 yuè， pú xuān bù nǐ zài 'ān gē lā tóu zī 1 yì 'ōu yuán xīng jiàn yī suǒ yī yuàn， pú hái biǎo shì jiāng tí gōng 20 wàn 'ōu yuán yòng yú zhī chí shèng pǔ 2006 nián dà xuǎn。 pú zhòng shì jiā qiáng yǔ bā xī de chuán tǒng guān xì。 2005 nián 5 yuè， pú wài cháng duō 'ā mǎ lā 'ěr duì bā xī jìn xíng zhèng shì fǎng wèn， chóngshēn fā zhǎn yǔ bā guān xì shì pú wài jiāo zhòng diǎn。 10 yuè， bā xī zǒng tǒng lú lā fǎng wèn pú táo yá， yǔ pú zǒng lǐ gòng tóng zhù chí zhào kāi dì 8 jiè pú bā shǒu nǎo huì yì hé qǐ yè jiā yán tǎo huì， shuāng fāng qiān shǔ liǎo guān yú jīng jì、 wén huà、 fǎn duì fàn dú hé yí mín hé zuò xié dìng。 jìn 10 nián lái， pú duì bā xī tóu zī 90 yì 'ōu yuán， yòu 600 jiā qǐ yè cānyù。 pú měi nián jìn kǒu bā xī chǎn pǐn 'é yuē 7.7 yì měi yuán， chū kǒu yuē 2 yì měi yuán。 2004 nián， pú duì bā xī tí gōng shuāng biān yuán kuǎn 71.04 wàn 'ōu yuán。 pú hái jī jí lì yòng pú yǔ guó jiā gòng tóng tǐ（ CommunityofPortuguese-SpeakingCountries,ComunidadedosPaísesdeLínguaPortuguesa， jiǎn chēng CPLP， jí pú gòng tǐ）， yǔ bā xī yī dào， tuī dòng pú yǔ guó jiā zhī jiān de zhèng zhì、 wài jiāo、 jīng mào、 wén huà hé zuò。 gāi gòng tóng tǐ yú 1996 nián 7 yuè yóu pú táo yá hé bā xī chàng yì chéng lì， zǒng bù shè zài lǐ sī běn， chéng yuán guó bāo kuò pú táo yá、 bā xī、 ān gē lā、 mò sāng bǐ kè、 fó dé jiǎo、 jǐ nèi yà bǐ shào、 shèng duō měi hé pǔ lín xī bǐ、 dōng dì mén（ 2002 nián jiā rù）。 pú jī jí tuī dòng pú gòng tǐ fā zhǎn， chōng fēn lì yòng gāi zǔ zhì qǐ yè lùn tán hé pú yǔ jiào xué jìhuà， xī wàng tōng guò kuò dà pú gòng tǐ zài shì jiè shàng de yǐng xiǎng， tí shēng qí guó jì dì wèi。 2004 nián， pú xiàng pú gòng tǐ tí gōng liǎo 1056.2 wàn 'ōu yuán de yuán zhù。
　　　　【 tóng xī bān yá de guān xì】 pú 1974 nián“ sì · èr wǔ” gé mìng hòu， pú xī guān xì yī dù jǐn zhāng， 1975 nián mò qǐ qū yú zhèng cháng。 1977 nián 11 yuè， liǎng guó qiān dìng yǒu hǎo hé hù bù qīn fàn tiáo yuē。 liǎng guó zhèng fǔ shǒu nǎo dìng qī jǔ xíng huì wù， jiù shuāng biān guān xì hé gòng tóng guān xīn de qí tā wèn tí jiāo huàn yì jiàn。 2003 nián 2 yuè， pú xī liǎng guó zǒng lǐ zài mǎ dé lǐ jǔ xíng shuāng biān huì wù； pú wài cháng dá kè lǔ sī yě yú tóng yuè fǎng xī， shuāng fāng qiān shǔ liǎo《 hǎi shì 'ān quán shì wù hé zuò yǔ jiàn lì kuài sù bào jǐng gòng tóng jī zhì de lián hé shēng míng》。 2004 nián 2 yuè， pú zǒng lǐ bā luó zuǒ fǎng wèn xī bān yá， chéng nuò yú 2005 nián zài xī shè pú wén huà zhōng xīn， chēng xī shì pú jìn lín， bù duì pú gòu chéng wēi xié。 tóng nián 5 yuè， xī bān yá xīn rèn shǒuxiàng sà pà tè luó fǎng pú， biǎo shì jìn guǎn liǎng guó zhèng fǔ duì lián jūn zài yī lā kè zhù jūn wèn tí shàng yòu fēn qí， dàn liǎng guó quán fāng wèi yǒu hǎo guān xì bù shòu yǐng xiǎng。 2005 nián 10 yuè， pú yì cháng fǎng wèn xī bān yá， hūyù xī yǔ pú jiā qiáng biān jìng hé zuò。 pú zài xī hái jǔ bàn liǎo pú yì huì bǎi nián zhǎn（ 1903 nián zhì 2003 nián）。 11 yuè， pú xī shǒu nǎo huì yì zài pú jǔ xíng， liǎng guó zǒng lǐ chū xí， shuāng fāng qiān shǔ liǎo biān jìng hé zuò、 lǚ yóu、 jiù yè、 jiàn lì yī bǐ lì yà diàn lì shì chǎng、 gāo sù tiě lù、 hǎi yáng cè liàng děng shuāng biān hé zuò xié dìng。 xī shì pú zuì dà de mào yì huǒ bàn。 2004 nián， pú cóng xī jìn kǒu 'é zhàn qí zǒng jìn kǒu 'é de 29.3%， xiàng xī chū kǒu 'é zhàn qí zǒng chū kǒu 'é de 24.9%， xī wéi pú duì wài mào yì zhōng fèn liàng zuì zhòng de guó jiā。
　　　　【 tóng dú lián tǐ hé qí tā dōng 'ōu guó jiā de guān xì】 sū lián jiě tǐ hòu， pú zhù zhāng xī fāng jiā qiáng duì 'é de yuán zhù， bāng zhù 'é cóng jìhuà jīng jì xiàng shì chǎng jīng jì guò dù。 pú zhī chí 'é yǔ 'ōu méng gǎi shàn guān xì， rèn wéi 'é zài píng héng guó jì guān xì zhōng zuò yòng shí fēn zhòng yào。 pú yuàn yǔ 'é jiàn lì quán fāng wèi hé zuò， zài liáng hǎo de zhèng zhì jī chǔ shàng， jiā qiáng shuāng fāng mào yì、 wén huà guān xì。 1994 nián 7 yuè， pú zǒng lǐ xí 'ěr wǎ duì 'é jìn xíng gōng zuò fǎng wèn， liǎng guó zhèng fǔ qiān shǔ liǎo yǒu hǎo hé zuò tiáo yuē yǐ jí tóu zī bǎo hù、 wén huà、 gōng yè jì shù、 gōng lù yùn shū、 yī yào kē xué děng liù xiàng hé zuò xié yì。 2001 nián， pú zǒng tǒng sāng pà yuē fǎng 'é， shuāng fāng qiān shǔ liǎo《 lǐng shì xié yì》 hé《 wài cháng jí zhèng zhì cuō shāng yì dìng shū》。 1998 nián zhì 2003 nián， pú zài 'é tóu zī měi nián 46.2 wàn 'ōu yuán， é zài pú tóu zī wéi 5.2 wàn 'ōu yuán。 pú duì 'é chū kǒu jǐn zhàn 'é jìn kǒu de 0.08％。 2004 nián 11 yuè， é luó sī zǒng tǒng pǔ jīng fǎng pú， xì 'é zuì gāo lǐng dǎo rén shǒu cì fǎng pú。 2005 nián 5 yuè， pú zǒng lǐ suǒ kè lā tè sī chū xí zài 'é guó jǔ xíng de jì niàn wèi guó zhàn zhēng shèng lì 60 zhōu nián huó dòng； 10 yuè， pú wài cháng、 wén huà bù cháng hé jīng jì bù cháng fǎng wèn 'é luó sī， pú 'é qiān shǔ liǎo 2009 nián qián shuāng fāng dà xué shēng jiāo liú jìhuà xié dìng， hái qiān shǔ liǎo xìn xī hé lǚ yóu xié dìng。 jìn nián lái， pú yǔ dōng 'ōu guó jiā de wǎng lái yòu suǒ zēng jiā， pú biǎo shì zhī chí dōng 'ōu guó jiā jiā rù 'ōu méng hé běi yuē de yào qiú， dàn rèn wéi yìng yǐ yǔ 'é bǎo chí wěn dìng de 'ān quán guān xì wéi jī chǔ。
　　　　【 tóng dōng dì mén de guān xì】 dōng dì mén shì pú táo yá qián zhí mín dì， 1951 nián míng yì shàng gǎi wéi pú hǎi wài shěng。 1974 nián pú guó nèi fā shēng“ sì · èr wǔ” shì jiàn hòu， pú xīn zhèng quán zhù zhāng fēi zhí mín huà， yǔn xǔ dōng dì mén jǔ xíng gōng mín tóu piào， shí xíng zì jué。 1975 nián， chéng lì bù jiǔ de gé zhèn、 mín méng hé mín xié sān gè dōng dì mén zhù yào zhèng dǎng yīn quán lì zhī zhēng fā shēng nèi luàn， jú shì shī kòng。 tóng nián 12 yuè， yìn ní chèn jī chū bīng dōng dì mén， bìng yú cì nián 7 yuè xuān bù dōng wéi qí dì 27 gè shěng。 1992－ 1999 nián， zài lián hé guó mì shū cháng zhù chí xià， pú yǔ yìn ní wài cháng jiù dōng dì mén wèn tí jìn xíng liǎo 12 lún tán pàn， zuì zhōng shuāng fāng jiù dōng dì mén de mín zú zì jué wèn tí dá chéng gòng shí。 1999 nián 8 yuè， zài lián hé guó de jiān dū xià， dōng dì mén jìn xíng liǎo quán mín tóu piào， 78.5％ de dōng dì mén rén zhī chí dú lì。 tóng nián 12 yuè， pú wài cháng gā mǎ fǎng wèn dōng dì mén。 2000 nián， pú zǒng tǒng、 zǒng lǐ hé yì cháng xiāng jì duì dōng jìn xíng liǎo fǎng wèn。 2002 nián 5 yuè 20 rì， pú zǒng tǒng、 zǒng lǐ chū xí liǎo dōng dì mén jiàn guó qìng diǎn。 1999 nián yǐ lái， pú chú xiàng dōng dì mén tí gōng dà liàng jīng jì hé rén dào zhù yì yuán zhù wài， hái pài qiǎn liǎo 1000 yú rén de wéi hé bù duì hé jǐng chá yǐ jí 100 míng jiào shī。 pú shì guó jì shè huì duì dōng dì mén yuán zhù zuì duō de guó jiā。 2002 nián， pú zhèng fǔ yǔ dōng dì mén zhèng fǔ jìn xíng liǎo jīn 'é dá 8048.5 wàn 'ōu yuán de hé zuò xiàng mù， qí zhōng bāo kuò tí gōng 900 wàn 'ōu yuán de yuán zhù。 liǎng guó yǐ qiān shǔ 2004 zhì 2006 nián hé zuò jìhuà shū， gēn jù gāi jìhuà pú jiāng yuán zhù 5000 wàn 'ōu yuán。 2004 nián， pú yuán zhù 'é wéi 2056.8 wàn 'ōu yuán。 tóng nián 6 yuè， pú cānyù lián hé guó zài dōng dì mén de zuì hòu de yī pī wéi hé jūn rén 253 rén fǎn pú。 2005 nián 6 yuè， dōng dì mén zǒng lǐ 'ā 'ěr kǎ dì lǐ fǎng wèn pú táo yá， pú tóng yì xiàng dōng pài 30 míng jǐng chá bāng zhù qí péi xùn dì fāng 'ān quán bù duì。

　　Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: República Portuguesa), is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Located in southwestern Europe, Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are also part of Portugal.
　　
　　The land within the borders of today's Portuguese Republic has been continuously settled since prehistoric times. Some of the earliest civilizations include Lusitanians and Celtic societies. Incorporation into the Roman Republic dominions took place in the 2nd century BC. The region was ruled and colonized by Germanic peoples, such as the Suebi and the Visigoths, from the 5th to the 8th century. From this era, some vestiges of the Alans were also found. The Muslim Moors arrived in the early 8th century and conquered the Christian Germanic kingdoms, eventually occupying most of the Iberian Peninsula. In the early 1100s, during the Christian Reconquista, Portugal appeared as a kingdom independent of its neighbour, the Kingdom of León and Galicia. In a little over a century, in 1249, Portugal would establish almost its entire modern-day borders by conquering territory from the Moors.
　　
　　During the 15th and 16th centuries, with a global empire that included possessions in Africa, Asia and South America, Portugal was one of the world's major economic, political, and cultural powers. In the 17th century, the Portuguese Restoration War between Portugal and Spain ended the sixty year period of the Iberian Union (1580-1640). In the 19th century, armed conflict with French and Spanish invading forces and the loss of its largest territorial possession abroad, Brazil, disrupted political stability and potential economic growth. After the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution coup d'état in 1974, the ruling regime was deposed in Lisbon and the country handed over its last overseas provinces in Africa. Portugal's last overseas territory, Macau, was handed over to China in 1999.
　　
　　Portugal is a developed country, has a high Human Development Index and is among the world's 20 highest rated countries in terms of quality of life, although having one of the lowest GDP per capita of Western European countries. It is a member of the European Union (since 1986) and the United Nations (since 1955); as well as a founding member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa (Community of Portuguese Language Countries, CPLP), European Union's Eurozone, and is also a Schengen state.
　　
　　History
　　
　　Main language areas in Iberia circa 200BC.The early history of Portugal, whose name derives from the Roman name Portus Cale, is shared with the rest of the Iberian Peninsula. The region was settled by Pre-Celts and Celts, giving origin to peoples like the Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici and Cynetes, visited by Phoenicians and Carthaginians, incorporated in the Roman Republic dominions (as Lusitania in 138 BC), settled again by Suevi, Buri, and Visigoths, and conquered by Moors. Other minor influences include some 5th century vestiges of Alan settlement, which were found in Alenquer, Coimbra and even Lisbon. In 868, during the Reconquista (by which Christians reconquered the Iberian peninsula from the Muslim and Moorish domination), the First County of Portugal was formed. A victory over the Muslims at Ourique in 1139 is traditionally taken as the occasion when Portugal is transformed from a county (County of Portugal as a fief of the Kingdom of León and Castile) into an independent kingdom.
　　
　　On June 24, 1128, the Battle of São Mamede occurred near Guimarães. At the Battle of São Mamede, Afonso Henriques, Count of Portugal, defeated his mother, Countess Teresa, and her lover, Fernão Peres de Trava, in battle - thereby establishing himself as sole leader. Afonso Henriques officially declared Portugal's independence when he proclaimed himself king of Portugal on July 25, 1139, after the Battle of Ourique, he was recognized as such in 1143 by Afonso VII, king of León and Castile, and in 1179 by Pope Alexander III.
　　
　　Progress of the Christian ReconquistaAfonso Henriques and his successors, aided by military monastic orders, pushed southward to drive out the Moors, as the size of Portugal covered about half of its present area. In 1249, this Reconquista ended with the capture of the Algarve on the southern coast, giving Portugal its present day borders, with minor exceptions.
　　
　　In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with England, which is the longest-standing alliance in the world.
　　
　　In 1383, the king of Castile, husband of the daughter of the Portuguese king who had died without a male heir, claimed his throne. An ensuing popular revolt led to the 1383-1385 Crisis. A faction of petty noblemen and commoners, led by John of Aviz (later John I), seconded by General Nuno Álvares Pereira defeated the Castilians in the Battle of Aljubarrota. This celebrated battle is still a symbol of glory and the struggle for independence from neighboring Spain.
　　
　　In the following decades, Portugal spearheaded the exploration of the world and undertook the Age of Discovery. Prince Henry the Navigator, son of King João I, became the main sponsor and patron of this endeavor.
　　
　　In 1415, Portugal gained the first of its overseas colonies when a fleet conquered Ceuta, a prosperous Islamic trade center in North Africa. There followed the first discoveries in the Atlantic: Madeira and the Azores, which led to the first colonization movements.
　　
　　An anachronous map of the Portuguese Empire (1415-1999). Red - true possessions; Pink - explorations, areas of influence and trade and claims of sovereignty; Blue - main sea explorations, routes and areas of influence. The disputed discovery of Australia is not shown.
　　Padrão dos Descobrimentos, a monument to Prince Henry the Navigator and the Portuguese Age of Discovery, LisbonThroughout the 15th century, Portuguese explorers sailed the coast of Africa, establishing trading posts for several common types of tradable commodities at the time, ranging from gold to slaves, as they looked for a route to India and its spices, which were coveted in Europe. In 1498, Vasco da Gama finally reached India and brought economic prosperity to Portugal and its then population of one million residents.
　　
　　In 1500, Pedro Álvares Cabral, en route to India, discovered Brazil and claimed it for Portugal. Ten years later, Afonso de Albuquerque conquered Goa, in India, Ormuz in the Persian Strait, and Malacca in what is now a state in Malaysia. Thus, the Portuguese empire held dominion over commerce in the Indian Ocean and South Atlantic. The Portuguese sailors set out to reach Eastern Asia by sailing eastward from Europe landing in such places like Taiwan, Japan, the island of Timor, and it may also have been Portuguese sailors that were the first Europeans to discover Australia.
　　
　　Portugal's independence was interrupted between 1580 and 1640. Because the heirless King Sebastian died in battle in Morocco, Philip II of Spain claimed his throne and so became Philip I of Portugal. Although Portugal did not lose its formal independence, it was governed by the same monarch who governed Spain, briefly forming a union of kingdoms, as a personal union; in 1640, John IV spearheaded an uprising backed by disgruntled nobles and was proclaimed king. The Portuguese Restoration War between Portugal and Spain on the aftermath of the 1640 revolt, ended the sixty-year period of the Iberian Union under the House of Habsburg. This was the beginning of the House of Braganza, which was to reign in Portugal until 1910. On 1 November 1755, Lisbon, the largest city and capital of the Portuguese Empire, was strongly shaken by an earthquake which killed between 60,000 and 90,000 people and destroyed eighty-five percent of the city.
　　
　　By this time, however, the Portuguese empire was already under attack from other countries, specifically Britain and the Netherlands. Portugal began a slow but inexorable decline until the 20th century. This decline was hastened by the independence in 1822 of the country's largest colonial possession, Brazil.
　　
　　
　　Map of the Portuguese Overseas provinces in Africa by the time of the Portuguese Colonial War (1961-1974)At the height of European colonialism in the 19th century, Portugal had lost its territory in South America and all but a few bases in Asia. During this phase, Portuguese colonialism focused on expanding its outposts in Africa into nation-sized territories to compete with other European powers there. Portuguese territories eventually included the modern nations of Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, Guinea-Bissau, Angola, and Mozambique.
　　
　　In 1910, a revolution deposed the Portuguese monarchy, but chaos continued and considerable economic problems were aggravated by the military intervention in the First World War, which led to a military coup d'état in 1926. This in turn led to the establishment of the right-wing dictatorship of the Estado Novo under António de Oliveira Salazar.
　　
　　In December 1961, the Portuguese army was involved in armed action in its colony of Portuguese India against an Indian invasion. The operations resulted in the defeat of the isolated and relatively small Portuguese defense force which was not able to resist a much larger enemy. The outcome was the loss of the Portuguese territories in the Indian subcontinent.
　　
　　
　　Community of Portuguese Language Countries.Also in the early 1960s, independence movements in the Portuguese overseas provinces of Angola, Mozambique, and Portuguese Guinea, in Africa, resulted in the Portuguese Colonial War (1961-1974). In 1974, a bloodless left-wing military coup in Lisbon, known as the Carnation Revolution, led the way for a modern democracy as well as the independence of the last colonies in Africa shortly after. However, Portugal's last overseas territory, Macau (Asia), was not handed over to the People's Republic of China until as late as 1999.
　　
　　Portugal was a founding member of NATO, OECD and EFTA. In 1986, Portugal joined the European Union (then the European Economic Community). It is also a co-founder of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries.
　　
　　
　　Administrative divisions
　　
　　Portugal has an administrative structure of 308 municipalities (Portuguese singular/plural: concelho/concelhos), which are subdivided into more than 4,000 parishes (freguesia/freguesias). Municipalities are grouped for administrative purposes into superior units. For continental Portugal the municipalities are gathered in 18 Districts, while the Islands have a Regional Government directly above them. Thus, the largest unit of classification is the one established since 1976 into either mainland Portugal (Portugal Continental) or the autonomous regions of Portugal (Azores and Madeira).
　　
　　The European Union's system of Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics is also used. According to this system, Portugal is divided into 7 regions (Alentejo, Algarve, Açores, Centro, Lisboa, Madeira, and Norte), which are subdivided into 30 subregions.
　　
　　
　　Geography and climate
　　
　　The climate can be classified as Mediterranean type csa in the south and csb in the north, according to the Köppen climate classification. Portugal is one of the warmest European countries, the annual temperature averages in mainland Portugal are 13 °C (55 °F) in the north and 18 °C (64 °F) in the south. The Madeira and Azores Atlantic archipelagos have a narrower temperature range. Generally, spring and summer are sunny, whereas autumn and winter are rainy and windy. Extreme temperatures occur in Northeastern parts of the country in winter (where they may fall to -15 °C) and Southeastern parts in summer (where they can soar up to 45 °C). Sea coastal areas are milder, temperatures varying between -2 °C on the coldest winter mornings and 40 °C on the hottest summer afternoons. Absolute extremes registered so far have been -23 °C in Serra da Estrela and 48 °C in the Alentejo region.
　　
　　
　　A Portuguese ski resort during the winter season in Serra da Estrela mountain range, Centro.Mainland Portugal is split by its main river, the Tagus. The northern landscape is mountainous in the interior areas, with plateaus indented by river valleys. The south, between the Tagus and the Algarve (the Alentejo), features mostly rolling plains and a climate somewhat warmer and drier than in the cooler and rainier north. The Algarve, separated from the Alentejo by mountains, enjoys a Mediterranean climate much like southern Spain. Snow falls occasionally (on some cold winter days) in the northern interior of the country, from October to May. However, it is a very rare event in the south. The coast registers snow usually once in five or six years.
　　
　　
　　Alentejo - Cork Oak on wheat field, a typical image of the Alentejo region, PortugalThe islands of the Azores are located in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge whilst the Madeira islands were formed by the activity of an in-plate hotspot, much like the Hawaiian archipelago. Some islands have had volcanic activity as recently as 1957. Portugal's highest point is Mount Pico on Pico Island. It is an ancient volcano measuring 2,351 m (7,713 ft). Mainland Portugal's highest point is Serra da Estrela, measuring 1993 m (6,558 ft).
　　
　　Portugal's Exclusive Economic Zone, a seazone over which the Portuguese have special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources, has 1,727,408 km². This is the 3rd largest Exclusive Economic Zone of the European Union and the 11th in the world.
　　
　　Conservation areas of Portugal include one national park (Parque Nacional), 12 natural parks (Parque Natural), 9 natural reserves (Reserva Natural), 5 natural monuments (Monumento Natural), and 7 protected landscapes (Paisagem Protegida), ranging from the Parque Nacional da Peneda-Gerês to the Parque Natural da Serra da Estrela to the Paul de Arzila.
　　
　　
　　Government and politics
　　
　　Portugal is a democratic republic ruled by the constitution of 1976 with Lisbon, the nation's largest city, as its capital. The four main governing components are the president of the republic, the assembly of the republic, the government, and the courts. The constitution grants the division or separation of powers among legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Portugal like most European countries has no state religion, making it a secular state.
　　
　　The president, who is elected to a five-year term, has a supervising, non-executive role. The current President is Aníbal Cavaco Silva. The Assembly of the Republic is a unicameral parliament composed of 230 deputies elected for four-year terms.
　　
　　The government is headed by the prime minister (currently José Sócrates), who chooses the Council of Ministers, comprising all the ministers and the respective state secretaries.
　　
　　The national and regional governments, and the Portuguese parliament, are dominated by two political parties, the Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party. Minority parties Unitarian Democratic Coalition (Portuguese Communist Party plus Ecologist Party "The Greens"), Bloco de Esquerda (Left Bloc) and CDS-PP (People's Party) are also represented in the parliament and local governments.
　　
　　The courts are organized into categories, including judicial, administrative, and fiscal. The supreme courts are the courts of last appeal. A thirteen-member constitutional court oversees the constitutionality of legislation.
　　
　　Foreign relations
　　
　　Portugal is a founding member of NATO (1949), OECD and EFTA; it left the latter in 1986 to join the European Union. In 1996 it co-founded the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP). It has a friendship alliance and dual citizenship treaty with Brazil. Portugal is part of the world's oldest active alliance through its treaty with the United Kingdom.
　　
　　The only international dispute concerns the municipality of Olivença. Under Portuguese sovereignty since 1297, the municipality of Olivença was ceded to Spain under the Treaty of Badajoz in 1801, after the War of the Oranges. Portugal claimed it back in 1815 under the Treaty of Vienna. Nevertheless, bilateral diplomatic relations between the two neighbouring countries are cordial, as well as within the European Union.
　　
　　Military
　　
　　The armed forces have three branches: Army, Navy, and Air Force. The military of Portugal serves primarily as a self-defense force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country and providing humanitarian assistance and security at home and abroad. Since the early 2000s, compulsory military service is no longer practised. The changes also turned the forces' focus towards professional military engagements. The age for voluntary recruitment is set at 18. In the 20th century, Portugal engaged in two major military interventions: the First Great War and the Portuguese Colonial War (1961-1974). Portugal has participated in peacekeeping missions in East Timor, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Iraq (Nasiriyah), and Lebanon. The Portuguese Military's Rapid Reaction Brigade, a combined force of the nations elite Paratroopers, Special Operations Troops Center, and Commandos, is a special elite fighting force.
　　
　　
　　Economy
　　
　　Portugal's economy is based on industries such as textiles, clothing, footwear, cork and wood products, beverages (wine, beer, juice, soft drinks), porcelain and earthenware, and glass and glassware. In addition, the country has increased its role in Europe's automotive sector and has a world-class mold-making industry. Services, particularly tourism, are playing an increasingly important role. Portugal's European Union (EU) funding will be cut by 10%, to 22.5 billion euros, during the 2007-2013 period. EU expansion into eastern Europe has erased Portugal's historic competitive advantage and relative low labor costs. The governments are working to change Portugal's economic development model from one based on public consumption and public investment to one focused on exports, private investment, and development of the high-tech sector.
　　
　　Portugal joined the European Union in 1986 and started a process of modernization within the framework of a stable environment. It has achieved a healthy level of growth. Successive governments have implemented reforms and privatized many state-controlled firms and liberalized key areas of the economy. Portugal was one of the founding countries of the euro in 1999, and therefore is integrated into the Eurozone.
　　
　　
　　Portuguese national side of a 1 euro coin. The centrepiece is the 1144 royal seal of King Afonso Henriques.Major industries include oil refineries, automotive, cement production, pulp and paper industry, textile, footwear, furniture, and cork (of which Portugal is the world's leading producer). Manufacturing accounts for 33% of exports. Portugal is the world's fifth-largest producer of tungsten, and the world's eighth-largest producer of wine. Agriculture and Fishing (see Portugal EEZ) no longer represents the bulk of the economy, but Portuguese wines, namely Port Wine (named after the country's second largest city, Porto) and Madeira Wine (named after Madeira Island), are exported worldwide. Tourism is also important, especially in mainland Portugal's southernmost region of the Algarve and in the Atlantic Madeira archipelago.
　　
　　
　　Funchal, Madeira - tourism is an important economic activity in the Portuguese island of Madeira.The Global Competitiveness Report for 2005, published by the World Economic Forum, places Portugal on the 22nd position, ahead of countries such as Spain, Ireland, France, Belgium and Hong Kong . This represents an increase of two places from the 2004 ranking. Portugal was ranked 20th on the Technology index and 15th on the Public Institutions index.
　　
　　Research about standard of living by the Economist Intelligence Unit's quality of life survey places Portugal as the country with the 19th-best quality of life in the world, ahead of other economically and technologically advanced countries like France, Germany, the United Kingdom and South Korea. This is despite the fact that Portugal has the lowest per capita GDP in Western Europe and among the lowest in the European Union.
　　
　　Caixa Geral de Depósitos, EDP, Galp, Millennium bcp, Portugal Telecom and Sonae are among the largest corporations of Portugal by both number of employees and net income.
　　
　　The major stock exchange is the Euronext Lisbon which is part of the NYSE Euronext, the first global stock exchange. The PSI-20 is Portugal's most selective and widely known stock index.
　　
　　Energy, transportation, communications, water supply and sanitation
　　
　　In 2006 the world's largest solar power plant began operating in the nation's sunny south while the world's first commercial wave power farm opened in October 2006 in the Norte region. As of 2006, 55% of electricity production was from coal and fuel power plants. The other 40% was produced by hydroelectrics and 5% by wind energy. The government is channeling $38,000,000,000 into developing renewable energy sources over the next five years.
　　
　　Portugal wants renewable energy sources like solar, wind and wave power to account for nearly half of the electricity consumed in the country by 2010. "This new goal will place Portugal in the frontline of renewable energy and make it, along with Austria and Sweden, one of the three nations that most invest in this sector", Prime Minister José Sócrates said.
　　
　　
　　Alqueva Dam, Alentejo - irrigation and hydroelectric power generation facility which created the largest artificial lake in Western Europe.Transportation was seen as a priority in the 1990s, pushed by the growing use of automobiles and industrialization. The country has a 68,732 km (42,708 mi) network of roads, of which almost 3,000 km (1,864 mi) are part of a 44 motorways system.
　　
　　The two principal metropolitan areas have subway systems: Lisbon Metro and Metro Sul do Tejo in Lisbon Metropolitan Area and Porto Metro in Porto, each with more than 35 km (22 mi) of lines. Construction of a high-speed TGV line connecting Porto with Lisbon and Lisbon with Madrid will begin in 2008; it will replace the Pendolinos.
　　
　　Lisbon's geographical position makes it a stopover point for many foreign airlines at airports all over the country. The government decided to build a new airport outside Lisbon, in Alcochete, to replace Lisbon's Portela airport. Currently, the most important airports are in Lisbon, Faro, Porto, Funchal (Madeira), and Ponta Delgada (Azores).
　　
　　Portugal has one of the highest mobile phone penetration rates in the world (the number of operative mobile phones already exceeds the population). This network also provides wireless mobile Internet connections as well, and covers the entire territory. As of October 2006, 36.8% of households had high-speed Internet services and 78% of companies had Internet access. Most Portuguese watch television through cable (June 2004: 73.6% of households). Paid Internet connections are available at many cafés, as well as many post offices. One can also surf on the Internet at hotels, conference centres and shopping centres, where special areas are reserved for this purpose. Free internet access is also available to Portuguese residents at "Espaços de Internet" across the country.
　　
　　Portugal has also modernized its water supply and sanitation system, in particular by increasing the rate of wastewater treated with support from EU subsidies to 80%. The country has also established a modern institutional and legal framework for the water and sanitation sector, including an autonomous regulatory agency, a national asset holding company called Águas de Portugal and a number of multi-municipal utilities. This replaced an institutionally fragemented sector structure, under which the country's 308 municipalities - many of them very small - had exclusive responsibility for water and sanitation.
　　
　　
　　Demographics
　　
　　Douro river crossing Grande Porto, Portugal's second most populated subregionThe country is fairly homogeneous linguistically and religiously. Native Portuguese are ethnically a combination of pre-Celts, Celts, and the Lusitanians, along with some other minor contributions by Phoenicians, Romans, Germanic (Visigoths, Suebi, Buri), Alans, some Jews and Moors (mostly Berbers and some Arabs).
　　
　　In the 2001 census, the population was 10,356,117, of which 52% was female, 48% was male. Portugal, long a country of emigration, has now become a country of net immigration, and not just from the former Asian and African colonies; by the end of 2003, legal immigrants represented about 5% of the population, and the largest communities were from Brazil, Ukraine, Romania, Cape Verde, Angola, Russia, Guinea-Bissau and Moldova with other immigrants from parts of Latin America, China and Eastern Europe. The great majority of Portuguese are Roman Catholic, though a large percentage consider themselves non-practicing, especially in urban lands.
　　
　　The most populous cities are Lisbon, Porto, Vila Nova de Gaia, Amadora, Braga, Coimbra, Almada, Funchal and Setúbal. There are seven Greater Metropolitan Areas (GAMs): Algarve, Aveiro, Coimbra, Lisbon, Minho, Porto and Viseu.
　　
　　
　　Education, science and technology
　　
　　The tower of the University of Coimbra, Coimbra - the university is one of the oldest in continuous operation in the world.
　　The educational system is divided into preschool (for those under age 6), basic education (9 years, in three stages, compulsory), secondary education (3 years), and higher education (university and polytechnic).
　　
　　Portuguese universities have existed since 1290. The oldest Portuguese university was first established in Lisbon before moving to Coimbra. Universities are usually organized into faculties. Institutes and schools are also common designations for autonomous subdivisions of Portuguese higher education institutions, and are always used in the polytechnical system. The Bologna process has been adopted since 2006 by Portuguese universities and polytechnical institutes.
　　
　　Scientific and technological research activities in Portugal are mainly conducted within a network of R&D units belonging to public universities and state-managed autonomous research institutions like the INETI - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovação. The funding of this research system is mainly conducted under the authority of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education. The largest R&D units of the public universities by number of publications which achieved significant international recognition, include biosciences research institutions like the Instituto de Medicina Molecular, the Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, the IPATIMUP and the Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, among others. Internationally notable state-supported research centres in other fields include the International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory‎, a joint research effort between Portugal and Spain. Among the largest non-state-run research institutions in Portugal are the Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência and the Champalimaud Foundation which yearly awards one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world. A number of both national and multinational high-tech and industrial companies, are also responsible for research and development projects. One of the oldest learned societies of Portugal is the Sciences Academy of Lisbon.
　　
　　Portugal made agreements with several European scientific organizations aiming at full membership. These include the European Space Agency (ESA), the European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN), ITER, and the European Southern Observatory (ESO). Portugal has entered into cooperation agreements with MIT (USA) and other North American institutions in order to further develop and increase the effectiveness of Portuguese higher education and research.
　　
　　
　　Law
　　
　　The Portuguese legal system is part of the civil law legal system, also called the continental family legal system. Until the end of the 19th century, French law was the main influence. Since then the major influence has been German law. The main laws include the Constitution (1976, as amended), the Civil Code (1966, as amended) and the Penal Code (1982, as amended). Other relevant laws are the Commercial Code (1888, as amended) and the Civil Procedure Code (1961, as amended). Portuguese law applied in the former colonies and territories and continues to be the major influence for those countries.
　　
　　Religion
　　
　　Portuguese society is overwhelmingly Roman Catholic. 84% of the population are nominally Roman Catholic, but only about 19% attend mass and take the sacraments regularly. A larger number wish to be baptized, married in the church, and receive last rites.
　　
　　Many Portuguese holidays, festivals and traditions have a Christian origin or connotation. Although relations between the Portuguese state and the Roman Catholic Church were generally amiable and stable since the earliest years of the Portuguese nation, their relative power fluctuated. In the 13th and 14th centuries, the church enjoyed both riches and power stemming from its role in the reconquest and its close identification with early Portuguese nationalism and the foundation of the Portuguese educational system, including the first university. The growth of the Portuguese overseas empire made its missionaries important agents of colonization with important roles of evangelization and teaching in all inhabited continents.
　　
　　Culture
　　
　　Roman temple, ÉvoraPortugal has developed a specific culture while being influenced by various civilizations that have crossed the Mediterranean and the European continent, or were introduced when it played an active role during the Age of Discovery.
　　
　　Belém Tower, built in the 1510s and a symbol of the Age of Discovery, LisbonPortuguese literature, one of the earliest Western literatures, developed through text and song. Until 1350, the Portuguese-Galician troubadours spread their literary influence to most of the Iberian Peninsula. Gil Vicente (ca. 1465 - ca. 1536), was one of the founders of both Portuguese and Spanish dramatic traditions. Adventurer and poet Luís de Camões (ca. 1524-1580) wrote the epic poem The Lusiads, with Virgil's Aeneid as his main influence. Modern Portuguese poetry is rooted in neoclassic and contemporary styles, as exemplified by Fernando Pessoa (1888–1935). Modern Portuguese literature is represented by authors such as Almeida Garrett, Camilo Castelo Branco, Eça de Queirós, Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen, and António Lobo Antunes. Particularly popular and distinguished is José Saramago, winner of the 1998 Nobel Prize for literature.
　　
　　Belém Cultural Center, LisbonPortuguese music encompasses a wide variety of genres. The most renowned is fado, a melancholy urban music, usually associated with the Portuguese guitar and saudade, or longing. Coimbra fado, a unique type of fado, is also noteworthy. Internationally notable performers include Amália Rodrigues, Carlos Paredes, José Afonso, Mariza, Carlos do Carmo, Mísia, and Madredeus. One of the most notable Portuguese musical groups outside the country, and specially in Germany, is the goth-metal band Moonspell. In addition to fado and folk, the Portuguese listen to pop and other types of modern music, particularly from North America and the United Kingdom, as well as a wide range of Portuguese and Brazilian artists and bands. Bands with international recognition include Blasted Mechanism and The Gift, both of which were nominated for an MTV Music Award. Portugal has several summer music festivals, such as Festival Sudoeste in Zambujeira do Mar, Festival de Paredes de Coura in Paredes de Coura, Festival Vilar de Mouros near Caminha, and Rock in Rio Lisboa and Super Bock Super Rock in Lisbon. Out of the summer season, Portugal has a large number of festivals, designed more to an urban audience, like Flowfest or Hip Hop Porto. Furthermore, one of the largest international Goa trance festivals takes place in northern Portugal every two years, and the student festivals of Queima das Fitas are major events in a number of cities across Portugal.
　　
　　In the Classical music domain, Portugal is represented by names as the pianist Maria João Pires, the violinist Carlos Damas, the operatic baritone Jorge Chaminé, and in the past by the great cellist Guilhermina Suggia. Notable composers include Luís de Freitas Branco and his student Joly Braga Santos.
　　
　　
　　Casa da Música (Music House), PortoIt has also a rich history as far as painting is concerned. The first well-known painters date back to the XV century – like Nuno Gonçalves - were part of the Gothic painting period. José Malhoa, known for his work Fado, and Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro (who painted the portraits of Teófilo Braga and Antero de Quental) were both references in naturalist painting.
　　
　　
　　Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, LisbonThe 20th century saw the arrival of Modernism, and along with it came the most prominent Portuguese painters: Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso, who was heavily influenced by French painters, particularly by the Delaunays. Among his best known works is Canção Popular a Russa e o Fígaro. Another great modernist painter/writer was Almada Negreiros, friend to the poet Fernando Pessoa, who painted his (Pessoa’s) portrait. He was deeply influenced by both Cubist and Futurist trends. Prominent international figures in visual arts nowadays include painters Vieira da Silva, Júlio Pomar, and Paula Rego. Traditional architecture is distinctive. Modern Portugal has given the world renowned architects like Eduardo Souto de Moura, Álvaro Siza Vieira and Gonçalo Byrne. Internally, Tomás Taveira is also noteworthy.
　　
　　Since the 1990s, Portugal has increased the number of public cultural facilities, in addition to the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation established in 1956 in Lisbon. These include the Belém Cultural Center in Lisbon, Serralves Foundation and the Casa da Música, both in Porto, as well as new public cultural facilities like municipal libraries and concert halls which were built or renovated in many municipalities across the country.
　　
　　
　　Cuisine
　　Portuguese cuisine is diverse. The Portuguese love dry cod (bacalhau in Portuguese), for which there are hundreds of recipes. There are more than enough bacalhau dishes for each day of the year. Two other popular fish recipes are grilled sardines and caldeirada. Typical Portuguese meat recipes, that may take beef, pork, lamb, or chicken, include feijoada, cozido à portuguesa, frango de churrasco, and carne de porco à alentejana.
　　
　　
　　Vintage port from 1870 and 1873Typical fast food dishes include the francesinha from Porto, and bifanas (grilled pork), prego (grilled beef) or leitão (piglet) sandwiches which are well known around the country. The Portuguese art of pastry has its origins in ancient recipes of which pastéis de Belém (or pastéis de nata) originally from Lisbon, and ovos-moles from Aveiro are good examples.
　　
　　Portuguese wines have deserved international recognition since the times of the Roman Empire, which associated Portugal with their God Bacchus. Today the country is known by wine lovers and its wines have won several international prizes. Some of the best Portuguese wines are: Vinho Verde, Vinho Alvarinho, Vinho do Douro, Vinho do Alentejo, Vinho do Dão, Vinho da Bairrada and the sweet: Port Wine, Madeira Wine and the Moscatel from Setúbal and Favaios. Port Wine is well known around the world and the most widely exported Portuguese wine.
　　
　　
　　Sports and games
　　
　　Portuguese football fans supporting the national teamFootball is the most known, loved and practiced sport. The legendary Eusébio is still a major symbol of Portuguese football history and Luís Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo are among the numerous examples of other world-class footballers born in Portugal and noted worldwide.
　　
　　The Portuguese national teams, have titles in the FIFA World Youth Championship and in the UEFA youth championships. The main national team - Selecção Nacional - finished second in Euro 2004, reached the third place in the 1966 FIFA World Cup, and reached the fourth place in the 2006 FIFA World Cup, their best results in major competitions to date.
　　
　　F.C. Porto, S.L. Benfica and Sporting C.P. are the largest sports clubs by popularity and in terms of trophies won, often known as "os três grandes" ("the big three"). They have a number of titles won in the European UEFA club competitions, were present in many finals and have been regular contenders in the last stages almost every season. Other than football, many Portuguese sports clubs, including the "big three", compete in several other sports events with a varying level of success and popularity.
　　
　　
　　Pavilhão Atlântico (Atlantic Pavilion), an indoor sports venue and concert hall in LisbonPortugal has a successful rink hockey team, with 15 world titles and 20 european titles, making it the country with the most wins in both competitions. The most successful Portuguese rink hockey clubs in the history of European championships are F.C. Porto, S.L. Benfica, Sporting CP, and Óquei de Barcelos.
　　
　　The national rugby union team made a dramatic qualification into the 2007 Rugby World Cup and become the first all amateur team to qualify for the World Cup since the dawn of the professional era. The Portuguese national team of rugby sevens has performed well, becoming one of the strongest teams in Europe, and proved their status as European champions in several occasions.
　　
　　Rui Silva, in men's athletics, has won several gold, silver and bronze medals in the European, World and Olympic Games competitions. Francis Obikwelu in the 100 m and the 200 m, had silver in the 2004 Summer Olympics. Naide Gomes in pentathlon and long jump, is another Portuguese elite athlete, which led to a gold medal in the 2008 IAAF World Indoor Championships' long jump competition. In the triathlon, Vanessa Fernandes, has won a large number of medals and major competitions across the world and in 2007 became the world champion both in Triathlon and Duathlon. In judo, Telma Monteiro is European champion in the women's under-52 kg category. Nelson Évora is world champion in triple jump.
　　
　　Cycling, with Volta a Portugal being the most important race, is also a popular sports event and include professional cycling teams such as S.L. Benfica, Boavista, Clube de Ciclismo de Tavira, and União Ciclista da Maia. Noted Portuguese cyclists include, among others, names as Joaquim Agostinho, Marco Chagas, José Azevedo and Sérgio Paulinho (an olympic medalist in Athens).
　　
　　The country has also achieved notable performances in sports like fencing, surfing, windsurf, kitesurf, kayaking, sailing and shooting, among others. The paralympic athletes have also conquered many medals in sports like swimming, boccia and wrestling. Portugal has its own original martial art, jogo do pau, in which the fighters use staffs to confront one or several opponents.
　　
　　International rankings
　　
　　Political and economic rankings
　　Political freedom ratings - Free; political rights and civil liberties both rated 1 (the highest score available)
　　Press freedom - 8th freest, at 2.00
　　GDP per capita - 34th highest, at I$22,677
　　Human Development Index - 29th highest, at 0.897
　　Income Equality - 59th most equal, at 38.5 (Gini Index)
　　Unemployment rate - 98th lowest, at 8.00%
　　Corruption - 28th least corrupt, at 6.5 on index
　　Economic Freedom - 30th freest, at 2.29 on index
　　
　　Health rankings
　　Fertility rate- 188th most fertile, at 1.48 per woman
　　Birth rate - 167th most births, at 10.50 per 1000 people
　　Death rate - 52nd highest death rate, at 10.60 per 1000 people
　　Life Expectancy - 49th highest, at 77.87 years
　　Suicide Rate - 42nd highest suicide rate, at 18.9 for males and 4.9 for females
　　HIV/AIDS rate - 73rd most cases, at 0.40%
　　
　　Other rankings
　　Global Peace Index - 7th highest (2008), out of 121 countries
　　CO2 emissions - 68th highest emissions, at 5.63 tonnes per capita
　　Electricity Consumption - 44th highest consumption of electricity, at 44,010,000,000 kWh
　　Broadband uptake - 21st highest uptake in OECD, at 11.5%
　　Beer consumption - 22nd highest, at 59.6 litres per capita
　　
　　Facts and figures
　　Official date format: YYYY/MM/DD (ex. 2006/09/08)
　　Common date format: DD/MM/YYYY (ex. 06/09/2006), dates are written out as DD de MM de YYYY (ex. 18 de Agosto de 2005)
　　Decimal separator is a comma: 123,45
　　Thousands are officially separated by a space — 10 000 — although the point is widely used — 10.000
　　
　　The euro sign is commonly placed either before or after the amount, with the separator either a comma or a point: 10,95 € - € 10,95 - € 10.95 - 10.95 €

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