逢入京使 On Meeting a Messenger to the Capital
與高適薛據登慈恩寺浮圖 ASCENDING THE PAGODA AT THE TEMPLE OF KIND FAVOUR WITH GAO SHI AND XUE JU
走馬川行奉送封大夫出師西徵 A SONG OF RUNNING-HORSE RIVER IN FAREWELL TO GENERAL FENG OF THE WESTERN EXPEDITION
輪臺歌奉送封大夫出師西徵 A SONG OF WHEEL TOWER IN FAREWELL TO GENERAL FENG OF THE WESTERN EXPEDITION
白雪歌送武判官歸京 A SONG OF WHITE SNOW IN FAREWELL TO FIELD-CLERK WU GOING HOME
寄左省杜拾遺 A Message to Censor Du Fu at his Office in the Left Court
奉和中書捨人賈至早朝大明宮 An Early Audience at the Palace of Light Harmonizing Secretary Jia Zhi's Poem
北庭西郊候封大夫受降回軍獻上 North Court of the western suburbs of candidate letters Doctor Accept a surrender Back to the Army offer up
初至西虢官捨南池呈左右省及南宮諸故人 Guo early to West Official residences South Pond was About Provincial and Surname all decedent
過梁州奉贈張尚書大夫公 Crosspiece State Present as a gift Zhang shang book Doctor fair
登北庭北樓呈幕中諸公 Deng Beiting North tower Screen in the pinch was
初過隴山途中呈宇文判官 First off Long Hill En route assume Yu-wen official
陪狄員外早秋登府西樓因呈院中諸公 Accompany Di Ministry councillor Early autumn Teng House West tower The gentlemen were in the hospital due to
鼕夜宿仙遊寺南涼堂呈謙通人 winter Roost Xianyou temple Southern Liang Tong was modest person of wide knowledge and sound scholarship
潼關鎮國軍句覆使院早春寄王同州 high Guan town The armed forces of the republic of china Sentence Review to hospital (early)spring Send a king with the state
青山峽口泊舟懷狄侍禦 Green hill Col Bo Zhou Huai Di Shiyu
寄青城竜溪奐道人 Send Qingcheng Longxi be numerous, brilliant a respectful form of address for a Taoist priest
梁州對雨懷麴二秀纔便麴大判官時疾贈餘新詩 Okrug On the rain Huai yeast two Xiucai Then yeast large Official Shijizengyu Poetry
潼關使院懷王七季友 Tongguan to the King of Chu Yuan Friends Season 7
至大梁卻寄匡城主人 extremely Crossbeam Quejikuangcheng baas
宿華陰東郭客捨憶閻防 Su Hua Hin Tung-kuo Hotel recall Yan Fang
宿東溪王屋李隱者 Su Li Dongxi wangwu anchorite
郊行寄杜位 Send DU bit suburban line
懷葉縣關操姚曠韓涉李叔齊 bosom Ye county Guancaoyaokuang involved in Li Shu Qi Han
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古詩 ancient style poetry
山房春事二首(其二)
岑参
梁園日暮亂飛鴉,極目蕭條三兩傢。
庭樹不知人死盡,春來還發舊時花。
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【賞析】 這是一首吊古之作。梁園又名兔園,俗名竹園,西漢梁孝王劉武所建,故址在今河南省商丘縣東,周圍三百多裏。園中有百靈山、落猿岩、棲竜岫、雁池、鶴洲、鳧渚,宮觀相連,奇果佳樹,錯雜其間,珍禽異獸,出沒其中。梁孝王曾在園中設宴,一代才人枚乘、司馬相如等都應召而至。到了春天,更見熱鬧:百鳥鳴囀,繁花滿枝,車馬接軫,士女雲集。
就是這樣一個繁盛所在,如今所見,則是:“梁園日暮亂飛鴉,極目蕭條三兩傢。”這兩句描畫出兩幅遠景:仰望空中,晚照中亂鴉聒噪;平視前方,一片蕭條,唯有三兩處人傢。當年“聲音相聞”、“往來霞水”(枚乘《梁王兔園賦》)的各色飛禽不見了,宮觀樓臺也已蕩然無存。不言感慨,而今古興亡、盛衰無常的感慨自在其中。從一句寫到二句,極自然,卻極工巧:人們對事物的註意,常常由聽覺引起。一片聒噪聲,引得詩人擡起頭來,故先寫空中亂鴉。“日暮”時分,衆鳥投林,從天空多鴉,自可想見地上少人,從而自然引出第二句中的一派蕭條景象。
詩人在遠望以後,收回目光,就近察看,衹見庭園中的樹木,繁花滿枝,春色不減當年。就象聽到丁丁的伐木聲,更感到山𠔌的幽靜一樣,這突然闖入他的視野中的絢麗春光,進一步加深了他對梁園極目蕭條的印象。梁園已改盡昔日容顔,為什麽春花卻依舊盛開呢?“庭樹不知人去盡,春來還發舊時花。”詩人不說自己深知物是人非,卻偏從對面翻出,說是“庭樹不知”;不說今日梁園頽敗,深可傷悼,自己無心領略春光,卻說無知花樹遵循自然規律,偏在這一片蕭條之中依然開出當年的繁花。感情極沉痛,出語卻極含蓄。
作為一首吊古之作,梁園的蕭條是詩人所要着力描寫的。然而一、二兩句已經把話說盡,再要順着原有思路寫出,勢必疊床架屋。詩人於緊要處別開生面,在畫面的主題位置上添上幾筆豔麗的春色。以樂景寫哀情,相反而相成,梁園的景色愈見蕭條,詩人的吊古之情也愈見傷痛了,反襯手法運用得十分巧妙。
全詩分前後兩部分,筆法不同,色調各異,然而又並非另起爐竈,“庭樹”與“飛鴉”暗相關合(天空有鳥,地上有樹)。篇末以“舊時花”遙應篇首“梁園”,使全詩始終往復回還於一種深沉的歷史感情之中。瀋德潛在《唐詩別裁》中贊許這首詩說:“後人襲用者多,然嘉州實為絶調。”歷來運用反襯手法表現吊古主題的作品固然不少,但有如此詩老到圓熟的,卻不多見。
(陳志明) 【資料來源】 201_61
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