西班牙

ōu zhōu:

英国 United Kingdom 爱尔兰 Ireland 比利时 Belgium 荷兰 Netherlands 法国 France 西班牙 Spain 葡萄牙 Portugal 意大利 Italy 希腊 Greece 奥地利 Austria 匈牙利 Hungary 德国 Germany 瑞士 Switzerland 罗马尼亚 Romania 俄罗斯 Russia 波兰 Poland 克罗地亚 Croatia (Hrvatska) 捷克 Czech 芬兰 Finland 瑞典 Sweden 挪威 Norway 冰岛 Iceland 土耳其 Turkey 丹麦 Denmark 阿尔巴尼亚 Albania 爱沙尼亚 Republic of Estonia 安道尔 Andorra 白俄罗斯 Belarus 保加利亚 The Republic of Bulgaria 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 Bosnia and Herzegovina 梵蒂冈 Vatican City State (Holy See) 黑山 The Republic of Montenegro 拉脱维亚 Latvia 立陶宛 Republic of Lithuania 列支敦士登 Liechtenstein 卢森堡 Luxembourg 马耳他 Republic of Malta 马其顿 The Republic of Macedonia 摩尔多瓦 The Republic of Moldova 摩纳哥 Monaco 塞尔维亚 the Republic of Serbia 斯洛伐克 The Slovak Republic 斯洛文尼亚 the Republic of Slovenia 圣马力诺 San Marino 乌克兰 Ukraine

xī bān yá Spain shǒudōu:mǎ dé lǐ guógūdàimǎ: es

cháozhèng

xī bān yá Spainzuòzhělièbiǎo shǒudōu:mǎ dé lǐ

dé · lā · kè lǔ sī dé · lā · wéi jiā bèi kè 'ěr gòng gē lā xī méi nèi sī chákàngèngduō xī bān yá Spain zuòzhě...

西班牙

　　guó jiā gài kuàng
　　　　 guó míng： xī bān yá (Spain， Espana)
　　
　　　　 zhòng yào jié rì： guó qìng jié： 10 yuè 12 rì； xiàn fǎ rì： 12 yuè 6 rì。
　　
　　　　 shǒu dū： mǎ dé lǐ (Madrid)， rén kǒu 310 wàn（ 2004 nián）。
　　
　　　　 miàn jī： 505,925 píng fāng gōng lǐ
　　
　　 rén kǒu： 4411 wàn（ 2005 nián）。 zhù yào shì kǎ sī dì lì yà rén（ jí xī bān yá rén）， shǎo shù mín zú yòu jiā tài luó ní yà rén（ 681 wàn）、 jiā lǐ xī yà rén（ 275 wàn） hé bā sī kè rén（ 212 wàn）。
　　
　　　　 zōng jiào： 96 ％ de jū mín xìn fèng tiān zhù jiào。
　　
　　　　 yǔ yán： kǎ sī dì lì yà yǔ（ jí xī bān yá yǔ） shì guān fāng yǔ yán hé quán guó tōng yòng yǔ yán。 shǎo shù mín zú yǔ yán zài běn dì qū yì wéi guān fāng yǔ yán。
　　
　　　　 guó jiā tǐ zhì： jūn zhù lì xiàn zhì
　　
　　　　 guó huā： shí liú huā
　　
　　　　 guó shí： lǜ bǎo shí
　　
　　　　 huò bì： ōu yuán ( jiù huò bì： bǐ sài tǎ )
　　
　　　　 shí chā： bǐ běi jīng shí jiān wǎn 7 xiǎo shí， xià lìng shí qī jiān 6 xiǎo shí；
　　
　　　　 xī bān yá guó qí： chéng cháng fāng xíng， cháng yǔ kuān zhī bǐ wéi 3 ∶ 2。 qí miàn yóu sān gè píng xíng de héng cháng fāng xíng zǔ chéng， shàng xià jūn wéi hóng sè， gè zhàn qí miàn de 1 ／ 4； zhōng jiān wéi huáng sè。 huáng sè bù fēn piān zuǒ cè huì yòu xī bān yá guó huī。 hóng、 huáng liǎng sè shì xī bān yá rén mín xǐ 'ài de chuán tǒng yán sè， bìng fēn bié dài biǎo zǔ chéng xī bān yá de sì gè gǔ lǎo wáng guó。 yòu yī zhǒng shuō fǎ shì hóng sè dài biǎo bì xuè， huáng sè dài biǎo huáng shā， bì xuè huáng shā xiàng zhēng de shì xī bān yá rén mín kù 'ài de dǒu niú yùn dòng， cóng zhōng tǐ xiàn de shì yīng yǒng wán qiáng、 bù wèi qiáng bào de jīng shén。
　　
　　　　 xī bān yá guó huī： zhōng xīn tú 'àn wéi dùn huī。 dùn miàn shàng yòu liù zǔ tú 'àn： zuǒ shàng jiǎo shì hóng dì shàng huáng sè chéng bǎo， yòu shàng jiǎo wéi bái dì shàng tóu dài wáng guān de hóng shī， chéng bǎo hé shī zǐ shì gǔ lǎo xī bān yá de biāo zhì， fēn bié xiàng zhēng kǎ sī dì lì yà hé lāi 'áng； zuǒ xià jiǎo wéi huáng、 hóng xiāngjiàn de shù tiáo， xiàng zhēng dōng běi bù de 'ā lā gòng； yòu xià jiǎo wéi hóng dì shàng jīn sè liàn wǎng， xiàng zhēng wèi yú běi bù de nà wǎ lā； dǐ bù shì bái dì shàng lǜ yè hóng shí liú， xiàng zhēng nán bù de gé lā nà dá； dùn miàn zhōng xīn de lán sè tuǒ yuán xíng zhōng yòu sān duǒ bǎi hé huā， xiàng zhēng guó jiā fù qiáng、 rén mín xìng fú、 mín zú tuán jié。 dùn huī shàng duān yòu yī dǐng dà wáng guān， zhè shì guó jiā quán lì de xiàng zhēng。 dùn huī liǎng bàng gè yòu yī gēn hǎi gé lì sī zhù zǐ。 yì chēng dà lì shén yín zhù， zuǒ、 yòu zhù dǐng duān fēn bié shì wáng guān hé dì guó guān miǎn， chán rào zhe lì zhù de shì dài shàng xiě zhe “ hǎi wài hái yòu dà lù ”。
　　
　　　　 guó gē：《 huáng jiā jìn xíng qū》 xī bān yá guó gē zuì zǎo yuán yú shí bā shì jì kǎ luò sī sān shì shí qī de gé lā nà dá jūn duì jìn xíng qū， huáng jiā míng chēng wéi《 xī bān yá róng yù jìn xíng qū》， mín jiān zé chēng wéi《 bù bīng jìn xíng qū》。 wáng shì céng duō cì zǔ zhì yīnyuè jiā pǔ xiě xīn gē， dàn wú yī néng gòu chāo guò zhè gè qǔzǐ， yú shì zhè shǒu yòu qū wú cí de guó gē biàn yán xù xià lái， zhí zhì 2007 nián nián dǐ， yóu quán guó xìng fā qǐ zhēng jí gē cí de huó dòng， què dìng liǎo xī bān yá guó gē gē cí， gē cí wéi“ xī bān yá wàn suì！／ wǒ men yī qǐ chàng／ yòng bù tóng de shēng yīn／ tóng yī kē xīn；”
　　　　“ xī bān yá wàn suì！／ cóng lǜ sè de shān gǔ／ dào hào hàn de hǎi yáng／ shì xiōng dì de zàn gē；”
　　　　“ wǒ men rè 'ài zì jǐ de zǔ guó／ yào qù yōng bào tā／ zài tā zhàn lán de tiān kōng xià／ gè mín zú qīn rú yī jiā；”
　　　　“ guāng róng de zǐ sūn／ wěi dà de lì shǐ／ gē chàng zhèng yì yǔ fán róng／ gē chàng mín zhù yǔ hé píng。”
　　4 duàn gē cí tǐ xiàn liǎo“ tuán jié、 zì yóu、 mín zhù、 hé píng”。
　　1931 nián， dì 'èr gòng hé guó céng bǎ《 liè gē sòng gē》 dìng wéi guó gē， dàn shì mín zhù zhèng fǔ shī bài hòu yòu huī fù liǎo yuán yòu guó gē de dì wèi。
　　
　　　　 zhòng yào rén wù： hú 'ān · kǎ luò sī yī shì： guó wáng， xī bān yá guó jiā yuán shǒu。 1938 nián 1 yuè 5 rì shēng yú luó mǎ， xī bān yá bō bàng wáng cháo mò dài guó wáng 'ā fāng suǒ shí sān shì zhī sūn。 yòu shí suí fù lǚ jū yì dà lì、 ruì shì hé pú táo yá děng guó。 1955 nián qǐ， xiān hòu zài xī hǎi、 lù、 kōng sān jūn jūn shì xué yuàn hé dà xué xué xí， bì yè hòu dào zhèng fǔ gè bù mén shí xí xíng zhèng guǎn lǐ， 1969 nián 7 yuè jīng xī bān yá yì huì pī zhǔn wéi wáng wèi jì chéng rén， 1975 nián 11 yuè dēng jī。 àihào huá xuě、 shòu liè、 háng hǎi、 háng kōng。 1962 nián yǔ xī là gōng zhù suǒ fěi yà jié hūn， yòu 'èr nǚ yī zǐ。
　　　　 hé sài · lù yì sī · luó dé lǐ gé sī · sà pà tè luó： shǒuxiàng。 1960 nián 8 yuè 4 rì shēng yú kǎ sī dì lì yà - lāi 'áng zì zhì qū。 fǎ xué xué shì。 1979 nián jiā rù gōng shè dǎng。 1986 nián chéng wéi xī zuì nián qīng de zhòng yì yuán， cǐ hòu lián xù 4 cì dāng xuǎn。 2000 nián 7 yuè bèi xuǎn wéi gōng shè dǎng zǒng shū jì。 2004 nián 4 yuè chū rèn shǒuxiàng。
　　
　　 xíng zhèng qū huá
　　　　 quán guó huàfēn wéi 17 gè zì zhì qū， 50 gè shěng， 8000 duō gè shì zhèn。 17 gè zì zhì qū wéi： ān dá lú xī yà、 ā lā gòng、 ā sī tú lì yà sī、 bā lì 'ā lǐ、 bā sī kè、 jiā nà lì、 kǎn tǎ bù lì yà、 kǎ sī dì lì yà － lāi 'áng、 kǎ sī dì lì yà－ lā màn qià、 jiā tài luó ní yà、 āi sī tè léi mǎ dù lā、 jiā lì xī yà、 mǎ dé lǐ、 mù 'ěr xī yà、 nà wǎ lā、 lā lǐ 'ào hā hé bā lún xī yà。
　　
　　　　 xíng zhèng qū huá / xíng zhèng zhōng xīn
　　
　　　　 ān dá lú xī yà Andalucia/ sài wéi lì yà Sevilla
　　
　　　　 ā lā gòng Aragón/ sà lā gē sà Zaragoza
　　
　　　　 ā sī tú lǐ yà sī Asturias/ ào wéi duō Oviedo
　　
　　　　 bā lì 'ā lǐ Baleares/ mǎ lüè kǎ Mallorca
　　
　　　　 bā sī kè Vasco/ wéi duō lì yà Vitoria-Gasteiz
　　
　　　　 jiā nà lì Canarias/
　　
　　　　 kǎn tǎ bù lǐ yà Cantabria/ sāng tǎn dé Santander
　　
　　　　 kǎ sī dì lì yà－ lāi 'áng CastillayLeón/ bā yà duō lì dé Valladolid
　　
　　　　 kǎ sī dì lì yà－ lā màn qià CastillaLaMancha/ tuō lāi duō Toledo
　　
　　　　 jiā tài luó ní yà Catalu?a/ bā sài luó nà Barcelona
　　
　　　　 āi sī tè léi mǎ dù lā Extremadura/ méi lǐ dá Mérida
　　
　　　　 jiā lì xī yà Galicia/ shèng dì yà gē－ dé kǒng bō sī tè lā SantiagodeCompostela
　　
　　　　 mǎ dé lǐ Madrid/ mǎ dé lǐ Madrid
　　
　　　　 mù 'ěr xī yà Murcia/ mù 'ěr xī yà Murcia
　　
　　　　 nà wǎ lā Navarra/ pān pǔ luò nà Pamplona
　　
　　　　 lā lǐ 'ào hā LaRioja/ luò gé luó ní 'ào Logro?o
　　
　　　　 bā lún xī yà Valencia/ bā lún xī yà Valencia
　　
　　　　 sì dà lǚ yóu qū： jiā nà lì qún dǎo -- rè dài fēng guāng、 tài yáng hǎi 'àn -- dì zhōng hǎi shā tān、 bā lì 'ā lǐ qún dǎo -- dì zhōng hǎi yù chí、 mǎ dé lǐ -- wén huà gǔ chéng；　　
　　
　　 rén kǒu
　　　　 xī bān yá de zhù yào mín zú shì zhàn zǒng rén kǒu 70％ yǐ shàng díkǎ sī dì lì yà rén。 jiā tài luó ní yà rén、 jiā lì xī yà rén hé bā sī kè rén shì xī bān yá 20 gè shǎo shù mín zú zhōng zuì zhòng yào de sān gè。
　　
　　　　 jiā tài luó ní yà rén zhù yào jū zhù zài xī bān yá dōng běi bù， bā sài luó nà jí shì jiā tài luó ní yà zhòng zhèn。 shǎo shù jiā tài luó ní yà rén zhù zài 'ā lā gòng dì qū， zài dé guó、 yì dà lì、 ān dào 'ěr yǐ jí qí tā guó jiā hái yòu yuē 60 wàn rén； jiā lì xī yà rén de jù jū dì zài xī běi bù de jiā lì xī yà dì qū， tā men de qǐ yuán tóng pú táo yá rén yòu qīn yuán guān xì， wén huà、 yǔ yán shàng yě hěn jiē jìn， zài guó wài jiā lì xī yà rén zhù yào jí zhōng zài 'ā gēn tíng， zǒng gòng yòu 97.5 wàn； bā sī kè rén fēn bù zài bǐ lì niú sī shān de xī cè， yán zhe kǎn tǎ bù lián shān lù hé bǐ sī kāi wān yán 'àn jū zhù， zài guó wài yuē yòu 30 wàn rén， hěn duō zài fǎ guó。 shè huì xué jiā men zhì jīn wèi néng zhǎo dào bā sī kè zú de qǐ yuán。 zài zhè sān gè dì qū， mín zú yǔ yán tóng xī bān yá yǔ（ kǎ sī dì lì yà yǔ） yī yàng dōushì guān fāng yǔ yán。
　　
　　　　 xī bān yá zuì dà de sān gè chéng shì shì mǎ dé lǐ、 bā sài luó nà hé wǎ lún xī yà， tā men de rén kǒu dōuzài 200 wàn rén yǐ shàng。 zài yuē zhàn quán guó miàn jī sān fēn zhī 'èr de nèi dì， rén kǒu zhǐ yòu quán guó de sān fēn zhī yī， shèng xià dedōu jí zhōng zài bīn lín dì zhōng hǎi hé dà xī yáng de gōng yè fán róng dì qū。 yán hǎi yī dài de bǐ sī kāi shěng měi píng fāng gōng lǐ yòu 263 rén， bā sài luó nà shěng gèng dá 284 rén。 zài yī xiē gōng yè qū， rú 'ā sī tú lǐ yà sī、 bā sī kè、 jiā tài luó ní yà děng， shèn zhì měi píng fāng gōng lǐ chāo guò 500 rén。 ér zài tè lǔ 'āi 'ěr、 suǒ lǐ yà hé lā màn qià mǒu xiē rén yān xī shǎo de dì qū měi píng fāng gōng lǐ zhǐ yòu 9 rén。 zài nèi dì， wéi yī rén kǒu mì dù bǐ jiào gāo de zhǐ yòu shǒu dū suǒ zài dì de mǎ dé lǐ shěng， měi píng fāng gōng lǐ yě chāo guò wǔ bǎi rén。
　　
　　　　 xī bān yá rén kǒu yán zhòng qū xiàng lǎo líng huà。 xī bān yá bèi chéng wéi 'ōu zhōu zuì shì hé jū zhù de guó jiā zhī yī， suí zhe shēng huó shuǐ píng de tí gāo， rén kǒu píng jūn shòu mìng zài 1980 nián jiù dá dào 76 suì， zài 'ōu zhōu jǐn cì yú hé lán。 jìn guǎn shì chuán tǒng tiān zhù jiào guó jiā， dàn shì yóu yú shòu dào xiàn dài hūn yīn jiā tíng guān niàn de chōng jī， qīng nián rén qū xiàng yú wǎn jié hūn、 bù jié hūn、 bù yào hái zǐ。 hūn líng nán nǚ jié hūn shuài zhǐ yòu qiān fēn zhī wǔ zuǒ yòu， yě jiù shì shuō tóng jū bǐ lì jù dà。 bā shí nián dài chū qī jié hūn rén shù yī dù měi nián jiǎn shǎo bǎi fēn zhī 'èr shí wǔ。 mù qián， píng jūn měi gè fù nǚ shēng yù 2.1 gè hái zǐ， jiā tíng guī mó suō xiǎo dào měi hù sān rén zuǒ yòu， zài 'ōu zhōu shǔ yú jiào dī shuǐ píng。 bù guò xī bān yá de lí hūn shuài yě jiào dī， zhǐ yòu qiān fēn zhī líng diǎn wǔ。 xī bān yá de 'ér tóng sǐ wáng shuài yě shì 'ōu zhōu bǐ jiào dī de， zài bǎi fēn zhī yī yǐ xià。 dà liàng hǎi wài yí mín yě zào chéng liǎo xī bān yá rén kǒu de dī zēngchánglǜ， zhè shì tā yǔ qí tā xī fāng guó jiā rén kǒu dī zēngzhǎng yuán yīn de bù tóng zhī chù。
　　
　　　　 mù qián zài guó wài jū zhù de xī bān yá rén zǒng jì yuē yòu 336 wàn rén， qí zhōng měi zhōu yòu 220.7 wàn rén， ōu zhōu wéi 107.3 wàn。 bù duàn de qiān yí shì xī bān yá rén kǒu tǒng jì de tè diǎn， zhè yǔ tā céng jīng de zhí mín dì tǒng zhì yòu guān。 xīn dà lù fā xiàn zhī hòu， dà liàng de xī bān yá rén yǒng xiàng zhōng měi zhōu hé nán měi zhōu、 shèn zhì běi měi zhōu de yī bù fēn dì qū xún zhǎo huáng jīn hé mào xiǎn。 dào 1913 nián， xī bān yá měi zhōu yí mín gòng yòu 22 wàn。 zhàn hòu， xī bān yá yí mín fāng xiàng fā shēng liǎo fāng xiàng xìng de nì zhuǎn。 1960 nián yǐ qián， zuì duō yòu bǎi fēn zhī bā shí wǔ de yí mín de mù biāo shì dà xī yáng duì 'àn de měi zhōu， hòu lái zhòu jiàng dào bǎi fēn zhī shí； tóng shí， dà liàng yí mín bǎ xīn de mèng xiǎng zhuànxiàng liǎo 'ōu zhōu， tā men zuì lè yú qù de dì fāng shì fǎ guó、 dé guó hé ruì shì。 zhàn hòu， xī bān yá qiān wǎng guó wài de rén kǒu gòng yòu 150 wàn。　　
　　
　　 shǒu dū
　　　　 xī bān yá shǒu dū mǎ dé lǐ de biāo zhì shì yī zhǐ zhàn lì zhe gòu píng guǒ chī de xióng。 tā dì chù hǎi bá 670 mǐ de shān jiān pén dì shàng， shì 'ōu zhōu dì shì zuì gāo de shǒu dū zhī yī。 zhè lǐ fēng guāng xiù lì， yáng guāng càn làn， kōng qì qīng xīn， měi nián de qíng tiān shù jū 'ōu zhōu gè dà shǒu dū zhī shǒu。
　　
　　　　 zài gǔ dài， mǎ dé lǐ bù guò shì màn sà nà léi sī hé pàn de yī gè xiǎo cūn luò， luó mǎ rén、 xī gē tè rén hé 'ā lā bó rén xiān hòu zài zhè lǐ tǒng zhì。 mǎ dé lǐ de míng zì lái zì yú gōng yuán shí shì jì 'ā lā bó rén zài zhè lǐ xiū jiàn de yào sài mǎ jí lǐ tè。 1083 nián， xī bān yá rén bǎ wài lái tǒng zhì zhě gǎn chū liǎo yī bǐ lì yà bàn dǎo。 1562 nián， fèi lì pèi 'èr shì jiāng shǒu dū cóng tuō lāi duō qiān wǎng wèi yú bàn dǎo xīn zàng dì dài de zhàn lüè yào dì mǎ dé lǐ。 dāng shí zhè zuò chéng shì zhǐ yòu 3 wàn jū mín， dàn shì jīn tiān mǎ dé lǐ yǐ yōng yòu rén kǒu jìn sì bǎi wàn， chéng wéi xī bān yá zhèng zhì、 jīng jì、 wén huà、 jiāo tōng hé jīn róng zhōng xīn。
　　
　　　　 xiàn zài de mǎ dé lǐ shì yī zuò xiàn dài huà de chéng shì。 xī bān yá gōng yè zǒng chǎn zhí de 10％ lái zì zhè zuò shǒu dū de jī qì zhì zào、 huà xué gōng yè、 jiàn zhù、 pí gé jí mù cái jiā gōng、 shí pǐn děng gōng yè bù mén。 zì cóng 1851 nián mǎ dé lǐ dì yī tiáo tiě lù tōng chē yǐ lái， mǎ dé lǐ yǐ tóng guó nèi 20 duō gè chéng shì yǐ jí shì jiè gè dà chéng shì tōng yòu fēi jī háng xiàn， xī bān yá de gōng lù wǎng yǐ mǎ dé lǐ wéi zhōng xīn xiàng quán guó gè dì yán shēn。 dì tiě jiāo tōng shì mǎ dé lǐ shì nèi de zhù yào jiāo tōng fāng shì， dì tiě zǒng cháng yuē 100 gōng lǐ， měi tiān 100 wàn rén cì shàng xià jìn chū。
　　
　　　　 wú shù míng shèng gǔ jì biàn bù mǎ dé lǐ quán chéng。 1000 duō gè kǎi xuán mén， 3000 duō gè guǎng chǎng， 50 zuò bó wù guǎn， zhè zuò 1992 nián bèi píng wéi“ ōu zhōu wén huà míng chéng” de gǔ chéng yáng yì zhe nóng liè de lì shǐ fēn wéi。 sān gè zhù yào guǎng chǎng héng héng tài yáng mén guǎng chǎng、 zhōng xīn guǎng chǎng hé xī bān yá guǎng chǎng zhī jiān de sān jiǎo dì dài jiù shì mǎ dé lǐ de shì zhōng xīn。 tài yáng mén guǎng chǎng bèi chēng wéi xī bān yá de zhōng xīn， zài nà lǐ yòu yī gè biāo zhì， xī bān yá rén yǐ cǐ wéi jī diǎn jì suàn tōng wǎng quán guó gè dì de qì chē、 huǒ chē、 fēi jī de lǐ chéng。 xī bān yá guǎng chǎng shàng yòu xī bān yá zhù míng de sài wàn tí sī jì niàn bēi， jì niàn bēi de yī miàn shì xī bān yá kāi guó nǚ wáng yī suō bèi 'ěr xiàng yǐ jí xiàng zhēng píng jìng de dì zhōng hǎi hé xiōng yǒng de dà xī yáng de liǎng gè shuǐ chí， lìng yī miàn shì xiǎng yù shì jiè de táng jí hé dé hé sāng qiū zhù pú tóng xiàng。 gē lún bù jì niàn bēi shù lì zài gē lún bù guǎng chǎng， yáo wàng yuǎn fāng de gē lún bù diāo xiàng hé tā jiǎo xià sān wéi chuán xíng zhuàng de pēn quán yě shì mǎ dé lǐ biāo zhì xìng jiàn zhù zhī yī。 dà dì nǚ shén guǎng chǎng shàng de diāo sù“ shī zǐ zhàn chē” de xíng xiàng yě jīng cháng bèi yòng lái biāo zhì mǎ dé lǐ shì， zhè gè guǎng chǎng shì zhù míng qiú huì huáng jiā mǎ dé lǐ qiú mí huān qìng de dì diǎn。
　　
　　　 suí zhe jìn yī 'èr shí nián lái lǚ yóu shì yè de fā zhǎn， mǎ dé lǐ chú liǎo xīn jiàn liǎo xǔ duō jī guān、 shāng yè dà lóu děng yǐ wài， tóng shí hái xīn jiàn liǎo xǔ duō zhù yào gōng wài guó lǚ yóu zhě xiū xī de huá lì fàn diàn hé lǚ guǎn。 zài xīn de jiàn zhù zhōng，“ ōu zhōu mén” wú lùn zài jiàn zhù shàng hái shì zài měi xué shàng dū lìng rén tàn fú。 liǎng zuò duìchèn de píng xíng sì biān xíng tǎ lóu fēn bié zuò luò zài gāo sù lù de liǎng cè， xiàng duì fāng jù liè qīng xié。 zhè shì wéi zài mǎ dé lǐ zhào kāi de 'ōu méng huì yì xīng jiàn de jiàn zhù， xiǎn shì chū yī zhǒng yǒng gǎn wú wèi de háo qì。　　
　　
　　 zhèng zhì
　　【 zhèng zhì】
　　2004 nián 3 yuè 11 rì， mǎ dé lǐ fā shēng kǒng bù bào zhà shì jiàn， duì xī zhèng jú zào chéng shēn yuǎn yǐng xiǎng。 jìn guǎn zhèng fǔ gēngdié， dàn xī shè huì 'ān dìng， jīng jì wěn zhōng yòu shēng。 xīn rèn shǒuxiàng sà pà tè luó dà lì tuī xíng“ duì huà hé xié shāng”， cǎi qǔ yī xì liè dài yòu gōng shè dǎng chuán tǒng zuǒ yì sè cǎi de zhèng cè。 shí shī yǐ wěn dìng hóng guān jīng jì、 wéi chí cái zhèng píng héng wéi zhòng diǎn de jīng jì zhèng cè。 tuī xíng mín zhù gé xīn， guān zhù ruò shì qún tǐ lì yì。 zài fǎn duì jiā tíng bào lì、 jiě jué fēi fǎ yí mín、 tí gāo zuì dī gōng zī hé yǎng lǎo jīn yǐ jí zēng jiā jiǎng xué jīn děng fāng miàn bān bù huò xiū gǎi liǎo xiāng guān fǎ lǜ huò tiáo lì。 jiā dà fǎn kǒng lì dù， jī jí kāi zhǎn guó jì fǎn kǒng hé zuò。
　　【 xiàn fǎ】
　　 xiàn xíng xiàn fǎ yú 1978 nián 12 yuè 6 rì quán guó gōng mín tóu piào tōng guò， 12 yuè 29 rì shēng xiào。 xiàn fǎ guī dìng xī bān yá shì shè huì yǔ mín zhù de fǎ zhì guó jiā， shí xíng yì huì jūn zhù zhì， wáng wèi yóu hú 'ān · kǎ luò sī yī shì de zhí xì hòu dài shì xí。 guó wáng wèiguó jiā yuán shǒu hé wǔ zhuāng bù duì zuì gāo tǒng shuài， dài biǎo guó jiā。 zhèng fǔ fù zé zhì lǐ guó jiā bìng xiàng yì huì bào gào gōng zuò。 xiàn fǎ chéng rèn bìng bǎo zhèng gè mín zú dì qū de zì zhì quán。
　　【 yì huì】
　　 yóu cān yì yuàn hé zhòng yì yuàn zǔ chéng， xíng shǐ lì fǎ quán， shěn pī cái zhèng yù suàn， jiān dū zhèng fǔ gōng zuò。 lì fǎ quán yǐ zhòng yì yuàn wéi zhù， cān yì yuàn wéi dì qū dài biǎo yuàn。 yì yuán yóu pǔ xuǎn chǎn shēng， rèn qī 4 nián。 běn jiè yì huì yú 2004 nián 4 yuè zǔ chéng。 zhòng yì yuán 350 míng， cān yì yuán 259 míng（ qí zhōng 51 míng yóu gè zì zhì qū yì huì wěi rèn）。 liǎng yuàn yì xí fēn pèi qíng kuàng rú xià：
　　　　 zhòng yì yuàn　　 cān yì yuàn
　　　　 gōng rén shè huì dǎng 16495
　　　　 rén mín dǎng 148126
　　　　 tǒng yī yǔ lián hé 106
　　　　 gòng hé zuǒ yì 8-
　　　　 jiā tài luó ní yà jìn bù lián méng -16
　　　　 lián hé zuǒ yì 5-
　　　　 bā sī kè mín zú zhù yì dǎng 77
　　　　 jiā nà lì lián méng 34
　　　　 qí tā dǎng pài 54
　　　　 zhòng yì cháng màn nǔ 'āi 'ěr · mǎ lín · gāng sà léi sī（ ManuelMarínGonzález， nán）， 2004 nián 4 yuè jiù rèn。 cān yì cháng fú lǎng xī sī kē · hā wéi 'ěr · luó huò · jiā xī yà（ FranciscoJavierRojoGarcía， nán）， 2004 nián 4 yuè jiù rèn。 liǎng rén jūn shǔ gōng shè dǎng。
　　【 zhèng fǔ】　
　　 xiàn zhèng fǔ yú 2004 nián 4 yuè 18 rì jiù zhí， xiàn yòu 17 míng nèi gé chéng yuán。 zhù yào yòu： shǒuxiàng hé sài · lù yì sī · luó dé lǐ gé sī · sà pà tè luó（ JoséLuisRodríguezZapatero）、 dì yī fù shǒu xiāng jiān shǒu xiāng fǔ dà chén、 zhèng fǔ fā yán rén mǎ lì yà · tè léi suō · fèi 'ěr nán dé sī · dé lā wéi jiā · sāng sī（ nǚ）（ MaríaTeresaFernándezdelaVegaSanz）、 dì 'èr fù shǒu xiāng jiān jīng jì、 cái zhèng dà chén pèi dé luó · suǒ 'ěr wéi sī · mǐ lā（ PedroSolbesMira）、 wài jiāo yǔ hé zuò dà chén mǐ gé 'ěr · ān hè 'ěr · mò lā dì nuò sī · kù yà wū bǎi（ MiguelÁngelMoratinosCuyaubé） děng。
　　【 sī fǎ jī gòu】　　
　　 sī fǎ lǐng dǎo jī gòu shì sī fǎ zǒng wěi yuán huì， yóu ２０ míng chéng yuán zǔ chéng， zuì gāo fǎ yuàn yuàn cháng jiān rèn zhù xí。 sī fǎ jī gòu fēn sī fǎ fǎ yuàn hé xíng zhèng fǎ yuàn liǎng dà xì tǒng。 zuì gāo fǎ yuàn yuàn cháng fú lǎng xī sī kē · hé sài · āi 'ěr nán duō（ FranciscoJoséHernando）， guó jiā fǎ yuàn yuàn cháng kǎ luò sī · dí wǎ 'ěr (CarlosDivar)。
　　
　　　　 zuì gāo jiǎn chá jī gòu shì guó jiā zǒng jiǎn chá yuàn， xià xiá gè jí jiǎn chá yuàn jí pài zhù gè sī fǎ bù mén de jiǎn chá guān。 guó jiā zǒng jiǎn chá cháng kǎn dí duō · kǒng dé - péng pí duō (CandidoConde-Pumpido)。
　　【 zhèng dǎng】
　　 xī shí xíng duō dǎng zhì。 zhù yào zhèng dǎng yòu：
　　　　（ 1） xī bān yá gōng rén shè huì dǎng (PartidoSocialistaObreroEspañol)： zhí zhèng dǎng。 chéng lì yú 1879 nián， xiàn yòu dǎng yuán yuē 41 wàn。 gāi dǎng zài 1982 ～ 1996 nián jiān， sì cì chán lián zhí zhèng。 zhù xí màn nǔ 'āi 'ěr · chá wéi sī（ ManuelChaves）， zǒng shū jì hé sài · lù yì sī · luó dé lǐ gé sī · sà pà tè luó（ JoséLuisRodriguezZapatero）。 2004 nián 4 yuè， gōng shè dǎng zài dà xuǎn zhōng huò shèng， shàng tái zhí zhèng。
　　　　（ 2） rén mín dǎng (PartidoPopular)： yuán míng rén mín tóng méng， 1977 nián chuàng lì， 1989 nián yì míng wèirénmín dǎng。 zhí xíng“ zhōng jiān gǎi liáng zhù yì” lù xiàn。 xiàn yòu dǎng yuán yuē 60 wàn。 gāi dǎng chéng lì hòu bù jiǔ biàn zài guó jiā de zhèng zhì wǔ tái shàng zhǎn lòutóu jiǎo， lì liàng bù duàn kuò dà。 1996 nián 5 yuè shǒu cì shàng tái zhí zhèng。 2000 nián 4 yuè chán lián zhí zhèng。 zhù xí mǎ lǐ yà nuò · lā huò yī（ MarianoRajoy）， zǒng shū jì 'ān hè 'ěr · hè sū sī · ā sài wéi sī (AngelJesúsAcebes)。 2004 nián zài dà xuǎn zhōng shī lì， chéng wéi zuì dà zài yě dǎng。
　　　　（ 3） xī bān yá gòng chǎn dǎng (PartidoComunistadeEspaña)： chéng lì yú 1920 nián， dǎng yuán yuē 4 wàn， zǒng shū jì fú lǎng xī sī kē · fú lǔ tuō sī（ FranciscoFrutos）。 xī gòng hé qí tā zuǒ yì dǎng pài zǔ chéng yǐ tā wéi zhù de lián hé zuǒ yì（ IzquierdaUnida）， dǎng yuán yuē 5 wàn。 jiā sī pà 'ěr · lì yà mǎ sà léi sī（ GasparLlamazares） rèn zǒng xié diào rén。
　　　　（ 4） jiā tài luó ní yà mín zhù lián méng (ConvergenciaDemocráticadeCataluña)： yǔ lìng wài yī gè mín zú zhù yì zhèng dǎng héng jiā tài luó ní yà mín zhù tuán jié dǎng (UnionDemocráticadeCataluña) zài jiā tài luó ní yà zì zhì qū lián hé zhí zhèng。 1975 nián chéng lì， dǎng yuán yuē 1 wàn。 zhù xí huò 'ěr dí · pǔ yuē 'ěr (JordiPujol)， zǒng shū jì 'ā tú 'ěr · mǎ sī (ArturMas)。
　　　　（ 5） bā sī kè mín zú zhù yì dǎng (PartidoNacionalistaVasco)： 1895 nián chéng lì， bā sī kè zì zhì qū zhí zhèng dǎng， dǎng yuán yuē 4 wàn。 zhù xí huò sū · huò 'ēn · yī mǎ sī (JosuJonImaz)。
　　
　　【 jūn shì】
　　 wǔ zhuāng lì liàng yóu zhèng guī jūn hé zhǔn jūn shì lì liàng（ guó jiā 'ān quán bù duì） zǔ chéng， guó wáng wéi zuì gāo tǒng shuài。 guó fáng wěi yuán huì shì guó fáng zuì gāo jué cè jī gòu， guó wáng rèn zhù xí， zhèng fǔ shǒuxiàng zhù chí gōng zuò。 chéng yuán yòu fù shǒuxiàng、 guó fáng、 wài jiāo、 nèi zhèng dà chén、 guó fáng cān móu cháng、 sān jūn cān móu cháng。 guó fáng bù fù zé zhì dìng fáng wù zhèng cè bìng lǐng dǎo guó fáng gōng yè。 sān jūn cān móu cháng lián xí huì yì shì shǒuxiàng hé guó fáng dà chén de jūn shì gù wèn jī gòu。 guó fáng cān móu cháng fèi lì kè sī · sāng sī · luó 'ěr dān（ FélixSanzRoldán） shàngjiàng。 2001 nián 3 yuè xī bù cháng lǐ shì huì tōng guò fǎ lìng， jué dìng yú 2001 nián 12 yuè 31 rì qǔ xiāo yì wù bīng yì zhì， shí xiàn jūn duì zhí yè huà。
　　
　　　　 2005 nián guó fáng yù suàn 69.91 yì 'ōu yuán， zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 0.8％。 xī zhèng guī jūn zǒng bīng lì wéi 12.1 wàn rén， qí zhōng lù jūn 7.71 wàn rén， hǎi jūn 1.94 wàn rén， kōng jūn 2.1 wàn rén， sān jūn hòu bèi yì gòng 32.85 wàn rén。 cǐ wài， guó jiā jǐng chá 5.3 wàn rén， guó mín jǐng wèi duì 7.1 wàn rén。 zì 2004 nián qǐ， sān jūn chè xiāo liǎo yuán yòu jiàn zhì， bìng gēn jù zhí néng hé rèn wù fēn gōng， chéng lì liǎo 6 gè zuò zhàn sī lìng bù、 10 gè bù duì zhī yuán jī guān， yǐ jiǎn shǎo zhǐ huī céng cì、 jiā qiáng zuò zhàn xiàolǜ。
　　
　　 wài jiāo
　　【 duì wài guān xì】 sà pà tè luó zhèng fǔ shàng tái hòu， dà fú tiáozhěng wài jiāo zhèng cè。 zhù zhāng zài chǔlǐ guó jì shì wù zhōng cǎi qǔ wù shí yòu xiào de duō biān zhù yì zhèng cè， qiáng diào lián hé guó de zhù dǎo zuò yòng， chàng dǎo bù tóng wén míng zhī jiān kāi zhǎn duì huà， jiàn lì shì jiè wén míng lián méng。 bǎ fèng xíng“ ōu zhōu zhù yì” zuò wéi zhòng diǎn， lì tú zhì shēn yú 'ōu méng jiàn shè de zhōng xīn。 dà lì gǒng gù hé jiā qiáng yǔ lā měi guó jiā de yǒu hǎo hé zuò guān xì， bìng jī jí tuī dòng 'ōu méng fā zhǎn tóng lā měi de hé zuò。 nǔ lì huī fù hé fā zhǎn tóng běi fēi dì qū guó jiā de guān xì， tuī dòng dì zhōng hǎi dì qū de 'ān quán yǔ hé zuò， zhù zhāng 'ōu méng hé běi yuē zài dōng kuò tóng shí jiān gù nán xià。 guān zhù zhōng dōng dì qū de hé píng yǔ wěn dìng， jī jí tuī dòng“ lù xiàn tú” jìhuà de shí shī， lì qiú zài jiě jué bā yǐ chōng tū fāng miàn yòu suǒ zuò wéi。 zhòng shì jiā qiáng zài yà tài dì qū de zhèng zhì hé jīng jì cún zài， zhòng diǎn fā zhǎn yǔ zhōng guó、 rì běn、 hán guó jí dōng nán yà guó jiā de guān xì。 xī yǔ jìn 200 gè guó jiā hé dì qū yòu wài jiāo、 lǐng shì hé shāng wù guān xì。 2003-2004 nián， rèn lián hé guó 'ān lǐ huì fēi cháng rèn lǐ shì guó hé 'ān lǐ huì fǎn kǒng wěi yuán huì zhù xí。
　　　　【 tóng 'ōu méng de guān xì】　 xī fèng xíng 'ōu zhōu zhù yì， shì 'ōu zhōu wéi qí duì wài zhèng cè sān dà chuán tǒng zhī zhù zhī shǒu， róng rù 'ōu méng bìng zài 'ōu méng nèi fā huī gèng dà zuò yòng shì xī duì wài zhèng cè de gēn běn。 rèn wéi qiáng dà hé tuán jié de 'ōu zhōu shì shì jiè jìn bù de bǎo zhàng， ōu méng yìng yōng yòu zhēn zhèng de 'ān quán fáng wù zhèng cè， zài yù fáng hé jiě jué guó jì hé dì qū chōng tū zhōng fā huī jī jí yòu xiào hé kě xìn de zuò yòng， gēn jù lián hé guó xiàn zhāng dān fù qǐ wéi hù shì jiè hé píng yǔ 'ān quán de zé rèn。 2005 nián 2 yuè， xī jiù《 ōu méng xiàn fǎ tiáo yuē》 jǔ xíng quán mín gōng jué， chéng wéi 'ōu méng dì yī gè jīng gōng tóu tōng guò 'ōu méng xiàn fǎ de guó jiā。 xī yǔ 'ōu méng chéng yuán guó bǎo chí mìqiè guān xì， qiáng huà yǔ fǎ guó、 dé guó de“ qīn mì chuán tǒng yǒu hǎo guān xì”。 tóng dé guó、 fǎ guó、 yì dà lì hé pú táo yá jiàn lì liǎo zhèng fǔ shǒu nǎo dìng qī huì wù jī zhì。 ōu méng chéng yuán guó shì xī de zhù yào jīng mào huǒ bàn， mù qián， xī jìn kǒu de 64％ hé chū kǒu de 71％ yǐ shàng yǔ 'ōu méng chéng yuán guó jìn xíng， wài guó duì xī tóu zī de 50％ yǐ shàng lái zì 'ōu méng guó jiā。
　　　　【 tóng lā dīng měi zhōu guó jiā de guān xì】　 xī yǔ lā měi guó jiā yòu tè shū chuán tǒng guān xì， bǎ fā zhǎn yǔ lā měi guó jiā de guān xì zuò wéi qí zhàn lüè zhòng diǎn。 qiáng diào wéi hù shuāng fāng yōu xiān guān xì， kuò dà zhèng zhì duì huà yǔ hé zuò jī zhì， bāng zhù lā měi guó jiā jiā qiáng hé gǒng gù mín zhù zhèng tǐ， qiáng huà wén míng shè huì， zhī chí lā měi jīng jì yī tǐ huà、 zhèng zhì xié shāng jī zhì hé kě chí xù fā zhǎn。 2005 nián 10 yuè， xī jǔ bàn liǎo dì 15 jiè yī bǐ lì yà měi zhōu guó jiā shǒu nǎo huì yì。 jì xù jiā qiáng yǔ lā měi guó jiā zài zhèng zhì hé jīng jì lǐng yù de jiāo liú yǔ hé zuò， kuò dà mào yì guī mó， cù jìn shuāng biān hé zuò yǔ fā zhǎn。 xī zhù zhāng tōng guò jiàn lì 'ōu méng－ lā měi zhàn lüè huǒ bàn guān xì， tuī dòng 'ōu méng yǔ lā měi jìn yī bù jiē jìn。　
　　
　　 xī bān yá yǔ zhōng guó de shuāng biān guān xì
　　 gāi bù fēn nèi róng zhuǎn zì zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó wài jiāo bù wǎng zhàn
　　 yī、 shuāng biān zhèng zhì guān xì huí gù
　　　　 1、 zhōng guó yǔ xī bān yá yú 1973 nián 3 yuè 9 rì jiàn jiāo。
　　　　 2、 jiàn jiāo hòu， shuāng biān guān xì fā zhǎn píng wěn， shuāng fāng zài zhèng zhì、 jīng mào、 kē jì hé wén huà děng lǐng yù de jiāo wǎng yǔ hé zuò bù duàn kuò dà。 liǎng guó zhèng zhì guān xì rì yì mìqiè， shuāng fāng lǐng dǎo rén bǎo chí zhe jīng cháng xìng de wǎng lái。 2005 nián 11 yuè， guó jiā zhù xí hú jǐn tāo fǎng xī qī jiān， liǎng guó xuān bù jiàn lì quán miàn zhàn lüè huǒ bàn guān xì。
　　　　 jìn nián dài yǐ lái， fǎng xī de zhōng guó lǐng dǎo rén zhù yào yòu： guó jiā zhù xí jiāng zé mín（ 1996 nián）、 guó wù yuàn fù zǒng lǐ wú bāng guó（ 2001 nián 6 yuè）、 guó jiā fù zhù xí hú jǐn tāo（ 2001 nián 11 yuè）、 wài jiāo bù cháng táng jiā xuán（ 2002 nián 11 yuè）、 quán guó rén dà fù wěi yuán cháng wáng zhào guó（ 2003 nián 11 yuè）、 quán guó zhèng xié zhù xí jiǎ qìng lín（ 2004 nián 9 yuè） hé guó wù yuàn fù zǒng lǐ céng péi yán（ 2004 nián 11 yuè）、 guó jiā zhù xí hú jǐn tāo（ 2005 nián 11 yuè）、 zhōng gòng zhōng yāng zhèng zhì jú cháng wěi、 zhōng yāng jì wěi shū jì wú guān zhèng（ 2007 nián 4 yuè）。
　　　　 lái fǎng de xī lǐng dǎo rén zhù yào yòu： cān yì cháng bā léi luó（ 1998 nián 11 yuè）、 dì 'èr fù shǒu xiāng jiān jīng jì dà chén lā tuō（ 1998 nián 11 yuè、 2001 nián 11 yuè hé 2002 nián 10 yuè）、 shǒuxiàng 'ā sī nà 'ěr（ 2000 nián 6 yuè）、 wáng chǔ fèi lì pèi（ 2000 nián 11 yuè hé 2006 nián 7 yuè）、 wáng hòu suǒ fěi yà（ 2003 nián 3 yuè）、 wài jiāo dà chén pà lā xī 'ào（ 2003 nián 7 yuè hé 12 yuè）、 zhòng yì cháng lǔ dí（ 2003 nián 11 yuè）、 cān yì cháng luó huò（ 2005 nián 4 yuè）、 shǒuxiàng sà pà tè luó（ 2005 nián 7 yuè）、 wài jiāo yǔ hé zuò dà chén mò lā dì nuò sī（ 2006 nián 3 yuè）、 dì 'èr fù shǒu xiāng jiān jīng jì cái zhèng dà chén suǒ 'ěr wéi sī（ 2006 nián 4 yuè）、 dì yī fù shǒu xiāng jiān shǒu xiāng fǔ dà chén dé lā wéi jiā（ 2007 nián 4 yuè）。
　　　　 èr、 shuāng biān jīng mào guān xì hé jīng jì jì shù hé zuò
　　　　 jiàn jiāo hòu， zhōng xī jīng mào guān xì fā zhǎn xùn sù， mào yì 'é bù duàn zēngzhǎng。 jù zhōng guó hǎi guān zǒng shǔ tǒng jì， 2006 nián， shuāng biān mào yì 'é wéi 144.92 yì měi yuán， tóng bǐ zēngzhǎng 37.7％。 2007 nián 1 zhì 2 yuè， shuāng biān mào yì 'é wéi 28.08 yì měi yuán， tóng bǐ zēngzhǎng 69.6%。
　　　　 zhōng guó duì xī zhù yào chū kǒu shāng pǐn shì： fǎng zhì pǐn、 fú zhuāng xié lèi、 jī diàn chǎn pǐn、 jiā yòng diàn qì、 lǚ xíng yòng pǐn jí xiāng bāo、 táo cí huòyào pǐn děng。 wǒ cóng xī zhù yào jìn kǒu shāng pǐn shì： jī xiè shè bèi、 gāng cái、 sù liào、 huà gōng、 yī yào zhì pǐn děng。
　　　　 1985 nián zhì jīn， xī zhèng fǔ xiàng wǒ tí gōng liǎo 9 bǐ dài kuǎn， lěi jì chéng nuò jīn 'é dá 39 yì 'ōu yuán， shí jì shǐ yòng 29.3 yì 'ōu yuán， zhù yào yòng yú wǒ tiě lù、 chéng shì guǐ dào jiāo tōng、 jiāo tōng kòng zhì、 fēng diàn、 tài yáng néng、 shuǐ chù lǐ、 lā jī chǔlǐ、 huán bǎo、 chéng shì xiāo fáng、 yī liáo、 jiào xué péi xùn、 tōng xùn、 nóng yè děng lǐng yù de xiàng mù。 liǎng guó jiān jiào dà de hé zuò xiàng mù yòu： jiān shěn tiě lù diàn qì huà gōng chéng、 hǎi nán háng kōng gòu mǎi mó nǐ jī xiàng mù、 tiān jīn qīng guǐ、 tiān jīn dì tiě、 xī 'ān tiān rán qì gōng chéng děng。
　　　　 jié zhì 2006 nián dǐ， xī zài huá tóu zī xiàng mù wéi 1249 gè， shí jì tóu rù 10.29 yì měi yuán， shì 'ōu méng dì liù dà duì huá tóu zī guó， zhù yào fēn bù zài běi jīng、 tiān jīn、 shàng hǎi、 guǎng dōng yī dài， hángyè shè jí jīn róng、 néng yuán、 diàn xìn hé yùn shū děng。 wǒ zài xī shè lì yuē 20 jiā hé zī huò dú zī qǐ yè， zhù yào jí zhōng zài mào yì、 yú yè děng lǐng yù。 zhōng xī gòng qiān jì shù yǐn jìn hé tóng 603 xiàng， jīn 'é wéi 30.77 yì měi yuán。 shuāng fāng de zhù yào hé zuò lǐng yù shì： diàn lì、 huà gōng， jī xiè、 chéng jiàn hé huán bǎo děng。
　　　　 sān、 wén huà、 kē jì、 jiào yù yǔ jūn shì jiāo wǎng yǔ hé zuò
　　　　 zhōng xī liǎng guó qiān yòu《 kē jì hé zuò jī chǔ xié dìng》、《 wén huà、 jiào yù hé kē xué hé zuò xié dìng》 hé《 kē jì rén cái jiāo liú xié yì》。 zhōng xī kē jì hùn wěi huì yǐ jǔ xíng liǎo 6 cì huì yì， wén huà、 jiào yù hùn wěi huì jǔ xíng liǎo 7 cì huì yì。 sài wàn tí sī xué yuàn běi jīng fēn yuàn yú 2006 nián 7 yuè zhèng shì chéng lì。 liǎng guó hù pài liú xué shēng。
　　　　 shàng shì jì 80 nián dài chū， liǎng jūn kāi shǐ jìn xíng jūn shì jiāo wǎng， hòu céng yī dù zhōng duàn。 jìn nián lái， liǎng jūn yǒu hǎo jiāo wǎng pín fán。 2002 nián， xī hǎi jūn cān móu cháng tuō lún tè fǎng huá。 2003 nián， zhōng yāng jūn wěi wěi yuán、 zǒng zhèng zhì bù zhù rèn xú cái hòu shàngjiàng fǎng xī。 2005 nián 3 yuè， zhōng yāng jūn wěi wěi yuán、 kōng jūn sī lìng yuán qiáo qīng chén shàngjiàng fǎng xī。 2006 nián 5 yuè， xī kōng jūn cān móu cháng dé lā wéi jiā shàngjiàng fǎng huá。
　　　　 sì、 shuāng biān zhòng yào xié dìng jí wén jiàn
　　　　 zhōng xī zhù fǎ dà shǐ fēn bié dài biǎo liǎng guó zhèng fǔ zài bā lí qiān shǔ jiàn jiāo lián hé gōng bào（ 1973 nián 3 yuè 9 rì）
　　　　 zhōng xī qiān shǔ mào yì xié dìng hé mín yòng háng kōng yùn shū xié dìng（ 1978 nián 6 yuè 19 rì）
　　　　 shuāng fāng qiān dìng wén huà、 jiào yù、 kē xué hé zuò xié dìng（ 1981 nián 4 yuè 7 rì）
　　　　 liǎng guó qiān shǔ fā zhǎn jīng jì hé gōng yè hé zuò xié dìng（ 1984 nián 11 yuè 15 rì）
　　　　 shuāng fāng qiān shǔ kē jì hé zuò jī chǔ xié dìng（ 1985 nián 9 yuè 5 rì）
　　　　 liǎng guó qiān shǔ guān yú bì miǎn shuāngchóng zhēng shuì hé fáng zhǐ tōu lòu shuì de xié dìng（ 1990 nián 11 yuè 22 rì）
　　　　 shuāng fāng qiān shǔ guān yú xiāng hù gǔ lì hé bǎo hù tóu zī xié dìng（ 1992 nián 2 yuè 6 rì）
　　　　 liǎng guó qiān dìng guān yú mín shì、 shāng shì sī fǎ xié zhù de tiáo yuē（ 1992 nián 5 yuè 2 rì）
　　　　 shuāng fāng qiān dìng liǎng guó zhèng fǔ dǎ jī yòu zǔ zhì fàn zuì de hé zuò xié dìng（ 2000 nián 6 yuè 25 rì）
　　　　 liǎng guó qiān dìng guān yú xíng shì sī fǎ xié zhù de tiáo yuē（ 2005 nián 7 yuè 21 rì）
　　　　 liǎng guó qiān dìng yǐn dù tiáo yuē（ 2005 nián 11 yuè 14 rì）
　　　　 liǎng guó qiān dìng guān yú yí guǎn bèi pàn xíng rén de tiáo yuē（ 2005 nián 11 yuè 14 rì）
　　 liǎng guó guān yú hù shè wén huà zhōng xīn de xié yì（ 2005 nián 11 yuè 14 rì）
　　
　　
　　 jīng jì
　　　　【 jīng jì】　　 xī shì zhōng děng fā dá de zī běn zhù yì gōng yè guó。 80 nián dài chū， xī kāi shǐ shí xíng jǐn suō、 tiáozhěng、 gǎi gé zhèng cè， cǎi qǔ liǎo yī xì liè jīng jì zì yóu huà cuò shī。 yǐ 1986 nián jiā rù 'ōu gòng tǐ wéi qì jī， jīng jì fā zhǎn chū xiàn gāo cháo。 90 nián dài chū， yóu yú chū xiàn jīng jì guò rè xiàn xiàng， jīng jì zēngzhǎng sù dù fàng màn bìng xiàn rù shuāi tuì。 90 nián dài zhōng qī yǐ lái， zài xī zhèng fǔ cǎi qǔ de hóng guān tiáokòng zhèng cè de zuò yòng xià , jīng jì kāi shǐ huí shēng bìng chí xù wěn bù zēngzhǎng。 xī yú 1998 nián 5 yuè chéng wéi shǒu pī jiā rù 'ōu yuán de guó jiā zhī yī。 mù qián， xī jīng jì jì xù bǎo chí wěn dìng zēngzhǎng tài shì。
　　　　 2006 nián zhù yào jīng jì shù zì rú xià：
　　　　 guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí： 9762 yì 'ōu yuán。
　　　　 rén jūn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí： 21834 ōu yuán
　　　　 jīng jì zēngchánglǜ： 3.9％。
　　　　 huò bì míng chēng： ōu yuán
　　　　 tōng huò péng zhàng shuài： 2.7％
　　　　 shī yè shuài： 8.7％
　　　　【 zī yuán】 zhù yào kuàng chǎn chǔ cáng liàng： méi 88 yì dūn， tiě 19 yì dūn， huáng tiě kuàng 5 yì dūn， tóng 400 wàn dūn， xīn 190 wàn dūn， gǒng 70 wàn dūn。 sēn lín zǒng miàn jī 1437 wàn gōng qǐng。
　　　　【 gōng yè】 2005 nián gōng yè chǎn zhí 2662.75 yì 'ōu yuán， zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 28.5％。 zhù yào gōng yè bù mén yòu zào chuán、 gāng tiě、 qì chē、 shuǐ ní、 cǎi kuàng、 jiàn zhù、 fǎng zhì、 huà gōng、 pí gé、 diàn lì děng hángyè。 qí zhōng qì chē shēng chǎn liàng jū shì jiè dì qī， liè hán guó zhī hòu。 2004 nián xī qì chē shēng chǎn liàng 297.8 wàn liàng， qì chē cóng yè rén yuán 7.1 wàn rén， zhí、 jiànjiē jiù yè rén yuán zhàn quán guó jiù yè rén kǒu de 11％， yòu 18 jiā qì chē shēng chǎn chǎng， qì chē chū kǒu zhàn xī duì wài chū kǒu de 1/4。 jìn nián zhù yào gōng yè chǎn pǐn chǎn liàng rú xià（ dān wèi： wàn dūn）：
　　　　 2001 nián 2002 nián 2003 nián
　　　　 gāng tiě 1651--
　　　　 qì chē（ wàn liàng） 284.7285.4252.0
　　　　 shuǐ ní 40514238.34422.5
　　　　（ zī liào lái yuán： 2005 nián xī bān yá tǒng jì jú bào gào）
　　　　【 nóng yú yè】 2005 nián nóng yè chǎn zhí 327 yì 'ōu yuán， zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 3.5％。 nóng yè zhàn dì 3331 wàn gōng qǐng， qí zhōng yǐ yòng dì 2517 wàn gōng qǐng， kě gēng dì 1665 wàn gōng qǐng。 zhū、 yáng、 niú cún lán shù fēn bié wéi 2120 wàn tóu、 2000 wàn tóu、 600 wàn tóu。 jìn nián xī zhù yào nóng chǎn pǐn chǎn liàng rú xià（ dān wèi： wàn dūn）：
　　　　 2001 nián 2002 nián 2003 nián
　　　　 xiǎo mài 501.9679.5629.0
　　　　 dà mài 624.5832.8869.8
　　　　 yù mǐ 493.6448.7433.9
　　　　 dào mǐ 837811--
　　　　 suān xìng shuǐ guǒ 531.7570.1--
　　　　 pú táo jiǔ（ yì shēng） 35.0535.7647.29
　　　　 gǎn lǎn 525.8456.9441.5
　　　　 gǎn lǎn yóu 102.188.383.7
　　　　（ zī liào lái yuán： 2005 nián xī guó jiā tǒng jì jú bào gào）
　　　　【 fú wù yè】　 xī guó mín jīng jì de yī gè zhòng yào zhī zhù， bāo kuò wén jiào、 wèi shēng、 shāng yè、 lǚ yóu、 kē yán、 shè huì bǎo xiǎn、 yùn shū yè、 jīn róng yè děng， qí zhōng yóu yǐ lǚ yóu hé jīn róng yè jiào wéi fā dá。 2005 nián xī fú wù yè chǎn zhí 6353.24 yì 'ōu yuán， zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 68％。
　　　　【 lǚ yóu yè】　　 xī jīng jì de zhòng yào zhī zhù hé wài huì de zhù yào lái yuán zhī yī。 2005 nián jiē dài wài guó yóu kè 5560 wàn rén， jiào qián nián zēngzhǎng 6％， jìng shōu rù 460 yì 'ōu yuán， jiào qián yī nián zēngzhǎng 1％。 quán guó gòng yòu gè zhǒng lǚ guǎn 17402 jiā， chuáng wèi yuē 151 wàn zhāng， rù zhù shuài 53.58％。 quán guó gòng yòu 7751 jiā lǚ xíng shè。 2004 nián jiù yè rén kǒu 122.6 wàn rén， zhàn jiù yè rén kǒu zǒng shù 7.2%。 zhù míng lǚ yóu shèng dì yòu mǎ dé lǐ、 bā sài luó nà、 sài wéi lì yà、 tài yáng hǎi 'àn、 měi lì hǎi 'àn děng。
　　　　【 jiāo tōng yùn shū】　　 yǐ lù lù jiāo tōng yùn shū wéi zhù。 2003 nián， zhù yào jiāo tōng yùn shū qíng kuàng rú xià：
　　　　 tiě lù： zǒng cháng 15661 gōng lǐ； kè yùn lǚ kè 6.54 yì rén cì , huò yùn 3230 wàn dūn。
　　　　 gōng lù： zǒng cháng 665637 gōng lǐ， qí zhōng guó dào 24857 gōng lǐ， dì fāng zhèng fǔ guǎn lǐ dào lù 70270 gōng lǐ， qí tā lèi dào lù 69457 gōng lǐ。 kè yùn lǚ kè 28.65 yì rén cì , huò yùn 18 yì dūn。
　　　　 shuǐ yùn： gè lèi chuán bó 118033 sōu； kè yùn liàng hé huò yùn liàng fēn bié wéi 2350 wàn rén cì hé 3.82 yì dūn。 zhù yào gǎng kǒu 27 gè， qí zhōng zuì zhù yào de yòu bā sài luó nà、 bì 'ěr bā 'è、 tǎ lā gē nà、 ā 'ěr hè xī lā děng。
　　　　 kōng yùn： quán guó yòu jī chǎng 47 gè。 zhù yào jī chǎng yòu mǎ dé lǐ bā lā hā sī jī chǎng、 pà 'ěr mǎ · dé mǎ lüè kǎ jī chǎng hé bā sài luó nà jī chǎng。 2003 nián， kè yùn liàng hé huò yùn liàng fēn bié wéi 1.52 yì rén cì hé 5.8 yì dūn。
　　　　（ zī liào lái yuán： 2005 nián xī bān yá tǒng jì jú bào gào）
　　　　【 cái zhèng jīn róng】　　　 jìn jǐ nián xī cái zhèng shōu zhī qíng kuàng rú xià（ dān wèi： yì 'ōu yuán）：
　　　　 2001 nián 2002 nián 2003 nián
　　　　 shōu rù 2591.162767.482560.31
　　　　 zhī chū 2593.452765.072680.96
　　　　 chì zì 2.292.41-120.65
　　　　（ zī liào lái yuán： 2005 nián xī yínháng tǒng jì bào gào）
　　　　 xī cái zhèng shōu rù zhù yào kào zhí jiē shuì hé jiànjiē shuì， sī yòu huà suǒ dé jìn nián lái yě zhàn jù xiāng dāng bǐ zhòng。 2003 nián， cái zhèng chì zì xiāng dāng yú guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 1.6％。 jié zhì 2005 nián dǐ， xī wài zhài 11373.22 yì 'ōu yuán， xī wài huì chǔ bèi wéi 146 yì 'ōu yuán。
　　　　 xī bān yá zhù yào yínháng： sāng tǎn dé zhōng bù xī bān yá měi zhōu yínháng (BancoSantanderCentralHispanoamericano)， bì 'ěr bā 'è bǐ sī kāi duì wài yínháng jí tuán (BancoBilbaoVizcayaArgentaria) hé rén mín yínháng (BancoPopular)。
　　　　【 duì wài mào yì】 2005 nián， xī duì wài mào yì zēngzhǎng 8.86％， qí zhōng jìn kǒu zēngzhǎng 11％， chū kǒu zēngzhǎng 4.5％。 jìn nián wài mào qíng kuàng rú xià（ dān wèi： yì 'ōu yuán）：
　　　　 2003 nián 2004 nián 2005 nián
　　　　 jìn kǒu 'é 1840.92071.22337.1
　　　　 chū kǒu 'é 1378.11464.51552.4
　　　　 nì chā -462.8-606.7-784.7
　　　　（ zī liào lái yuán： 2006 nián xī bān yá yínháng tǒng jì）
　　　　 zhù yào jìn kǒu shí yóu、 gōng yè yuán liào、 jī xiè shè bèi hé xiāo fèi pǐn。 zhù yào chū kǒu qì chē、 gāng cái、 huà gōng chǎn pǐn、 pí gé zhì pǐn、 fǎng zhì pǐn、 pú táo jiǔ hé gǎn lǎn yóu děng。 zhù yào mào yì huǒ bàn shì 'ōu méng、 yà zhōu、 lā měi hé měi guó。 2004 nián xī duì 'ōu méng de jìn、 chū kǒu 'é fēn bié zhàn dāng nián jìn chū kǒu zǒng 'é de 64.6％ hé 73.9％， duì yà zhōu jìn、 chū kǒu 'é fēn bié zhàn 14.6％ hé 5.5％， duì měi jìn、 chū kǒu 'é fēn bié zhàn 3.6％ hé 4％。
　　　　【 zhí jiē tóu zī】 2003 nián， xī zài jìng wài zhí jiē tóu zī wéi 243.41 yì 'ōu yuán， bǐ shàng nián jiǎn shǎo liǎo 41.61%。 zhù yào tóu zī bù mén yòu jiāo tōng、 diàn xìn、 néng yuán、 jīn róng、 bǎo xiǎn、 fáng dì chǎn děng， zhù yào tóu zī dì qū wéi lā dīng měi zhōu。 2005 nián， xī shí jì yǐn zī wéi 166.18 yì 'ōu yuán。
　　　　【 rén mín shēng huó】　 jìn nián lái， xī zhèng fǔ fú lì kāi zhī bù duàn zēng jiā。 zhí gōng jūn kě xiǎng shòu shè huì bǎo xiǎn， fèi yòng yóu guó jiā fù dān 30.8％， qǐ yè hé gè rén chéng dān 69.2％。 xī nán xìng píng jūn shòu mìng wéi 77.2 suì， nǚ xìng wéi 83.7 suì。 2004 nián xī gòng yòu zōng hé yī yuàn 774 suǒ， 19 wàn míng yī shēng， píng jūn měi suǒ yī yuàn yòu 2034 zhāng bìng chuáng， měi wàn rén yòu 37 zhāng bìng chuáng。 měi bǎi rén yòu 62 liàng qì chē。 rén jūn yuè gōng zī 2616.5 měi yuán。
　　　　（ zī liào lái yuán： 2005 nián xī guó jiā tǒng jì jú bào gào）
　　
　　 wén huà hé mín shēng
　　　　 zōng jiào：
　　
　　　　 xī bān yá zì cóng luó mǎ rén tǒng zhì shí qī kāi shǐ jiù què lì liǎo tiān zhù jiào guó jiā de dì wèi。 gōng yuán bā shì jì“ zài zhēng fú” zhàn zhēng jiāng 'ā lā bó rén gǎn chū bàn dǎo zhī hòu， tiān zhù jiào wán quán kòng zhì liǎo zhěng gè xī bān yá。 zhōng shì jì xī bān yá“ zōng jiào cái pàn suǒ” héng xíng zhěng gè 'ōu zhōu， làn shī kù xíng， bǔ shā yì duān， shàng zhì wáng gōng dà chén， xià zhì píng mín bǎi xìng wú bù tán hǔ sè biàn。 ōu zhōu zōng jiào gǎi gé shí qī xī bān yá chéng wéi xī 'ōu gè guó de yǎn zhōng dīng。 shí bā shì jì yǐ hòu， jiào huì hé shì sú lì liàng zhī jiān de máo dùn bù duàn jī huà， fǎn jiào quán yùn dòng rì yì gāo zhǎng， jiào huì shì lì zhú jiàn shuāi bài。 dàn shì， mù qián réng yòu bǎi fēn zhī jiǔ shí sì de xī bān yá rén xìn fèng tiān zhù jiào， qí yú yě yòu xīn jiào tú、 yóu tài jiào tú hé yī sī lán jiào tú。
　　
　　　　 xī bān yá quán jìng fēn shí yī gè jiào qū， qí zhōng tuō lāi duō jiào qū shì zuì dà yě shì zuì zhòng yào de yī gè。 tuō lāi duō zhù jiào cóng gē tè shí qī yǐ lái jiù shì xī bān yá de hóng yī dà zhù jiào。
　　
　　　　 tiān zhù jiào de yǐng xiǎng gèng duō dì biǎo xiàn zài xī bān yá rén de rì cháng shēng huó zhōng。 xiàng qí tā tiān zhù jiào tú yī yàng， xī bān yá rén yī shēng zhōng zuì zhòng yào de shí kè dōushì zài jiào táng zhōng dù guò de： chū shēng hòu de xǐ lǐ， dì yī cì lǐng shèng cān， hūn lǐ hé sǐ hòu de zàng lǐ。 xī bān yá jié rì zhòng duō， yòu yī gè yuán yīn jiù shì měi yī gè chéng shì、 měi yī gè cūn zǐ、 měi yī zhǒng zhí yè dōuyòu yī gè shèng tú zuò wéi shǒu hù shén。 měi dào shèng tú shēng rì de shí hòu， zhè gè chéng shì huò zhě hángyè gōng huì jiù yào jǔ xíng dà mí sǎ hé zōng jiào yóu xíng。 lìng wài， měi yī gè jiào tú yědōu yòu zì jǐ de shǒu hù shén， bù jǐn yào guò zì jǐ de shēng rì， yě yào guò shèng tú de shēng rì， chēng zuò“ DíadelSanto”。 xī bān yá rén de míng zì dà duō qǔ zì shèng tú， zuì cháng jiàn de nán nǚ míng zì jiù shì shèng fù shèng mǔ“ hé sài” hé“ mǎ lì yà”， ér qiě bù lùn nán nǚ， dū jīng cháng bǎ zhè liǎng gè míng zì lián yòng。 bǐ rú xī bān yá qián rèn shǒuxiàng jiù jiào“ hé sài · mǎ lì yà · ā sī nà 'ěr”。
　　
　　 jiào yù：
　　 xī bān yá de jiào yù yī dù shòu dào tiān zhù jiào huì de kòng zhì。 xiàn zài xī bān yá de jiào yù tǐ zhì zhù yào fēn wéi xué qián jiào yù、 pǔ jí jiào yù、 xué shì jiào yù、 gāo děng jiào yù yǐ jí zhí yè péi xùn。
　　　　 2 dào 3 suì dé de 'ér tóng kě yǐ zì yuàn shàng yòu 'ér yuán xiǎo bān， 4 dào 5 suì shàng dà bān。 guó jiā de yòu 'ér yuán shì miǎn fèi de， yì wù pǔ jí jiào yù（ 6～ 16 suì） yě shì rú cǐ， bìng qiě jiāo tōng hé shí táng yě shì miǎn fèi de。 pǔ jí jiào yù de duì xiàng shì 6 dào 14 suì de 'ér tóng。 chū xiǎo sān nián， gāo xiǎo liǎng nián， chū zhōng sān nián。
　　　　 xiǎo xué zhù yào kè chéng yòu yǔ wén、 shù xué、 shè huì hé zì rán tǐ yàn、 yì shù biǎo dá、 yīn lè hé tǐ yù。
　　　　 chū zhōng zēng jiā liǎo rén wén yǔ zì rán kē xué、 wài yǔ hé zōng jiào děng kè chéng。 xué shēng wán chéng chū zhōng xué yè hòu kě yǐ xuǎn zé shēng rù zōng hé zhōng xué（ gāo zhōng， yě chēng dà xué yù kē）， yě kě yǐ zì móu zhí yè。
　　　　 zōng hé zhōng xué zhù yào yòu sān dà lèi de kè chéng： yī shì wén xué， bāo kuò rén wén kē xué hé gǔ diǎn yǔ yán； èr shì kē xué， zhòng diǎn shì shù xué； sān shì yòu guān nóng yè、 gōng yè hé qí tā fāng miàn de jì shù kè chéng。 xué shēng zài xiào qī jiān zì jǐ xuǎn zé fēn kē xué xí， wán chéng rèn hé yī gè xué kē de kè chéng， jīng kǎo shì hé gé， jí kě huò dé xué shì xué wèi。 zài chē jiān xué xiào hé hángyè zhī jiā liǎng zhǒng xíng shì de zhí yè xué xiào lǐ， zhí yè péi xùn fēn zhuān yè lǐ lùn hé qǐ yè shí jiàn， zhí yè péi xùn yě shì miǎn fèi de。 zài nà lǐ chú liǎo jī chǔ kè yǐ wài， hái kě yǐ xué dào gōng yè huì tú、 guǎn lǐ xué yǐ jí gè zhǒng zhuān yè kè chéng。
　　　　 xī bān yá de sà lā màn kǎ dà xué hé gé lā nà dá dà xué dōushì 'ōu zhōu zuì gǔ lǎo de dà xué zhī yī。 zài xī bān yá xiàn fǎ zhōng guī dìng， dà xué shè tuán yòu xué xí zì yóu、 jiào xué zì yóu hé dà xué zì zhì。 zì zhì dà xué kě zì dìng guī zhāng， xuǎn jǔ xué xiào lǐng dǎo jī gòu， zhì dìng yù suàn hé rén yuán biān zhì， zì zhù jìn xíng xué wèi píng dìng。
　　　　 xī bān yá yòu sān shí suǒ gōng lǐ dà xué hé sì suǒ yóu jiào huì zhù bàn de sī lì dà xué， mǎ dé lǐ zì zhì dà xué shì xī bān yá zuì dà de gāo děng xué fǔ， qí tā zhù míng dà xué hái yòu mǎ dé lǐ dà xué、 sà lā màn kǎ dà xué、 bā sài luó nà zhōng yāng dà xué děng。
　　　 xiǎo xué wéi 6 nián， zhōng xué wéi 4 nián， dà xué 4~5 nián。 2003 nián， jiào yù fèi yòng zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 4.35%， qí zhōng dà bù wéi gōng gòng bù mén de tóu zī。
　　2004～ 2005 xué nián xué shēng zǒng shù 8441616 rén， qí zhōng gè jí xué xiào hé xué shēng qíng kuàng：
　　　　 xué xiào（ suǒ） xué shēng（ rén）
　　　　 xué líng qián jiào yù 35961419307
　　　　 xiǎo xué 122722494598
　　　　 tè shū xué xiào --29283
　　　　 zhōng xué 62761876322
　　　　 yù kē --632154
　　　　 zhuān kē --516504
　　　　 dà xué 721473448
　　　　 cóng shì fēi gāo děng jiào yù de jiào shī gòng 562510 rén， qí zhōng gōng lì xué xiào jiào shī 411399 rén、 sī lì xué xiào 151111 rén， gāo děng jiào yù gòng yòu shī zī 86774 rén。
　　　　（ zī liào lái yuán： xī bān yá jiào yù、 kē xué bù 2004～ 05 nián tǒng jì bào gào）
　　 xī bān yá shè jiāo lǐ yí
　　 yí tài lǐ yí
　　 dāng dì fù nǚ yòu " shàn yǔ "， rú dāng fù nǚ dǎ kāi shàn zǐ， bǎ liǎn de xià bù zhē qǐ lái， yì sī shì： wǒ shì 'ài nǐ de， nǐ xǐ huān wǒ má？ ruò yī huì 'ér dǎ kāi yī huì 'ér hé shàng， zé biǎo shì： wǒ hěn xiǎng niàn nǐ。 yīn cǐ chū dào xī bān yá de fù nǚ， rú guǒ bù liǎo jiě shàn yǔ， zuì hǎo bù yào shǐ yòng shàn zǐ。
　　 xiāng jiàn lǐ yí
　　 xī bān yá rén tōng cháng zài zhèng shì shè jiāo chǎng hé yǔ kè rén xiāng jiàn shí， xíng wò shǒu lǐ。 yǔ shú rén xiāng jiàn shí， nán péng yǒu zhī jiān cháng jǐn jǐn dì yōng bào。 xī bān yá rén de xìng míng cháng yòu sān sì jié， qián yī 'èr jié wéi běn rén xìng míng， dàoshǔ dì 'èr jié wéi fù xìng， zuì hòu yī jié wéi mǔ xìng。 tōng cháng kǒu tóu chēng hū chēng fù xìng。
　　 shāng wù lǐ yí
　　 xī bān yá rén hěn zhòng shì xìn yù， zǒng shì jìn kě néng dì lǚ xíng qiān dìng de hé tóng， jí biàn hòu lái fā xiàn hé tóng zhōng yòu duì tā men bù lì de dì fāng， tā men yě bù yuàn gōng kāi chéng rèn zì jǐ de guò shī。 rú zài zhè zhǒng qíng kuàng xià， duì fāng néng gòu shàn yì dì bāng zhù tā men， zé huì yíng dé xī bān yá rén de zūn zhòng yǔ yǒu yì。 xī bān yá rén zhǐ yòu zài cān jiā dǒu niú bǐ sài huó dòng shí cái yán shǒu shí jiān， dàn kè rén yīngdāng shǒu shí， jí biàn duì fāng wǎn dào， yě bù yào jiā yǐ zé guài。
　　 lǚ yóu lǐ yí
　　 xī bān yá rén xìng gé kāi lǎng， rè qíng， dàn róng yì jī dòng， yòu shí fā shēng zhēng chǎo shì hěn zhèng cháng de， tā men duì cǐ yǐ xí yǐ wéi cháng。 xī bān yá rén chī dōng xī shí， tōng cháng huì lǐ mào dì yāo qǐng zhōu wéi de rén yǔ tā fēn xiǎng， dàn zhè jǐn shì yī zhǒng lǐ yí shàng de biǎo shì， bù yào mào rán jiē shòu， fǒu zé huì bèi tā men shì wéi quē fá jiào yǎng。
　　
　　 xīn wén chū bǎn： quán guó gòng yòu bào kān 155 zhǒng， quán guó xìng zá zhì 170 zhǒng， xiāo shòu liàng gòng 420 wàn。 zhù yào bào zhǐ píng jūn rì fā xíng liàng：《 guó jiā bào》， fā xíng liàng 46 wàn fèn；《 shì jiè bào》， 31 wàn fèn；《 ā bèi sài bào》， 28 wàn fèn；《 xiān fēng bào》， 20 wàn fèn；《 jiā tài luó ní yà bào》， 17 wàn fèn；《 dào lǐ bào》 15 wàn fèn。
　　　　 zhù yào tōng xùn shè： āi fěi shè， guān fāng tōng xùn shè， 1939 nián 1 yuè chuàng bàn。 lìng wài hái yòu sī yíng de 'ōu zhōu tōng xùn shè、 luó gē sī tōng xùn shè。
　　　　 guǎng bō diàn shì zǒng jú tǒng guǎn diàn tái、 diàn shì tái。 quán guó gòng yòu 200 duō jiā diàn tái， zhù yào yòu xī bān yá guó jiā guǎng bō diàn tái hé sī yíng de xī bān yá guǎng bō gōng sī、 zhōu jì diàn tái、 xī bān yá rén mín guǎng bō diàn tái。
　　　　 diàn shì tái： xī bān yá diàn shì tái wèiguó yíng、 quán guó xìng diàn shì tái， yòu liǎng gè pín dào。 cǐ wài hái yòu 'ān dá lú xī yà、 jiā tài luó ní yà、 jiā lǐ xī yà、 bā sī kè hé mǎ dé lǐ děng dì fāng diàn shì tái。 1989 nián zhèng fǔ pī zhǔn jiàn lì liǎo duō pín dào、 tiān xiàn－ 3 hé diàn shì 5 tái 3 jiā sī yíng diàn shì tái。 1997 nián liǎng jiā shù mǎ diàn shì tái kāi shǐ yùn yíng。
　　　　
　　　　 yǐn shí： zhǒng lèi yīn dì 'ér yì， dàn shì dà duō cài dōuyào jiā gǎn lǎn yóu。
　　
　　
　　 zì rán dì lǐ
　　　　 qì hòu： zhōng bù méi sài tǎ gāo yuán shǔ dà lù xìng qì hòu， běi bù hé xī běi bù yán hǎi shǔ hǎi yáng xìng wēn dài qì hòu， nán bù hé dōng nán bù shǔ dì zhōng hǎi xíng yà rè dài qì hòu。 xī běi bù jiào shī rùn， nèi lù hé dōng nán bù jiào gān zào。 yuè píng jūn qì wēn cóng běi dào nán： 1 yuè 9.4-10.3 ℃； 7 yuè 19.1-28.1℃。 nián jiàng shuǐ liàng yī bān 350-500 háo mǐ， shān dì gāo dá 1， 500 háo mǐ。
　　
　　　　 kuàng cáng： gǒng chǔ liàng zhàn shì jiè shǒu wèi， bìng yòu méi、 tiě、 lǚ tǔ、 mù、 huáng tiě kuàng、 shí yóu děng。 sēn lín miàn jī guǎng kuò， yòu 'ōu zhōu shuān pí lì、 xiàng、 lì、 shān děng。 shèng chǎn shā dīng yú hé lóng xiā děng。
　　
　　　　 wèi zhì： wèi yú 'ōu zhōu xī nán bù yī bǐ lì yà bàn dǎo。 běi bīn bǐ sī kāi wān， xī lín pú táo yá， nán gé zhí bù luó tuó hǎi xiá yǔ fēi zhōu de mó luò gē xiāng wàng， dōng běi yǔ fǎ guó、 ān dào 'ěr jiē rǎng， dōng hé dōng nán lín dì zhōng hǎi。 hǎi 'àn xiàn cháng yuē 7800 gōng lǐ。 jìng nèi duō shān， shì 'ōu zhōu gāo shān guó jiā zhī yī。 jìng nèi gāo yuán hé shān dì xiāngjiàn， quán guó píng jūn hǎi bá 660 mǐ， quán guó 35％ de dì qū hǎi bá 1000 mǐ yǐ shàng， píng yuán jǐn zhàn 11％， shì 'ōu zhōu dì shì zuì gāo guó jiā zhī yī。 zhù yào shān mài běi yòu kǎn tǎ bù lián、 bǐ lì niú sī， nán yòu mò léi nà shān mài hé 'ān dá lú xī yà shān mài。 nán bù de mù lā sàn fēng hǎi bá 3478 mǐ， wéi quán guó zuì gāo fēng。
　　
　　　　 xī bān yá dì chù 'ōu zhōu xī nán bù， yǔ pú táo yá gòng tóng fēn xiǎng yī bǐ lì yà bàn dǎo。 xī bān yá wèi yú běi wěi 36 dù dào 44 dù、 xī jīng 9 dù 18 fēn hé dōng jīng 3 dù 19 fēn zhī jiān， nán běi kuà 840 gōng lǐ， dōng xī 1000 gōng lǐ。 guó tǔ miàn jī wéi 504750 píng fāng gōng lǐ， xī bān yá rén shuō tā men de guó jiā xíng zhuàng xiàng yī kuài shú niú pí。 xī bān yá zài 'ōu zhōu jǐn cì yú 'é luó sī、 dé guó hé fǎ guó jū dì sì wèi， xiāng dāng yú 'ōu zhōu zǒng miàn jī de 'èr shí fēn zhī yī。 bàn dǎo zhī wài， xī bān yá de lǐng tǔ bāo kuò hái dì zhōng hǎi de bā lì 'ā lǐ qún dǎo hé dà xī yáng de dà xiǎo jiā nà lì qún dǎo。
　　
　　　　 xī bān yá běi bù yán hǎi shì bǐ sī kāi wān， dōng běi tóng fǎ guó hé 'ān dào 'ěr jiē rǎng， gāo sǒng de bǐ lì niú sī shān bǎ zhè jǐ gè guó jiā fēn gé liǎng biān； dōng miàn hé dōng nán miàn xiàng dì zhōng hǎi， xiàng nán yuè guò zhǐ yòu 14 gōng lǐ kuān de zhí bù luó tuó hǎi xiá biàn néng dá dào fēi zhōu de mó luò gē； cháng fāng xíng de pú táo yá shì xī bān yá xī biān de lín jū。 zhí bù luó tuó hǎi xiá shì dì zhōng hǎi chū dà xī yáng de yào dào， zhàn lüè dì wèi jí wéi zhòng yào， xī bān yá yǔ yīng guó cháng qī yǐ lái yī zhí zài zhēng duó cǐ dì de zhù quán。
　　
　　　　 bù bāo kuò bā lì 'ā lǐ qún dǎo hé jiā nà lì qún dǎo， sān miàn huán hǎi de xī bān yá de hǎi 'àn xiàn cháng yuē 3904 gōng lǐ， dàn shì hǎi 'àn bǐ jiào píng zhí， zhēn zhèng de tiān rán liáng gǎng dū jí zhōng zài běi bù， rú fèi luó 'ěr、 péng tè wéi dé lā hé wéi gē děng。 kǎ tǎ hè nà shì wéi yī dì chù dì zhōng hǎi de tiān rán gǎng wān。 dōng nán bù de hǎi 'àn xiàn bù shì yǐ gǎng kǒu， ér shì yǐ fēng jǐng yǐ nǐ de hǎi tān shèng dì wén míng。 xī bān yá zhù míng de hǎi wān yòu jiā de sī wān hé wǎ lún xī yà wān。
　　
　　　　 xī bān yá bù jǐn yòu měi lì de hǎi 'àn， hái yòu wēi 'é de gāo shān。 zài 'ōu zhōu， tā shì chú liǎo ruì shì zhī wài zuì gāo de guó jiā。 xī bān yá quán jìng dà bù fēn shì gǔ lǎo de gāo yuán。 zhù míng de zhōng yāng gāo yuán sǒng lì xī bān yá zhèng zhōng， yuē zhàn quán guó miàn jī de 60%， hǎi bá 600-700 mǐ。 zhōng yāng gāo yuán sān miàn bèi gāo shān zǔ jué： běi bù shì kǎn tǎ bù lián shān mài， nán bù zhù lì zhe mò léi nà shān， dōng bù de yī bǐ lì yà shān mài gé kāi zhōng bù gāo yuán yǔ 'ā lā gòng píng yuán。 gāo yuán xī biān nà yī miàn huǎn huǎn yán shēn， dì shì jiàn qū píng tǎn， zuì hòu xiāo shī zài dà xī yáng yán 'àn。 rú guǒ nǐ jià chē yóu lǎn xī bān yá quán jìng， bù shí yìng rù yǎn lián de shì yī zuò zuò bái xuě 'ái 'ái de shān fēng， yī piàn piàn qǐ fú bù píng de qiū líng。
　　
　　　　 xī bān yá quán jìng dà zhì kě yǐ fēn wéi wǔ gè dì lǐ qū：
　　
　　　　 běi bù shān qū： zhè lǐ yòu 'ōu zhōu zhù míng de bǐ lì niú sī shān mài， zhěng gè shān mài mián yán qiān lǐ， jǐng sè rú huà。 yī nián sì jì， wú lùn shān shàng shān xià， hái shì píng yuán lù dì， dào chù shì yī piàn cuì lǜ。 yóu qí shì 'ā sī tú lǐ yà sī dì qū， shān mài lián mián， sōng tāo máng máng， lín hǎi yù yù。
　　
　　　　 jǐn kào bǐ lì niú sī shān mài de kǎn tǎ bù lián shān mài， hǎi bá dá 2000 mǐ yǐ shàng， běi lín máng máng wú biān de bǐ sī kāi wān， lù dì shàng lín mù mào shèng， jǐng sè shí fēn mí rén。 xǔ duō kuān guǎng de hé gǔ zhì yú qí jiān， hú shuǐ qīng chè rú jìng。 gèng zhí dé yī tí de shì， nà lǐ hái yòu shǔbù shèng shù de fēi pù， cóng gāo chù qīng xiè 'ér xià， zhěng rì shuǐ wù mí màn， wèi wéi zhuàng guān。 zhè lǐ jì shì zhòng yào de ruǎn mù chǎn qū， yòu shì niú yáng biàn dì de mù qū hé gōng yè qū。
　　
　　　　 zhōng yāng gāo yuán： wèi yú gāo yuán zhōng bù de kē dí lè lā shān mài， jiāng méi sài tǎ gāo yuán fēn wéi běi bù jiù kǎ sī dì lì yà gāo yuán hé nán bù xīn kǎ sī dì lì yà gāo yuán。 zài zhè kuài guǎng mào wú yín、 shān lǐng qǐ fú de tǔ dì shàng， yòu zhe dà piàn zhù míng de gǎn lǎn shù lín hé dòng wù bǎo hù qū。 zhōng yāng gāo yuán de xī běi bù hé běi bù dà xī yáng yán 'àn， dà bù fēn dì qū shì chóng shān jùn lǐng。 yī tiáo tiáo shān jiān gōng lù shǒu wěi xiāng jiē， qì chē yòu shí zài shān jiān xíng shǐ dà bàn tiān， hǎo xiàng hái zài yuán lái de wèi zhì。
　　
　　　　 ā lā gòng píng yuán： ā lā gòng píng yuán wèi yú bǐ lì niú sī shān mài dōng nán miàn de 'āi bù luó hé liú yù， shì gè dà zhì chéng sān jiǎo xíng de bō zhuàng píng yuán。 zài gǔ dì zhì shí qī， zhè lǐ céng shì yī piàn hào hàn de nèi lù húpō， hòu lái hú shuǐ liú rù dì zhōng hǎi， màn màn biàn chéng liǎo gān hé de lù dì。 ā lā gòng píng yuán cháng nián qì hòu yí rén， yǔ shuǐ chōng pèi， tǔ zhì féi wò， bèi chēng wéi fù ráo de“ fēng shuǐ bǎo dì”， jì shì xī bān yá de tiān rán liáng cāng， yòu shì zhòng yào de pú táo、 gān jié děng shuǐ guǒ chǎn dì。
　　
　　　　 dì zhōng hǎi yán 'àn shān dì： yán 'àn shān dì cóng dōng nán bù 'ān dá lú xī yà dào dōng běi bù jiā tài luó ní yà， cháng dá 1500 gōng lǐ。 zǒu zài xì ruǎn de shā tān shàng， hǎi tiān yī sè， yóu rén rú cháo。 nán duān 'ān dá lú xī yà shān mài zhōng de mù lā sà shān jùn qiào gāo sǒng， hǎi bá 3478 mǐ， shì yī bǐ lì yà bàn dǎo de zuì gāo diǎn， hào chēng xī bān yá“ mín zú de jǐ liáng”。 zhè zuò shān zhōng nián yún yān niǎo niǎo， qīng fēng yōu yáng， shì gè bì shǔ xiāo xià de hǎo qù chù。
　　
　　　　 ān dá lú xī yà píng yuán： wèi yú mò lāi nà shān mài hé 'ān dá lú xī yà shān mài zhī jiān。 zhè lǐ yī mǎ píng chuān， tǎn tǎn dàng dàng； guā dá 'ěr jī wéi 'ěr hé yóu xī wǎng dōng héng guàn zhěng gè píng yuán， guàn gài zhe qiān wàn mǔ liáng tián。 yóu yú gāo sǒng de 'ān dá lú xī yà shān mài dǎng zhù liǎo lái zì hǎi yáng de shī rùn kōng qì， suǒ yǐ zhè lǐ qì hòu gān zào， shèng xià jiāo yáng sì huǒ。　　
　　
　　　　 xī bān yá dǒu niú (corridadetoro)
　　
　　　　 dǒu niú shì xī bān yá de guó cuì， fēngmǐ quán guó， xiǎng yù shì jiè， jìn guǎn cóng dòng wù bǎo hù de guān diǎn shàng kàn mù qián rén men duì cǐ cún zài zhēng yì， dàn shì zuò wéi xī bān yá tè yòu de gǔ lǎo chuán tǒng hái shì bǎo liú dào xiàn zài， bìng shòu dào hěn duō rén de huān yíng。 dǒu niú jì jié shì 3 yuè zhì 10 yuè， dǒu niú jì jié lǐ， měi féng zhōu sì hé zhōu rì gè jǔ xíng liǎng chǎng。 rú féng jié rì hé guó jiā qìng diǎn， zé měi tiān dōukě guān shǎng。
　　
　　
　　 lì shǐ
　　　　 jiǎn shǐ
　　
　　　　 gōng yuán qián 9 shì jì kǎi 'ěr tè rén cóng zhōng 'ōu qiān rù。 gōng yuán qián 8 shì jì qǐ， yī bǐ lì yà bàn dǎo xiān hòu zāo wài zú rù qīn， cháng qī shòu luó mǎ rén、 xī gē tè rén hé mó 'ěr rén de tǒng zhì。 xī bān yá rén wéi fǎn duì wài zú qīn lüè jìn xíng liǎo cháng qī dǒu zhēng， 1492 nián qǔ dé“ guāng fù yùn dòng” de shèng lì， 1516 nián kǎ sī dì lì yà nǚ wáng hú 'ān nà hé wáng fū fěi lì pǔ yī shì de 'ér zǐ chá lǐ（ xī bān yá wén míng : kǎ luò sī） yǐ tè lā sī tǎ mǎ lā jiā zú de wài sūn zī gé jì chéng kǎ sī dì lì yà、 lāi 'áng、 ā lā gòng、 wǎ gé nà děng guó de wáng wèi， shì wéi kǎ luò sī yī shì。 jiàn lì liǎo 'ōu zhōu zuì zǎo de tǒng yī zhōng yāng wáng quán de gòng zhù lián bāng de guó jiā。 shí liù shì jì shì hǎi shàng qiáng guó， yǐ hòu jiàn shuāi。 1837 nián yī suō bèi lā 'èr shì zài tōng guò jūn zhù lì xiàn de fǎ 'àn zhī hòu jiāng qí zhèng shì hé bìng wéi yī gè guó jiā , jué dìng yòng xī bān yá yī cí“ España” ( féi ní jī yǔ， yì wéi“ yě tù” ) mìng míng , zì cǐ jié shù liǎo lì jīng 300 duō nián de gòng zhù lián bāng mó shì。
　　1931 nián wáng cháo bèi tuī fān， chéng lì gòng hé guó， 1936 nián chéng lì yóu rén mín zhèn xiàn lǐng dǎo de lián hé zhèng fǔ。 1936 nián fó lǎng gē fā dòng nèi zhàn， yú 1939 nián duó qǔ zhèng quán， 1947 nián xuān bù wéi jūn zhù guó。
　　
　　　　 1492 nián 10 yuè， gē lún bù fā xiàn xī yìn dù qún dǎo。 cǐ hòu， xī bān yá zhú jiàn chéng wéi hǎi shàng qiáng guó， zài 'ōu、 měi、 fēi、 yà jūn yòu zhí mín dì。 1588 nián“ wú dí jiàn duì” bèi yīng guó jī kuì， kāi shǐ shuāi luò。 1873 nián， bào fā zī chǎn jiē jí gé mìng， jiàn lì dì yī gòng hé guó。 1874 nián 12 yuè wáng cháo fù bì。 zài 1898 nián de měi xī zhàn zhēng zhōng， shī qù zài měi zhōu hé yà tài de zuì hòu jǐ kuài zhí mín dì héng héng gǔ bā、 bō duō lí gè、 guān dǎo hé fěi lǜ bīn。 zài dì yī cì shì jiè dà zhàn zhōng bǎo chí zhōng lì。 1931 nián 4 yuè wáng cháo bèi tuī fān， dì 'èr gòng hé guó jiàn lì。 1936 nián 2 yuè chéng lì yòu shè huì dǎng hé gòng chǎn dǎngshēn jiā de lián hé zhèng fǔ。 tóng nián 7 yuè fó lǎng gē fā dòng pàn luàn， jīng sān nián nèi zhàn， yú 1939 nián 4 yuè duó qǔ zhèng quán， shí xíng dú cái tǒng zhì dá 36 nián zhī jiǔ。 1943 nián 2 yuè yǔ dé guó dì jié jūn shì tóng méng， cān jiā qīn sū zhàn zhēng。 1947 nián 7 yuè fó lǎng gē xuān bù xī bān yá wéi jūn zhù guó， zì rèn zhōng shēn guó jiā yuán shǒu。 1966 nián 7 yuè lì mò dài guó wáng 'ā fāng suǒ shí sān shì zhī sūn hú 'ān · kǎ luò sī wéi chéng jì rén。
　　
　　　　 1975 nián 11 yuè fó lǎng gē bìng sǐ， hú 'ān · kǎ luò sī yī shì dēng jī， huī fù jūn zhù zhì。 1976 nián 7 yuè， guó wáng rèn mìng yuán guó mín yùn dòng mì shū cháng 'ā · sū yà léi sī wéi shǒuxiàng， kāi shǐ xiàng xī fāng yì huì mín zhù zhèng zhì guò dù。
　　
　　　　 shǐ qián lì shǐ
　　
　　　　 zài xī bān yá fā xiàn zuì zǎo de rén lèi kǎo gǔ xué yí jì dà yuē kě yǐ zhuī sù dào gōng yuán qián sān wàn dào wǔ wàn nián， xué jū rén lèi de shǐ qián yán huà wèiwǒ men tí gōng liǎo yī bǐ lì yà bàn dǎo shǐ qián wén míng de shēng huó chǎng jǐng。 zài xī bān yá fā xiàn de zuì zhòng yào de yí jì bāo kuò“ hēi kū” dòng xué hé“ sōng lín” dòng xué， dāng rán hái yòu zhù míng de 'ā 'ěr tǎ mǐ lā yán dòng。
　　
　　　　 kǎi 'ěr tè xī bān yá
　　
　　　　 zuì xīn de lǐ lùn yán jiū rèn wéi yī bǐ lì yà rén shì cóng běi fēi lái dào bàn dǎo de， tā men zhù yào dìng jū zài dì zhōng hǎi yán 'àn yǐ jí gèng wǎng nán de dì qū， zài nà lǐ yī bǐ lì yà rén chuàng zào liǎo xǔ duō bù tóng de wén huà， duì yú kǎo gǔ xué lái shuō dū jù yòu zhòng dà de yì yì。 gǔ xī là de lì shǐ zhōng duì qí zhōng zuì zhòng yào de yī zhī yòu guò jìzǎi， xī là rén chēng tā men wéi“ tú 'ěr duō rén”。 tā men shì yī bǐ lì yà rén de yī gè bù luò， zài guā dá 'ěr jī wéi 'ěr hé liú yù jiàn lì liǎo wén huà càn làn de wáng guó。
　　
　　　　 gōng yuán qián 1200 nián， lái zì zhōng běi 'ōu de kǎi 'ěr tè rén cóng běi bù jìn rù bàn dǎo。 jīn fā kǎi 'ěr tè rén hé shēn sè pí fū de yī bǐ lì yà rén tōng hūn， bìng qiě kuò zhǎn dào zhěng gè bàn dǎo。 yī bǐ lì yà bàn dǎo lì shǐ shàng wéi yī wèi bèi rèn hé wài lái shì lì qīn rù de dì qū kǒng pà jiù shì bā sī kè rén jū zhù de běi bù shān qū。 lì shǐ hé shè huì xué jiā zhì jīn méi yòu nòng qīng bā sī kè rén de qǐ yuán， tā hé rèn hé lín jìn mín zú zhī jiān zhǎo bù dào qīn yuán guān xì， què yòu rén zài bā sī kè yǔ hé rì yǔ zhī jiān zhǎo dào liǎo gòng tóng diǎn， xiàn zài wéi yī zhī dào de jiù shì bā sī kè shì yī gè shí fēn gǔ lǎo de mín zú。
　　
　　　　 féi ní jī， xī là hé jiā tài jī rén
　　
　　　　 gōng yuán qián 1100 nián， qiáng dà de háng hǎi mín zú féi ní jī rén zài bàn dǎo shàng jiàn lì liǎo zhí mín dì， qí zhōng zuì zhòng yào de yī gè jiù shì jiā dí 'ěr， yě jiù shì jīn tiān de jiā de sī。 tóng shí， xī là rén zé zài nán fāng hé dì zhōng hǎi yán 'àn què lì liǎo zì jǐ de tǒng zhì。
　　
　　　　 bù nì zhàn zhēng qī jiān， jiā tài jī rén chèn jī zhàn lǐng liǎo xī bān yá de dà bù fēn tǔ dì， tā men liú xià de zhù míng chéng shì bāo kuò kǎ tǎ hè nà， zhè gè cí zhèng shì“ xīn jiā tài jī” de yì sī。
　　
　　　　 luó mǎ rén hé gē tè rén
　　
　　　　 luó mǎ rén zài bù nì zhàn zhēng zhōng dǎ bài liǎo jiā tài jī rén zhī hòu， yě bǎ zhí mín dì kuò zhǎn dào liǎo xī bān yá， bìng qiě hěn kuài zhàn lǐng zhěng gè bàn dǎo， zhù míng de nǔ màn xī yà yīng xióng gù shì jiù dàn shēng zài yī bǐ lì yà rén dǐ kàng luó mǎ rén rù qīn de guò chéng zhōng。 cóng cǐ， bàn dǎo biàn zuò wéi wēi zhèn hǎi nèi de luó mǎ dì guó de“ xī bān yá shěng” ér cún zài。 xī bān yá shěng zài dì guó nèi dì wèi shí fēn zhòng yào， liǎng wèi luó mǎ huáng dì tè lā jiā nuò hé 'ā dé lǐ 'ān yǐ jí sī duō gá xué pài wěi dà de zhé xué jiā sài nèi kǎ dōushì zài zhè lǐ chū shēng de。 xī bān yá wán quán xī shōu liǎo luó mǎ wén huà， bāo kuò xī là lā dīng rén hé yóu tài jī dū jiào zhèng zhì、 fǎ lǜ、 jiā tíng、 zōng jiào hé xí sú， luó mǎ de yǔ yán yě zài bàn dǎo shàng kāi shǐ shǐ yòng。 méi lǐ dá shì jīn tiān bǎo cún gǔ luó mǎ yí jì zuì wán zhěng de xī bān yá chéng shì， zài sài gē wéi yà， hái kě yǐ kàn dào gǔ luó mǎ de shuǐ qú cóng bàn kōng zhōng chuān yuè chéng shì。 bàn dǎo shàng dì yī cì chū xiàn liǎo tǒng yī de wén míng。
　　
　　　　 gōng yuán 409 nián， qiáng hàn de gē tè mán zú qīn rù rì jiàn shuāi tuí de luó mǎ dì guó， bìng yú gōng yuán 419 nián zài yī bǐ lì yà bàn dǎo jiàn lì liǎo zì jǐ de wáng guó， dìng dū tuō lāi duō。 dàn shì gē tè rén méi yòu duì xī bān yá wén míng de fā zhǎn zuò chū duō dà de gòng xiàn。
　　
　　　　 mù sī lín xī bān yá hé guāng fù zhàn zhēng
　　
　　　　 xī gē tè rén de tǒng zhì chí xù dào liǎo gōng yuán 711 nián。 dāng shí wǔ wàn mù sī lín zhàn shì héng kuà zhí bù luó tuó hǎi xiá， yòng shǒu zhōng de wān dāo zhàn shèng liǎo céng lìng luó mǎ rén wén fēng sàng dǎn de gē tè wǔ shì， yíng dé liǎo guā dá lāi tè zhàn yì dà jié。 sì nián zhī hòu， ā lā bó rén xíjuǎn zhěng gè bàn dǎo， bǎ tā biàn chéng liǎo yī gè 'āi mǐ 'ěr guó， yě shì páng dà de 'ā lā bó dì guó de yī bù fēn， jiào zuò“ ān dá lú sī guó”。 wǒ guó gǔ dài chēng zhī wéi“ lǜ yī dà shí”。 jìn guǎn bàn dǎo běi bù dì qū de dǐ kàng yùn dòng cóng wèi tíng zhǐ guò， gōng yuán bā shì jì dào shí yī shì jì mù sī lín dì guó de shì lì réng jiù lìng rén jīng tàn dì bù duàn gǒng gù。 xī bān yá zài zhè gè shí qī xī shōu liǎo càn làn de 'ā lā bó wén huà， dàn shì zhú jiàn tuō lí liǎo dà mǎ shì gé de zhōng yāng tǒng zhì。
　　
　　　　 ā bǔ dù lā sān shì zuì zhōng bǎ xī bān yá biàn chéng liǎo yī gè dú lì de hā lǐ fā wáng cháo。 zài tā de tǒng zhì xià， xī bān yá yíng lái liǎo wén huà shàng de kōng qián fán róng。 chéng shì jiàn shè hé shāng pǐn jīng jì de dé dào liǎo cháng zú de jìn bù， shèn zhì tuī dòng liǎo zhěng gè 'ōu zhōu de fā zhǎn。 ā lā bó rén dài lái liǎo yī xué、 shù xué hé tiān wén xué fāng miàn zuì xiān jìn de zhī shí， bìng qiě zài xī bān yá de yīnyuè、 měi shù、 wén xué、 jiàn zhù děng fāng miàn liú xià liǎo shēn kè de yìn jì。 ā 'ěr hǎn bù lā gōng biàn shì 'ā lā bó yì shù dēng fēng zào jí zhī zuò。 tóng shí， ā lā bó yǔ yě zài xī bān yá yǔ lǐ liú xià liǎo xǔ duō cí huì。 dāng shí zuì zhòng yào de chéng shì yòu wǎ lún xī yà、 sà lā gē sà、 sài wéi lì yà hé kē 'ěr duō wǎ。 yōng yòu wǔ shí wàn jū mín hé yī zuò jù xíng tú shū guǎn de kē 'ěr duō wǎ shì shí shì jì xī 'ōu zuì dà de chéng shì hé wén huà zhōng xīn。
　　
　　　　 rán 'ér， dào liǎo shí yī shì jì， wáng zú jiān（ 39 gè wáng zǐ） de bù duàn nèi hòng shǐ mù sī lín dì guó fēn liè bài luò， guāng fù yùn dòng yù yǎn yù liè。 běi fāng de guó wáng men yī gè jiē yī gè dì qǔ dé shèng lì。 dào liǎo shí sì shì jì， zài xī bān yá de mù sī lín zhǐ shèng xià liǎo gé lā nà dá zuì hòu yī gè jù diǎn， tā men yòu jiān chí liǎo jìn yī bǎi nián， zhí dào“ tiān zhù jiào guó wáng” jiāng tā yě bìng rù liǎo kǎ sī dì lì yà wáng guó de bǎn tú。
　　
　　
　　 yí chǎn
　　2008 nián， xī bān yá de shì jiè yí chǎn yǐ dá 37 chù， zài suǒ yòu guó jiā zhōng míng liè dì yī。
　　
　　 kē 'ěr duō wǎ lì shǐ zhōng xīn gé lā nà dá de 'ā lán bù lā gōng hé hè nèi lā lì huā yuán bù 'ěr gē sī dà jiào táng
　　 āi sī kù lǐ yà 'ěr xiū dào yuàn bā sài luó nà de guī 'ěr gōng yuán guī 'ěr gōng hé mǐ lā dà lóu 'ā 'ěr tǎ mǐ lā dòng kū
　　 sài gē wéi yà gǔ zhèn jí gāo jià yǐn shuǐ qú 'ā sī tú lǐ yà sī wáng guó shí qī jiào qū shèng dì yà gē - dé kǒng bō sī tè lā chéng gǔ zhèn
　　 ā wéi lā gǔ zhèn jí chéng wài jiào táng tè lǔ 'āi 'ěr de mù dé hā 'ěr shì jiàn zhù lì shǐ míng chéng tuō lāi duō jiā lā huò nài guó jiā gōng yuán
　　 kǎ sài léi sī gǔ zhèn sài wéi lì yà dà jiào táng 'ā 'ěr kǎ sà 'ěr hé xī yìn dù qún dǎo dàng 'àn guǎn gǔ chéng sà lā màn kǎ bō bù lāi tè xiū dào yuàn
　　 méi lǐ dá kǎo gǔ yí jì guā dá lú pèi de shèng mǎ lì yà huáng jiā xiū dào yuàn shèng dì yà gē - dé kǒng bō sī tè lā " cháo shèng zhī lù " duō ní nà guó jiā gōng yuán
　　 yòu chéng qiáng de kūn kǎ chéng bā lún xī yà de sī chóu jiāo yì shì chǎng lā sī mǎ dé lā sī bā sài luó nà de jiā tài luó ní yà yīnyuè tīng hé shèng pà wū yī yuàn
　　 shèng mǐ lán de yóu suǒ hé sū suǒ xiū dào yuàn yī bǐ lì yà bàn dǎo dì zhōng hǎi pén dì yán huà yì shù 'ā 'ěr kǎ lā de 'āi nà léi sī bǎo dà xué hé lì shǐ qū
　　 yī wéi sà dǎo jǐng guān lā lā guā nà de shèng kè lì sī tuō wǎ 'ěr 'ā tǎ pí 'ěr kǎ kǎo gǔ yí zhǐ jiā tài luó ní de wéi 'ěr dé bù yī luó mǎ shì jiào táng
　　 tǎ lā kē kǎo gǔ yí zhǐ 'āi 'ěr qiē de pà mò lā 'ěr lú gē de luó mǎ chéng qiáng 'ā lán hú 'āi sī wén huà jǐng guān
　　 wén yì fù xīng shí qī de jù zhù hé zòu de úbeda hé baeza

　　Spain (Spanish: España (help·info), IPA: [es'paɲa]) or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España), is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Spanish mainland is bordered to the south and east almost entirely by the Mediterranean Sea (except for a tiny land boundary with Gibraltar); to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal. Spanish territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the African coast, and two autonomous cities in North Africa, Ceuta and Melilla, that border Morocco. With an area of 504,030 km², Spain is the second largest country in Western Europe (behind France) and with an average altitude of 650 m, the second highest country in Europe (behind Switzerland).
　　
　　Spain is a constitutional monarchy organised as a parliamentary democracy and has been a member of the European Union since 1986. It is a developed country with the eighth largest economy in the world and fifth largest in the EU, based on nominal GDP.
　　
　　Summary
　　Spain is a key site when it comes to studying both the arrival of the first hominids recorded in Europe and the prehistoric stage of this continent. Under the Roman Empire, Hispania flourished and became one of the empire's most important regions. During the early Middle Age it came under Germanic rule. Later, nearly the entire peninsula came under Muslim rulers. Through a long process Christian kingdoms in the north gradually rolled back Muslim rule which was finally extinguished in 1492 as well as expelling or killing the Jews or forcing many to convert. That year Columbus reached the Americas, the beginnings of a global empire. Spain became the strongest kingdom in Europe in the 16th and first half of the 17th centuries but continued wars and other problems eventually led to a diminished status. In the middle decades of the 20th century it came under a dictatorship, under which it went through many years of stagnation and then a spectacular economic revival. Democracy was recovered in 1978 under the form of a constitutional monarchy. In 1986 it joined the European Union and has experienced an economic and cultural renaissance.
　　
　　Prehistory and pre-Roman peoples in the Iberian Peninsula
　　
　　Archeological research at Atapuerca indicates that the Iberian Peninsula was peopled more than a million years ago. Modern humans in the form of Cro-Magnons began arriving in the Iberian Peninsula through the Pyrenees some 35,000 years ago. The best known artifacts of these prehistoric human settlements are the famous paintings in the Altamira cave of Cantabria in northern Spain, which were created about 15,000 BCE. Furthermore, archeological evidence in places like Los Millares in Almería and in El Argar in Murcia suggests that developed cultures existed in the eastern part of the Iberian Peninsula during the late Neolithic and the Bronze Age.
　　
　　The two main historical peoples of the peninsula were the Iberians and the Celts, the former inhabiting the Mediterranean side from the northeast to the southwest, the latter inhabiting the Atlantic side, in the north and northwest part of the peninsula. In the inner part of the peninsula, where both groups were in contact, a mixed, distinctive, culture was present, known as Celtiberian. In addition, Basques occupied the western area of the Pyrenees mountains. Other ethnic groups existed along the southern coastal areas of present day Andalusia. Among these southern groups there grew the earliest urban culture in the Iberian Peninsula, that of the semi-mythical southern city of Tartessos (perhaps pre-1100 BC) near the location of present-day Cádiz. The flourishing trade in gold and silver between the people of Tartessos and Phoenicians and Greeks is documented in the history of Strabo and in the biblical book of king Solomon. Between about 500 BC and 300 BC, the seafaring Phoenicians and Greeks founded trading colonies all along the Spanish Mediterranean coast. Carthaginians briefly took control of much of the Mediterranean coast in the course of the Punic Wars, until they were eventually defeated and replaced by the Romans.
　　
　　Roman Empire and Germanic invasions
　　
　　During the Second Punic War, an expanding Roman Empire captured Carthaginian trading colonies along the Mediterranean coast (from roughly 210 BC to 205 BC), leading to eventual Roman control of nearly the entire Iberian Peninsula - a control which lasted over 500 years, bound together by law, language, and the Roman road. The base Celt and Iberian population remained in various stages of Romanisation, and local leaders were admitted into the Roman aristocratic class.
　　
　　The Romans improved existing cities, such as Lisbon (Olissis bona or 'good for Ulysses') and Tarragona (Tarraco), and established Zaragoza (Caesaraugusta), Mérida (Augusta Emerita), Valencia (Valentia), León ("Legio Septima"), Badajoz ("Pax Augusta"), and Palencia (Παλλαντία, "Pallas Ateneia"). The peninsula's economy expanded under Roman tutelage. Hispania served as a granary for the Roman market, and its harbors exported gold, wool, olive oil, and wine. Agricultural production increased with the introduction of irrigation projects, some of which remain in use. Emperors Trajan, Theodosius I, and the philosopher Seneca were born in Hispania. Christianity was introduced into Hispania in the first century CE and it became popular in the cities in the second century CE. Most of Spain's present languages and religion, and the basis of its laws, originate from this period.
　　
　　The first Germanic tribes to invade Hispania arrived in the 5th century, as the Roman Empire decayed. The Visigoths, Suebi, Vandals and Alans arrived in Spain by crossing the Pyrenees mountain range. The Romanized Visigoths entered Hispania in 415. After the conversion of their monarchy to Roman Catholicism, the Visigothic Kingdom eventually encompassed a great part of the Iberian Peninsula after conquering the disordered Suebic territories in the northwest and Byzantine territories in the southeast.
　　
　　Muslim Iberia
　　
　　In the 8th century, nearly all of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered (711-718) by mainly Berber Muslims (see Moors) from North Africa. These conquests were part of the expansion of the Umayyad Islamic Empire. Only a number of areas in the mountains to the north of the Iberian Peninsula managed to cling to their independence, occupying the areas roughly corresponding to modern Asturias, Navarre and Aragon.
　　
　　Interior of the Mezquita in Córdoba, a Muslim mosque until the Reconquest, after which it became a Christian cathedral.Under Islam, Christians and Jews were recognised as "peoples of the book", and were free to practice their religion, but faced a number of mandatory discriminations and penalties as dhimmis. Conversion to Islam proceeded at a steadily increasing pace. Following the mass conversions in the 10th and 11th centuries it is believed that Muslims came to outnumber Christians in the remaining Muslim controlled areas.
　　
　　The Muslim community in the Iberian peninsula was itself diverse and beset by social tensions. The Berber people of North Africa, who had provided the bulk of the invading armies, clashed with the Arab leadership from the Middle East. Over time, large Moorish populations became established, especially in the Guadalquivir River valley, the coastal plain of Valencia, and (towards the end of this period) in the mountainous region of Granada.
　　
　　Córdoba, the capital of the caliphate, was the largest, richest and most sophisticated city of medieval western Europe. Mediterranean trade and cultural exchange flourished. Muslims imported a rich intellectual tradition from the Middle East and North Africa. Muslim and Jewish scholars played a great part in reviving and expanding classical Greek learning in Western Europe. The Romanized cultures of the Iberian peninsula interacted with Muslim and Jewish cultures in complex ways, thus giving the region a distinctive culture. Outside the cities, where the vast majority lived, the land ownership system from Roman times remained largely intact as Muslim leaders rarely dispossessed landowners, and the introduction of new crops and techniques led to a remarkable expansion of agriculture.
　　
　　However, by the 11th century, Muslim holdings had fractured into rival Taifa kingdoms, allowing the small Christian states the opportunity to greatly enlarge their territories and consolidate their positions. The arrival of the North African Muslim ruling sects of the Almoravids and the Almohads restored unity upon Muslim holdings, with a stricter, less tolerant application of Islam, but ultimately, after some successes in invading the north, proved unable to resist the increasing military strength of the Christian states.
　　
　　
　　Fall of Muslim rule and unification
　　
　　Equal partners: King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile, the Catholic Monarchs.The term Reconquista ("Reconquest") is used to describe the centuries-long period of expansion of Spain's Christian kingdoms; the Reconquista is viewed as beginning after the battle of Covadonga in 722. The Christian army victory over the Muslim forces lead to the creation of the Christian Kingdom of Asturias. Muslim armies had also moved north of the Pyrenees, but they were defeated at the Battle of Poitiers in France. Subsequently, they retreated to more secure positions south of the Pyrenees with a frontier marked by the Ebro and Duero rivers in Spain. As early as 739 Muslim forces were driven from Galicia, which was to host one of medieval Europe's holiest sites, Santiago de Compostela. A little later Frankish forces established Christian counties south of the Pyrenees; these areas were to grow into kingdoms, in the north-east and the western part of the Pyrenees. These territories included Navarre, Aragon and Catalonia.
　　
　　The breakup of Al-Andalus into the competing Taifa kingdoms helped the expanding Christian kingdoms. The capture of the central city of Toledo in 1085 largely completed the reconquest of the northern half of Spain. After a Muslim resurgence in the 12th century, the great Moorish strongholds in the south fell to Christian Spain in the 13th century—Córdoba in 1236 and Seville in 1248—leaving only the Muslim enclave of Granada as a tributary state in the south. Marinid invasions from north Africa in the 13th and 14th centuries failed to re-establish Muslim rule. Also in the 13th century, the kingdom of Aragon, still ruled by the Catalan count of Barcelona, expanded its reach across the Mediterranean to Sicily. Around this time the universities of Palencia (1212/1263) and Salamanca (1218/1254) were established; among the earliest in Europe. The Black Death of 1348 and 1349 devastated Spain.
　　
　　In 1469, the crowns of the Christian kingdoms of Castile and Aragon were united (even though both kingdoms kept a high degree of political and economical independence) by the marriage of Isabella and Ferdinand. In 1478 began the final stage of the conquest of Canary Islands and in 1492, these united kingdoms captured Granada, ending the last remnant of a 781-year presence of Islamic rule in the Iberian Peninsula. The year 1492 also marked the arrival in the New World of Christopher Columbus, during a voyage funded by Isabella. That same year, Spain's Jews were ordered to convert into the Catholicism or face expulsion from Spanish territories during the Spanish Inquisition.
　　
　　As Renaissance New Monarchs, Isabella and Ferdinand centralized royal power at the expense of local nobility, and the word España - whose root is the ancient name "Hispania" - began to be used to designate the whole of the two kingdoms. With their wide-ranging political, legal, religious and military reforms, Spain emerged as the first world power.
　　
　　Imperial Spain
　　
　　The unification of the kingdoms of Aragon, Castile, León, and Navarre laid the basis for modern Spain and the Spanish Empire. Spain became Europe's leading power throughout the 16th century and most of the 17th century, a position reinforced by trade and wealth from colonial possessions. Spain reached its apogee during the reigns of the first two Spanish Habsburgs, Charles I (1516–1556) and Philip II (1556–1598). Included in this period are the Italian Wars, the Dutch revolt, clashes with the Ottomans, the Anglo-Spanish war and war with France.
　　
　　The galleon became synonymous with the riches of the Spanish Empire.The Spanish Empire expanded to include most part of South and Central America, Mexico, southern and western portions of today's United States, the Philippines, Guam and the Mariana Islands in Eastern Asia, the Iberian peninsula (including the Portuguese Empire (from 1580), southern Italy, Sicily, cities in Northern Africa, as well as parts of modern Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. It was the first empire about which it was said that the sun did not set. This was an age of discovery, with daring explorations by sea and by land, the opening up of new trade routes across oceans, conquests and the beginnings of European colonialism. Along with the arrival of precious metals, spices, luxuries, and new agricultural plants, Spanish explorers and others brought back knowledge, playing a leading part in transforming the European understanding of the world.
　　
　　Of note was the cultural efflorescence now known as the Spanish Golden Age and the intellectual movement known as the School of Salamanca.
　　
　　In the 16th and 17th centuries, Spain was confronted by unrelenting challenges from all sides. Barbary pirates under the aegis of the rapidly growing Ottoman empire, disrupted life in many coastal areas through their slave raids and renewed the threat of an Islamic invasion. This at a time when Spain was often at war with France in Italy and elsewhere. Later the Protestant Reformation schism from the Catholic Church dragged the kingdom ever more deeply into the mire of religiously charged wars. The result was a country forced into ever expanding military efforts across Europe and in the Mediterranean.
　　
　　By the middle decades of a war and plague ridden 17th century Europe, the effects of the strain began to show. The Spanish Habsburgs had enmeshed the country in the continent wide religious-political conflicts. These conflicts drained it of resources and undermined the European economy generally. Spain managed to hold on to most of the scattered Habsburg empire, and help the imperial forces of the Holy Roman Empire reverse a large part of the advances made by Protestant forces, but it was finally forced to recognise the independence of Portugal - with its empire - and the Netherlands, and eventually began to surrender territories to France after the immensely destructive, Europe-wide Thirty Years War.
　　
　　During the latter half of the 17th century, Spain went into a gradual decline, however it maintained and enlarged its vast overseas empire, which remained intact until the 19th century.
　　
　　The decline culminated in a controversy over succession to the throne which consumed the first years of the 18th century. The War of Spanish Succession (1701–1714), a wide ranging international conflict combined with a civil war, cost Spain its European possessions and its position as one of the leading powers on the Continent.
　　
　　During this war, a new dynasty—the French Bourbons—was installed. Long united only by the Crown, a true Spanish state was established when the first Bourbon king Philip V of Spain united Castile and Aragon into a single state, abolishing many of the regional privileges (fueros).
　　
　　The 18th century saw a gradual recovery and an increase in prosperity through much of the empire. The new Bourbon monarchy drew on the French system of modernising the administration and the economy. Enlightenment ideas began to gain ground among some of the kingdom's elite and monarchy. Towards the end of the century trade finally began growing strongly. Military assistance for the rebellious British colonies in the American War of Independence improved Spain's international standing.
　　
　　Napoleonic rule and its consequences
　　
　　"The Second of May, 1808: The Charge of the Mamelukes", by Francisco Goya, 1814.In 1793, Spain went to war against the new French Republic, which had overthrown and executed its Bourbon king, Louis XVI. The war polarised the country in an apparent reaction against the gallicised elites. Defeated in the field, Spain made peace with France in 1795 and effectively became a client state of that country; the following year, it declared war against Britain and Portugal. A disastrous economic situation, along with other factors, led to the abdication of the Spanish king in favour of Napoleon's brother, Joseph Bonaparte.
　　
　　This new foreign monarch was regarded with scorn. On May 2, 1808, the people of Madrid began a nationalist uprising against the French army, marking the beginning of what is known to the Spanish as the War of Independence, and to the English as the Peninsular War. Napoleon was forced to intervene personally, defeating several badly-coordinated Spanish armies and forcing a British Army to retreat to Corunna. However, further military action by Spanish guerrillas and Wellington's Anglo-Portuguese army, combined with Napoleon's disastrous invasion of Russia, led to the ousting of the French from Spain in 1814, and the return of King Ferdinand VII.
　　
　　The French invasion proved disastrous for Spain's economy, and left a deeply divided country that was prone to political instability for more than a century. The power struggles of the early 19th century led to the loss of all of Spain's colonies in Latin America, with the exception of Cuba and Puerto Rico.
　　
　　Spanish-American War
　　
　　Amid the instability and economic crisis that afflicted Spain in the 19th century there arose nationalist movements in the Philippines and Cuba. Wars of independence ensued in those colonies and eventually the United States became involved. Despite the commitment and ability shown by some military units, they were so mismanaged by the highest levels of command that the Spanish-American war of 1898 was soon over. "El Desastre" (The Disaster), as the war became known in Spain, helped give impetus to the Generation of 98 who were already conducting much critical analysis concerning the country. It also weakened the stability that had been established during Alfonso XII's reign.
　　
　　20th century
　　The 20th century brought little peace; Spain played a minor part in the scramble for Africa, with the colonisation of Western Sahara, Spanish Morocco and Equatorial Guinea. The heavy losses suffered during the Rif war in Morocco helped to undermine the monarchy. A period of authoritarian rule under General Miguel Primo de Rivera (1923-1931) ended with the establishment of the Second Spanish Republic. The Republic offered political autonomy to the Basque Country, Catalonia and Galicia and gave voting rights to women.
　　
　　"Guernica" by Pablo Picasso, 1937.The bitterly fought Spanish Civil War (1936-39) ensued. Three years later the Nationalist forces, led by General Francisco Franco, emerged victorious with the support of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. The Republican side was supported by the Soviet Union and Mexico, but it was not supported by the Western powers due to the British-led policy of Non-Intervention. The Spanish Civil War has been called the first battle of the Second World War; under Franco, Spain was neutral in the Second World War though sympathetic to the Axis.
　　
　　The only legal party under Franco's regime was the Falange española tradicionalista y de las JONS, formed in 1937; the party emphasised anti-Communism, Catholicism and nationalism. Nonetheless, since Franco's anti-democratic ideology was opposed to the idea of political parties, the new party was renamed officially a National Movement (Movimiento Nacional) in 1949.
　　
　　After World War II, Spain was politically and economically isolated, and was kept out of the United Nations until 1955, when due to the Cold War it became strategically important for the U.S. to foment a military presence on the Iberian peninsula, next to the Mediterranean Sea and the Strait of Gibraltar, in order to protect southern Europe. In the 1960s, Spain registered an unprecedented economic growth in what was called the Spanish miracle, which rapidly resumed the long interrupted transition towards a modern industrial economy with a thriving tourism sector and a high degree of human development.
　　
　　Upon the death of General Franco in November 1975, Prince Juan Carlos assumed the position of king and head of state. With the approval of the new Spanish Constitution of 1978 and the arrival of democracy, the State devolved autonomy to the regions and created an internal organization based on autonomous communities. In the Basque Country, moderate Basque nationalism coexisted with a radical nationalism supportive of the terrorist group ETA.
　　
　　On February 23, 1981, rebel elements among the security forces seized the Cortes and tried to impose a military-backed government. However, the great majority of the military forces remained loyal to King Juan Carlos, who used his personal authority and addressed the usurpers via national TV as commander in chief to put down the bloodless coup attempt.
　　
　　In 1982, the Spanish Socialist Workers Party (PSOE) came to power, which represented the return to power of a leftist party after 43 years. In 1986, Spain joined the European Community (which was to become the European Union). The PSOE was replaced in government by the Partido Popular (PP) after the latter won the 1996 General Elections; at that point the PSOE had served almost 14 consecutive years in office.
　　
　　The Government of Spain has been involved in a long-running campaign against the terrorist organization ETA ("Basque Homeland and Freedom"), founded in 1959 in opposition to Franco and dedicated to promoting Basque independence through violent means. They consider themselves a guerrilla organization while they are listed as a terrorist organization by both the European Union and the United States on their respective watchlists. The current nationalist-led Basque Autonomous government does not endorse ETA's nationalist violence, which has caused over 800 deaths in the past 40 years.
　　
　　21st century
　　On January 1, 2002, Spain terminated its historic peseta currency and replaced it with the euro, which has become its national currency shared with 15 other countries from the Eurozone. This culminated the first phase of a period of economic growth, which has kept the Spanish economy growing well over the EU average, but concerns are growing that the extraordinary property boom and high foreign trade deficits of recent years may bring this to an end.
　　
　　On March 11, 2004, a series of bombs exploded in commuter trains in Madrid, Spain. The bombings were claimed by al Qaeda, whereas after a five months trial in 2007 it was concluded that the bombings were perpetrated by a local Islamist militant group inspired by al-Qaeda, but without direct links to that organisation. The bombings killed 191 people and wounded more than 1800, and it has been claimed that the intention of the perpetrators was to influence the outcome of the Spanish general election, held three days later on March 14. Although initial suspicions of responsibility for the bombings focused on the Basque group ETA, evidence soon emerged indicating possible Islamist involvement. Because of the proximity of the election, the issue of responsibility quickly became a source of political controversy, with the main competing parties PP and PSOE crossing accusations over the handling of the aftermath. A couple of days later, at the March 14 elections, PSOE, led by José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, obtained a relative majority, enough to form the new cabinet with Rodríguez Zapatero as the new Presidente del Gobierno or prime minister of Spain, thus succeeding the former PP administration.
　　
　　Politics
　　
　　Spanish Government
　　
　　Spain is a constitutional monarchy, with a hereditary monarch and a bicameral parliament, the Cortes Generales. The executive branch consists of a Council of Ministers presided over by the President of Government (comparable to a prime minister), proposed by the monarch and elected by the National Assembly following legislative elections.
　　
　　The legislative branch is made up of the Congress of Deputies (Congreso de los Diputados) with 350 members, elected by popular vote on block lists by proportional representation to serve four-year terms, and a Senate (Senado) with 259 seats of which 208 are directly elected by popular vote and the other 51 appointed by the regional legislatures to also serve four-year terms.
　　
　　Chief of State
　　King Juan Carlos I, since November 22, 1975
　　Head of Government
　　President of the Government: José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, elected 14 March 2004.
　　First Vice President and Minister of Presidency: María Teresa Fernández de la Vega.
　　Second Vice President and Minister of Economy and Finance: Pedro Solbes.
　　Cabinet
　　Council of Ministers (Spanish Consejo de Ministros) designated by the president.
　　
　　José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, Prime Minister of Spain.The Spanish nation is organizationally composed in the form of called Estado de las Autonomías ("State of Autonomies"); it is one of the most decentralized countries in Europe, along with Switzerland, Germany and Belgium; for example, all Autonomous Communities have their own elected parliaments, governments, public administrations, budgets, and resources; therefore, health and education systems among others are managed regionally, besides, the Basque Country and Navarre also manage their own public finances based on foral provisions. In Catalonia and the Basque Country, a full fledged autonomous police corps replaces some of the State police functions (see Mossos d'Esquadra and Ertzaintza).
　　
　　See also: List of Spanish monarchs and Monarchs of Spain family tree
　　
　　Spanish Constitution
　　
　　The Spanish Constitution of 1978 is the culmination of the Spanish transition to democracy.
　　
　　The constitutional history of Spain dates back to the constitution of 1812. After the death of Francisco Franco in 1975, a general election in 1977 convened the Constituent Cortes (the Spanish Parliament, in its capacity as a constitutional assembly) for the purpose of drafting and approving the constitution of 1978.
　　
　　As a result, Spain is now composed of 17 autonomous communities and two autonomous cities with varying degrees of autonomy thanks to its Constitution, which nevertheless explicitly states the indivisible unity of the Spanish nation as well as that Spain has today no official religion but all are free to practice and believe as they wish.
　　
　　Foreign relations of Spain
　　
　　After the return of democracy following the death of Franco in 1975, Spain's foreign policy priorities were to break out of the diplomatic isolation of the Franco years and expand diplomatic relations, enter the European Community, and define security relations with the West.
　　
　　As a member of NATO since 1982, Spain has established itself as a major participant in multilateral international security activities. Spain's EU membership represents an important part of its foreign policy. Even on many international issues beyond western Europe, Spain prefers to coordinate its efforts with its EU partners through the European political cooperation mechanisms.
　　
　　With the normalization of diplomatic relations with North Korea in 2001, Spain completed the process of universalizing its diplomatic relations.
　　
　　Spain has maintained its special identification with Latin America. Its policy emphasizes the concept of an Iberoamerican community, essentially the renewal of the historically liberal concept of hispanoamericanismo (or hispanism as it is often referred to in English), which has sought to link the Iberian peninsula with Latin America through language, commerce, history and culture. Spain has been an effective example of transition from dictatorship to democracy, as shown in the many trips that Spain's King and Prime Ministers have made to the region.
　　
　　Territorial disputes
　　
　　Territory claimed by Spain
　　There is a territorial dispute with the United Kingdom over Gibraltar, a 6 square km Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom in the southernmost part of the Iberian Peninsula which was conquered by Britain from Spain in 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession, along with the Spanish island of Minorca (which had also been invaded but was reconquered in 1782 and finally ceded back to Spain in 1802 by the Treaty of Amiens).
　　
　　The legal situation was regularized in 1713 by the Treaty of Utrecht, in which Spain ceded the territory in perpetuity to the British Crown.
　　
　　Spain has called for the return of Gibraltar. The overwhelming majority of Gibraltarians strongly oppose this, along with any proposal of shared sovereignty. UN resolutions call on the United Kingdom and Spain, both EU members, to reach an agreement over the status of Gibraltar.
　　
　　Spanish territories claimed by other countries
　　Morocco claims the Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla and some isles plazas de soberanía off the northern coast of Africa. Portugal does not recognise Spain's sovereignty over the territory of Olivenza / Olivença.
　　
　　Administrative divisions
　　
　　GaliciaNavarreMadridLa RiojaAragonCataloniaValenciaCastilla
　　La ManchaExtremaduraPortugalCastilla
　　y LeónAsturiasCantabriaBasque CountryMurciaAndalusiaCeutaMelillaFranceBalearic
　　IslandsCanary
　　IslandsMediterranean SeaBay of BiscayAtlantic
　　OceanAndorraAtlantic
　　Ocean
　　
　　Spain is politically organized into 17 Autonomous Communities (comunidades autónomas) and 2 autonomous cities (ciudades autónomas) - Ceuta and Melilla.
　　
　　Administratively Spain also comprises fifty provinces. Seven autonomous communities are composed of only one province: Asturias, Balearic Islands, Cantabria, La Rioja, Madrid, Murcia, and Navarre.
　　
　　Historically, some provinces are also divided into comarcas (roughly equivalent to a US "county" or an English district). The lowest administrative division of Spain is the municipality (municipio).
　　
　　See also: Comarcas of Spain and List of municipalities of Spain
　　
　　Geography
　　
　　At 194,884 mi² (504,782 km²), Spain is the world's 51st-largest country. It is some 47,000 km² smaller than France and 81,000 km² larger than the U.S. state of California.
　　
　　On the west, Spain borders Portugal, on the south, it borders Gibraltar (a British overseas territory) and Morocco, through its cities in North Africa (Ceuta and Melilla). On the northeast, along the Pyrenees mountain range, it borders France and the tiny principality of Andorra. Spain also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean and a number of uninhabited islands on the Mediterranean side of the strait of Gibraltar, known as Plazas de soberanía, such as the Chafarine islands, the isle of Alborán, the "rocks" (peñones) of Vélez and Alhucemas, and the tiny Isla Perejil. Along the Pyrenees in Catalonia, a small exclave town called Llívia is surrounded by France.
　　
　　Mainland Spain is dominated by high plateaus and mountain ranges, such as the Sierra Nevada. Running from these heights are several major rivers such as the Tagus, the Ebro, the Duero, the Guadiana and the Guadalquivir. Alluvial plains are found along the coast, the largest of which is that of the Guadalquivir in Andalusia.
　　
　　Climate
　　
　　Spanish climatic areasDue to Spain's geographical situation and orographic conditions, the climate is extremely diverse; it can be roughly divided into three areas:
　　
　　A Continental Mediterranean climate in the inland areas of the Peninsula (largest city, Madrid).
　　A Mediterranean climate region extends from the Andalusian plain along the southern and eastern coasts up to the Pyrenees, on the seaward side of the mountain ranges that run near the coast (largest city, Barcelona).
　　An Oceanic climate in Galicia and the coastal strip near the Bay of Biscay (largest city, Bilbao). This area is often called Green Spain.
　　
　　Military of Spain
　　
　　The armed forces of Spain are known as the Spanish Armed Forces (Spanish: Fuerzas Armadas Españolas). Their Commander-in-Chief is the King of Spain, Juan Carlos I.
　　
　　The Spanish Armed Forces are divided into four branches:
　　
　　Army (Ejército de Tierra)
　　Navy (Armada)
　　Air Force (Ejército del Aire)
　　Guardia Civil (Military police) which serves for the most part as a rural and general purpose police force.
　　
　　Economy
　　
　　According to the World Bank, Spain's economy is the eighth largest worldwide and the fifth largest in Europe. As of 2007, absolute GDP was valued at $1.362 trillion according to the CIA Factbook, (see List of countries by GDP (nominal)). The per capita PPP is estimated at $33,700 (2007), ahead of G7 countries like Italy and placing Spain at a similar per capita basis as France or Japan (both with an 2007 estimated at $33,800). The Spanish economy grew 3.8% in 2007 outpacing all G7 members and all the big EU economies for the 3rd consecutive year.
　　
　　The centre-right government of former prime minister José María Aznar worked successfully to gain admission to the group of countries launching the euro in 1999. Unemployment stood at 7.6% in October 2006, a rate that compares favorably to many other European countries, and which is a marked improvement over rates that exceeded 20% in the early 1990s. Perennial weak points of Spain's economy include high inflation, a large underground economy, and an education system which OECD reports place among the poorest for developed countries, together with the United States and UK. Nevertheless, it is expected that the Spanish economy will continue growing above the EU average based on the strengthening of industry, the growth of the global economy and increasing trade with Latin America and Asia.
　　
　　The Spanish economy is credited for having avoided the virtual zero growth rate of some of its largest partners in the EU. In fact, the country's economy has created more than half of all the new jobs in the European Union over the five years ending 2005. The Spanish economy has thus been regarded lately as one of the most dynamic within the EU, attracting significant amounts of foreign investment. During the last four decades the Spanish tourism industry has grown to become the second biggest in the world, worth approximately 40 billion Euros (approx. 5% of GDP) in 2006 More recently, the Spanish economy has benefited greatly from the global real estate boom, with construction representing 16% of GDP and 12% of employment. According to calculations by the German newspaper Die Welt, Spain is on pace to overtake countries like Germany in per capita income by 2011. However, the downside of the real estate boom has been a corresponding rise in the levels of personal debt; as prospective homeowners struggle to meet asking prices, the average level of household debt has tripled in less than a decade. Among lower income groups, the median ratio of indebtedness to income was 125% in 2005.
　　
　　Demographics
　　
　　Geographical distribution of the Spanish population in 2007.In 2007 Spain officially reached 45.2 million people registered at the Padrón municipal, an official record analogous to the British Register office. Spain's population density, at 89.6/km² (231/sq. mile), is lower than that of most Western European countries and its distribution along the country is very unequal. With the exception of the region surrounding the capital, Madrid, the most populated areas lie around the coast.
　　
　　The population of Spain doubled during the twentieth century, due to the spectacular demographic boom by the 1960s and early 1970s. The pattern of growth was extremely uneven due to large-scale internal migration from the rural interior to the industrial cities during the 60s and 70s. No fewer than eleven of Spain's fifty provinces saw an absolute decline in population over the century. Then, after the birth rate plunged in the 80s and Spain's population became stalled, a new population increase started based initially in the return of many Spanish who emigrated to other European countries during the 70s and, more recently, it has been boosted by the large figures of foreign immigrants, mostly from Latin America (38.75%), Eastern Europe (16.33%), North Africa (14.99%) and Sub-Saharan Africa (4.08%). In 2005, Spain instituted a 3-month amnesty program through which certain hitherto undocumented aliens were granted legal residency. Also some important pockets of population coming from other countries in the European Union are found (20.77% of the foreign residents), specially along the Mediterranean costas and Balearic islands, where many choose to live their retirement or even telework. These are mostly English, French, German, and Dutch from fellow EU countries and, from outside the EU, Norwegian.
　　
　　Immigration in Spain
　　
　　According to the Spanish government there were 4.5 million foreign residents in Spain in 2007; independent estimates put the figure at 4.8 million people, or 11% of the total population (Red Cross, World Disasters Report 2006). According to residence permit data for 2005, about 500,000 were Moroccan, another 500,000 were Ecuadorian, more than 200,000 were Romanian, and 260,000 were Colombian. Other important foreign communities are British (8.09%), French (8.03%), Argentine (6.10%), German (5.58%) and Bolivian (2.63%). In 2005, a regularisation programme increased the legal immigrant population by 700,000 people. Since 2000, Spain has experienced high population growth as a result of immigration flows, despite a birth rate that is only half the replacement level. This sudden and ongoing inflow of immigrants, particularly those arriving clandestinely by sea, has caused noticeable social tension.
　　
　　Based on 2004 figures, within the EU Spain has the second highest immigration rate in percentage terms (after Cyprus), but by a great margin the highest in actual numbers of immigrants.
　　
　　There are a number of reasons to explain the high level of immigration, including Spain's cultural ties with Latin America, its geographical position, the porosity of its borders, the large size of its underground economy and the strength of the agricultural and construction sectors which demand more low cost labour than can be offered by the national workforce. Another statistically significant factor is the large number of residents of the EU origin typically retiring to Spain's Mediterranean coast. In fact, Spain has been Europe's largest absorber of migrants for the past six years, with its immigrant population increasing fourfold as 2.8 million people have arrived. According to the Financial Times, Spain is the most favoured destination for West Europeans considering a move from their own country and seeking jobs elsewhere in the EU. (see Immigration to Spain).
　　
　　Minority groups
　　Spain has a number of descendants of populations from former colonies (especially Equatorial Guinea) and immigrants from several Sub-Saharan and Caribbean countries have been recently settling in Spain. There are also sizeable numbers of Asian immigrants, most of whom are of Chinese, Filipino, Middle Eastern, Pakistani and Indian origins; the population of Spaniards of Latin American descent is sizeable as well and a fast growing segment. Other growing groups are Britons (761,000 in 2006), Germans and other immigrants from western and Eastern Europe.
　　
　　Jewish emigration to Spain is primarily the result of three events: after the 19th century, some Jews established themselves in Spain as a result of migration from what was formerly Spanish Morocco, the flight of Jews escaping from Nazi repression, and immigration from Argentina. Spanish law allows Sephardi Jews to claim Spanish citizenship.
　　
　　The arrival of the Gitanos (Gypsies), a Roma people group, began in the 16th century.
　　
　　Most populous urban regions
　　Madrid 5,943,041
　　Barcelona 5,327,872
　　Valencia 1,623,724
　　Seville 1,317,098
　　Málaga 1,074,074
　　Bilbao 946,829
　　
　　Identities
　　
　　Peoples
　　
　　The Spanish Constitution of 1978, in its second article, recognises historic entities ("nationalities", a carefully chosen word in order to avoid the more politically charged "nations") and regions, within the context of the Spanish nation. For some people, Spain's identity consists more of an overlap of different regional identities than of a sole Spanish identity. Indeed, some of the regional identities may even conflict with the Spanish one. Distinct ethnic groups within Spain include the Basques, Catalans, and Galicians.
　　
　　It is this last feature of "shared identity" between the more local level or Autonomous Community and the Spanish level which makes the identity question in Spain complex and far from univocal.
　　
　　Languages
　　
　　The languages of Spain (simplified) Spanish (74%), official, spoken in all the territory
　　
　　 Catalan (17%), co-official, except in La Franja and Carxe
　　
　　 Basque (2%), co-official, in Basque Country and Navarre
　　
　　 Galician (7%), co-official, except in Asturias and Castile and Leon Asturian, unofficial, but adopted as co-official in some municipalities of Asturias
　　
　　 Extremaduran, unofficial
　　
　　 Aragonese, unofficial
　　
　　 Aranese, co-official (dialect of Occitan)
　　.Spanish (español or castellano), also known as Castilian, is the only language with official status nationwide. Other languages have been declared co-official, along with Spanish, in (some of) their constituent communities where they are spoken:
　　
　　Aranese (aranés) (a variant of Occitan), in Catalonia;
　　Basque (euskera) in the Basque Country and Navarre;
　　Catalan (català) in Catalonia, the Balearic Islands and in the Valencian Community, known in the latter officially as Valencian;
　　Galician (galego) in Galicia.
　　
　　Spain's legacy: a map of the Hispanophone world.There are also some other surviving Romance minority languages such as Astur-Leonese (which includes Asturian, Leonese, Extremaduran and Cantabrian) and Aragonese. Asturian (asturianu) is "protected" in Asturias and Aragonese is vaguely recognized in Aragon. But unlike Aranese, Basque, Catalan/Valencian and Galician, they do not have any official status. This might be due to their very small number of speakers, a less significant written tradition (in comparison to Catalan or Galician) and lower self-awareness of their speakers which traditionally meant lack of strong popular demand for their recognition in the regions in which they are spoken. In the North African Spanish city of Melilla, Tarifit is spoken by an important part of the population.
　　
　　In the tourist areas of the Mediterranean coast and the islands, English and German are widely spoken by tourists, foreign residents, and tourism workers.
　　
　　Religion
　　
　　Spain religiosity
　　religion percent
　　Christianity 76%
　　Irreligion / others 19%
　　Islam 2.3%
　　Judaism 0.1%
　　Others 1.7%
　　
　　Although Chapter 2 of the Constitution states that no religion shall have a state character, Roman Catholicism is the main religion in the country. About 76% of Spaniards identify themselves as Catholics, about 2% identify with another religious faith, and about 19% identify themselves as non-religious. A study conducted in October 2006 by the Spanish Centre of Sociological Investigations shows that of the 76% of Spaniards who identify themselves as Catholics or with another religious faith, 54% hardly ever or never go to church, 15% go to church a few times per year, 10% a few times per month and 19% attend church every Sunday or multiple times per week. About 22% of the entire Spanish population attends religious services at least once per month.
　　
　　A view of the Barcelona Cathedral.Evidence of the secular nature of contemporary Spain can be seen in the widespread support for the legalisation of same-sex marriage in Spain — over 66% of Spaniards support gay marriage according to a 2004 study by the Centre of Sociological Investigations. Indeed, in June 2005 a bill was passed by 187 votes to 147 to allow gay marriage, making Spain the third country in the European Union to allow same-sex couples to marry after Belgium and the Netherlands.
　　
　　Protestant denominations are also present, all of them with less than 50,000 members. Evangelism has been better received among Gypsies than among the general population; pastors have integrated flamenco music in their liturgy. Taken together, all self-described "Evangelicals" slightly surpass Jehovah's Witnesses (105,000) in number. While not Protestants, about 35,000 residents of Spain are members of the The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons).
　　
　　The recent waves of immigration have led to an increasing number of Muslims, who have about 1 million members. Muslims had not lived in Spain for centuries; however, colonial expansion in Northern and Western Africa gave some number of residents in the Spanish Morocco and the Western Sahara full citizenship. Presently, Islam is the second largest religion in Spain, accounting for approximately 2.5% of the total population.
　　
　　Along with these waves of immigration, a significant number of Latin American people, who tend to be strong Catholic practitioners, have helped the Catholic Church to recover.
　　
　　Judaism was practically non-existent until the 19th century, when Jews were again permitted to enter the country. Currently there are around 62,000 Jews in Spain, most arrivals in the past century and some descendants of Spanish Jews and accounting for less than 1% of the total number of inhabitants. Spain is believed to have been about 8% Jewish on the eve of the Spanish Inquisition.
　　
　　Further information: History of the Jews in Spain
　　
　　Culture
　　
　　Spain is known for its culturally diverse heritage, having been influenced by many nations and peoples throughout its history. Spanish culture has its origins in the Iberian, Celtiberian, Latin, Visigothic, Roman Catholic, and Islamic cultures. The definition of a national Spanish culture has been characterized by tension between the centralized state (dominated in recent centuries by Castile) and numerous regions and minority peoples. In addition, the history of the nation and its Mediterranean and Atlantic environment have played strong roles in shaping its culture.
　　
　　After Italy, Spain is the country with the second highest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the world, with a total of 40.
　　
　　Education in Spain
　　
　　State Education in Spain is free and compulsory from the age of 6 to 16. The current education system is called LOGSE (Ley de Ordenación General del Sistema Educativo).
　　
　　Spanish Academy
　　
　　The Real Academia Española (Spanish for "Royal Spanish Academy"; RAE) is the institution responsible for regulating the Spanish language. It is based in Madrid, but is affiliated with national language academies in 21 Spanish-speaking nations through the Association of Spanish Language Academies. Its emblem is a fiery crucible, and its motto is Limpia, fija y da esplendor ("It cleans, sets, and gives splendor").
　　
　　Spanish art
　　
　　Spanish art is an important and influential type of art in Europe. Spanish art is the name given to the artistic disciplines and works developed in Spain throughout time, and those by Spanish authors world-wide. Due to historical, geographical and generational diversity, Spanish art has known a great number of influences. The Moorish heritage in Spain, especially in Andalusia, is still evident today in cities like Córdoba, Seville, and Granada. European influences include Italy, Germany and France, especially during the Baroque and Neoclassical periods.
　　
　　Spanish literature
　　
　　The Cantar de Mio Cid is the oldest preserved Spanish literature known as "cantar de gesta".Spanish literature is the name given to the literary works written in Spain throughout time, and those by Spanish authors world-wide. Due to historic, geographic and generational diversity, Spanish literature has known a great number of influences and it is very diverse. Some major movements can be identified within it.
　　
　　
　　Spanish architecture
　　
　　A view of the Baroque architecture of the Royal Palace of Madrid.Spanish architecture refers to architecture carried out during any era in what is now modern-day Spain, and by Spanish architects worldwide. The term includes buildings within the current geographical limits of Spain before this name was given to those territories (whether they were called Hispania, Al-Andalus, or were formed of several Christian kingdoms). Due to its historical and geographical diversity, Spanish architecture has drawn from a host of influences.
　　
　　For example, Córdoba was established as the cultural Capital of its time under the Umayyad dynasty. Simultaneously, the Christian kingdoms gradually emerged and developed their own styles, at first mostly isolated from European architectural influences, and later integrated into Romanesque and Gothic streams, they reached an extraordinary peak with numerous samples along the whole territory. The Mudéjar style, from the 12th to 17th centuries, was characterised by the blending of cultural European and Arabic influences.
　　
　　The arrival of Modernism in the academic arena produced figures such as Gaudí and much of the architecture of the twentieth century. The International style was led by groups like GATEPAC. Spain is currently experiencing a revolution in contemporary architecture and Spanish architects like Rafael Moneo, Santiago Calatrava, Ricardo Bofill as well as many others have gained worldwide renown.
　　
　　Music of Spain
　　
　　Spanish music is often considered abroad to be synonymous with flamenco, an Andalusian musical genre, which, contrary to popular belief, is not widespread outside that region. Various regional styles of folk music abound in Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia, Castile, the Basque Country, Galicia and Asturias. Pop, rock, hip hop and heavy metal are also popular.
　　
　　Cinema of Spain
　　
　　In recent years, Spanish cinema has achieved high marks of recognition as a result of its creative and technical excellence. In the long history of Spanish cinema, the great filmmaker Luis Buñuel was the first to achieve universal recognition, followed by Pedro Almodóvar in the 1980s. Spanish cinema has also seen international success over the years with films by directors like Segundo de Chomón, Florián Rey, Luis García Berlanga, Carlos Saura, Julio Medem and Alejandro Amenábar.
　　
　　A type of Spanish cuisine known as "Tapa de calamares".
　　Spanish cuisine
　　
　　Spanish cuisine consists of a great variety of dishes which stem from differences in geography, culture and climate. It is heavily influenced by seafood available from the waters that surround the country, and reflects the country's deep Mediterranean roots. Spain's extensive history with many cultural influences has led to a unique cuisine.
　　
　　Sports in Spain
　　
　　Sport in Spain has been dominated by football since the early 20th century. Basketball, tennis, cycling, handball, motorcycling and, lately, Formula 1 are also important due to presence of Spanish champions in all these disciplines. Today, Spain is a major world sports power, especially since the 1992 Summer Olympics that were hosted in Barcelona and promoted a great variety of sports in the country. The tourism industry has led to an improvement in sports infrastructure, especially for water sports, golf and skiing.
　　
　　Public holidays in Spain
　　
　　Public holidays celebrated in Spain include a mix of religious (Roman Catholic), national and regional observances. Each municipality is allowed to declare a maximum of 14 public holidays per year; up to nine of these are chosen by the national government and at least two are chosen locally.
　　
　　International rankings
　　Reporters Without Borders world-wide press freedom index 2007: Rank 33 out of 169 countries.
　　The Economist Intelligence Units: Rank 10 out of 111 countries (ahead of countries like the United States of America, the United Kingdom, and France)
　　Nation Master's list by economic importance: Rank 9 of 25 countries, only surpassed by G-8 members.
　　Nation Master's list by technological achievement: Rank 18 of 68 countries.
　　Gallery of Images The Sagrada Família by night, Barcelona
　　Burgos Cathedral
　　 The Cathedral of Seville
　　 The Alhambra, Granada
　　 Roman Aqueduct of Segovia
　　
　　The Sanctuary of Santa María Magdalena in Novelda
　　 Monasterio de El Escorial
　　 Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao
　　 Antequera, in Málaga province
　　 The Maspalomas Dunes, Gran Canaria, Canary Islands
　　
　　Arán valley, Lleida
　　 The Pyrenees

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