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阅读布尔加科夫 Mikhail Bulgakov在小说之家的作品!!! |
米·布尔加科夫 - 个人资料
全名：米哈伊尔·阿法纳西耶维奇·布尔加科夫
出生： 1891年5月15日（儒略历5月3日）
去世：1940年3月10日
国籍：俄罗斯
职业：小说家、剧作家
米·布尔加科夫 - 个人简历
米哈伊尔·阿法纳西耶维奇·布尔加科夫出生于乌克兰基辅市的一个俄罗斯家庭。他是家中的长子，父亲是神学教授。
1913年，布尔加科夫和TatianaLappa结婚。第一次世界大战爆发后，他报名参加了红十字会。1916年，他从基辅大学医疗系毕业后，参加了白军。他还曾被短暂征入乌克兰民族军。1919年，他决定弃医从文，成为一个记者。他的兄弟们也都参加了白军，在内战结束后，除了米哈伊尔以外，都流落到巴黎。布尔加科夫从未被允许去西方探望他们。
1921年，布尔加科夫与第一个妻子离婚，与Lyubov'Belozerskaya结婚。在20年代早、中期，他发表了一系列作品，但从1927年开始，他被批评为作品严重反对苏维埃。到1929年，他的任何作品都无法通过审查。
1931年，布尔加科夫与ElenaShilovskaya结婚。Elena即是《大师与玛格丽特》中玛格丽特的原型，本姓Sergeevna，Shilovsky是她前夫的姓。她和前夫离婚后，第二天就和布尔加科夫结婚。在布尔加科夫生命的最后十年里，他继续写作《大师与玛格丽特》和其他戏剧、评论、小说、翻译，但无一得到发表。
布尔加科夫和苏维埃政权之间的关系一直很紧张。1930年，他给斯大林写了封信，请求说：如果苏联不能使用他的讽刺文学才能，请让他移民国外。斯大林本人给他回了电话，拒绝了他。但由于斯大林比较欣赏他的戏剧《图尔宾一家的日子》（根据《白军》改编），便给他在莫斯科一家小剧院找到了工作，后来又调到莫斯科艺术大剧院。然而他在剧院的工作并不成功。他还曾短暂地在Bolshoi歌剧院当词作者，但很快离开了。
1940年，布尔加科夫因家族遗传的肾病而去世。
米·布尔加科夫 - 写作生涯
1916年基辅大学医疗系毕业后被派往农村医院，后转至县城，在维亚济马市迎接了十月革命。
1918年回基辅开业行医，经历了多次政权更迭，后被邓尼金分子裹胁到北高加索。
米·布尔加科夫
1920年弃医从文，开始写作生涯。1921年辗转来到莫斯科。
1920年开始在《汽笛报》工作，发表一系列短篇、特写、小品文，揭露并讽刺不良社会现象，以幽默和辛辣的文风著称。1924～1928年期间发表中篇小说《不祥的鸡蛋》（1925）、《魔障》（1925），剧本《卓伊金的住宅》（1926）、《紫红色的岛屿》（1928）。
1925年发表长篇小说《白卫军》，描写1918年基辅的一部分反对布尔什维克的白卫军军官的思想行动。1926年小说改编为剧本《土尔宾一家的命运》，上演获得成功，但也引起争论。
1927年他的作品实际上已被禁止发表。
1930年，在斯大林的亲自干预下他被莫斯科艺术剧院录用为助理导演，业余坚持文学创作，并重新开始写他一生最重要的长篇小说《大师和玛格丽特》（1966）直到逝世。其他著作有剧本《莫里哀》（1936）、传记体小说《莫里哀》（1962）等。
米·布尔加科夫 - 早期作品
布尔加科夫从20年代早期开始写作。1924年他完成了《白军》（1966年出版），以编年史的形式讲述了一个白军军官的家庭，这个家庭的成员们都加入了白军，但他们最后不是死去，就是改变初衷。根据这部小说改编的话剧《图尔宾一家的日子》得到了斯大林的赞赏，称该剧“显示了布尔什维克无坚不摧的力量。”同期他还根据自己在1916年到1919年间当战地医生的经验，写了一个短篇小说集《一个年轻医生的笔记(Записки юного врача)》。
20年代中期，他开始喜欢赫伯特·乔治·威尔斯的作品，并写了一些带有科幻风格的小说。《坏蛋》讲一位佩西科夫教授，发现了一种红色射线，可以加快生物生长。当时，莫斯科正流行鸡瘟，鸡成批死去，苏联当局便在一家国营农场试用这种射线。但鸡蛋在运输过程中与佩西科夫教授的实验用蛋相混，结果运到农场的是鸵鸟蛋、蛇蛋和鳄鱼蛋，在射线照射后，孵出来一堆怪物，大闹莫斯科。为了平息事端，政府开动宣传机器，指责佩西科夫教授故意搞出来这些怪物。这篇小说使政府把布尔加科夫打入“反革命”的另册。
《狗心》讲述了一个医生把人的大脑细胞和主要器官移植到一条叫Sharik的狗身上。这条狗开始变得像人一样，会说话并具有人的特点，但性格却十分狂暴可恶。最后医生只好又给它动了一次手术，使它变回成狗。这篇小说被认为是对苏联的讽刺。1973年，William Bergsma把它改编成一个喜剧“Sharik同志谋杀案”，并在1988年被拍成电影。
其他作品还有1926年的《卓伊金的住宅》（剧本）和1928年的《紫红色的岛屿》。
米·布尔加科夫 - 代表作品
《大师与玛格丽特（МастериМаргарита）》是二十世纪最好的俄语小说，而且是魔幻现实主义的开山之作。布尔加科夫从1928年开始写这部小说，但在1930年三月，当他得知自己的作品Кабаласвятош被禁时，将《大师与玛格丽特》的手稿销毁（据布尔加科夫本人回忆，是在火炉中烧毁）。1931年，他又重新开始写《大师与玛格丽
《大师与玛格丽特》
特》，至1936年基本写完。三稿完成于1937年。在他的妻子的帮助下，他继续修改作品，直到死前四周。他的妻子在1940到1941年间完成了修改。1966年，本书的洁版（12％被删去，更多的地方被改动）才第一次出版。被删改的章节以手抄本的形式在地下流传。1967年，法兰克福的一位出版人在此基础上出版了较完全的版本。在苏联，第一个完全版本出版于1973年。
这部小说中文又译作《撒但起舞》，故事有三条主线：首先是以外国魔术师沃兰德身份出现的撒但，带着他的随从（其中最引人注目的是一只会直立行走说人话、暴力倾向严重的大黑猫），来到莫斯科，加入了一个年轻诗人“无家汉”和一个莫斯科文联官员的谈话，预言了官员的死亡，随后将莫斯科文艺圈搅得天翻地覆。“无家汉”被送入了精神病院，在那里他遇到了大师。大师由于写一篇关于彼拉多和耶稣的历史小说时产生了精神异常，焚毁了手稿，离弃了爱人，最后被关进精神病院。
第二条线讲大师的爱人，玛格丽特，被撒但选中作为当晚魔鬼舞会的女主人，为此她得到了超自然的能力，裸体飞行在俄罗斯上空。在飞行中，她肆意捣毁了一个批评过大师的文艺评论者的家。最后撒但答应实现玛格丽特的任何愿望，玛格丽特要求将大师解救出来，并从此和她生活在贫穷和爱情中。撒但转而决定将大师和玛格丽特都带走，当次日太阳升起，莫斯科陷没在一片火焰中，他们飞翔离开。
第三条线讲耶稣受难当天，他和彼拉多之间的对话，以及对当时真相的探求和描述。这条线开始于开篇时撒但与文联官员的对话，时隐时现于大师的手稿，并有大段直接描写和复杂的对哲学、神学、人性的讨论。
Mikhail Bulgakov was born on May 15, 1891 in Kiev (now the capital of Ukraine), in the Russian Empire. He was the eldest son of Afanasiy Bulgakov, an assistant professor at the Kiev Theological Academy. He was the grandson of priests on both sides of the family. From 1901 to 1904 Bulgakov attended the First Kiev Gymnasium, where he developed an interest in Russian and European literature, theatre and opera.
Bulgakov in 1909.
In 1913 Bulgakov married Tatiana Lappa. At the outbreak of the First World War he volunteered with the Red Cross as a medical doctor and was sent directly to the frontline, where he was badly injured at least twice. In 1916, he graduated from the Medical Department of Kiev University and then served in the White Army alongside his brothers. He also briefly served in the Ukrainian People's Army.
After the Civil War and rise of the Soviets, much of his family emigrated to Paris (in exile). Mikhail and brothers ended up in the Caucasus. He first began to work as a journalist there, but when they were invited to return as doctors by the French and German governments, Bulgakov was refused permission to leave Russia because of typhus. This was when he last saw his family.
Bulgakov suffered from his long-acting war wounds, which had a bad effect on his health. To suppress chronic pain, especially in the abdomen, he injected himself with morphine. Throughout the following year his addiction grew stronger. In one year (in 1918) he finished injecting himself with morphine and never used it in the future. His book, entitled Morphine and released in 1926, provided an account of the writer's state during these years.
Though his first fiction efforts were made in Kiev, he only decided to leave medicine to pursue his love of literature in 1919. His first book was an almanac of feuilletons called Future Perspectives, written and published the same year. In 1921, Bulgakov moved to Moscow where he began his career as a writer. They settled near Patriarch's Ponds, close to Mayakovskaya metro station on the Sadovaya street, 10. Four years later (in 1925), divorced from his first wife, he married Lyubov' Belozerskaya. He published a number of works through the early and mid 1920s, but by 1927 his career began to suffer from criticism that he was too anti-Soviet. By 1929 his career was ruined, and government censorship prevented publication of any of his work and staging of any of his plays.
Bulgakov in the 1910s - his university years.
In 1932, Bulgakov married for the third time, to Yelena Shilovskaya, who would prove to be inspiration for the character Margarita in his most famous novel. During the last decade of his life, Bulgakov continued to work on The Master and Margarita, wrote plays, critical works, stories, and made several translations and dramatisations of novels, librettos. Many of them were not published, other ones were "torn to pieces" by critics.
Bulgakov wrote the play "Batum" glorifying Stalin's early revolutionary activity, but the play was banned by Stalin. However, Stalin had enjoyed another Bulgakov's play, The Days of the Turbins (1926) and found work for him at a small Moscow theatre, and then the Moscow Art Theatre. Much of his work (ridiculing the Soviet system) stayed in his desk drawer for several decades. In 1930 he wrote a letter to the Soviet government, requesting permission to emigrate if the Soviet Union could not find use for him as a writer. In Bulgakov's autobiography, he claimed that he wrote to Stalin out of desperation and mental anguish, never intending to post the letter. He received a phone call directly from Joseph Stalin asking the writer whether he really desired to leave the Soviet Union. Bulgakov replied that a Russian writer cannot live outside of his homeland.
The refusal of the authorities to let him work in the theatre and his desire to see his family living abroad, whom he had not seen for many years, led him to seek drastic measures. Despite his new work, the projects he worked on at the theatre were often prohibited and he was stressed and unhappy. He also worked briefly at the Bolshoi Theatre as a librettist but left when his works were not produced.
Bulgakov died from nephrosclerosis (an inherited kidney disorder) on March 10, 1940. He was buried in the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow. His father had died of the same disease, and from his youth Bulgakov guessed his future mortal diagnosis.
[edit]Early works
See also Category: Works by Mikhail Bulgakov During his life, Bulgakov was best known for the plays he contributed to Konstantin Stanislavsky's and Nemirovich-Danchenko's Moscow Art Theatre. Stalin was known to be fond of the play Days of the Turbins (Дни Турбиных) (1926), which was based on Bulgakov's novel The White Guard. His dramatization of Molière's life in The Cabal of Hypocrites (Кабала святош)(1936) is still performed by the Moscow Art Theatre. Even after his plays were banned from the theatres, Bulgakov wrote a comedy about Ivan the Terrible's visit into 1930s Moscow and the play "Batum" about the early years of Stalin (1939), which was prohibited by Stalin himself.
Bulgakov in 1926.
Bulgakov began writing prose with The White Guard (Белая гвардия) (1924, partly published in 1925, first full edition 1927–1929, Paris) – a novel about a life of a White Army officer's family in Civil war Kiev. In the mid-1920s, he came to admire the works of H. G. Wells and wrote several stories with elements of science fiction, notably The Fatal Eggs (Роковые яйца) (1924) and Heart of a Dog (Собачье сердце) (1925). He intended to compile his stories of the mid-twenties (published mostly in medical journals) that were based on his work as a country doctor in 1916–1918 into a collection titled Notes of a Young Doctor (Записки юного врача), but he died before he could publish it.
Bulgakov in the early 1930s.
The Fatal Eggs tells of the events of a Professor Persikov, who, in experimentation with eggs, discovers a red ray that accelerates growth in living organisms. At the time, an illness passes through the chickens of Moscow, killing most of them and, to remedy the situation, the Soviet government puts the ray into use at a farm. Unfortunately there is a mix up in egg shipments and the Professor ends up with chicken eggs, while the government-run farm receives the shipment of ostrich, snake and crocodile eggs that were meant to go to the Professor. The mistake is not discovered until the eggs produce giant monstrosities that wreak havoc in the suburbs of Moscow and kill most of the workers on the farm. The propaganda machine then turns on Persikov, distorting his nature in the same way his "innocent" tampering created the monsters. This tale of a bungling government earned Bulgakov his label of a counter-revolutionary.
Heart of a Dog features a professor who implants human testicles and pituitary gland into a dog named Sharik (means "Little Balloon" or "Little Ball" - popular Russian nickname for a male dog). The dog then proceeds to become more and more human as time passes, resulting in all manner of chaos. The tale can be read as a critical satire of the Soviet Union; it contains few bold hints to communist leadership (e.g. the name of the drunkard donor of the human organ implants is Chugunkin ("chugun" is cast iron) which can be seen as parody on the name of Stalin ("stal'" is steel). It was turned into a comic opera called The Murder of Comrade Sharik by William Bergsma in 1973. In 1988 an award-winning movie version Sobachye Serdtse was produced by Lenfilm, starring Yevgeniy Yevstigneyev, Roman Kartsev and Vladimir Tolokonnikov.
[edit]The Master and Margarita
A sculpture of the cat Behemoth from The Master and Margarita.
Main article: The Master and Margarita
The Master and Margarita (Мастер и Маргарита), which Bulgakov began writing in 1928 and which was finally published by his widow in 1966, twenty-six years after his death, led to an international appreciation of his work. The book was available underground as samizdat for many years in the Soviet Union, before the serialization of a censored version in the journal Moskva. It contributed a number of sayings to the Russian language, for example, "Manuscripts don't burn" and "second-grade freshness". A destroyed manuscript of the Master is an important element of the plot, and, in fact, Bulgakov had to rewrite the novel from memory after he burned the draft manuscript of this novel.
The novel is a critique of Soviet society and its literary establishment. The work is appreciated for its philosophical undertones and for its high artistic level thanks to its picturesque descriptions (especially of old Jerusalem), lyrical fragments and style. It is a frame narrative involving two characteristically related time periods and/or plot lines: a retelling of the gospels and a description of contemporary Moscow.
The novel begins with Satan visiting Moscow in the 1930s, joining a conversation between a critic and a poet debating the existence of Jesus Christ and the Devil. It then evolves into an all-embracing indictment of the corruption, greed, narrow-mindedness, and widespread paranoia of Soviet Russia. Published more than 25 years after Bulgakov's death, and more than ten years after Stalin's, the novel firmly secured Bulgakov's place among the pantheon of great Russian writers.
There is a story-within-the-story dealing with the interrogation of Jesus Christ by Pontius Pilate and the Crucifixion.
[edit]Bulgakov Museum in Moscow
Detail, Bulgakov Museum in Moscow
Main article: Bulgakov museum in Moscow
Bulgakov's old flat, in which parts of The Master and Margarita are set, has since the 1980s become a gathering spot for Bulgakov's fans, as well as Moscow-based Satanist groups[citation needed], and had various kinds of graffiti scrawled on the walls. The numerous paintings, quips, and drawings were completely whitewashed in 2003. Previously the best drawings were kept as the walls were repainted, so that several layers of different colored paints could be seen around the best drawings. Although quite old,the building stayed viable for a while. The building's residents, in an attempt to deter loitering, are currently attempting to turn the flat into a museum of Bulgakov's life and works. To date (February, 2005), they have had trouble contacting the flat's anonymous owner.
On December 21, 2006, the museum in Bulgakov's flat was damaged by an anti-satanist protester and disgruntled neighbor, Alexander Morozov.
The Bulgakov museum in Moscow remains open and contains personal belongings, photos, and exhibitions related to Bulgakov's life and his different works. There is a fantastic museum and different poetic and literary events are often being held in the flat. The museum's web site is only available in Russian but the entrance fee is only about $1 (the museum was free till January 2009) and its opening hours are 1 p.m. - 7 p.m. The flat is located close to Mayakovskaya metro station on the Sadovaya street, 10.
[edit]Bulgakov Museum in Kiev
The Mikhail Bulgakov Museum (Bulgakov House) in Kiev, (in his family home, which was the model for the house of the Turbin family in The White Guard) has been converted to a literary museum with some rooms devoted to the writer, as well as some to his works.
[edit]Legacy
A minor planet 3469 Bulgakov discovered by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Georgievna Karachkina in 1982 is named after him.
The award-winning British writer Salman Rushdie stated that The Master and Margarita was an inspiration for his own novel The Satanic Verses.
[edit]Famous quotes
The following quotes from The Master and Margarita have become catch phrases in Russia:
"Manuscripts don't burn" ("Рукописи не горят")
"There's only one degree of freshness — the first, which makes it also the last" ("Свежесть бывает только одна – первая, она же и последняя")
"Not causing trouble, not bothering anyone, fixing the primus" ("Не шалю, никого не трогаю, починяю примус") - (a "primus" is a brand, and by extension type, of portable stove)
"No ID, no person" ("Нет документа - нет и человека")
"Never ask for anything" ("Никогда и ничего не просите")
"To speak the truth is easy and pleasant" ("Правду говорить легко и приятно")
"Only the housing problem has corrupted them" ("Kвартирный вопрос только испортил их")
The following quotes from Heart of a Dog have become catch phrases in Russia:
"Never read Soviet newspapers before dinner" ("Не читайте до обеда советских газет")
"Take everything and divide it up" ("Взять все, да и поделить")
[edit]In popular culture
The Master and Margarita novel is said to have been read by Mick Jagger and influenced his writing of the song "Sympathy for the Devil".
The Master and Margarita inspired a song called "Love and Destroy" by Franz Ferdinand. The song is based on the scene in which Margarita flies over Moscow.
A slightly altered version of the beginning of Chapter 23 in The Master and Margarita is used as the backtrack for the song Disorder by the dubstep artist Scuba.
The Master and Margarita is the title of a song by Canadian band The Tea Party.
[edit]Bibliography
Main article: Bibliography of Mikhail Bulgakov
See also Category: Works by Mikhail Bulgakov
In chronological order by year of first translation:
[edit]Novels and short stories
The White Guard (1918, translation 2008)
Great Soviet short stories, 1962
The Master and Margarita, 1967
Black Snow: A Theatrical Novel, 1967
Heart of a Dog, 1968
A Country Doctor's Notebook, 1975
Diaboliad and Other Stories, 1990
The Terrible news: Russian stories from the years following the Revolution, 1990
Notes on the Cuff & Other Stories, translated by Alison Rice, Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1991.
The Fatal Eggs and Other Soviet Satire, 1918-1963, 1993.
A Dead Man's Memoir (A Theatrical Novel), 2007
[edit]Theater
The Early Plays of Mikhail Bulgakov, 1990
Peace plays: two, 1990
Zoya's apartment: A tragic farce in three acts, 1991
Six plays, 1991
[edit]Biography
Life of Mr. de Molière, 1962