liáng shù míng zài 'èr shí shì jì zhōng guó sī xiǎng shǐ hé zhé xué shǐ shàng yòu zhuózhòng yào de dì wèi。 zài wǎn nián， tā céng jiāng zì jǐ de xué shù shēng yá huàfēn wéi sān gè jiē duàn： xī fāng gōng lì zhù yì、 fó xué、 rú xué。《 jiū yuán jué yí lùn》 wéi qí zǎo nián yán jiū fó xué de chéng guǒ zhī yī， qí hòu tā guān yú wéi shí de yán jiū zài lùn zhù《 wéi shí shù yì》 zhōng yòu liǎo gèng jiā xiáng xì hé yòu lì de lùn shù。 zài bèi cài yuán péi xiān shēng pìn qǐng wéi běi dà zhé xué jiào shòu zhī hòu， jī yú dāng shí běi dà zuò wéi zhōng guó gè zhǒng wén huà hé sī cháo de lùn zhàn zhōng xīn， tā kāi shǐ fā qǐ liǎo yǐ dōng fāng xué hé rú xué wéi zhù de yán jiū， yǐ huí yìng dāng shí yóu hú shì suǒ lǐng dǎo de xīn wén huà duì chuán tǒng sī xiǎng zhī pī pàn。 tā tòu guò shěn shì dōng xī wén huà de fā zhǎn hé jú xiàn， chóngxīn píng jià rú jiā sī xiǎng， yǐng xiǎng liǎo tóng qī xué zhě duì chuán tǒng wén huà de rèn shí， qí chéng guǒ zài dāng shí yòu《 dōng xī wén huà jí qí zhé xué》 yī shū， ér zhè běn lùn zhù yě chéng liǎo xiàn dài xīn rú xué de xiān qū。
yuán míng huàn dǐng， zì shòu míng、 xiāo míng、 shù míng， hòu yǐ qí zì xíng shì， zǔ jí guǎng xī guì lín， chū shēng yú běi jīng。 zhù míng de sī xiǎng jiā、 zhé xué jiā、 jiào yù jiā、 shè huì huó dòng jiā、 ài guó mín zhù rén shì， zhù míng xué zhě， zhù yào yán jiū rén shēng wèn tí hé shè huì wèn tí， xiàn dài xīn rú jiā de zǎo qī dài biǎo rén wù zhī yī， yòu “ zhōng guó zuì hòu yī wèi rú jiā ” zhī chēng。
xué shù sī xiǎng
1917-1924 nián rèn běi jīng dà xué yìn dù zhé xué jiǎng shī。 1925 nián rèn shān dōng shěng lì liù zhōng（ jīn hé zé yī zhōng） gāo zhōng bù zhù rèn。 1931 nián zài zōu píng chuàng bàn shān dōng xiāng cūn jiàn shè yán jiū yuàn。 1939 nián fā qǐ zǔ zhì“ tǒng yī jiàn guó tóng zhì huì”； 1941 nián gāi huì gǎi zǔ wéi“ zhōng guó mín zhù zhèng tuán tóng méng” , rèn zhōng yāng cháng wù jiān tóng méng kān wù《 guāng míng bào》 shè cháng。 1950 nián hòu rèn quán guó zhèng xié cháng wěi、 zhōng guó kǒng zǐ yán jiū huì gù wèn、 zhōng guó wén huà shū yuàn yuàn wù wěi yuán huì zhù xí děng zhí。 liáng shù míng xiān shēng yǔ zōu píng yòu zhe nán jiě de yuān yuán， zài yí zhǔ zhōng biǎo míng bǎ zì jǐ de gǔ huī 'ān fàng yú zōu píng， xiàn liáng shù míng jì niàn guǎn zuò luò yú zōu píng yī zhōng tú shū shí yàn lóu。
liáng shì yuán shì yuán cháo zōng shì liáng wáng tiē mù 'ér de hòu yì， chū shēn yú“ shì dài shī lǐ rén huàn” jiā tíng， zǎo nián pō shòu qí fù liáng jì（ jù chuān） de yǐng xiǎng。 qīng nián shí dài yòu yī dù chóng xìn kāng yòu wéi、 liáng qǐ chāo de gǎi liáng zhù yì sī xiǎng yǐng xiǎng。 xīn hài gé mìng shí qī， cān jiā tóng méng huì jīng jīn zhī bù， céng rè zhōng yú shè huì zhù yì， zhù《 shè huì zhù yì cuì yán》 xiǎo cè zǐ， xuān chuán fèi chú sī yòu cái chǎn zhì。 èr shí suì qǐ qián xīn yú fó xué yán jiū， jǐ dù zì shā wèi chéng， jīng guò jǐ nián de chén qián fǎn sī， zhòng xīng zhuī qiú shè huì lǐ xiǎng de rè qíng， yòu zhú bù zhuànxiàng liǎo rú xué。 1918 nián， shòu cài yuán péi zhī pìn rèn běi jīng dà xué jiǎng shī， hòu shēng wéi jiào shòu， fā biǎo《 dōng xī wén huà jí qí zhé xué》 yī shū， chǎn fā qí“ dōng fāng jīng shén wén míng lùn” hé xīn rú jiā sī xiǎng， zài xué shù jiè pō yòu yǐng xiǎng。 liáng shù míng zì chēng“ shì yī gè yòu sī xiǎng， yòu qiě běn zhe tā de sī xiǎng 'ér xíng dòng de rén”。 1924 nián， tā cí qù běi dà jiào zhí， dào shān dōng hé zé bàn gāo zhōng， yòu chuàng bàn liǎo shān dōng xiāng cūn jiàn shè yán jiū yuàn， fā biǎo《 zhōng guó mín zú zì jiù yùn dòng zhī zuì hòu jué wù》、《 xiāng cūn jiàn shè dà yì》、《 xiāng cūn jiàn shè lǐ lùn》 děng zhù zuò， tuī xíng xiāng cūn jiàn shè yùn dòng。 kàng rì zhàn zhēng bào fā， cān jiā kàng zhàn huó dòng， céng zài chóngqìng běi bèi bàn miǎn rén shū yuàn。 1940 nián， cān jiā fā qǐ“ zhōng guó mín zhù tóng méng”， cì nián fù xiāng gǎng bàn《 guāng míng bào》， wéi“ mín méng” yán lùn jī guān。 1946 nián， cān jiā chóngqìng zhèng zhì xié shāng huì yì， bìng dài biǎo“ mín méng” cānyù guó gòng liǎng dǎng de hé tán。 zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó chéng lì hòu， cóng sì chuān běi shàng， chū rèn zhōng guó rén mín zhèng zhì xié shāng huì yì wěi yuán。 1955 nián， yóu yú pī píng dāng shí de nóng mín zhèng cè děng， zāo dào zhèng zhì pī pàn。 yǐ hòu zhù yào zài jiā cóng shì lǐ lùn yán jiū， fā biǎo liǎo《 rén xīn yǔ rén shēng》、《 dōng fāng xué shù gài guān》 děng zhù zuò。 bā shí nián dài hòu qī， jiǔ shí duō gāo líng de tā réng zhù wén hé yǎn jiǎng， jì xù xuān chuán tā de zhōng guó chuán tǒng wén huà fù xīng de sī xiǎng。
liáng shù míng de xué shù sī xiǎng zì yún shì：“ zhōng guó rú jiā、 xī yáng pài zhé xué hé yī xué sān zhě， shì wǒ sī xiǎng suǒ cóng huà zhī gēn dǐ”（《 cháo huà》）， bǎ kǒng zǐ、 mèng zǐ、 wáng yáng míng de rú jiā sī xiǎng， fó jiào zhé xué hé xī fāng bǎi gé sēn de“ shēng mìng zhé xué” róu hé zài yī qǐ。 tā bǎ zhěng gè yǔ zhòu kàn chéng shì rén de shēng huó、 yì yù bù duàn dé dào mǎn zú de guò chéng， tí chū yǐ“ yì yù” wéi gēn běn， yòu fù yú zhōng guó chuán tǒng zhé xué zhōng“ shēng shēng” gài niàn yǐ běn tǐ lùn hé jìn dài shēng wù jìn huà lùn de yì yì， rèn wéi“ yǔ zhòu shí chéng yú shēng huó zhī shàng， tuō hū shēng huó 'ér cún zhě yě”，“ shēng huó jiù shì méi jìn de yì yù hé nà bù duàn de mǎn zú yǔ bù mǎn zú bà liǎo”（《 dōng xī wén huà jí qí zhé xué》）。 zài dōng xī wén huà guān shàng， bǎ rén lèi wén huà huàfēn wéi xī yáng、 yìn dù hé zhōng guó sān zhǒng lèi xíng， chēng“ zhōng guó wén huà shì yǐ yì yù zì wéi tiáohé、 chí zhōng guó qí gēn běn jīng shén de”， yǔ xiàng qián kàn hé xiàng hòu kàn de xī fāng hé yìn dù wén huà yòu bié。 zhōng guó wén huà yǐ kǒng zǐ wéi dài biǎo， yǐ rú jiā xué shuō wéi gēn běn， yǐ lún lǐ wéi běn wèi， tā shì rén lèi wén huà de lǐ xiǎng guī sù， bǐ xī yáng wén huà yào lái dé“ gāo miào”， rèn dìng“ shì jiè wèi lái de wén huà jiù shì zhōng guó wén huà fù xīng”， rèn wéi zhǐ yòu yǐ rú jiā sī xiǎng wéi jī běn jià zhí qǔ xiàng de shēng huó， cái néng shǐ rén men cháng dào“ rén shēng de zhēn wèi”。 duàn dìng zhōng guó shì yī gè“ zhí yè fēn tú”、“ lún lǐ běn wèi” de shè huì， quē fá“ jiē jí de fēn yě”（《 zhōng guó wén huà yào yì》）， yīn cǐ fǎn duì jiē jí dǒu zhēng de lǐ lùn， yǐ wéi yīnggāi tōng guò huī fù“ fǎ zhì lǐ sú” lái gǒng gù shè huì zhì xù， bìng“ yǐ nóng yè yǐn dǎo gōng yè de mín zú fù xīng”（《 xiāng cūn jiàn shè lǐ lùn》）。
liáng shù míng de zhù zuò chú yǐ shàng suǒ tí dào de zhī wài， shàng yòu：《 yìn dù zhé xué gài lùn》、《 wéi shí shù yì》 děng， jīn biān yòu bā juàn běn de《 liáng shù míng quán jí》。
shēng píng
liáng shù míng yī shēng chōng mǎn liǎo chuán qí sè cǎi :： 6 suì qǐ méng dú shū， dàn hái bù huì chuān kù zǐ； shàng liǎo sì suǒ xiǎo xué， xué de shì ABCD； zhǐ yòu zhōng xué bì yè wén píng， què bèi cài yuán péi qǐng dào quán guó zuì gāo xué fǔ běi jīng dà xué jiào yìn dù zhé xué； zài chéng shì chū shēng chéngzhǎng， rán 'ér cháng qī cóng shì xiāng cūn jiàn shè； yī shēng zhì lì yú yán jiū rú jiā xué shuō hé zhōng guó chuán tǒng wén huà， shì zhù míng de xīn rú jiā xué zhě， kě shì què niàn niàn bù wàng fó jiā shēng huó …… yī shēng bù duàn zhuī qiú de liǎng gè wèn tí : yī shì rén shēng wèn tí， jí rén huó zhe wèishénme； èr shì zhōng guó wèn tí， jí zhōng guó xiàng hé chù qù。
dà zhòng yǎn zhōng tè lì dú xíng de liáng shù míng， céng jīng yòu guò zěn yàng de zhēngzhá、 kǔ mèn huò shì cóng róng、 huò dá， céng jīng gěi guò jiā rén zěn yàng de cí 'ài hé yào qiú ? liáng de liǎng gè 'ér zǐ héng liáng péi kuān hé liáng péi shù zài tuì xiū hòu， yòng liǎo 20 nián de shí jiān lái chóngxīn yán jiū fù qīn、“ zǒu jìn fù qīn”。 miàn duì fù qīn liú gěi shì rén de dà liàng zhù zuò wén zhāng hé sī xiǎng cái fù， xiōng dì liǎ chēng zì jǐ néng zuò de jiù shì sōu jí zhěng lǐ biān ji xiān fù liú xià lái de gè zhǒng wén zì zī liào， duō chū yī xiē yuán zhù xìng de dōng xī， gěi dú zhě liú zuò yī gè bǐ jiào。
ér zǐ yǎn zhōng de liáng shù míng
“ fù qīn duì wǒ men wán quán shì kuān fàng de， wǒ men shòu dào de kě néng shì zuì zì yóu de jiào yù， yōng yòu liǎo bié rén méi yòu de zuì dà de zì zhù quán。”
cóng wǒ tóu dǐng shàng bǎ ‘ guó xué dà shī ’、‘ xué jiè ( shù ) tài dǒu’ hé‘ guó bǎo’ de guì guān zhāi xià lái !” běi dà jiào shòu jì xiàn lín zài xīn shū zhōng chēng yào bǎ zì jǐ tóu shàng de zhè jǐ dǐng mào zǐ tuì huí qù。
zài jì xiàn lín zhī qián， yòu gèng duō de dāng dài míng rén duì jiā zài tā men tóu shàng de guì guān biǎo shì guò yì yì。 zài fǒu dìng zhě de hángliè zhōng， liáng shù míng xiān shēng shì zuì chè dǐ de yī gè， zhè wèi bèi chēng wéi shì“ zhōng guó jǐ liáng” de rén wù zài míng shēng zhī wài yòu zhe gèng duō de zhēng yì。
dà zhòng yǎn zhōng tè lì dú xíng de liáng shù míng， céng jīng yòu guò zěn yàng de zhēngzhá、 kǔ mèn huò shì cóng róng、 huò dá， céng jīng gěi guò jiā rén zěn yàng de cí 'ài hé yào qiú。 liáng de liǎng gè 'ér zǐ， liáng péi kuān hé liáng péi shù zài tuì xiū hòu， yòng liǎo 20 nián de shí jiān lái chóngxīn yán jiū fù qīn， zài tā men yǎn zhōng， yòu zhe lìng wài yī gè wǒ men jì shú xī yòu mò shēng de liáng shù míng。
“ qián shēng shì yī gè hé shàng”
liáng shù míng shì yī gè shénme yàng de rén？ xué zhě、 zhé xué jiā、 sī xiǎng jiā、 huó dòng jiā、 zhèng zhì jiā， zhū duō míng hào hòu nǎ yī gè cái shì zhēn zhèng de liáng shù míng。 yī zhí yǐ lái zhè dū shì zhèng xué liǎng jiè rén shì zhēng lùn bù xiū de yī gè wèn tí， zài guó jiā tú shū guǎn lǐ， bó shuò shì lùn wén yǐ liáng shù míng wéi yán jiū duì xiàng de zhuān zhù chāo guò liǎo shù shí zhǒng。
dàn liáng shù míng zài wǎn nián céng zì yán，“ rén yòu jīn shēng、 qián shēng、 lái shēng， wǒ qián shēng shì yī gè hé shàng。” zhè yī shuō fǎ liáng shù míng cóng wèi hé jiā rén shuō guò， yě jīhū bù xiàng péng yǒu tí jí。
1912 nián tā 19 suì shí， cān jiā liǎo zhōng guó gé mìng tóng méng huì jīng jīn zhī bù， chéng wéi liǎo yī gè gé mìng zhě， suí hòu yòu dāng liǎo《 mín guó bào》 de biān ji jí wài qín jì zhě， zhuān páo guó huì， yán jiū xī fāng zhèng zhì tǐ zhì zài zhōng guó de yìng yòng。 dàn shì， tóng yī duàn shí jiān， tā què yīn rén shēng wèn tí suǒ kùn rǎo liǎng dù yù zì shā， céng jù hūn、 rú sù， rù mí fó xué， yī dù xiǎng chū jiā dāng hé shàng。
zài chū shì yǔ rù shì zhī jiān pái huái ràng tā yǐ hòu de rén shēng jīng lì chōng mǎn liǎo chuán qí。
1916 nián， zài qí shí de nèi gé sī fǎ bù rèn mì shū qī jiān， liáng céng jīng dù mén yán fó sān nián。“ fù qīn hěn zǎo jiù kāi shǐ kǎo lǜ zhè xiē rén shēng wèn tí， hòu lái tā gěi wǒ jiǎng guò yī xiē fó jiào gù shì， shì jiā móu ní chū jiā de gù shì ràng tā xīn yòu suǒ qī。 tā tóng yàng shì kàn jiàn bié rén qióng kǔ jiù shòu bù liǎo de rén， hòu lái de xìn fó shí jì shàng yě shì wèile jiě jué zhè gè wèn tí。” liáng shù míng de cì zǐ liáng péi shù xiān shēng huí yì shuō。 liáng shù míng zhōng shēn bù zuò rén lì chē， jù tā zì jǐ shuō shì yīn wéi nián qīng shí pèng jiàn yī gè lǎo rén lā zhe rén lì chē， nèi xīn gǎn dào tòng chǔ nán rěn。
qí hòu yī nián yīn wéi yán jiū yìn dù zhé xué bèi cài yuán péi yán qǐng dào běi dà， zhōng xué bì yè 'ér róng dēng dà xué jiào shòu zuò xí。 zài běi dà de qī nián shí jiān tā fā biǎo liǎo zhū duō yǐng xiǎng shēn yuǎn de zhuān zhù， 1919 nián《 yìn dù zhé xué gài lùn》 wèn shì， qí hòu liǎng nián《 dōng xī wén huà jí qí zhé xué》 chū bǎn， cǐ shū yī dù zài bǎn bā cì。
xìn fó de liáng shù míng què yě yòu zì jǐ de guīju，“ tā méi yòu lǐ fó xíng dòng， cóng lái méi yòu qù sì miào shāo xiāng bài fó， tā shì zài zì wǒ xiū yǎng shàng xià gōng fū。” zhǎngzǐ liáng péi kuān shuō， hòu lái zài kàng zhàn shí liáng shù míng céng dài zhe xué shēng shēn rù qián xiàn， tā xiě xìn gěi liáng péi kuān chēng“ shí rén shuō yī bù pà kǔ， èr bù pà sǐ。 cǐ xíng gài jiàn zhī yǐ。”
jìn guǎn duì fó xué zuānyán shèn shēn， dàn 1918 nián fù qīn liáng jì chén tán zì jìn hòu， liáng shù míng kāi shǐ zhé rù rú xué， ér qiě tóng yàng xīn xǐ wàn fēn。 tā céng duì péi shù xiān shēng shuō：“ fó xué zhǐ néng ràng shǎo shù rén shòu yì， kě kǒng zǐ de xué shuō shì duì dà duō shù rén shuō de， tā kěn dìng rén yào fù chū nǔ lì， xià yī fān gōng fū shì kě yǐ guò dé hǎo de。” péi shù shuō zhè“ xià gōng fū” qí shí yě shì xiū shēn， yě jiù shì tā zì jǐ zǒng jié de rén shēng dì sān zhǒng tài dù： zhèng zhòng。
duō nián yǐ hòu yòu rén chēng liáng shù míng shì xīn rú jiā de dài biǎo rén wù，“ zài tā 92 suì de shí hòu， hǎi wài yòu bào zhǐ chēng tā shì xīn rú jiā de dài biǎo rén wù， wǒ bǎ bào zhǐ niàn gěi tā tīng。 tā tīng wán hòu yáo liǎo yáo tóu， dà gài shì duì zhè yàng de chēng hū bìng bù zàn chéng。” liáng péi kuān shuō， fù qīn liáng shù míng duì bié rén gěi tā jiā shàng de xué zhě、 zhé xué jiā、 shè huì huó dòng jiā de chēng hào dōubù tài rèn tóng。
liáng lái míng céng duì xué shēng shuō“ wǒ yǔ zhé xué wú yuán。 wǒ bù dǒng shénme jiào zhé xué。 wǒ jiù shì zhè yàng， wù dǎ wù zhuàng dì jìn liǎo zhé xué de mén。”“ tā zì jǐ shuō tā shì yī gè wèn tí zhōng rén， bù duàn zài wèn tí zhōng shēng huó， fó xué yě hǎo， rú xué yě hǎo， xī fāng de lǐ lùn yě hǎo， dōushì wèile jiě jué tā de wèn tí。” liáng péi kuān shuō， suǒ yǐ dāng shān dōng kǒng zǐ yán jiū suǒ de rén gěi tā jì lái dēng jì biǎo， pìn qǐng tā wéi yán jiū suǒ de zhuān jiā shí， tā jù jué liǎo， tā shuō：“ wǒ bù shì zhuān jiā， shuí rèn wéi wǒ shì jiù ràng shuí tián qù。”
ràng liáng péi kuān jì yì yóu xīn de shì， fù qīn céng zhè yàng biǎo shù zì jǐ“ zhǐ yòu zhì yè， méi yòu zhí yè”。 jiù shì shuō zhǐ yòu zì jǐ xiǎng zuò de shì qíng， ér bù shì xuǎn zé zì jǐ de zhí yè。 zài liáng shù míng kàn lái， yóu xī fāng gōng lì zhù yì dào fó xué zài dào rú xué zhè yī qiēdōu zhǐ shì yào jiě jué tā zì jǐ sī xiǎng shàng de wèn tí hé zhōng guó de wèn tí。
zuì zì yóu de jiào yù
“ wǒ men shòu dào de kě néng shì zuì zì yóu de jiào yù。” liáng péi shù xiān shēng xiào zhe shuō，“ yōng yòu liǎo bié rén méi yòu de zuì dà de zì zhù quán。” yòng liǎng gè“ zuì” zì lái xíng róng bìng bù guòfèn。 liáng péi shù chēng zì jǐ xiǎo xué、 zhōng xué、 dà xué dōuméi bì yè， yīn wéi měi cì dōuzài zhōng tú jiù chuò xué liǎo， yòu shí yīn wéi bān jiā， yòu shí què shì yīn wéi liáng péi shù zì jǐ bù xiǎng qù shàng xué liǎo。 ràng liáng péi shù qí guài de shì， fù qīn liáng shù míng duì tā cǎi qǔ liǎo rèn qí zì rán de tài dù， hòu lái hái shì bié rén quàn shuō cái yòu qù shàng de xué。
liáng péi kuān zài huí yì fù qīn shí， cháng shuō：“ fù qīn duì wǒ wán quán shì kuān fàng de…… wǒ zài fù qīn miàn qián， wán quán bù gǎn dào yī zhǒng jīng shén shàng de yā lì。 tā cóng bù yǐ duān níng yán sù de shén qì duì 'ér tóng huò shàonián rén…… xiān fù rèn wéi hǎo de， biàn míng shì huò 'àn shì gǔ lì。 tā bù tóng yì de， ràng wǒ xiǎo dé tā bù tóng yì 'ér zhǐ， què cóng bù gān shè。”
liáng shù míng zhè zhǒng jiào yù fāng shì guàn chuān shǐ zhōng， liáng péi kuān yì jì dé fù qīn cóng wèi zài xué xí huò zhě chéng jì shàng yào qiú guò tā men xiōng dì liǎ。 yī cì liáng péi kuān kǎo shì dé 59 fēn， céng ná xué xiào yào qiú bǔ kǎo de tōng zhī gěi fù qīn kàn。“ tā zhǐ kàn liǎo yī yǎn， jiù yòu hái gěi liǎo wǒ。” liáng péi kuān shuō， fù qīn qí shí bìng fēi duì zì jǐ yào qiú bù yán， ér shì tā rèn wéi zhè zhǒng shì qíng nǐ zhī dào liǎo hǎo， zì jǐ de shì qíng yīnggāi zì jǐ fù zé。 liáng shù míng shèn zhì bǎ tā de zhè zhǒng jiào yù fāng fǎ yòng dào liǎo zì jǐ de zhèng zhì shì yàn shàng。
1917 nián liáng shù míng chū rèn běi dà jiǎng shī de shí hòu wán chéng liǎo tā de jù zhù《 dōng xī wén huà jí qí zhé xué》， tā zài zhè yī shí qī xiǎn lù chū rù shì jì rén de xīn huái， chēng“ wú bèi bù chū rú cāng shēng hé”。 tā bǎ jiě jué zhōng guó wèn tí de zhòng diǎn， luò shí zài shè huì gǎi zào shàng， tā xiǎng chū de bàn fǎ shì“ xiāng zhì”。
zài chéng gōng shuō fú jūn fá hán fù jǔ hòu， liáng shù míng dé yǐ zài hé nán、 shān dōng kāi shǐ tā de“ xiāng cūn zì zhì” shì yàn。
liáng péi shù shuō fù qīn de xiāng cūn yùn dòng， zuì xiān tí fǎ shì xiāng cūn jiàn shè。 fù qīn de lǐ xiǎng shì yào jiào yù quán mín， chuàng zào xīn wén huà， gǎi zào sī xiǎng。 liáng shù míng rèn wéi， jiù zhōng guó chuán xià lái hěn duō bì bìng， bǐ rú zhèng zhì shàng bù shàng guǐ dào， shì yīn wéi jiù sī xiǎng zuò suì。 gǎi zào zhōng guó， sī xiǎng shì zǔ 'ài， bù shì qiāng、 bù shì zhèng quán。 suǒ yǐ tā bǎ xiāng cūn jiàn shè yùn dòng de zhù zhǐ dìng wéi bā gè zì：“ tuán tǐ zǔ zhì， kē xué jì shù”， shì yào bǎ sǎnmàn de、 zhǐ gù zì jiā zì shēn de nóng mín zǔ zhì qǐ lái gǎo shēng chǎn， zài shēng chǎn zhōng xué xí hé yùn yòng kē xué jì shù。
zài shān dōng， liáng shù míng de xiāng cūn jiàn shè yòu hěn dà“ tè quán”， tā de zōu píng yán jiū yuàn shí jì shàng dài xíng liǎo quán xiàn de xíng zhèng guǎn lǐ gōng néng。 tā zài tuī xíng zì jǐ de shì yàn shí， jiāng xiāng、 cūn yī jí de xíng zhèng jī gòu quán bù qù diào， zài zōu píng zhǐ bǎo liú liǎo yī gè xiàn zhèng fǔ。 shí jì shàng， zài zōu píng de xiāng cūn shì yàn gèng xiàng shì liáng zài jiào yù hái zǐ fāng miàn suǒ tǐ xiàn chū lái de“ wú wéi 'ér zhì”， gèng duō de shí hòu， tā bǎ gōng fū yòng zài duì nóng cūn rén de jīng shén jiào yù shàng。 zuò wéi dāng shí de“ tè qū”， zōu píng xiàn shì bù xiàng shěng lǐ jiāo shuì de， měi nián hái yào cóng shěng lǐ ná yī xiē bǔ zhù， yán jiū yuàn de zhī shí fènzǐ men de gōng zī yědōu lái zì yú xíng zhèng。 liáng péi shù rèn wéi， dāng shí de“ guān bàn” sè cǎi hái shì hěn nóng。
liáng shù míng fā qǐ de zhè yī yùn dòng yīn wéi kàng zhàn bèi pò zhōng duàn liǎo。 hòu lái liáng péi shù yòu huí dào guò zōu píng jǐ cì， nà lǐ de rén men xiàn zài hái jì dé liáng shù míng dāng shí bàn xué xiào de qíng jǐng， yīn wéi xuān bù qióng rén de hái zǐ kě yǐ bù jiāo qián shàng xué， dāng shí yòu hǎo duō nóng mín de hái zǐ yědōu qù shàng xué liǎo。 dàn bù shōu xué fèi yě zào chéng liǎo hòu lái xué xiào jīng fèi
ná zhe shuà zǐ huà hóng tài yáng
chí“ zhǐ fā yán， bù xíng dòng” de liáng shù míng， zài 1953 nián yīn wéi zǒng lù xiàn wèn tí yǔ máo zé dōng fā shēng dāng miàn zhēng zhí， tā yào qiú máo yào yòu“ yǎ liàng”。 cǐ hòu tā chéng liǎo lì cì yùn dòng de“ lǎo yùn dòng yuán”，“ shénme yùn dòng dū huì zhǎo fù qīn。‘ wén gé’ qī jiān， dāng shí tā hé zhèng zhì shàng de péng yǒu yǐ jīng bù dà lái wǎng liǎo， zhāng shēn fǔ hái shì jīng cháng lái， fù qīn yě jīng cháng dào tā nà lǐ qù。” liáng péi kuān shuō。
yòu yī cì， péi shù hé gē gē dào fù qīn nà lǐ， kàn dào wū zǐ lǐ guà liǎo yī fù biǎo hǎo de duì lián， fù qīn zài duì lián zhōng xiě dào：“ qíng kě wú yán yù， wén qī hòu shì zhī。” shàng lián shì xiě gěi wǒ men xiōng dì liǎng gè， yì sī shì shuō tā duì wǒ men liǎng gè de gǎn qíng shì bù yòng shuō de， xià lián zé shì qī wàng tā de wén zhāng néng wéi hòu shì rén suǒ liǎo jiě。
“ wén gé” zhōng liáng shù míng méi zěn me shòu pò hài， liáng péi shù shuō zhè quán kào tā zì jǐ de xiū yǎng。 qí shí liáng péi kuān hé liáng péi shù dōuyǐ shàng bān liǎo。 yī tiān zhōng wǔ， liáng péi kuān hé liáng péi shù tóng shí jiē dào diàn huà， chēng“ wǒ men shì mǒu mǒu zhōng xué de hóng wèi bīng， dào nǐ jiā yào chāo jiā liǎo， nǐ men huí lái yī tàng。” liáng péi shù cōng máng wǎng huí gǎn。 dào liǎo jiā， yuàn zǐ lǐ yī piàn lángjí， dōng xī rēng liǎo yī yuàn zǐ。 yī jìn mén， jiù bèi hóng wèi bīng lā zhù liǎo， shàng shàng xià xià dǎ liàng liǎo liáng péi shù yī biàn。 liáng péi kuān suí hòu yě gǎn huí lái liǎo。 liǎng xiōng dì zhǐ néng zhàn dào yuàn zǐ lǐ， kàn zhe tā men shāo dōng xī， sōu chá。
liáng shù míng qí shí yě chī guò bù shǎo kǔ tóu， dàn zài hé měi guó xué zhě 'ài kǎi jiào shòu tán dào zhè yī duàn shí， tā zhǐ shì shuō dāng shí“ xīn lǐ yòu diǎn bù yú kuài， jǐ tiān wǒ jiù guò qù liǎo”。 tā de fáng zǐ bèi zhàn liǎo de shí hòu， tā zhǐ néng shuì zài shuǐ ní dì shàng， nà yǐ jīng shì xià mò qiū chū， tiān qì kāi shǐ biàn liáng， yī wù bèi chāo zǒu， tā zhǐ néng bǎ xǐ liǎn máo jīn xì zài yāo jiān， yǐ miǎn zháoliáng。 jiē dào shàng yě céng lā liáng shù míng qù péi dǒu， tā yě céng“ zuò fēi jī”， huí lái hòu yī shēn hàn shuǐ。
“ tā yě 'āi guò dǎ。 shān dōng lái rén diào chá yī gè wǒ fù qīn rèn shí de rén， ràng tā jiē fā， wǒ fù qīn jù shí huí dá， yě shuō bù chū shénme， rén jiā shuō tā bù lǎo shí， yī gè bā zhǎng jiù bǎ tā de yǎn jìng dǎ dào liǎo dì shàng。” liáng péi shù shuō， guān yú zhè jiàn shì， tā yě méi duì 'ài kǎi jiào shòu jiǎng。 shí jì shàng， tā bǎ zhè shì gěi dàn wàng liǎo。
zài liáng péi shù jì yì zhōng， hái yòu yī jiàn shì qíng lìng tā yòu shēn kè jì yì。 nà shí gé mìng qún zhòng liú xíng huà hóng tài yáng， jiē shàng dào chù shì xù rì、 dà hǎi， qián mén dà jiē shàng de pū zǐ zhěng gè jiù shì hóng tóng tóng de liǎo。 liáng shù míng hái shàng jiē mǎi yán liào， yě gēn zhe qù zài wài miàn qiáng shàng huà。 jí tǐ wā fáng kōng dòng de shí hòu， liáng shù míng yě jī jí cānyù， yòu yī cì yīn wéi chí dào hái hěn zì zé dì jiāng cǐ shì xiě jìn tā de rì jì lǐ。 zhè xiē shì qíng， liáng péi shù fēn xī， fù qīn shì zàn tóng de， yīn wéi tā shì xiǎng qīng chǔ liǎo， rèn tóng liǎo cái qù zuò de rén， yào shì xiǎng bù tōng， tā shì jué duì bù huì qù zuò zhè lèi shì qíng de。
zuì dà de lè qù shì sī kǎo wèn tí
yī xiàng pō wéi yán sù de liáng shù míng zài jiā lǐ yì bù gǒu yán xiào， zài liáng shì xiōng dì de jì yì zhōng， fù qīn díquè hěn shǎo kāi huái dà xiào， dàn shì tā bìng bù shì yī wèi gǔ bǎn de rén。
tā 'àihào hé rén tǎo lùn， yě 'àihào shū fǎ。 dàn tā zuì dà de 'àihào què shì sī kǎo wèn tí。
liáng péi kuān duì cǐ yìn xiàng pō shēn：“ fù qīn dāng shí zuò xiāng cūn gōng zuò de shí hòu， dà jiā yī qǐ tán dào gè zì de 'àihào。 yòu rén shuō xǐ huān xià qí， yòu rén shuō xǐ huān lǚ yóu。 wèn dào tā， tā shuō， wǒ de lè qù jiù shì sī kǎo wèn tí。 wǒ yào yòu shí jiān de huà， jiù yào sī kǎo wèn tí。 tā cháng duì bié rén shuō， nǐ kàn wǒ zuì xián de shí hòu， qí shí shì wǒ zuì máng de shí hòu。 nǐ kàn zhe wǒ zuò zài nà lǐ sì hū shénme shì qíng yě méi yòu zuò， qí shí wǒ de sī xiǎng yǐ jīng páode hěn yuǎn hěn yuǎn liǎo。” tā yī zhí rèn wéi zì jǐ shì gè yòu sī xiǎng， ér qiě běn zhe zì jǐ de sī xiǎng qù xíng dòng de rén。
yīn wéi sī kǎo wèn tí， liáng shù míng jīng cháng shī mián。 nǎo zǐ yī kāi dòng qǐ lái， hěn nán shāzhù chē。 hòu lái dào běi dà jiāoshū， yīn wéi shī mián， tā hái xiàng xué xiào tí chū guò cí zhí。 měi gé yī duàn shí jiān， liáng shù míng huì duǒ qǐ lái 'ān jìng sī kǎo、 qián xīn tuī jiū。
liáng shù míng hào shí zuì cháng de zhì yè， zài yú gōu tōng zhōng xī wén huà hóng gōu。“‘ wéi wǎng shèng jì jué xué， wéi lái shì kāi tài píng’， zhè zhèng shì wǒ yī shēng de shǐ mìng。” 1942 nián chū， liáng shù míng zài rì jūn de pào huǒ xià táo shēng zhī hòu gěi 'ér zǐ xiě xìn shuō dào：“ wǒ bù néng sǐ。 wǒ ruò sǐ， tiān dì jiāng wéi zhī biàn sè， lì shǐ jiāng wéi zhī gǎi zhé。” zhǒng zhǒng yán lùn， yě céng zāo dào liǎo bāo kuò xióng shí lì zài nèi de xǔ duō rén de jī píng。 dàn cóng hòu lái zhě de jiǎo dù huí sù， liáng shù míng xiān shēng yī shēng zhù zuò děng shēn， dào jīn tiān， tā duì zhōng guó nǎi zhì shì jiè de yǐng xiǎng dōubù néng qīng yì duàn yán。
1955 nián 7 yuè， liáng shù míng kāi shǐ xiě《 rén xīn yǔ rén shēng》 zì xù。 liáng péi shù huí yì， zhè nián chū xià， fù zǐ tóng yóu běi hǎi gōng yuán， xiān shēng shuō qǐ tā jí yào dòng shǒu xiě de《 rén xīn yǔ rén shēng》， yǐ píng jìng 'ér shēn chén de shēng yīn shuō，“ zhè běn shū bù xiě chū lái， wǒ de xīn bù sǐ！” shū wán chéng yǐ hòu， tā zài gěi péng yǒu de xìn zhōng shuō：“ jīn rì kě sǐ 'ér qīng kuài dì lí qù”。
yǔ máo zé dōng
liáng shù míng yǔ máo zé dōng tóng suì。 1918 nián， liǎng rén zài yáng chāng jì（ yáng kāi huì de fù qīn） xiān shēng de jiā lǐ chū shí， dāng shí liáng shù míng shì běi dà zhé xué xì jiǎng shī， máo zé dōng zé zài běi dà dāng tú shū guǎn lǐ yuán。 20 nián hòu， liáng shù míng dào yán 'ān， zài 16 tiān lǐ yǔ máo zé dōng yòu guò duō cì jiāo tán， yòu liǎng cì shì tōng xiāo dá dàn， liáng shù míng huí yì shuō：“ bǐ cǐ jiāo tán dōuhěn yòu xīng qù。”
1950 nián 1 yuè， zài máo zé dōng hé zhōu 'ēn lái de zài sān yāo qǐng xià， liáng shù míng yóu chóngqìng lái dào běi jīng， máo zé dōng qǐng tā dào zì jǐ jiā lǐ zuò kè， hái zhuān mén pài chē jiē tā， zhāo dài chī fàn， yóu yú liáng shù míng chī sù， máo zé dōng dà shēng zhǔ fù：“ wǒ men yě tǒng tǒng chī sù， yīn wéi jīn tiān shì tǒng yī zhàn xiàn má！” dāng máo zé dōng dé zhī tā hái jiè zhù zài qīn qī jiā lǐ shí， mǎ shàng pài rén 'ān pái， ràng tā zhù jìn yí hé yuán nèi de yī chù xiǎo yuàn lǐ。
zài zhè duàn shí jiān lǐ， liáng shù míng yǔ máo zé dōng de guān xì shí fēn róng qià， jīng cháng lái wǎng， liǎng rén zhī jiān yòu shí tán dé xīng gāo cǎi liè， yòu shí yòu bù huān 'ér sàn。 yě xǔ zhèng shì bù fēn shàng xià de péng yǒu guān xì， shǐ liáng shù míng yī shí wàng hū suǒ yǐ， cái rě chū 1953 nián de nà duàn gōng 'àn。
zài 1953 nián 9 yuè zhào kāi de quán guó zhèng xié cháng wěi kuò dà huì yì shàng（ hòu lái zhuǎn wéi zhōng yāng rén mín zhèng fǔ wěi yuán huì kuò dà huì yì）， zhōu 'ēn lái zǒng lǐ zuò liǎo guān yú guò dù shí qī zǒng lù xiàn de bào gào， zài xiǎo zǔ tǎo lùn de shí hòu， liáng shù míng de fā yán xiān qǐ liǎo yīcháng jù dà de fēng bō。
liáng shù míng shuō dào： guò qù zhōng guó jiāng jìn 30 nián de gé mìng zhōng， zhōng gòng dōushì yǐ kào nóng mín 'ér yǐ xiāng cūn wéi gēn jù dì de， dàn zì jìn rù chéng shì zhī hòu， gōng zuò zhòng diǎn zhuǎn yí yú chéng shì， cóng nóng mín chéngzhǎng qǐ de gànbù yì dū zhuǎn rù chéng shì， xiāng cūn biàn bù miǎn kōng xū。 tè bié shì jìn jǐ nián lái， chéng lǐ de gōng rén shēng huó tí gāo hěn kuài， ér xiāng cūn de nóng mín shēng huó què yǐ rán hěn kǔ， suǒ yǐ gè dì xiāng xià réndōu wǎng chéng lǐ páo， chéng lǐ bù néng róng， yòu gǎn tā men huí qù， xíng chéng máo dùn。
duì yú liáng shù míng de fā yán， máo zé dōng hěn bù yǐ wéi rán， tā zài jiǎng huà zhōng shuō： yòu rén bù tóng yì wǒ men de zǒng lù xiàn， rèn wéi nóng mín shēng huó tài kǔ， yào qiú zhào gù nóng mín。 zhè dà gài shì kǒng mèng zhī tú shī yǐ rén zhèng de yì sī bā？ dàn xū zhī rén zhèng yòu dà rén zhèng xiǎo rén zhèng zhě， zhào gù nóng mín shì xiǎo rén zhèng， fā zhǎn zhòng gōng yè， dǎ měi dì shì dà rén zhèng。 shī xiǎo rén zhèng 'ér bù shī dà rén zhèng， biàn shì bāng zhù liǎo měi guó rén。 yòu rén jìng bān mén nòng fǔ， sì hū wǒ men gòng chǎn dǎng gǎo liǎo jǐ shí nián nóng mín yùn dòng， hái bù liǎo jiě nóng mín， xiào huà！ wǒ men jīn tiān de zhèng quán jī chǔ， gōng rén nóng mín zài gēn běn lì yì shàng shì yī zhì de， zhè yī jī chǔ shì bù róng fēn liè、 bù róng pò huài de！
cǐ hòu jǐ tiān， huì yì duì liáng shù míng de yán lùn jìn xíng liǎo yán lì de pī pàn。 liáng shù míng zhèn jīng bù yǐ。 tā de niú pí qì yòu fàn liǎo， bù gù yī qiē dì yào qiú fā yán， bìng yǔ máo zé dōng jī liè zhēng chǎo， zhí dào yòu rén zài huì chǎng shàng dà hǎn“ liáng shù míng gǔn xià tái lái！” zhè chǎng jīng xīn dòng bó de zhēng chǎo cái cōng cōng jié shù。
suí hòu， máo zé dōng gěi liáng shù míng de wèn tí dìng xià liǎo jī diào： suī“ fǎn dòng”， dàn bù suàn fǎn gé mìng； yào pī pàn， dàn yě yào gěi“ chū lù”。
30 nián hòu， 90 suì gāo líng de liáng shù míng tán jí cǐ shì， yì wèi shēn cháng dì shuō：“ dāng shí shì wǒ de tài dù bù hǎo， jiǎng huà bù fēn chǎng hé， shǐ tā（ zhǐ máo zé dōng） hěn wéi nán， wǒ gèng bù yīnggāi shāng liǎo tā de gǎn qíng， zhè shì wǒ de bù duì。 tā de huà yòu xiē yǔ shì shí bù tài xiāng hé， zhèng xiàng wǒ de fā yán yě yòu yǔ shì shí bù fú zhī chù， zhè xiē dōushì nán miǎn de， kě yǐ lǐ jiě de， méi yòu shénme。 tā yǐ gù shì liǎo， wǒ gǎn dào shēn shēn de jì mò……”
zhí yán“ wén gé” gǎo zāo liǎo
yǔ máo zé dōng zhēng chǎo zhī hòu， liáng shù míng kāi shǐ shēn jū jiǎn chū， hěn shǎo kāi kǒu。 1956 nián 11 yuè， zài“ dà míng dà fàng” de gāo cháo zhōng， xǔ duō péng yǒu rèn wéi liáng shù míng yīngdāng chū lái shuō shuō huà， chū chū qì， dàn liáng shù míng chén zhù qì， jué dìng bàng guān yī duàn shí jiān， jiēguǒ， zài suí zhī 'ér lái de“ fǎn yòu” dǒu zhēng zhōng， nà xiē péng yǒu dāng zhōng de xǔ duō rén bèi dài shàng liǎo“ yòu pài” mào zǐ， ér liáng shù míng què jiǎo xìng duǒ guò yī jié。
1966 nián，“ wén gé” làng cháo xíjuǎn quán guó， liáng shù míng yě zài jié nán táo， tā de jiā bèi chāo， bù dé bù qī shēn yú běi jīng gǔ lóu zhù zhōng chǎng liǎng jiān xiǎo pò wū zhōng， zhèng zhì shàng gèng shì mò míng qí miào dì bèi bǔ dài liǎo yī dǐng“ yòu pài” mào zǐ。
1972 nián dǐ， quán guó xiān qǐ“ pī lín pī kǒng yùn dòng”。 liáng shù míng cān jiā zhèng xié xué xí zǔ zhì xué xí jìn yī gè yuè， què yī yán bù fā。 yú shì， yòu rén shuō liáng shù míng yǔ kǒng zǐ yòu zhe gē bù duàn de“ jiē jí gǎn qíng”。 liáng shù míng zhōng yú kāi kǒu liǎo， tā huā liǎo liǎng gè bàn tiān shí jiān， jiǎng zì jǐ duì“ pī lín pī kǒng” de yì jiàn。 tā shuō， wǒ zhǐ pī lín， bù pī kǒng。 pī kǒng shì cóng pī lín yǐn qǐ de， wǒ kàn bù chū lín biāo yǔ kǒng zǐ yòu shénme guān xì， suǒ yǐ wǒ bù pī kǒng， zhì yú pī lín， wǒ rèn wéi lín biāo tán bù shàng yòu shénme zhèng zhì lù xiàn， bù guò yī xīn yào gǎo zhèng biàn duó quán 'ér yǐ。
liáng shù míng zhè fān huà yī chū kǒu， zhèng xié xué xí zǔ lì jí kāi shǐ pī pàn liáng shù míng。 cóng 1974 nián 2 yuè dào 9 yuè， xiān hòu 6 gè yuè dì fēn xiǎo zǔ pī pàn， rán hòu shì liǎng gè yuè de pī pàn dà huì。 rán 'ér， dāng zǔ zhì zhě xún wèn liáng shù míng yòu hé gǎn xiǎng shí， tā què yī zì yī jù dì huí dá shuō： sān jūn kě duó shuài yě， pǐ fū bù kě duó zhì。
1976 nián，“ sì rén bāng” kuǎ tái， zài“ liǎng gè fán shì” lǒngzhào de qì fēn zhōng， liáng shù míng zài zhèng xié huì yì shàng yī zhēn jiàn xuè dì shuō：“ wén gé” gǎo zāo liǎo，“ wén gé” de huò yīn shì zhì guó bù kào fǎ zhì 'ér kào rén zhì。 cǐ shí， zhēn lǐ biāo zhǔn dà tǎo lùn hái méi yòu kāi shǐ， liáng shù míng de huà kě wèi xiān shēng duó rén。
1979 nián chū， quán guó dì wǔ jiè zhèng xié huì yì zài běi jīng zhào kāi， dèng xiǎo píng dāng xuǎn quán guó zhèng xié zhù xí， liáng shù míng dāng xuǎn wéi zhèng xié cháng wěi。 shēng liǎo“ guān” de liáng shù míng zài zhè cì huì yì shàng zài cì xiàng“ wén gé” kāi liǎo huǒ， shí nián tā yǐ 85 suì。
dāng shí， jìn guǎn yī pī lǎo gān bù zài sī xià chǎng hé duì“ wén gé” yǐ jīng kāi shǐ fǒu dìng， duì“ liǎng gè fán shì” yě biǎo shì liǎo bù tóng yì jiàn， dàn gōng kāi jiǎng huà fǒu dìng“ wén gé” de hái méi yòu， liáng shù míng shì dì yī gè。
10 gè yuè zhī hòu， dǎng de shí yī jiè sān zhōng quán huì zhào kāi， zhōng guó jìn rù liǎo xīn de lì shǐ shí qī， liáng shù míng dān rèn liǎo xiàn fǎ xiū gǎi wěi yuán huì wěi yuán， zhōng yú yíng lái liǎo zì jǐ de chūn tiān。
1988 nián 6 yuè 23 rì， 95 suì gāo líng de liáng xiān shēng tǎn rán gào bié rén shì。 yòu rén kǎi tàn， yī gè rù shì de zhī shí fènzǐ shì hěn nán bǎo chí zì jǐ de xīn jìng píng hé de， tā huì nà hǎn、 jī fèn、 yōu shāng、 tòng kǔ， ér zhè cháng cháng bù miǎn shāng jí tā men de shēn xīn， yǐng xiǎng tā men de gè rén shēng huó， shèn zhì shǐ tā men duǎn shòu。 xiàng liáng shù míng zhè yàng， yī bèi zǐ dū zhí dào 'ér xíng， què yòu néng huó dào 95 suì de gāo líng， bù néng bù shuō shì yī gè shēng cún de qí jì。
fù： liáng lǎo xiān shēng“ wén gé” dǎ yóu shī
shí rú jiǔ gài gǔ shí yòu， ér jīn yòu míng chòu lǎo jiǔ。
gǔ zhī lǎo jiǔ yóu jiào rén， jīn zhī lǎo jiǔ bù rú gǒu。
zhuān zhèng quán píng zhī shí wú， fǎn dòng jiē yīn zhī shí yòu。
cháng ruò mǎ liè shēng jīn shì， yě xū jiū chū mǎn jiē zǒu。
dà shì nián biǎo
1893 nián 1 suì xià lì guǐ sì nián jiǔ yuè chū jiǔ chū shēng yú běi 1898 nián 5 suì yóu mèng lǎo shī jiǎng shòu《 sān zì jīng》、《 dì qiú yùn yán》。
1899 nián 6 suì rù zhōng xī xiǎo xué táng dú shū。
1901 nián 8 suì rù nán héng jiē gōng lì xiǎo xué táng dú shū。
1902 nián 9 suì rù méng yǎng xué táng dú shū。
1903 nián 10 suì zài jiā suí liú nè dú shū。
1905 nián 12 suì rù jiāng sū xiǎo xué táng dú shū。
1906 nián 13 suì rù shùn tiān zhōng xué táng dú shū。
1907 nián 14 suì běn nián kāi shǐ dú liáng qǐ chāo zhù biān zhī《 xīn mín cóng bào》 hé《 xīn xiǎo shuō》 děng chū bǎn wù。 zì chēng cǐ shí kāi shǐ sī kǎo kǔ lè wèn tí。
1910 nián 17 suì zhēn yuán xī lái shùn tiān zhōng xué dú shū， liáng shù míng yǔ qí tǎo lùn zhōng guó zhèng zhì gǎi zào wèn tí。 běn nián kāi shǐ yuè dú lì xiàn pài zhī《 guó fēng bào》、 gé mìng pài zhī《 mín lì bào》。
1911 nián 18 suì zhōng xué bì yè。 bì yè qián cān jiā liǎo jīng jīn tóng méng huì。
1912 nián 19 suì rèn《 mín guó bào》 biān ji jiān wài qín jì zhě。 zǒng biān ji sūn bǐng wén wéi qí nǐ“ shù míng” zuò bǐ míng。 běn nián kāi shǐ dú fó diǎn。
1913 nián 20 suì zhèng yuè fù xī 'ān qī jiān kāi shǐ sù shí。 nián chū， dú xìng dé qiū shuǐ《 shè huì zhù yì zhī shén suǐ》， nián mò xiě chū《 shè huì zhù yì cuì yán》。 7 yuè， xiàng fù xiōng biǎo shì zhì yuàn chū jiā wéi shā mén。
1914 nián 21 suì 2 yuè， zài《 zhèng yì》 fā biǎo《 tán fó》。
1916 nián 23 suì 9 yuè， zài《 dōng fāng zá zhì》 fā biǎo《 jiū yuán jué yí lùn》。 cài yuán péi pìn qǐng xiān shēng dào běi jīng dà xué rèn jiào。
1917 nián 24 suì yù wǎng héng shān chū jiā wéi sēng， wèi néng chéng zhì。 12 yuè 5 rì dào běi jīng dà xué rèn jiào， wéi zhé xué mén sān nián jí jiǎng shòu yìn dù zhé xué gài lùn。
1918 nián 25 suì 3 yuè， zài běi dà zhé xué mén yán jiū suǒ kāi shǐ jiǎng shòu fó jiào zhé xué。 10 yuè， zài yán jiū suǒ kāi shè kǒng zǐ yán jiū。 11 yuè， zài běi dà chū bǎn bù chū bǎn《 yìn dù zhé xué gài lùn》。
1919 nián 26 suì 1 yuè， yǔ chén dà qí děng rén zài běi dà fā qǐ zǔ zhì zhé xué yán jiū huì。 5 yuè， běi jīng bào fā xué shēng yùn dòng， xiān shēng zài《 guó mín gōng bào》 fā biǎo《 lùn xué shēng shì jiàn》。 6 yuè， kāi shǐ xiě zuò《 dōng xī wén huà jí qí zhé xué》， yù yǐ cǐ shū wéi《 kǒng jiā zhé xué》、《 wéi shí shù yì》 liǎng shū zhī“ yǐn zǐ”。
1920 nián 27 suì 1 yuè，《 wéi shí shù yì》 dì yī cè chū bǎn。 běn nián chūn， yuè dú《 dōng yá yǔ lù》 yòu gǎn， suì fàng qì chū jiā zhī niàn。 shǔ jiǎ， fǎng wèn jīn líng kè jīng chù yán jiū bù， xiàng 'ōu yáng jìng wú jiè shào xióng shí lì。 qiū， zài běi jīng dà xué jiǎng yǎn《 dōng xī wén huà jí qí zhé xué》， jiǎng yǎn jì lù zì 10 yuè shǐ kān yú《 běi jīng dà xué rì kān》。
1921 nián 28 suì shǔ jiǎ jiān yìng shān dōng shěng jiào yù tīng yāo qǐng fù Jǐnán jiǎng yǎn《 dōng xī wén huà jí qí zhé xué》。 10 yuè， gāi jiǎng yǎn yóu běi jīng cái zhèng bù yìn shuà jú chū bǎn。 běn nián sì、 wǔ yuè jiān jué dìng zuò kǒng jiā shēng huó， nián mò yǔ huáng jìng xián nǚ shì jié hūn。
1922 nián 29 suì nián chū fǎng tài yuán， jié shí wèi zhōng bìng cān guān qí suǒ bàn xué xiào。 12 yuè， fā biǎo《 qū fù dà xué fā qǐ hé jìn xíng de qíng xíng bìng wǒ suǒ huái yì jiàn zhī lüè shù》。
1923 nián 30 suì 9 yuè， zài běi jīng dà xué kāi shè“ kǒng jiā sī xiǎng shǐ” kè chéng。
1924 nián 31 suì 8 yuè， fā biǎo《 zhòng huá shū yuàn jiǎn zhāng》。 qiū， yìng yāo qián wǎng shān dōng hé zé rèn shěng lì dì liù zhōng xué gāo zhōng bù zhù rèn。 xióng shí lì xié wǎng。
1925 nián 32 suì chūn， fǎn huí běi jīng。 hòu yǔ xióng shí lì jí shān dōng liù zhōng bù fēn xué shēng zhù shí chà hǎi jiǎng xué。
1926 nián 33 suì 1 yuè， yùshī yǒu qiān jū wàn shòu shān běi dà yòu zhuāng tóng zhù gòng xué。 jiǎng《 rén xīn yǔ rén shēng》。
1927 nián 34 suì 1 yuè， yìng yāo wéi běi jīng gāo xiào jiǎng yǎn《 rén xīn yǔ rén shēng》、《 wǒ duì yú xīn lǐ xué shàng jiàn jiě de biàn qiān》 děng。
1928 nián 35 suì chūn， fǎng nán jīng táo xíng zhī suǒ bàn xiǎo zhuāng shī fàn xué xiào。 7 yuè， rèn guǎng dōng shěng lì dì yī zhōng xué xiào cháng。 zài guǎng zhōu qī jiān， dài lǐ jì shēn rèn guǎng dōng zhèng zhì fēn huì jiàn shè wěi yuán huì zhù xí。 tí chū qǐng bàn xiāng zhì jiǎng xí suǒ jiàn yì 'àn jí shì bàn jìhuà dà gāng。 9 yuè， fā biǎo《 qǐng bàn xiāng zhì jiǎng xí suǒ jiàn yì shū》， bìng wéi guǎng dōng dì fāng jǐng wèi duì biān liàn wěi yuán huì jiǎng yǎn xiāng zhì wèn tí。
1929 nián 36 suì 2 yuè， běi dà kǎo chá jiāng sū、 hé běi、 shān xī děng chù de cūn zhèng shí yàn。 qiū， fù hé nán huī xiàn cānyù chóu bàn cūn zhì xué yuàn。 11 yuè， fā biǎo《 hé nán cūn zhì xué yuàn zhǐ qù shū》。
1930 nián 37 suì 1 yuè， hé nán cūn zhì xué yuàn kāi xué， rèn jiào wù cháng。 6 yuè， zhù biān《 cūn zhì》， yú gāi kān fā biǎo《 zhù biān běn kān zhī zì bái》、《 zhōng guó mín zú zì jiù yùn dòng zhī zuì hòu jué wù》 děng wén。 11 yuè， fā biǎo《 shān dōng xiāng cūn jiàn shè yán jiū yuàn shè lì zhǐ qù jí bàn fǎ gài yào》。
1931 nián 38 suì 1 yuè， fù shān dōng zōu píng chóu bàn shān dōng xiāng cūn jiàn shè yán jiū yuàn。 6 yuè， gāi yuàn chéng lì， rèn yán jiū bù zhù rèn。
1933 nián 40 suì 2 yuè， jiào yù bù zhào kāi mín zhòng jiào yù jiā huì yì， tuī xuǎn xiān shēng děng wǔ rén qǐ cǎo mín zhòng jiào yù zài jiào yù xì tǒng zhōng de dì wèi de cǎo 'àn， xiān shēng fù zé zhí bǐ， xiě chéng《 shè huì běn wèi de jiào yù xì tǒng cǎo 'àn》。 tóng shí， bèi jiào yù bù pìn wèimín zhòng jiào yù wěi yuán huì wěi yuán。 10 yuè， jiē rèn shān dōng xiāng cūn jiàn shè yán jiū yuàn yuàn cháng。
1937 nián 44 suì 3 yuè，《 xiāng cūn jiàn shè lǐ lùn》 chū bǎn。 8 yuè， zuò wéi guó fáng cān yì yuán chū xí cān yì huì。
1939 nián 46 suì 11 yuè， yǔ huáng yán péi děng rén fā qǐ“ tǒng yī jiàn guó tóng zhì huì”。
1940 nián 47 suì xià， zài sì chuān bì shān lái fèng yì chuàng bàn miǎn rén zhōng xué。
1941 nián 48 suì 3 yuè， zhōng guó mín zhù zhèng tuán tóng méng chéng lì， rèn cháng wù wěi yuán， bìng dài biǎo mín méng qián wǎng xiāng gǎng chuàng bàn《 guāng míng bào》， tú jīng guì lín shí zài guǎng xī dà xué jiǎng xué liǎng gè yuè。
1942 nián 49 suì 2 yuè， fù guì lín， kāi shǐ xiě zuò《 zhōng guó wén huà yào yì》。
1946 nián 53 suì 5 yuè， rèn mín méng mì shū cháng， cānyù guó gòng hé tán。 9 yuè， miǎn rén guó xué zhuān kē xué xiào zài chóngqìng běi bèi chéng lì， 1948 nián gǎi wéi miǎn rén wén xué yuàn。 11 yuè， guó gòng hé tán pò liè。 xiān shēng huí běi bèi， chóngxīn xiě zuò《 zhōng guó wén huà yào yì》。
1949 nián 56 suì xià qiū jiān， jìn yè gòng 'á shàng shī， lǐng qǔ wú shàng dà shǒu yìn， jiē shòu guàn dǐng。 zì 8 yuè chū zhì 9 yuè chū， yǔ luó yōng、 xiè wú liàng děng zài běi bèi jìn yún shān shàng xiū xí cáng mì gōng fǎ。 11 yuè，《 zhōng guó wén huà yào yì》 chū bǎn。
1950 nián 57 suì 9 yuè， xiàng zhōng gòng jiàn yì shè zhì zhōng guó wén huà yán jiū suǒ。 10 yuè， xiě zuò《 zhōng guó jiàn guó zhī lù》。
1952 nián 59 suì 8 yuè， xiàng máo zé dōng tí chū qù sū lián zuò xué shù yán jiū， wèi guǒ。
1956 nián 63 suì 8 yuè， jū jīng xī bā dà chù xí jìng。
1960 nián 67 suì kāi shǐ xiě zuò《 rén xīn yǔ rén shēng》。
1966 nián 73 suì“ wén huà dà gé mìng” kāi shǐ。 8 yuè， xiān shēng bèi gǎn chū jū shì， zàn zhù xiǎo wū nèi。 9 yuè zhì 11 yuè xiě chū《 rú fó yì tóng lùn》。
1974 nián 81 suì 1 yuè， xiě zuò《 jīn tiān wǒ men yīngdāng rú hé píng jià kǒng zǐ》， bìng zài zhèng xié xué xí huì shàng jiǎng yǎn。
1975 nián 82 suì 7 yuè， wán chéng《 rén xīn yǔ rén shēng》。 chóngxīn xiě zuò《 dōng fāng xué shù gài guān》。
1984 nián 91 suì《 rén xīn yǔ rén shēng》 chū bǎn。 zhōng guó wén huà shū yuàn yú běi jīng chéng lì， xiān shēng rèn yuàn wù wěi yuán huì zhù xí。
1985 nián 92 suì 3 yuè， zài zhōng guó wén huà shū yuàn dì yī jiè jiǎng xí bān shàng jiǎng yǎn。
1986 nián 93 suì 11 yuè，《 dōng fāng xué gài guān》 chū bǎn。
1988 nián 95 suì 6 yuè 23 rì， xiān shēng zài běi jīng shì shì。 mù dì zài guì lín shì chuān shān gōng yuán。
Liang was of Guilin, Guangxi origin, but born in Beijing. He was the son of a famous intellectual who committed suicide apparently in despair at the state of the Chinese nation. He had a modern education and exposure to Western writings.
In 1917 he was recruited by Cai Yuanpei to the philosophy department of Beijing University, where he produced an influential book based on his lectures entitled Eastern and Western Cultures and their Philosophies, which expounded some of the doctrines of a modern Confucianism. He also displayed the influence of Henri Bergson, then popular in China, as well as Buddhist Yogacara philosophy.
Regarding Western civilization as doomed to eventual failure, Liang did not advocate complete reform and adoption of Western institutions. He nonetheless believed that reform was needed to make China equal to the rest of the world. It was his view that the required prerequisites for these institutions did not exist in China, so they would not succeed if introduced. Instead, he pushed for change to socialism starting at the grassroots level. To this end, he founded the Shandong Rural Reconstruction Institute and helped to found the China Democratic League.
Liang was famous for his critique of Marxist class theory, stating that, despite obvious disparities of wealth, Chinese rural society could not be unambiguously classified along class lines. One and the same family (particularly the large patriarchal lineages found in many regions) would commonly have some members among the "haves" and others among the "have-nots". The class struggle advocated by the Maoists would necessitate kinsmen attacking each other.
After the Sino-Japanese War, he mediated disputes between the Communist and Nationalist parties. After the victory of the Communists in 1949, he was occasionally persecuted in ideological campaigns, but refused to admit any error. He died in Beijing.
Eastern and Western Cultures and Their PhilosophiesReleased in 1921, ’’Eastern and Western Cultures and their Philosophies’’ put forth Liang’s theory of three cultures. This was one of four main Neo-Confucian responses to Scientism. His theory stemmed from Yogacara Buddhism’s three natures. His theory was based in his definition of the formation of distinct cultures. In Liang’s book he states that: What is culture? It is the life-style of a people. What is life? It is the expression of inexhaustible will—something quite close to the will in Schopenhauer—always being satisfied and yet not fully satisfied.
According to Liang, will decides life and life decides culture, so cultures are different when the wills and desires of the people who populate them differ. Liang saw three orientations of the will: the desire 1) to change and affect your surroundings to bend to your will 2) to change your will so you do not desire to change your surroundings 3) to eliminate will entirely so one no longer desires anything because of his understanding that much of the world is an illusion. To Liang, the three orientations of will were not unconnected but a progression. He says that since knowledge starts with applying reason to your surroundings the first orientation is the most formative. This leads to an imbalance, where one must start to use intuition to relate morally to the world. Finally, as intuition develops, it leads to hardship instead of relieving it. This leads to direct perception, which is the third orientation. Liang maintained that the West held the first orientation, while China held the second and India held the third.
The Substance of Chinese CultureIn his book ’’The Substance of Chinese Culture’’, Liang contrasted Chinese culture with that of Western culture. He did this by exploring the relationship between the social structures in the two regions. Social structure, he asserted, created the cultural factors determining everything about the two cultures. He said Social structure is heavily influenced by cultural viewpoint, which in turn is defined by the social foundation of the society (its means of existence). Liang believed society had three forms: communities, families and individuals. A cultural viewpoint that heavily emphasizes one combination of these will differ greatly from a viewpoint that emphasizes different ones.
Liang believed that while China had stressed the importance of family, the West focused on the relationship of the individual to the community. He insisted that this led China down a path dedicated to an ethics-based society, while the West produced and individual-based one instead. China was led down its path because of feelings of kinship and emotional bonds, which dominated their society. The West, due to their emphasis on mutual rights, proceeded down a path revolving around class distinction, economic independence and laws. The Chinese, however, had a society of professional divisions due to greater social mobility, mutual responsibility and personal bonds to maintain order. Finally, Liang brings up his three cultures theory and China’s position in it. He states that Though China was in the second stage, she had skipped the first and consequently lacked the development of profit and power. Rather than suggesting she go back to the first cultural stage, Liang suggests the introduction of Western science and democracy into Chinese society to promote development in those areas.
Works in Rural ReconstructionLiang Shuming believed that the rural village was the most important aspect of Chinese society and that for the last hundred years Chinese history had been characterized by its destruction. Between the years of 1931 and 1937 Liang was instructing the rural reconstruction in Zouping County of the Shandong Province. Many people assert that he was the reason for the great improvements witnessed there. His main emphases in rural reconstruction were the cultivation of group unity, development of science and technology, and the elimination of outdated traditions.
Liang, appointed by Han Fuju to engage in rural reconstruction in Zouping County, was convinced the most effective method would be to integrate county and village schools and the local government. Between 1931 and 1933 Liang trained 800 people to run schools all over Shandong and in 1932 the Guomindang said that every province should have one of these rural research reconstruction institutions.
Liang's Rural Research Reconstruction Institution had three departments. The first was the Research Department on Rural Reconstruction, headed by Liang Himself. This department trained students who already had a university education to become science advisors. The Training Department of Service personnel took students with a middle-school education to become the villages’ service personnel. The final department, called the Rural Reconstruction District, was implemented to integrate local governance into the university. ’
Liang and ReligionAt the age of 89 in an interview with Alitto, Liang proclaimed himself a Buddhist. He had been interested in Buddhism since his youth, which he often attributed to his feelings that many of the mistakes of the past had been made due to a focus on the external world for answers that come from within. In his article ‘’DOUBT’’, Liang expounded on the theory of ether in physics to maintain that much of the world is illusory and one must simply be conscious of this fact in order to see the world as it truly is and attain freedom. Liang wrote an ‘’Introduction to Indian Philosophy’’ where he explored many of the key concepts in Buddhism to reveal what he saw as its foundations. In ‘’CONC’’, he explored the history of consciousness in Buddhism and attributed the Consciousness-Only school to Asanga. He also maintained that people only get an illusory image through observations and opposed the idea of logical inference on the basis that it only explains conceptual questions.
Liang, like many intellectuals of the time was very critical of Chinese folk religion. He believed that it was too primitive to allow society to reach a high level of socialization, while at the same time promoting conservatism that impeded social development and promoted low moral standards and selfishness. He felt that Confucianism was China’s answer to religion as it provided a way to harmonize with the cosmos instead of being isolated from that which you worship.
In contrasting Confucianism with religions he came to two conclusions. First that unlike western religion everyone is thought to have innate moral reason, which means they must not all have uniform morals dictated by an institution like the church. And, Second, in his ‘’Treatise on the Differences and Similarities between Confucianism and Buddhism’’ that the two were not unrelated, but while Confucianism is based on the person and talks about moral character, that Buddhism transcends the person to talk about a final understanding. When ordered in 1974 to criticize Confucius and Lin Bao, he refused and instead wrote Human mind and Human Life. He was often considered a beacon of intellectual freedom as well as China’s conscience.
References1.^ An Yanming, Liang Shuming and Henri Bergson on Intuition:Cultural Context and the Evolution of Terms. “Philosophy of East and West, Vol 47, No. 3”, July 1997
2.^ Lin Anwu, Liang Shuming and His Theory of the Reappearance of Three Cultures. “Contemporary Chinese Thought Vol 40 No. 3”, 2009
3.^ Thierry Meynard, The Religious Philosophy of Liang Shuming The Hidden Buddhist. “Koninklijke Brill NV”, 2011
4.^ Lin Anwu, Liang Shuming and His Theory of the Reappearance of Three Cultures. “Contemporary Chinese Thought Vol 40 No. 3”, 2009
5.^ Guy S. Alitto, The Last Confucian Liang Shuming and the Chinese Dilemma of Modernity.
6.^ Lin Anwu, Liang Shuming and His Theory of the Reappearance of Three Cultures. “Contemporary Chinese Thought Vol 40 No. 3”, 2009
7.^ Lin Anwu, Liang Shuming and His Theory of the Reappearance of Three Cultures. “Contemporary Chinese Thought Vol 40 No. 3”, 2009
8.^ Lu Weiming and Zhao Xiaoyu, Liang Shuming’s Viewpoint of Chinese and Western Cultures in the Substance of Chinese Culture. “Contemporary Chinese Thought Vol. 40 No. 3”, 2009
9.^ Lu Weiming and Zhao Xiaoyu, Liang Shuming’s Viewpoint of Chinese and Western Cultures in the Substance of Chinese Culture. “Contemporary Chinese Thought Vol. 40 No. 3”, 2009
10.^ Lu Weiming and Zhao Xiaoyu, Liang Shuming’s Viewpoint of Chinese and Western Cultures in the Substance of Chinese Culture. “Contemporary Chinese Thought Vol. 40 No. 3”, 2009
11.^ Lu Weiming and Zhao Xiaoyu, Liang Shuming’s Viewpoint of Chinese and Western Cultures in the Substance of Chinese Culture. “Contemporary Chinese Thought Vol. 40 No. 3”, 2009
12.^ Lu Weiming and Zhao Xiaoyu, Liang Shuming’s Viewpoint of Chinese and Western Cultures in the Substance of Chinese Culture. “Contemporary Chinese Thought Vol. 40 No. 3”, 2009
13.^ Wu Shugang and Tong Binchang, Liang Shuming’s Rural Reconstruction Experiment and Its Relevance for Building the New Socialist Countryside. “Contemporary Chinese Thought Vol. 40 No. 3”, 2009
14.^ Wu Shugang and Tong Binchang, Liang Shuming’s Rural Reconstruction Experiment and Its Relevance for Building the New Socialist Countryside. “Contemporary Chinese Thought Vol. 40 No. 3”, 2009
15.^ Wu Shugang and Tong Binchang, Liang Shuming’s Rural Reconstruction Experiment and Its Relevance for Building the New Socialist Countryside. “Contemporary Chinese Thought Vol. 40 No. 3”, 2009
16.^ Wu Shugang and Tong Binchang, Liang Shuming’s Rural Reconstruction Experiment and Its Relevance for Building the New Socialist Countryside. “Contemporary Chinese Thought Vol. 40 No. 3”, 2009
17.^ Zhang Wenru, Liang Shuming and Buddhist Studies. “Contemporary Chinese Thought Vol. 40 No. 3”, 2009
18.^ Zhang Wenru, Liang Shuming and Buddhist Studies. “Contemporary Chinese Thought Vol. 40 No. 3”, 2009
19.^ Zhang Wenru, Liang Shuming and Buddhist Studies. “Contemporary Chinese Thought Vol. 40 No. 3”, 2009
20.^ Zhang Wenru, Liang Shuming and Buddhist Studies. “Contemporary Chinese Thought Vol. 40 No. 3”, 2009
21.^ Zhang Wenru, Liang Shuming and Buddhist Studies. “Contemporary Chinese Thought Vol. 40 No. 3”, 2009
22.^ Zhang Wenru, Liang Shuming and Buddhist Studies. “Contemporary Chinese Thought Vol. 40 No. 3”, 2009
23.^ Thierry Meynard, The Religious Philosophy of Liang Shuming The Hidden Buddhist. “Koninklijke Brill NV”, 2011
24.^ Lu Weiming and Zhao Xiaoyu, Liang Shuming’s Viewpoint of Chinese and Western Cultures in the Substance of Chinese Culture. “Contemporary Chinese Thought Vol. 40 No. 3”, 2009
25.^ Zhang Wenru, Liang Shuming and Buddhist Studies. “Contemporary Chinese Thought Vol. 40 No. 3”, 2009
26.^ Thierry Meynard, Liang Shuming’s Thought and Its Reception. “Contemporary Chinese Thought Vol. 40 No. 3”, 2009
Alitto, Guy. The Last Confucian: Liang Shu-ming and the Chinese Dilemma of Modernity 2nd ed. 1986, University of California Press.
de Bary, Wm. Theodore, ed. Sources of Chinese Tradition, Volume II (Second Edition) New York: Columbia, 2000.