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米·布爾加科夫 - 個人資料
全名：米哈伊爾·阿法納西耶維奇·布爾加科夫
出生： 1891年5月15日（儒略歷5月3日）
去世：1940年3月10日
國籍：俄羅斯
職業：小說傢、劇作傢
米·布爾加科夫 - 個人簡歷
米哈伊爾·阿法納西耶維奇·布爾加科夫出生於烏剋蘭基輔市的一個俄羅斯家庭。他是傢中的長子，父親是神學教授。
1913年，布爾加科夫和TatianaLappa結婚。第一次世界大戰爆發後，他報名參加了紅十字會。1916年，他從基輔大學醫療係畢業後，參加了白軍。他還曾被短暫徵入烏剋蘭民族軍。1919年，他决定棄醫從文，成為一個記者。他的兄弟們也都參加了白軍，在內戰結束後，除了米哈伊爾以外，都流落到巴黎。布爾加科夫從未被允許去西方探望他們。
1921年，布爾加科夫與第一個妻子離婚，與Lyubov'Belozerskaya結婚。在20年代早、中期，他發表了一係列作品，但從1927年開始，他被批評為作品嚴重反對蘇维埃。到1929年，他的任何作品都無法通過審查。
1931年，布爾加科夫與ElenaShilovskaya結婚。Elena即是《大師與瑪格麗特》中瑪格麗特的原型，本姓Sergeevna，Shilovsky是她前夫的姓。她和前夫離婚後，第二天就和布爾加科夫結婚。在布爾加科夫生命的最後十年裏，他繼續寫作《大師與瑪格麗特》和其他戲劇、評論、小說、翻譯，但無一得到發表。
布爾加科夫和蘇维埃政權之間的關係一直很緊張。1930年，他給斯大林寫了封信，請求說：如果蘇聯不能使用他的諷刺文學才能，請讓他移民國外。斯大林本人給他回了電話，拒絶了他。但由於斯大林比較欣賞他的戲劇《圖爾賓一傢的日子》（根據《白軍》改編），便給他在莫斯科一傢小劇院找到了工作，後來又調到莫斯科藝術大劇院。然而他在劇院的工作並不成功。他還曾短暫地在Bolshoi歌劇院當詞作者，但很快離開了。
1940年，布爾加科夫因傢族遺傳的腎病而去世。
米·布爾加科夫 - 寫作生涯
1916年基輔大學醫療係畢業後被派往農村醫院，後轉至縣城，在維亞濟馬市迎接了十月革命。
1918年回基輔開業行醫，經歷了多次政權更迭，後被鄧尼金分子裹脅到北高加索。
米·布爾加科夫
1920年棄醫從文，開始寫作生涯。1921年輾轉來到莫斯科。
1920年開始在《汽笛報》工作，發表一係列短篇、特寫、小品文，揭露並諷刺不良社會現象，以幽默和辛辣的文風著稱。1924～1928年期間發表中篇小說《不祥的雞蛋》（1925）、《魔障》（1925），劇本《卓伊金的住宅》（1926）、《紫紅色的島嶼》（1928）。
1925年發表長篇小說《白衛軍》，描寫1918年基輔的一部分反對布爾什維剋的白衛軍軍官的思想行動。1926年小說改編為劇本《土爾賓一傢的命運》，上演獲得成功，但也引起爭論。
1927年他的作品實際上已被禁止發表。
1930年，在斯大林的親自幹預下他被莫斯科藝術劇院錄用為助理導演，業餘堅持文學創作，並重新開始寫他一生最重要的長篇小說《大師和瑪格麗特》（1966）直到逝世。其他著作有劇本《莫裏哀》（1936）、傳記體小說《莫裏哀》（1962）等。
米·布爾加科夫 - 早期作品
布爾加科夫從20年代早期開始寫作。1924年他完成了《白軍》（1966年出版），以編年史的形式講述了一個白軍軍官的家庭，這個家庭的成員們都加入了白軍，但他們最後不是死去，就是改變初衷。根據這部小說改編的話劇《圖爾賓一傢的日子》得到了斯大林的贊賞，稱該劇“顯示了布爾什維剋無堅不摧的力量。”同期他還根據自己在1916年到1919年間當戰地醫生的經驗，寫了一個短篇小說集《一個年輕醫生的筆記(Записки юного врача)》。
20年代中期，他開始喜歡赫伯特·喬治·威爾斯的作品，並寫了一些帶有科幻風格的小說。《壞蛋》講一位佩西科夫教授，發現了一種紅色射綫，可以加快生物生長。當時，莫斯科正流行雞瘟，雞成批死去，蘇聯當局便在一傢國營農場試用這種射綫。但雞蛋在運輸過程中與佩西科夫教授的實驗用蛋相混，結果運到農場的是鴕鳥蛋、蛇蛋和鰐魚蛋，在射綫照射後，孵出來一堆怪物，大鬧莫斯科。為了平息事端，政府開動宣傳機器，指責佩西科夫教授故意搞出來這些怪物。這篇小說使政府把布爾加科夫打入“反革命”的另册。
《狗心》講述了一個醫生把人的大腦細胞和主要器官移植到一條叫Sharik的狗身上。這條狗開始變得像人一樣，會說話並具有人的特點，但性格卻十分狂暴可惡。最後醫生衹好又給它動了一次手術，使它變回成狗。這篇小說被認為是對蘇聯的諷刺。1973年，William Bergsma把它改編成一個喜劇“Sharik同志謀殺案”，並在1988年被拍成電影。
其他作品還有1926年的《卓伊金的住宅》（劇本）和1928年的《紫紅色的島嶼》。
米·布爾加科夫 - 代表作品
《大師與瑪格麗特（МастериМаргарита）》是二十世紀最好的俄語小說，而且是魔幻現實主義的開山之作。布爾加科夫從1928年開始寫這部小說，但在1930年三月，當他得知自己的作品Кабаласвятош被禁時，將《大師與瑪格麗特》的手稿銷毀（據布爾加科夫本人回憶，是在火爐中燒毀）。1931年，他又重新開始寫《大師與瑪格麗
《大師與瑪格麗特》
特》，至1936年基本寫完。三稿完成於1937年。在他的妻子的幫助下，他繼續修改作品，直到死前四周。他的妻子在1940到1941年間完成了修改。1966年，本書的潔版（12％被刪去，更多的地方被改動）纔第一次出版。被刪改的章節以手抄本的形式在地下流傳。1967年，法蘭剋福的一位出版人在此基礎上出版了較完全的版本。在蘇聯，第一個完全版本出版於1973年。
這部小說中文又譯作《撒但起舞》，故事有三條主綫：首先是以外國魔術師沃蘭德身份出現的撒但，帶着他的隨從（其中最引人註目的是一隻會直立行走說人話、暴力傾嚮嚴重的大黑貓），來到莫斯科，加入了一個年輕詩人“無傢漢”和一個莫斯科文聯官員的談話，預言了官員的死亡，隨後將莫斯科文藝圈攪得天翻地覆。“無傢漢”被送入了精神病院，在那裏他遇到了大師。大師由於寫一篇關於彼拉多和耶穌的歷史小說時産生了精神異常，焚毀了手稿，離棄了愛人，最後被關進精神病院。
第二條綫講大師的愛人，瑪格麗特，被撒但選中作為當晚魔鬼舞會的女主人，為此她得到了超自然的能力，裸體飛行在俄羅斯上空。在飛行中，她肆意搗毀了一個批評過大師的文藝評論者的傢。最後撒但答應實現瑪格麗特的任何願望，瑪格麗特要求將大師解救出來，並從此和她生活在貧窮和愛情中。撒但轉而决定將大師和瑪格麗特都帶走，當次日太陽升起，莫斯科陷沒在一片火焰中，他們飛翔離開。
第三條綫講耶穌受難當天，他和彼拉多之間的對話，以及對當時真相的探求和描述。這條綫開始於開篇時撒但與文聯官員的對話，時隱時現於大師的手稿，並有大段直接描寫和復雜的對哲學、神學、人性的討論。
Mikhail Bulgakov was born on May 15, 1891 in Kiev (now the capital of Ukraine), in the Russian Empire. He was the eldest son of Afanasiy Bulgakov, an assistant professor at the Kiev Theological Academy. He was the grandson of priests on both sides of the family. From 1901 to 1904 Bulgakov attended the First Kiev Gymnasium, where he developed an interest in Russian and European literature, theatre and opera.
Bulgakov in 1909.
In 1913 Bulgakov married Tatiana Lappa. At the outbreak of the First World War he volunteered with the Red Cross as a medical doctor and was sent directly to the frontline, where he was badly injured at least twice. In 1916, he graduated from the Medical Department of Kiev University and then served in the White Army alongside his brothers. He also briefly served in the Ukrainian People's Army.
After the Civil War and rise of the Soviets, much of his family emigrated to Paris (in exile). Mikhail and brothers ended up in the Caucasus. He first began to work as a journalist there, but when they were invited to return as doctors by the French and German governments, Bulgakov was refused permission to leave Russia because of typhus. This was when he last saw his family.
Bulgakov suffered from his long-acting war wounds, which had a bad effect on his health. To suppress chronic pain, especially in the abdomen, he injected himself with morphine. Throughout the following year his addiction grew stronger. In one year (in 1918) he finished injecting himself with morphine and never used it in the future. His book, entitled Morphine and released in 1926, provided an account of the writer's state during these years.
Though his first fiction efforts were made in Kiev, he only decided to leave medicine to pursue his love of literature in 1919. His first book was an almanac of feuilletons called Future Perspectives, written and published the same year. In 1921, Bulgakov moved to Moscow where he began his career as a writer. They settled near Patriarch's Ponds, close to Mayakovskaya metro station on the Sadovaya street, 10. Four years later (in 1925), divorced from his first wife, he married Lyubov' Belozerskaya. He published a number of works through the early and mid 1920s, but by 1927 his career began to suffer from criticism that he was too anti-Soviet. By 1929 his career was ruined, and government censorship prevented publication of any of his work and staging of any of his plays.
Bulgakov in the 1910s - his university years.
In 1932, Bulgakov married for the third time, to Yelena Shilovskaya, who would prove to be inspiration for the character Margarita in his most famous novel. During the last decade of his life, Bulgakov continued to work on The Master and Margarita, wrote plays, critical works, stories, and made several translations and dramatisations of novels, librettos. Many of them were not published, other ones were "torn to pieces" by critics.
Bulgakov wrote the play "Batum" glorifying Stalin's early revolutionary activity, but the play was banned by Stalin. However, Stalin had enjoyed another Bulgakov's play, The Days of the Turbins (1926) and found work for him at a small Moscow theatre, and then the Moscow Art Theatre. Much of his work (ridiculing the Soviet system) stayed in his desk drawer for several decades. In 1930 he wrote a letter to the Soviet government, requesting permission to emigrate if the Soviet Union could not find use for him as a writer. In Bulgakov's autobiography, he claimed that he wrote to Stalin out of desperation and mental anguish, never intending to post the letter. He received a phone call directly from Joseph Stalin asking the writer whether he really desired to leave the Soviet Union. Bulgakov replied that a Russian writer cannot live outside of his homeland.
The refusal of the authorities to let him work in the theatre and his desire to see his family living abroad, whom he had not seen for many years, led him to seek drastic measures. Despite his new work, the projects he worked on at the theatre were often prohibited and he was stressed and unhappy. He also worked briefly at the Bolshoi Theatre as a librettist but left when his works were not produced.
Bulgakov died from nephrosclerosis (an inherited kidney disorder) on March 10, 1940. He was buried in the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow. His father had died of the same disease, and from his youth Bulgakov guessed his future mortal diagnosis.
[edit]Early works
See also Category: Works by Mikhail Bulgakov During his life, Bulgakov was best known for the plays he contributed to Konstantin Stanislavsky's and Nemirovich-Danchenko's Moscow Art Theatre. Stalin was known to be fond of the play Days of the Turbins (Дни Турбиных) (1926), which was based on Bulgakov's novel The White Guard. His dramatization of Molière's life in The Cabal of Hypocrites (Кабала святош)(1936) is still performed by the Moscow Art Theatre. Even after his plays were banned from the theatres, Bulgakov wrote a comedy about Ivan the Terrible's visit into 1930s Moscow and the play "Batum" about the early years of Stalin (1939), which was prohibited by Stalin himself.
Bulgakov in 1926.
Bulgakov began writing prose with The White Guard (Белая гвардия) (1924, partly published in 1925, first full edition 1927–1929, Paris) – a novel about a life of a White Army officer's family in Civil war Kiev. In the mid-1920s, he came to admire the works of H. G. Wells and wrote several stories with elements of science fiction, notably The Fatal Eggs (Роковые яйца) (1924) and Heart of a Dog (Собачье сердце) (1925). He intended to compile his stories of the mid-twenties (published mostly in medical journals) that were based on his work as a country doctor in 1916–1918 into a collection titled Notes of a Young Doctor (Записки юного врача), but he died before he could publish it.
Bulgakov in the early 1930s.
The Fatal Eggs tells of the events of a Professor Persikov, who, in experimentation with eggs, discovers a red ray that accelerates growth in living organisms. At the time, an illness passes through the chickens of Moscow, killing most of them and, to remedy the situation, the Soviet government puts the ray into use at a farm. Unfortunately there is a mix up in egg shipments and the Professor ends up with chicken eggs, while the government-run farm receives the shipment of ostrich, snake and crocodile eggs that were meant to go to the Professor. The mistake is not discovered until the eggs produce giant monstrosities that wreak havoc in the suburbs of Moscow and kill most of the workers on the farm. The propaganda machine then turns on Persikov, distorting his nature in the same way his "innocent" tampering created the monsters. This tale of a bungling government earned Bulgakov his label of a counter-revolutionary.
Heart of a Dog features a professor who implants human testicles and pituitary gland into a dog named Sharik (means "Little Balloon" or "Little Ball" - popular Russian nickname for a male dog). The dog then proceeds to become more and more human as time passes, resulting in all manner of chaos. The tale can be read as a critical satire of the Soviet Union; it contains few bold hints to communist leadership (e.g. the name of the drunkard donor of the human organ implants is Chugunkin ("chugun" is cast iron) which can be seen as parody on the name of Stalin ("stal'" is steel). It was turned into a comic opera called The Murder of Comrade Sharik by William Bergsma in 1973. In 1988 an award-winning movie version Sobachye Serdtse was produced by Lenfilm, starring Yevgeniy Yevstigneyev, Roman Kartsev and Vladimir Tolokonnikov.
[edit]The Master and Margarita
A sculpture of the cat Behemoth from The Master and Margarita.
Main article: The Master and Margarita
The Master and Margarita (Мастер и Маргарита), which Bulgakov began writing in 1928 and which was finally published by his widow in 1966, twenty-six years after his death, led to an international appreciation of his work. The book was available underground as samizdat for many years in the Soviet Union, before the serialization of a censored version in the journal Moskva. It contributed a number of sayings to the Russian language, for example, "Manuscripts don't burn" and "second-grade freshness". A destroyed manuscript of the Master is an important element of the plot, and, in fact, Bulgakov had to rewrite the novel from memory after he burned the draft manuscript of this novel.
The novel is a critique of Soviet society and its literary establishment. The work is appreciated for its philosophical undertones and for its high artistic level thanks to its picturesque descriptions (especially of old Jerusalem), lyrical fragments and style. It is a frame narrative involving two characteristically related time periods and/or plot lines: a retelling of the gospels and a description of contemporary Moscow.
The novel begins with Satan visiting Moscow in the 1930s, joining a conversation between a critic and a poet debating the existence of Jesus Christ and the Devil. It then evolves into an all-embracing indictment of the corruption, greed, narrow-mindedness, and widespread paranoia of Soviet Russia. Published more than 25 years after Bulgakov's death, and more than ten years after Stalin's, the novel firmly secured Bulgakov's place among the pantheon of great Russian writers.
There is a story-within-the-story dealing with the interrogation of Jesus Christ by Pontius Pilate and the Crucifixion.
[edit]Bulgakov Museum in Moscow
Detail, Bulgakov Museum in Moscow
Main article: Bulgakov museum in Moscow
Bulgakov's old flat, in which parts of The Master and Margarita are set, has since the 1980s become a gathering spot for Bulgakov's fans, as well as Moscow-based Satanist groups[citation needed], and had various kinds of graffiti scrawled on the walls. The numerous paintings, quips, and drawings were completely whitewashed in 2003. Previously the best drawings were kept as the walls were repainted, so that several layers of different colored paints could be seen around the best drawings. Although quite old,the building stayed viable for a while. The building's residents, in an attempt to deter loitering, are currently attempting to turn the flat into a museum of Bulgakov's life and works. To date (February, 2005), they have had trouble contacting the flat's anonymous owner.
On December 21, 2006, the museum in Bulgakov's flat was damaged by an anti-satanist protester and disgruntled neighbor, Alexander Morozov.
The Bulgakov museum in Moscow remains open and contains personal belongings, photos, and exhibitions related to Bulgakov's life and his different works. There is a fantastic museum and different poetic and literary events are often being held in the flat. The museum's web site is only available in Russian but the entrance fee is only about $1 (the museum was free till January 2009) and its opening hours are 1 p.m. - 7 p.m. The flat is located close to Mayakovskaya metro station on the Sadovaya street, 10.
[edit]Bulgakov Museum in Kiev
The Mikhail Bulgakov Museum (Bulgakov House) in Kiev, (in his family home, which was the model for the house of the Turbin family in The White Guard) has been converted to a literary museum with some rooms devoted to the writer, as well as some to his works.
[edit]Legacy
A minor planet 3469 Bulgakov discovered by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Georgievna Karachkina in 1982 is named after him.
The award-winning British writer Salman Rushdie stated that The Master and Margarita was an inspiration for his own novel The Satanic Verses.
[edit]Famous quotes
The following quotes from The Master and Margarita have become catch phrases in Russia:
"Manuscripts don't burn" ("Рукописи не горят")
"There's only one degree of freshness — the first, which makes it also the last" ("Свежесть бывает только одна – первая, она же и последняя")
"Not causing trouble, not bothering anyone, fixing the primus" ("Не шалю, никого не трогаю, починяю примус") - (a "primus" is a brand, and by extension type, of portable stove)
"No ID, no person" ("Нет документа - нет и человека")
"Never ask for anything" ("Никогда и ничего не просите")
"To speak the truth is easy and pleasant" ("Правду говорить легко и приятно")
"Only the housing problem has corrupted them" ("Kвартирный вопрос только испортил их")
The following quotes from Heart of a Dog have become catch phrases in Russia:
"Never read Soviet newspapers before dinner" ("Не читайте до обеда советских газет")
"Take everything and divide it up" ("Взять все, да и поделить")
[edit]In popular culture
The Master and Margarita novel is said to have been read by Mick Jagger and influenced his writing of the song "Sympathy for the Devil".
The Master and Margarita inspired a song called "Love and Destroy" by Franz Ferdinand. The song is based on the scene in which Margarita flies over Moscow.
A slightly altered version of the beginning of Chapter 23 in The Master and Margarita is used as the backtrack for the song Disorder by the dubstep artist Scuba.
The Master and Margarita is the title of a song by Canadian band The Tea Party.
[edit]Bibliography
Main article: Bibliography of Mikhail Bulgakov
See also Category: Works by Mikhail Bulgakov
In chronological order by year of first translation:
[edit]Novels and short stories
The White Guard (1918, translation 2008)
Great Soviet short stories, 1962
The Master and Margarita, 1967
Black Snow: A Theatrical Novel, 1967
Heart of a Dog, 1968
A Country Doctor's Notebook, 1975
Diaboliad and Other Stories, 1990
The Terrible news: Russian stories from the years following the Revolution, 1990
Notes on the Cuff & Other Stories, translated by Alison Rice, Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1991.
The Fatal Eggs and Other Soviet Satire, 1918-1963, 1993.
A Dead Man's Memoir (A Theatrical Novel), 2007
[edit]Theater
The Early Plays of Mikhail Bulgakov, 1990
Peace plays: two, 1990
Zoya's apartment: A tragic farce in three acts, 1991
Six plays, 1991
[edit]Biography
Life of Mr. de Molière, 1962