美國 冷戰開始  (1899年七月21日～1961年七月2日)

Ernest Miller Hemingway

 現實百態 Realistic Fiction： 《太陽照常升起 The Sun Also Rises》 《永別了，武器 A Farewell to Arms》 《老人與海 The Old Man and the Sea》 《海明威作品集》 馬爾剋斯：我所認識的海明威 閱讀海明威 Ernest Hemingway在小说之家的作品!!!

歐內斯特.海明威，Ernest Hemingway，1899 - 1961，美國小說傢、諾貝爾文學奬獲得者。

海明威1899年7月21日生於芝加哥市郊橡膠園小鎮。父親是醫生和體育愛好者，母親從事音樂教育。6個兄弟姐妹中，他排行第二，從小酷愛體育、捕魚和狩獵。中學畢業後曾去法國等地旅行，回國後當過見習記者。

第一次大戰爆發後，他志願赴意大利當戰地救護車司機。1918年夏在前綫被炮彈炸成重傷，回國休養。後來去加拿大多倫多市星報任記者。1921年重返巴黎，結識美國女作傢斯坦因、青年作傢安德森和詩人龐德等。

1923年發表處女作《三個短篇小說和十首詩》，隨後遊歷歐洲各國。1926年出版了長篇小說《太陽照樣升起》，初獲成功，被斯坦因稱為"迷惘的一代。1929年，反映第一次世界大戰的長篇巨著《永別了，武器》的問世給作傢帶來了聲譽。 30年代初，海明威到非洲旅行和狩獵。1935年寫成《非洲的青山》和一些短篇小說。

1937年發表了描寫美國與古巴之間海上走私活動的小說《有的和無的》。西班牙內戰期間，他3次以記者身份親臨前綫，在炮火中寫了劇本《第五縱隊》，並創作了以美國人參加西班牙人民反法西斯戰爭為題材的長篇小說《喪鐘為誰而鳴》（1940）。他曾與許多美國知名作傢和學者捐款支援西班牙人民正義鬥爭。

1941年偕夫人瑪莎訪問中國，支持我國抗日戰爭。後又以戰地記者身份重赴歐洲，並多次參加戰鬥。戰後客居古巴，潛心寫作。1952年，《老人與海》問世，深受好評，翌年獲普利策奬。1954年獲諾貝爾文學奬。卡斯特羅掌權後，他離開古巴返美定居。因身上多處舊傷，百病纏身，精神憂鬱， 1961年7月2日用獵槍自殺。海明威去世後發表的遺作，主要有：《海流中的島嶼》（1970）和《伊甸園》（1986）。他那獨特的風格和塑造的硬漢子形象對現代歐美文學産生深遠的影響。

Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American writer and journalist. His distinctive writing style, characterized by economy and understatement, influenced 20th-century fiction, as did his life of adventure and public image. He produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and his career peaked in 1954 when he won the Nobel Prize in Literature. Hemingway's fiction was successful because the characters he presented exhibited authenticity that reverberated with his audience. Many of his works are classics of American literature. He published seven novels, six short story collections, and two non-fiction works during his lifetime; a further three novels, four collections of short stories, and three non-fiction works were published after his death.

Hemingway was born and raised in Oak Park, Illinois. After leaving high school he worked for a few months as a reporter, before leaving for the Italian front to become an ambulance driver during World War I, which became the basis for his novel A Farewell to Arms. He was seriously wounded and returned home within the year. In 1922 Hemingway married Hadley Richardson, the first of his four wives, and the couple moved to Paris, where he worked as a foreign correspondent. During his time there he met and was influenced by modernist writers and artists of the 1920s expatriate community known as the "Lost Generation". His first novel, The Sun Also Rises, was written in 1924.

After divorcing Hadley Richardson in 1927 Hemingway married Pauline Pfeiffer; they divorced following Hemingway's return from covering the Spanish Civil War, after which he wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls. Martha Gellhorn became his third wife in 1940, but he left her for Mary Welsh Hemingway after World War II, during which he was present at D-Day and the liberation of Paris.

Shortly after the publication of The Old Man and the Sea in 1952 Hemingway went on safari to Africa, where he was almost killed in a plane crash that left him in pain or ill-health for much of the rest of his life. Hemingway had permanent residences in Key West, Florida, and Cuba during the 1930s and '40s, but in 1959 he moved from Cuba to Ketchum, Idaho, where he committed suicide in the summer of 1961.