黄帝 人物列表
黄帝 Yellow emperor; The huangdi; Mauslleum颛顼 Zhuan Xu喾 Ku
帝挚 Di Zhi帝尧 Di Yao舜 Shun
炎帝 Yan Di神农氏 Shen Nongshi少典 Shao Dian
昌意 Chang Yi
神农氏 Shen Nongshi
黄帝  (前4082年前3702年)
开端终结
在位前4082年前3702年
神农氏前4082年前3702年

  神农氏是传说中的农业和医药的发明者。远古人民过着采集和渔猎的生活,他发明制作木耒、木耜,教会人民农业生产。反映中国原始时代由采集渔猎向农耕生产进步的情况。又传说他遍尝百草,发现药材,教会人民医治疾病。
  继伏羲以后,神农氏是又一个对中华民族颇多贡献的传奇人物。除了发明农耕技术外,还发明了医术,制定了历法,开创九井相连的水利灌溉技术等。因为他发明农耕技术而号神农氏,因以火德王,故称炎帝、赤帝、烈(厉)山氏,则又成了与黄帝相争天下的首领。长期以来,对于神农氏是否是炎帝这个问题,一直悬而难决。
  传说神农一生下来就是个“水晶肚”,几乎是全透明的,五脏六腑全都能看得见,还能看得见吃进去的东西。那时候,人们经常因乱吃东西而生病,甚至丧命。神农为此决心尝遍百草,能食用的放在身体左边的袋子里,介绍给别人吃,用作药用;不能够食用的就放在身体的右边袋子里,提醒人们注意不可以食用。
  
  【神农后裔】
  相传在炎黄时期,炎帝和黄帝皆神农氏之后,两部落联合形成华夏族。炎帝败于黄帝,黄帝为天子,炎帝部落一部分迁离了黄河流域。蚩尤亦神农氏之后,蚩尤部落在黄河流域战败后,一部分融入黄帝部落,一部分南迁,后又西迁。鄂、湘、贵间均有苗民生活,为蚩尤之后,因先祖以务农,故而得名。蚩尤为神农氏后裔,蚩尤部落文明程度本来较高,但因战败后后裔居于偏远之山间,日久之后,文化并无进步,抑且退化,反而成为了化外之民。
  相传神农氏在尝百草不幸中毒而死亡.
  
  【神农故居】
  相传神农氏出生于烈山,有人在在湖北距随州北十八公里的厉山镇列山神农洞修建了“神农故居”。“神农故居”,设有神农洞二处(一为谷物药村贮藏,一为居住),并有神农亭、神农塔、神农庙、山南建神农茶室、神农花卉、九龙亭及山北神农母安登浴池,百草园等十数处。
  湖北西部山区,也有一地称为“神农架”,也与神农氏有关。
  
  【神农洞和神农碑】
  距离随州市区五十五公里处的烈山上,洞中原有石桌、石凳、石碗及石榻等,传说是神农氏所用的器物。烈山还有神农井、神农宅、神农观、炎帝庙等古建筑。厉山镇北有“炎帝神农氏”碑一座,保存至今。
  
  【历史记载】
  《白虎通义·号》说,神农氏能够根据天时之宜,分地之利,创作了来招等农具,教民耕作,使人民获得很大的好处,故号神农。《世本·帝系篇》则首把炎帝和神农氏扯在一起称“炎帝神农氏”,谓
  炎帝即神农氏,炎帝身号,神农代号。汉高诱注《淮南子·时则训》,提到赤帝时又把赤帝与神农氏合起来,说赤帝即炎帝,少典之子,号为神农,南方火德之帝。《左传》、《国语》和《礼记》曾提到烈山氏能够播植百谷百蔬。东汉郑玄注《礼记》和三国韦昭注《国语》,都说烈山氏为炎帝。《水经注》卷三十二又把烈山氏和神农氏相并,说谬水西南经过厉乡南,水南有重山,就是烈山,山下有一个洞穴,相传是神农氏的诞生处,所以《礼记》称神农氏为烈山氏。而有关烈(厉、列)山氏称号的缘起,又有二说。《路史》认为,烈山原字当作列山或厉山,因神农氏“肇迹”于列山,故以列山、厉山为氏。刘城淮《中国上古神话》则认为炎帝为人神,放火烧山很猛烈,故为烈山氏。
  《史记· 五帝本纪》则隐喻炎帝与神农氏并非一人,说黄帝时,神农氏的时代已经衰落,诸侯之间互相侵伐,暴虐百姓,神农氏不能征讨,于是黄帝“修德振兵”,讨伐危害最大的炎帝和蚩尤,把他俩伐灭后威望大振,于是代神农氏而有天下。神农氏不事征伐,这与《庄于·盗跖》说神农氏“无有相害之心”、《商君书·画策》说神农 “刑政不用而治,甲兵不起而王”相符合,怎么会变成炎帝这样“侵伐诸侯,暴虐百姓”的人呢?英勇善战的黄帝,竟然要与他“三战,然后得其志”。此外,《史记·封禅书》分列炎帝和神农氏为二人,徐旭生《中国古史的传说时代》也主张炎帝、神农氏为二人。
  神农氏为什么想起来种五谷呢?《白虎通义》记载:“古之人民皆食兽禽肉,至于神农,人民众多,禽兽不足,于是神农因天之时,分地之利,制耒耜,教民劳作,神而化之,使民易之,故谓神农也”。这说明,神农氏所处的时代,是中国从原始畜牧业向原始农业业发展的转变关头。那时,人口已生育繁多,维持生计的是猎物和植物的查实。可是,天上的飞禽越打越少,地上的走兽越打越稀,所得食物难以裹腹。怎样才能解决人们的吃食问题?神农氏苦苦思索,可谓绞尽脑汁。
  据《拾遗记》记载,一天,一只周身通红的鸟儿,衔着一棵五彩九穗谷,飞在天空,掠过神农氏的头顶时,九穗谷掉在地上,神农氏见了,拾起来埋在了土壤里,后来竟长成一片。他把谷穗在手里揉搓后放在嘴里,感到很好吃。于是他教人确倒树木,割掉野草,用斧头、锄头、耒耜等生产工具,开垦土地,种起了谷子。
  神农氏从这里得到启发:谷子可年年种植,源源不断,若能有更多的草木之实选为人用,多多种植,大家的吃饭问题不就是解决了吗?那时,五谷和杂草长在一起,草药和百花开在一起,哪些可以吃,哪些不可以吃,谁也分不清。神农氏就一样一样的尝,一样一样的试种,最后从中筛选出的稻、黍、稷、麦、菽五谷,所以后人尊他为“五谷爷”、“农皇爷”。
  神农氏教民种五谷后,并不单单靠天而收,还教民打井汲水,对农作物进行灌溉。在这一高台的四角各有一口井,台中央有一口井水都会波动。由于这一带历史上多次被黄河水冲击,黄水退后大量泥沙沉积,这些井多数都被埋在地下,现在仅找到一眼,在南面二百步分配权的地方。此井泉水清澈、甘甜,每天都有方圆近百里的人到这里取水,称为神水,说直接可以治病。
  后人为了纪念神农氏尝百草、种五谷的伟大功绩,在这高台上修建了庙宇。传说神农氏生于农历正月初五,所以每年的正月初五到正月二十便形成了祭祀,祈求五谷丰登。历代达官司贵人、文人学士到这里朝拜者比比皆是。据县志记载,三国时曹植来这里拜谒后,写下著名的《神农赞》,“少典之,火德成木。造为耒耜,遵民播谷。正为雅琴,以畅风俗不。”
  五谷台神农氏的塑像,肩披树叶,头生双角,手捧五谷。墙上的壁画记录了他一生的主要功绩,除了开垦荒地,口尝百草,播种五谷,汲水灌溉外,还有日中为市,造陶器,尝药治病等。
  农业的出现,人类的劳动果实已有剩余,这时,神农氏设立集市,让大家把吃不完,用不了的食物和东西,每天中午拿到集市上去交换,从而出现了中国社地原始的商品交易。
  同时,他还发明了陶器,解决了人类的生活用具——器皿和陶盆、陶罐等。
  神农氏的另一伟大功绩就是创始了中国医药和医术。
  《纲鉴易知录》记载:“民有疾,未知药石,炎帝始草木之滋,察其寒、温、平、热之性,辨其君、臣、佐、使之义,尝一口而遇七十毒,神而化之,遂作文书上以疗民疾而医道自此始矣。”
  
  【炎帝 ≠ 神农氏或炎帝═神农氏
  神农氏和炎帝到底什么关系?两者是否为同一人呢?关于炎帝和神农氏的关系问题,学术界长期以来形成了观点截然相反的两派:一派认为炎帝就是神农氏。这一派的观点现在占上风,算是主流派,比如湖南的炎帝陵纪念馆就是把炎帝作为神农来祭祀的,所以纪念馆内就有炎帝偿百草的主题。而另一派则认为炎帝和神农是两个系统的人,扯不上关系,因此不可能是同一人。
  古代史书关于神农氏的世代记载是这样的:神农氏统治经历了七十个世代,(一说十七个世代)到黄帝部落崛起的时候才衰落下去了。这里有一个问题前面忘了说明的需要说明一下,即神农氏以前包括神农氏的时代,像伏曦,女娲,神农这样的称呼乃是对于某个部落或者部落的若干代首领的统称,而不是对唯一一个君主的称呼。但是后世的学者们往往产生歧见,比如关于古蜀国的历史记载中,很多人都认为蚕从和鱼凫是古蜀国的两代君王,但是实际上蚕从和鱼凫乃是两个分别长达数百年的古蜀国王朝,每个王朝都有十几个世代。(《史记.五帝本纪》中也提到:黄帝崛起的时候,恰好“神农世衰”,黄帝与炎帝战于阪泉之野。请注意这个“世”字。)这就是为什么伏曦,女娲,神农的统治往往高达数百年乃至数千年的原因。按照一世三十年计算,那么神农氏统治的时期大约为两千年(如果是十七个世代则大约是五百年)黄帝的时代,在距今大约五千年以前,以此上推两千年,大约就可以推断出神农氏统治开始于距今大约七千年以前。
  但是,关于炎帝的记载则明显和神农氏对不上号。和神农不同,关于炎帝的称号是对某一个人还是对若干世代的部落首领的称呼这一点是存在争论的。有一种说法认为,炎帝经历了八个世代。第一世炎帝叫神农,他的时代比黄帝的时代大约早几百年。而和黄帝同一个时代的炎帝是第八世炎帝,他叫榆罔。这种说法,就把炎帝和神农串到了一起,即无论炎帝还是神农都是同一部落首领的称呼。同一部落首领有不同的称呼倒不奇怪,但是无论神农氏是七十个世代还是十七个世代,显然都和炎帝的八个世代对不上号。因此,从这一点上来说,炎帝和神农为同一人的说法值得怀疑。
  
  【传说】
  
  [头顶一颗珠]
  一次,神农氏在深山老林采药,被一群毒蛇围住。毒蛇一起向神农氏扑去,有的缠腰,有的缠腿,有的缠脖子,想致神农氏于死地。神农氏寡不敌众,终被咬伤倒地,血流不止,浑身发肿。他忍痛高喊:“西王母,快来救我。”王母娘娘闻听呼声后,立即派青鸟衔着她的一颗救命解毒仙丹在天空中盘旋窥瞰,终于在一片森林里找到了神农氏。毒蛇见到了王母的使者青鸟,都吓得纷纷逃散。
  青鸟将仙丹喂到神农氏口里,神农氏逐渐从昏迷中清醒。青鸟完成使命后翩然腾云驾雾回归。神农氏感激涕零,高声向青鸟道谢,哪知,一张口,仙丹落地,立刻生根发芽长出一棵青草,草顶上长出一颗红珠。神农氏仔细一看,与仙丹完全一样,放入口中一尝,身上的余痛全消,便高兴地自言自语:“有治毒蛇咬伤的药方了!”于是,给这味草药取名“头顶一颗珠”。后来,药物学家给它命名为“延龄草”。
  [神农尝百草]
  上古时候,五谷和杂草长在一起,药物和百花开在一起,哪些粮食可以吃,哪些草药可以治病,谁也分不清。黎民百姓靠打猎过日子,天上的飞禽越打越少,地下的走兽越打越稀,人们就只好饿肚子。谁要生疮害病,无医无药,不死也要脱层皮啊!
  老百姓的疾苦,神农氏瞧在眼里,疼在心头。怎样给百姓充饥?怎样为百姓治病?神农苦思冥想了三天三夜,终于想出了一个办法。
  第四天,他带着一批臣民,从家乡随州历山出发,向西北大山走去。他们走哇,走哇,腿走肿了,脚起茧了,还是不停地走,整整走了七七四十九天,来到一个地方。只见高山一峰接一峰,峡谷一条连一条,山上长满奇花异草,大老远就闻到了香气。神农他们正往前走,突然从峡谷窜出来一群狼虫虎豹,把他们团团围住。神农马上让臣民们挥舞神鞭,向野兽们打去。打走一批,又拥上来一批,一直打了七天七夜,才把野兽都赶跑了。那些虎豹蟒蛇身上被神鞭抽出一条条一块块伤痕,后来变成了皮上的斑纹。
  这时,臣民们说这里太险恶,劝神农回去。神农摇摇头说:“不能回!黎民百姓饿了没吃的,病了没医的,我们怎么能回去呢!”他说着领头进了峡谷,来到一座茫茫大山脚下。
  这山半截插在云彩里,四面是刀切崖,崖上挂着瀑布,长着青苔,溜光水滑,看来没有登天的梯子是上不走的。臣民们又劝他算了吧,还是趁早回去。神农摇摇头:“不能回!黎民百姓饿了没吃的,病了没医的,我们怎么能回去呢!”他站在一个小石山上,对着高山,上望望,下看看,左瞅瞅,右瞄瞄,打主意,想办法。后来,人们就把他站的这座小山峰叫“望农亭”。然后,他看见几只金丝猴,顺着高悬的古藤和横倒在崖腰的朽木,爬过来。神农灵机一动,有了!他当下把臣民们喊来,叫他们砍木杆,割藤条,靠着山崖搭成架子,一天搭上一层,从春天搭到夏天,从秋天搭到冬天,不管刮风下雨,还是飞雪结冰,从来不停工。整整搭了一年,搭了三百六十层,才搭到山顶。传说,后来人们盖楼房用的脚手架,就是学习神农的办法。
  神农带着臣民,攀登木架,上了山顶了,嘿呀!山上真是花草的世界,红的、绿的、白的、黄的,各色各样,密密丛丛。神农喜欢极了,他叫臣民们防着狼虫虎豹,他亲自采摘花草,放到嘴里尝。为了在这里尝百草,为老百姓找吃的,找医药,神农就叫臣民在山上栽了几排冷杉,当做城墙防野兽,在墙内盖茅屋居住。后来,人们就把神农住的地方叫“木城”。
  白天,他领着臣民到山上尝百草,晚上,他叫臣民生起篝火,他就着火光把它详细记载下来:哪些草是苦的,哪些热,哪些凉,哪些能充饥,哪些能医病,都写得清清楚楚。
  有一次,他把一棵草放到嘴里一尝,霎时天旋地转,一头栽倒。臣民们慌忙扶他坐起,他明白自己中了毒,可是已经不会说话了,只好用最后一点力气,指着面前一棵红亮亮的灵芝草,又指指自己的嘴巴。臣民们慌忙把那红灵芝放到嘴里嚼嚼,喂到他嘴里。神农吃了灵芝草,毒气解了,头不昏了,会说话了。从此,人们都说灵芝草能起死回生。臣民们担心他这样尝草,太危险了,都劝他还是下山回去。他又摇摇头说:“不能回!黎民百姓饿了没吃的,病了没医的,我们怎么能回去呢!”说罢,他又接着尝百草。
  他尝完一山花草,又到另一山去尝,还是用木杆搭架的办法,攀登上去。一直尝了七七四十九天,踏遍了这里的山山岭岭。他尝出了麦、稻、谷子、高粱能充饥,就叫臣民把种子带回去,让黎民百姓种植,这就是后来的五谷。他尝出了三百六十五种草药,写成《神农本草经》,叫臣民带回去,为天下百姓治病。
  神农尝完百草,为黎民百姓找到了充饥的五谷,医病的草药,来到回生寨,准备下山回去。他放眼一望,遍山搭的木架不见了。原来,那些搭架的木杆,落地生根,淋雨吐芽,年深月久,竟然长成了一片茫茫林海。神农正在为难,突然天空飞来一群白鹤,把他和护身的几位臣民,接上天廷去了。从此,回生寨一年四季,香气弥漫。
  为了纪念神农尝百草、造福人间的功绩,老百姓就把这一片茫茫林海,取名为“神农架”。把神农升天的回生寨,改名为“留香寨”。
  
  【神农故事新解】
  在神农氏的诸多事迹当中,最为人们称道和熟悉的是制耒耜、种五谷一事,这也正是神农氏之被称为“神农”的原因所在,“神农”一词中的“农”字就完全体现了这一伟大创举。
  农业包括种植、收获储备、加工食用三大步骤。在原始农业出现之前的采集渔猎时代早期,收获储备与食用是两个完全独立的过程,人们采集而储备的东西不一定都是食用的,人们食用的东西也经常是现采现吃,并不一定是先前储备的东西,而且人们储备的食物也往往不是植物种籽。伴随着陶器的出现,人们才具备了安全有效的贮藏手段,因而能够长期储备食物和饮水,从而把采集储备和食用两个独立过程紧密地结合在一起。只有在这种情况下,人们才会形成大量获得植物种籽的需求。原始种植业开始于使用葫芦作饮水器具的伏羲氏时代,人们最早种植的是葫芦,在种植葫芦的过程中,人们积累比较丰富的种植技术。到了女娲氏时代,也就是陶器时代,种植技术和对植物种籽的需求一旦结合在一起,农业的出现也就呼之欲出了。其实人们开始种植葫芦时,也不一定是因为需求而想到种植葫芦,很可能是儿童出于爱好和玩耍开始了葫芦的种植。其原因有三:一是儿童有大量的空闲时间照顾、保护和管理他们的“劳动”成果;二是葫芦籽颗粒大洁白,深受人们喜爱;三是葫芦籽颗粒大而容易播种操作。我国许多地方民间存在着禁食葫芦籽的风俗,大人们会用“吃葫芦籽会长包牙”之类的话吓唬小孩子,说明人们对葫芦籽的重视和保护,也暗示了葫芦栽培历史的悠久。当我们的祖先把种植葫芦转向种植草类植物获取食用的种籽时,原始农业就诞生了。
  吃草治病并非人类独有。许多动物都有吃药治病的现象,说明早在人成其为人之前,人类的祖先就已经本能地积累了许多草药知识。原始农业兴起后,出于寻找更好的农作物种类的需要,人们在尝食植物的同时会更加注意了解植物的特性,不仅注意有毒没毒、可吃不可吃,更会注意了解不同植物种类、不同部位、不同器官的苦辣酸甜味道,以及寒温特性等,从而结合原有的草药知识形成医药概念,开始了医学探索。也就是说,医药概念是伴随着原始探索驯化植物为农作物的过程中形成的,是一种“无意插柳柳成荫”式的发明。这应该就是神农氏发明医药的历史真相。
  要大量种植农作物,首先要选择合适的植物种类并驯化使之成为作物品种,比如稻、黍、稷、麦、菽五谷;其次要有农具,比如耒耜;三是要掌握农时。这些都需要长期技术进步和知识积累,绝不是一朝一夕就能做到的,即使一个人终其一生也绝难做到。所以说,神农氏是一个相当漫长的时代。
  在农业发展的早期,主要技术进步表现在驯化野生植物上,经过尝百草和试种,古人们初步确定了适合栽培的几种主要野草,野草种类因地区而不同,收获的种籽除一部分被食用外,人们会选择饱满的籽粒留作种子,这其实就是对野生动植物的驯化过程,使得栽培植物和养殖动物与其野生原种的差异越来越大,而分别成为农作物和家畜。中国人非常重视留种工作,总是千方百计地保护作物种子,甚至有“饿死不吃种子”的说法。这一习俗更加有利于农作物品种的选育工作。可以推测,在神农氏中期,中国就已经基本培育出各主要农作物品种,即五谷。
  
  【神农架】
  神农架据传是华夏始祖、神农炎帝在此搭架采药、疗民疾矢的地方。他在此“架木为梯,以助攀援”,“架木为屋,以避风雨”,最后“架木为坛,跨鹤升天”。神农炎帝是华夏文明开创者之一,后人将其丰功伟绩列陈有八:训牛以耕,焦尾五弦,积麻衣革,陶石木具,首创农耕,搭架采药,日中为市,穿井灌溉。为缅怀祖先,颂其伟业,林区人民政府于1997年开始在神农架主峰南麓小当阳兴建神农祭坛一座,塑其雕像于群山之中,但见牛首人身的神农氏双目微闭,似思似眠,神农塑像与千年古朴相拥而立,景致浑宏,气宇不凡,蔚为壮观。
  湖北省西部有一片群峰耸立、林涛起伏的高大山地,它横亘于长江、汉水之间,方圆3250平方公里,这就是我国著名的神农架林区。相传,上古时代的神农氏曾在这里遍尝百草为民除病,由于崖高壁陡,珍稀药草不易采到,神农氏就伐木搭架而上,因此后人称这里为’神农架’。
  神农架内重峦叠嶂,山高谷深,主峰大神农架即神农顶,海拔3105米,是华中地区最高峰,有’ 华中屋脊’之称。区内古木参天,奇花异卉遍布,有’绿色宝库’之称。植物种类十分丰富,主峰东南千家坪生长着大量被称为’活化石’的古老植物,如珙桐、水杉、水青树、连香树、领春木等,它们大多都是举世闻名的第三纪冰川树种。林区的西南部,有一独立奇峰称’望农亭’,亭下有一片石林,上接悬崖,下临深涧,或盘结曲扭,或亭亭玉立,或如猿猴抱柱,或如猛虎下山,姿态各异,栩栩如生。石林四周,流云飞雾,若隐若现,有’石林云雨’之称,为神农架林区一大奇观。神农顶北侧,峡谷蜿蜒,峰岩壁立,飞瀑参差,景致奇秀,有’红坪画廊’美称。此处,神农架区内还有众多的奇洞、潮水河、猴子石、南垭山、小当阳等胜景。
  保护区内,不仅景色秀丽,物种丰富,还有种类繁多的珍稀动物。除名贵的金丝猴外,有白雕、白鹿、白松鼠、白蛇、白熊等,堪称是一个’白色的动物王国’。
  
  【神农山】
  神农山,为国家AAAA级风景旅游区,位于河南省沁阳市城区西北23公里的太行山麓,共有八大景区136个景点。主峰紫金顶海拔1028米,矗立中天,气势雄浑,三大天门较泰山早154年。这里曾是炎帝神农辨百谷,尝百草,登坛祭天的圣地。也是道教创始人老子筑炉炼丹、成道仙升之所。韩愈、李商隐等历代名家曾在此留下许多传世佳作。这里有雄奇险峻的紫金坛,更有天下一绝的白松岭。15600余株白鹤松姿态万千,生长于悬崖绝岭之巅,居世界五大美人松之首。游走其间,移步换景,恍若人间仙境,令人魄悸魂动,陡然升华。其山势之雄险奇绝,树型之屈曲优美,景层之深奥神秀,当推全国之最。
  神农山还素有“天然植物园”和"昆虫王国"的美称,有珍稀植物1199种。九千只国家保护动物太行猕猴攀枝登崖,嬉戏逗玩,平添无限野趣。神农山景区是休闲度假、探险揽胜、科学考察、回归自然的绝好去处。
  神农山景区地理位置优越,交通便捷,焦克公路、焦柳铁路横贯其下,晋洛公路纵行其间,餐饮游乐服务舒适周到,民风淳朴,民俗特浓!
  地理位置与范围
  神农山风景名胜区在该市市区西北23公里的太行山南麓,地理坐标介于北纬35°11′30〃— 35°19′;东经112°44′——113°02′之间,面积96平方公里,内有8大景区136个景点,有九山两河二十八峰。北部与山西晋城市泽州县接壤;南临燕川平原;东至丹河与博爱县相望;西与济源市相连。
  独特的自然条件
  1、地质地貌
  神农山风景名胜区属太行山南端前沿中山地段,整个地势北高南低,海拔在250—1116.9米之间。其中草凹岭、紫金顶、小月顶、铜沟顶等海拔都在1000米以上。山势陡峻,奇峰林立,沟壑纵横,生境多样。因受地质构造运动,流水长期侵蚀切割及石灰的淋溶作用,形成许多悬崖、深沟峡谷和天然溶洞。沟谷深切,高度在百米的悬崖举目可见,深沟终年不见阳光,阴森逼人。整个地形可分为三类:一是险坡悬崖地带,分布在太行山南沿1~2公里地段,从海拔200米拔地而起,突然升高到700~800米,坡度在45°—90°之间,岩石裸露,土壤瘠薄,植被稀疏,多为险坡悬崖,人们难以攀登。二是险坡缓冲地带,海拔在700米~900米之间,人称二站,坡度在20°左右,土层深厚,植物生长良好。三是山顶缓平地带,面积较大,地势平缓开阔,形成许多小平地、小盆地,水份条件好,多为酸性土壤,适宜多种植物生长。
  2、水文
  自然保护区属黄河水系,是仙神河、云阳河、逍遥石河、丹河的发源地和上游,这几条河汇集沁河注入黄河。源头地区地形复杂,形成许多半辐射状的山涧溪流,沟谷深幽,河道狭窄,多弯曲,比降大。有些地段流水洪积成积梯瀑布。河水流量随季节变化,汛期多雨,流量大;冬春少雨,流量小,甚至断流成为季节性河流。保护区内由于山高林密,植被覆盖率高,降雨量较平原多,加上石灰岩淋溶的结果,形成许多山泉,终年不枯,有的沟底形成地下河,水声潺潺,却不见流水。水质良好,据同济大学化验测试,富含多种矿物质,有益于人体健康,可饮用。
  3、气候
  神农山风景名胜区位于暖温带,属大陆性季风气候,四季分明。春季干旱多风,夏季炎热多雨,秋季晴和日长,冬季寒冷干燥。据沁阳市气象站观察:年平均气温14.3℃。一月份最冷-2℃,极端最低气温-17.6℃;七月份最热,平均气温27.4℃,极端最高气温42.1℃。全年大于10℃的活动积温4692.2℃。年平均日照时数2496小时,日照率57%。无霜期219天。年平均降水量 619毫米,多集中在7、8、9三个月,占全年降水量的70%,水热同期。冬季雨量占全年降水量的10%,春季降水约占全年降水量的20%。由于地处太行山南沿,华北平原与山西高原过渡地段,山高林密,地形复杂,既阻挡西北寒流的侵袭,又截留了东南沿海暖湿气流,形成独特的小气候,降雨量较平原偏多,空气温度偏高,夏季气温较平原低6~8℃。太行山虽是我国有名的干旱地区,但在神农山风景名胜区的沟底和悬崖下多有泉水涌出,潺潺流水,终年不竭。独特的气候,复杂的地形,形成了许多小气候和小生境,有利于多种动植物繁衍生息。
  
  【筹建景观】
  在长治城东北5公里处,有一座南北走向的大山,这就是百谷山,俗称老顶山。此山方圆40多平方公里,从北向南由五个山峰组成,所以又叫五顶山。这五个山峰依次叫老顶、南顶、玉皇顶、奶奶顶、新顶。《太平寰宇记》载:“百谷山与太行、王屋皆连,风洞泉谷,崖壑幽邃,最称佳境,昔神农尝百草得五谷于此,因名山建庙。”
  特别值得一提的是,为了开发我们的始祖炎帝神农氏在太行山上尝百草、兴农业、实现人类历史上从游牧到定居,由渔猎到农耕重大转折的遗迹,长治市委、市政府已在炎帝昔日尝百草的地方兴建宏大的炎帝纪念馆。现在,一尊高39米,堪称亚洲第一的炎帝巨型铜像已屹立于耸翠叠嶂的百谷山巅。以铜像为主体的祭进坛、殿堂以及百草堂、神农井、神农泉、耒耜洞、神农村、碑刻等景观正在筹建。
  很早以前,中国就有"神农尝百草,日遇七十二毒,得茶而解之"的传说。说的是神农有一个水晶般透明的肚子,吃下什么东西,人们都可以从他的胃肠里看得清清楚楚。那时候的人,吃东西都是生吞活剥的,因此经常闹病。神农为了解除人们的疾苦,就把看到的植物都尝试一遍,看看这些植物在肚子里的变化,判断哪些无毒哪些有毒。当他尝到一种开白花的常绿树嫩叶时,就在肚子里从上到下,从下到上,到处流动洗涤,好似在肚子里检查什么,于是他就把这种绿叶称为"查"。以后人们又把"查"叫成"茶"。神农长年累月地爬山涉水,尝试百草,每天都得中毒几次,全靠茶来解救。但是最后一次,神农来不及吃茶叶,还是被毒草毒死了。据说,那时候他见到一种开着黄色小花的小草,那花萼在一张一合地动着,他感到好奇,就把叶子放在嘴里慢慢咀嚼。一会儿,他感到肚子很难受,还没来得及吃茶叶,肚肠就一节一节地断开了,原来是中了断肠草的毒。后人为了崇敬、纪念农业和医学发明者的功绩,就世代传颂着这样一个神农尝百草的故事。
  
  【树下野狐《搜神记》中的神农】
  神农纪事:
  大荒三百零八年,来自南海的神秘少年神农,以木剑击杀三大凶兽之一裂天兕,生擒凶兽赤炎角马,又在黄河狂涛中与九翼天龙大战三天三夜,七入黄河,终于击杀九翼天龙,平息泛滥了七年的山洪。然而五族纷争更盛,战火不熄。
  大荒三百一十年,神农以剑拜诣昆仑金族白帝,开始二十年以武会盟,恢复神帝制的努力。
  大荒三百二十七年,神农在黑水山大破水、木、火三族七神的合围,威震天下。
  大荒三百三十年,神农在昆仑山顶会盟五帝,被尊为神帝。五族重新签定大荒书,重现和平。此后一百年,风调雨顺,天下大治。神农离神帝山远游天下。
  大荒四百二十五年,瘟疫流行于亚洲大陆,凶兽横行。神农尝百草制仙药,解救天下苍生。
  大荒五百八十六年四月,神帝神农氏在南际山顶百草毒发,石化龙牙岩。
  神农资料
  称号:神帝
  功法:五行谱
  住所:天帝峰神帝宫
  令牌:神木令
  宝物:赭鞭
  著作:大荒经,百草注
  神农故里
  华夏始祖炎帝神农的诞生地--烈山,坐落在湖北省随州厉山镇九龙山南麓。古神农洞位于九农山腰。史书记载“神农母安登,感农而生炎帝”于此。在炎帝神农烈山名胜区内,建有炎帝神农洞、炎帝神农碑、炎帝神农纪念广场、炎帝神农纪念馆、炎帝神农牌坊等纪念性建筑物。炎帝神农烈山名胜区规划建设,以“建筑返古、环境还野”为特色,规划成“世界烈山宗亲会馆”、“祭祀朝圣”、“圣遗迹游览”、“大同街市 ”、“炎帝故里经济技术开发”、“服务接待管理”六个区,兴建修复炎帝神农殿、烈山大宗祠、圣贤殿、功德殿、神农庙、安登泉、百草园、观天坛、神农九井等景点。景观有姜河新潮、九岭晴岚、烟寺晚钟、山村夕照、古洞青雪、断岩缩雾、龙凤旗杆等,因材借景,秀丽非凡。几千年来,每逢炎帝生辰祭日,世界各地数以万计的群众前来烈山敬奉炎帝神农,缅怀华夏始祖,烈山已成为海内外炎黄子孙寻根问祖的圣地。
  春秋战国到今,历朝历史学家、历史文献作了肯定的记载,炎帝神农诞生於“湖北随州厉山”。如:春秋《礼记.祭法二十三》:“厉山氏之有天下也,其子曰农,能殖百谷”。东汉经学大师郑玄注:“厉山氏,炎帝也,起於厉山,或曰有烈山氏”。春秋《国语* 鲁语上》:“昔烈山氏之有天下也,其子曰柱,能殖百谷百蔬”。三国时韦昭注:烈山氏,炎帝之号也,起於烈山,(礼记*祭法)以烈山为厉山也。
  《春秋左传注》第四册:“有烈山氏山之子曰柱为稷,(沈韩补注云:“(祭法)云:‘厉山氏之有天下也,其子曰农,能殖百谷’。注:‘厉山氏,炎帝也,起於厉山,或曰有烈山氏’。农即柱,厉山在今湖北随县北四十里”)自夏以上祀之”。
  《左传.昭公二十九年》:“有烈山氏之子曰柱为稷,自夏以上祀之;周弃亦为稷,自商以来祀之”。晋朝杜预为其作注曰:“烈山氏,炎帝也,起于厉。”
  神农故里:炎帝始祖诞随州
  “逶迤九十九冈岭,云壑幽藏小洞天。井社延里环厥水,鼎舜颉颃际仪轩。沧桑有变岩未变,草木能仙石亦仙。千古教民勤稼穑,烈山典祀至今传。”
  相传,盘古开天地的时候,有一个名叫安登的美丽少女,天天到烈山上放羊,一有空闲就到山上一个幽深的古洞里小憩一会。一次,她坐在洞中倚着洞壁睡着了,在甜美的梦乡,她见到一个自称七龙子的英俊少年同她相亲相爱,缠绵不已。后来安登住进洞里,并在农历四月二十六日生下七斤重的肉球。家人对肉球颇为反感,于是举起石刀,欲劈肉球,没想到肉球自动裂开,跳出一个胖小子。安登十分高兴,为他取名“石年 ”。这个石年,就是华夏民族的始祖炎帝神农。这个洞穴被后人称为神农洞,坐落在洞天山东麓,为神农故里最能撼动人们情思的景点之一。
  神农故里位于随州厉山镇。厉山镇坐落在烈山的东南麓。烈山冈峦起伏,树木葱茏,峭岩幽谷,清泉古洞,构成一幅风光旖旎、雄伟壮观的山水画卷。烈山拥有九岭,九岭拱成烈山。九烈山岭由南向北依次为:钻断山、耕耘山、百草山、五帝山、三皇山、葫芦山、洞天山、登天山、寿星山。它们沿龙脉河一字儿排开,如九龙捧圣,奉侍着神农故里。
  除了神农洞之外,神农故里还有炎帝神农纪念馆、炎帝神农氏遗址碑、神农碑、神农文化广场、九龙捧圣亭阁、炎帝神农纪念塔和神农宫。神农纪念馆为古典四合院建筑,陈列有神农一生大型组画和有关的史志文献等;炎帝神农氏遗址碑在烈山主峰三皇山的半山腰,为明朝万历年间随州知州杨存愚立;神农宫为三进四层宫殿式建筑,集中华五千年文化精粹于一宫。相传炎帝神农遍尝百草,为民治病;发明农具,教人使用;培育五谷,助民众温饱。后来,他与黄帝联合打败蚩尤,成为中华民族的共同始祖,中华民族因而又称炎黄子孙。


  Legend of Shen Nong is born a "crystal belly", is almost completely transparent, all internal organs can be seen, but also eat things visible. At that time, people often become ill because of something you eat, or even killed. Shen Nong tasted a hundred herbs for this determination can eat a bag left on the body, introduced to other people eat, as a medicinal; not be able to eat on the right side of the bag on the body, to draw attention to not eating.
  According to legend, Shen Nong tasted a hundred herbs Unfortunately, in the poisoning death.
  Western mountain areas, also referred to as a "Shennongjia", also Shennong related.
  】 【Historical records
  Shennong inspiration from here: millet can be planted year after year, continuously, if there is more vegetation chosen people to actually use lots of planting, all the food problem is not solved? At that time, with long grain and weeds, herbs and flowers open together, what to eat, what not to eat, no one can not tell. Shen Nong tasted the same as, the same as to try to grow, and finally selected from the rice, millet, millet, wheat, beans grains, their descendants him as a "God of grain", "agricultural assassinator."
  Grains Taiwan Shen Nong statue, Jian Pi leaves, first-born dual-angle, holding the grain. Wall murals record the major achievements of his life, in addition to land reclamation, I tasted a hundred herbs, sowing grain, Kap Shui irrigation, there are Japan and China for the city, making pottery, taste and other drug treatment.
  Shen Nong is the other founders of the great achievements of Chinese medicine and medicine.
  What is the relationship Shennong and Yan in the end? Both are the same people? On the relationship between Yan and Shen Nong, academia has long formed a view diametrically opposed factions: one group that is the Shen Nong Yan. This school's point of view is to prevail, be regarded as mainstream, such as Hunan Yandi Ling Shen Nong memorial is to come as the Yan Emperor worship, so the memorial will have the theme of Herbs Yan compensation. The other view holds that the two systems of Emperor Yan and Shen Nong who has nothing to do, it can not be the same person.
  Ancient historical records on the Shen Nong generation is this: Rustic rule has undergone 70 generations, (some say 17 generations) to the time before the rise of the Yellow Emperor tribes waned. There is a problem in front of forgotten shows the need to state that the Shennong times before, including Shennong, like V Xi, Nu Wa, Shen Nong this title but for a tribe or tribal leaders of several generations of collectively, and not the only monarch title. But later scholars tend to produce differences, such as historical records of the ancient Shu State, many people think that is teal silk and fish from two generations of ancient Shu king, but in practice, and Yufu silkworm but from two separate for several hundred years of ancient Shu Kingdom, every dynasty has a dozen generations. ("Historical Records. Wudi," also mentioned: the rise of the Yellow Emperor, when, exactly, "Shen Nong Shi decline," Huang Di and Yan Di Osaka spring in the wild fight. Please note that this "world" word.) This is why V Xi, F Wa, Shen Nong's rule is often as high as several hundred or even thousands of reasons. I, calculated according to three decades, then the reign of Shen Nong about two thousand years (if it is 17 generations is about five years) age of the Yellow Emperor, in about five years ago before this last push two years, about Rustic rule can be inferred began about seven years ago before.
  Legend】 【
  Rustic Blue Bird will panacea fed to the mouth, Shennong gradually awake from the coma. Blue Bird lightly clouds return after the completion of the mission. Shennong moved to tears, shouted to the Blue Bird thanks, I did not realize, a mouth, elixir floor, immediately germinate a grass, grass to grow on top of a Red Bead. Rustic look closely, the same as with the elixir, a taste in your mouth, body pain all over consumption, we are pleased to himself: "There is rule of Snakebite prescription!" So, to get this taste herbs name "a pearl head." Later, medicine experts to give it the name "Trillium."
  People's suffering, Shennong see in the eyes, pain in their hearts. How to give people fill their stomachs? How to treat people? Shen Nong tried to think three days and three nights, and finally came up with a solution.
  To mark the Shen Nong tasted a hundred herbs, for the benefit of human achievements, the people took it a boundless forests, named "Shennongjia." Shen Nong heaven to retrogradation Village, renamed as "fragrant Village."
  Agriculture, including cultivation, harvest reserve, the three major steps in processing food. Before the advent of agriculture in the original collection fishing and hunting in early times, harvest reserves and consumption are two completely separate processes, people collect and reserves are not always the food, people eat what are often taken and eaten, not must be something the previous Reserve, reserves of food and people are often not plant seeds. With the emergence of pottery, people only have a safe and effective storage methods, and thus the long-term reserves of food and water, and food reserves to the acquisition of two independent process closely together. Only in this case, it will form a large demand for access to plant seeds. Original planting began in the use of gourds for drinking water apparatus Fu Xi times, people are first planted gourd, gourd in the planting process, it has accumulated rich cultivation techniques. To Nu Wa's age is age pottery, planting techniques and the demand for seeds of plants, once combined with the emergence of agriculture was also ready to come out. In fact, when people start planting gourd, not necessarily because of demand growing gourd think, is likely to be children and play out of love began planting gourd. There are three reasons: First, children have a lot of free time to take care of, protect and manage their "work" results; Second, a large white gourd seed particles, is very popular; third is large and easy gourd seed particles seeding operation. There are many parts of our country folk custom of fasting gourd seeds, big people use "to eat gourd seed packet, president of teeth" to the group to frighten children, shows that people's attention and protection gourd seeds, gourd cultivation also implies that the history of old. When our ancestors turned to plant grass planting gourd plant the seeds for food, the primitive agriculture was born.
  Peaks of the western Hubei Province, has an stands, Lin Tao Gao Taishan undulating land, which lies across the Yangtze River and Han River between the radius of 3250 square kilometers, which is China's famous Shennongjia. According to legend, Shen Nong ancient times the people in here Bianchang hundred herbs cure disease, due to the high wall of steep cliffs, rare herbs is not easy to adopt, Shennong on logging Excellent Quality, and, hence, here after known as 'Shennongjia'.
  】 【In Mountain
  In Mountain scenic location, convenient traffic, Jiaoke Gong Road, Jiaozuo-Liuzhou railway running through its next, Jin Luo highway longitudinal Meanwhile, catering services, comfort and thoughtful pleasure, honest, folk espresso!
  Unique natural conditions
  In Mountain scenic area belongs to the southern end of the Taihang Mountains, Zhongshan front lots, the topography of north to south, in 250-1116.9 meters above sea level. One grass Au Ling, purple top, top-catching colors, such as copper trench top elevation is 1000 meters. Steep mountain peaks and the proliferation of gully aspect, habitat diversity. Due to tectonic movements, water erosion cutting and long-term leaching of lime, forming many cliffs, canyons and natural caverns deep groove. Deep ravines, high cliffs are everywhere in the 100 meters, deep groove year without seeing the sun, dark threatening. The terrain can be divided into three categories: First, areas of steep cliff, located in the Taihang Mountains 1 ~ 2 km along the south lot, going up from 200 meters above sea level suddenly rose to 700 to 800 meters, slope at 45 ° -90 °, bare rock, soil barren, sparse vegetation, mostly of steep cliffs, it is difficult to climb. Second, the buffer zone of steep elevation of 700 meters to 900 meters, claimed two points, slope at about 20 °, deep soil, plants grow well. Third Peak slow flat area, and larger, flat open terrain, the formation of many squares, the small basins, water conditions are good, more acidic soil, suitable for a variety of plant growth.
  2, hydrological
  In Mountain scenic area is located in warm temperate continental monsoon climate, four distinct seasons. Dry windy spring, summer, hot, rainy, autumn Qinghe day long, cold and dry winter. According to Qinyang weather observation: the average temperature of 14.3 ℃. In January the coldest -2 ℃, extreme minimum temperature -17.6 ℃; July the hottest, with an average temperature of 27.4 ℃, extreme maximum temperature 42.1 ℃. Activities throughout the year more than 10 ℃ accumulated temperature 4692.2 ℃. Average sunshine hours 2496 hours of sunshine rate 57%. Frost-free period 219 days. Average annual rainfall of 619 mm, mostly concentrated in 7,8,9 for three months, accounting for 70% of annual precipitation, water and heat over the same period. Winter rainfall accounts for 10% of annual precipitation, spring precipitation accounts for about 20% of annual precipitation. As is located along the south of Taihang, North China Plain and the Shanxi plateau transition sections, high mountains, dense forests, varied topography, both block the invasion of northwest cold, but also retain the warm air along the southeast coast, forming a unique micro-climate, rainfall than plain ones, air temperature, high summer temperatures lower than the plain 6 ~ 8 ℃. Taihang Mountains, although the arid regions of China famous, but in Mountain Scenic Area of ditch and over the cliff, there springs Emission, gurgling water, year-round inexhaustible. Unique climate, terrain, climate and the formation of many small niche is conducive to a variety of plants and animals flourish.
  Particularly worth mentioning is that we began to develop in the Taihang Mountains on Zuyan Di Shen Nong tasted a hundred herbs, Xing agriculture, the history of mankind from nomadic to settled, from fishing and hunting to farming remains a major turning point, Changzhi municipal government in Yan once tasted a hundred herbs to build a grand memorial Yan Emperor. Now, a 39 m high, Asia's first giant bronze statue of Emperor Yan Tsui stack has been standing in the towering peaks of 100 Valley mountains. As the main offering to the statue into the altar, temple, and 100 Cottage, Shen Nong well, Shen Nong Quan, Lei Si-dong, God countryside, inscriptions and other landscape under construction.
  Long ago, the Chinese have "Shen Nong tasted a hundred herbs and Japan met Seventy-toxic, have tea and the solution of the" legends. Shen Nong said that there is a crystal clear in the stomach, eat something, people can see clearly in his gastrointestinal. At that time people, eating is devouring, so often Naobing. Shen Nong order to relieve people's suffering, put the plants are trying to see it again and see these plants in the stomach changes, which determine which non-toxic toxic. When he tasted a kind of white blossoms of evergreen leaves time in the stomach from top to bottom, from bottom to top, full of mobile washing, as if to check what in the stomach, so he took such leaves that as "Charlie." After the people again, "Charlie," calling it "tea." Shen Nong wading over many years to climb, try hundred herbs, poisoning every day, several times, thanks to tea to save. But the last time, Shen Nong's no time to eat tea, or poisoned by poisonous weeds. It is said, when he saw a kind of open yellow flowers in the grass, that the calyx in one of a ground motion, and he was curious, put the leaves in his mouth and chew slowly. Moment, he felt hard by the stomach, not enough time to eat tea, intestines on a one to disconnect, and the original is in the Ussuriensis Maxim's drug. Future generations to reverence, commemoration of the inventor's achievements in agriculture and medicine, was eulogized on the generation of such a story of Shen Nong tasted a hundred herbs.
  Shen Nong Chronicle:
  Oare 320 years, Alexander Shen Nong in the black water breaking water, wood, fire, seven three communities encirclement of God, Megatron the world.
  Oare 580 years in April, God Emperor Shen Nong Herbs in the South Peak poison the international petrochemical Agrimonia rock.
  Gong: Five Spectrum
  Treasure: red whip
  China began Zuyan Di Shen Nong's birthplace - strong mountain, located in the south of Suizhou Li Jiulong Mountain Town. Shen Nong Tung ancient farmers in nine mountainside. Historical records, "Shen Nong's mother Andehn, Agriculture and Health Yan sense" here. Shennong Horeb attractions in the area, built Shennong hole monument of Emperor Yan, Yan Emperor Shen Nong Memorial Square, Memorial of Emperor Yan, Yan Emperor Shen Nong arch and other monuments. Horeb spots Shennong planning and construction, to "return to the ancient architecture, the environment also wild" as the characteristics of planning as "the world's strong mountain clan hall," "ritual pilgrimage", "Holy Relics Tour", "Datong Market", "Yan Hometown economic and technological development "," service hospitality management, "the six areas, the construction of temple restoration of Emperor Yan, Alexander strong ancestral hall, temple saint, Charity Hall, Shen Nong Temple, An Dengquan, grasses and garden, view of the Temple of Heaven, Shen Nong nine wells Attractions . Jiang river landscape fashion, 9 Ling Qing Lan, smoke temple bells in the evening, village sunset, Kwu Tung Ching snow, fog reduced off rock, dragon flag, etc., because of material through the landscape, extraordinary beauty. For thousands of years, whenever Yan birthday memorial day, tens of thousands of people around the world come to worship Horeb Shennong, cherish the memory of Chinese ancestor, strong domestic and overseas Chinese people Xungenwenzu mountain has become the Holy Land.
  "Zuo. Zhaogong twenty-nine": "Hill's the Master said, there is a strong pillar for the millet, from the worship of more than summer; Zhou Ji abandoned also, since the business has been worshiped." Jin Du Yu for making note saying: "Lie Hill's, Yan also played in the Li."
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