黃帝 人物列錶
黃帝 Yellow emperor; The huangdi; Mauslleum顓頊 Zhuan Xu嚳 Ku
帝摯 Di Zhi帝堯 Di Yao舜 Shun
炎帝 Yan Di神農氏 Shen Nongshi少典 Shao Dian
昌意 Chang Yi
神農氏 Shen Nongshi
黃帝  (前4082年前3702年)
開端終結
在位前4082年前3702年
神农氏前4082年前3702年

  神農氏是傳說中的農業和醫藥的發明者。遠古人民過着採集和漁獵的生活,他發明製作木耒、木耜,教會人民農業生産。反映中國原始時代由採集漁獵嚮農耕生産進步的情況。又傳說他遍嘗百草,發現藥材,教會人民醫治疾病。
  繼伏羲以後,神農氏是又一個對中華民族頗多貢獻的傳奇人物。除了發明農耕技術外,還發明了醫術,製定了歷法,開創九井相連的水利灌溉技術等。因為他發明農耕技術而號神農氏,因以火德王,故稱炎帝、赤帝、烈(厲)山氏,則又成了與黃帝相爭天下的首領。長期以來,對於神農氏是否是炎帝這個問題,一直懸而難决。
  傳說神農一生下來就是個“水晶肚”,幾乎是全透明的,五臟六腑全都能看得見,還能看得見吃進去的東西。那時候,人們經常因亂吃東西而生病,甚至喪命。神農為此决心嘗遍百草,能食用的放在身體左邊的袋子裏,介紹給別人吃,用作藥用;不能夠食用的就放在身體的右邊袋子裏,提醒人們註意不可以食用。
  
  【神農後裔】
  相傳在炎黃時期,炎帝和黃帝皆神農氏之後,兩部落聯合形成華夏族。炎帝敗於黃帝,黃帝為天子,炎帝部落一部分遷離了黃河流域。蚩尤亦神農氏之後,蚩尤部落在黃河流域戰敗後,一部分融入黃帝部落,一部分南遷,後又西遷。鄂、湘、貴間均有苗民生活,為蚩尤之後,因先祖以務農,故而得名。蚩尤為神農氏後裔,蚩尤部落文明程度本來較高,但因戰敗後後裔居於偏遠之山間,日久之後,文化並無進步,抑且退化,反而成為了化外之民。
  相傳神農氏在嘗百草不幸中毒而死亡.
  
  【神農故居】
  相傳神農氏出生於烈山,有人在在湖北距隨州北十八公裏的厲山鎮列山神農洞修建了“神農故居”。“神農故居”,設有神農洞二處(一為𠔌物藥村貯藏,一為居住),並有神農亭、神農塔、神農廟、山南建神農茶室、神農花卉、九竜亭及山北神農母安登浴池,百草園等十數處。
  湖北西部山區,也有一地稱為“神農架”,也與神農氏有關。
  
  【神農洞和神農碑】
  距離隨州市區五十五公裏處的烈山上,洞中原有石桌、石凳、石碗及石榻等,傳說是神農氏所用的器物。烈山還有神農井、神農宅、神農觀、炎帝廟等古建築。厲山鎮北有“炎帝神農氏”碑一座,保存至今。
  
  【歷史記載】
  《白虎通義·號》說,神農氏能夠根據天時之宜,分地之利,創作了來招等農具,教民耕作,使人民獲得很大的好處,故號神農。《世本·帝係篇》則首把炎帝和神農氏扯在一起稱“炎帝神農氏”,謂
  炎帝即神農氏,炎帝身號,神農代號。漢高誘註《淮南子·時則訓》,提到赤帝時又把赤帝與神農氏合起來,說赤帝即炎帝,少典之子,號為神農,南方火德之帝。《左傳》、《國語》和《禮記》曾提到烈山氏能夠播植百𠔌百蔬。東漢鄭玄註《禮記》和三國韋昭註《國語》,都說烈山氏為炎帝。《水經註》捲三十二又把烈山氏和神農氏相並,說謬水西南經過厲鄉南,水南有重山,就是烈山,山下有一個洞穴,相傳是神農氏的誕生處,所以《禮記》稱神農氏為烈山氏。而有關烈(厲、列)山氏稱號的緣起,又有二說。《路史》認為,烈山原字當作列山或厲山,因神農氏“肇跡”於列山,故以列山、厲山為氏。劉城淮《中國上古神話》則認為炎帝為人神,放火燒山很猛烈,故為烈山氏。
  《史記· 五帝本紀》則隱喻炎帝與神農氏並非一人,說黃帝時,神農氏的時代已經衰落,諸侯之間互相侵伐,暴虐百姓,神農氏不能徵討,於是黃帝“修德振兵”,討伐危害最大的炎帝和蚩尤,把他倆伐滅後威望大振,於是代神農氏而有天下。神農氏不事徵伐,這與《莊於·盜蹠》說神農氏“無有相害之心”、《商君書·畫策》說神農 “刑政不用而治,甲兵不起而王”相符合,怎麽會變成炎帝這樣“侵伐諸侯,暴虐百姓”的人呢?英勇善戰的黃帝,竟然要與他“三戰,然後得其志”。此外,《史記·封禪書》分列炎帝和神農氏為二人,徐旭生《中國古史的傳說時代》也主張炎帝、神農氏為二人。
  神農氏為什麽想起來種五穀呢?《白虎通義》記載:“古之人民皆食獸禽肉,至於神農,人民衆多,禽獸不足,於是神農因天之時,分地之利,製耒耜,教民勞作,神而化之,使民易之,故謂神農也”。這說明,神農氏所處的時代,是中國從原始畜牧業嚮原始農業業發展的轉變關頭。那時,人口已生育繁多,維持生計的是獵物和植物的查實。可是,天上的飛禽越打越少,地上的走獸越打越稀,所得食物難以裹腹。怎樣才能解决人們的吃食問題?神農氏苦苦思索,可謂絞盡腦汁。
  據《拾遺記》記載,一天,一隻周身通紅的鳥兒,銜着一棵五彩九穗𠔌,飛在天空,掠過神農氏的頭頂時,九穗𠔌掉在地上,神農氏見了,拾起來埋在了土壤裏,後來竟長成一片。他把𠔌穗在手裏揉搓後放在嘴裏,感到很好吃。於是他教人確倒樹木,割掉野草,用斧頭、鋤頭、耒耜等生産工具,開墾土地,種起了𠔌子。
  神農氏從這裏得到啓發:𠔌子可年年種植,源源不斷,若能有更多的草木之實選為人用,多多種植,大傢的吃飯問題不就是解决了嗎?那時,五穀和雜草長在一起,草藥和百花開在一起,哪些可以吃,哪些不可以吃,誰也分不清。神農氏就一樣一樣的嘗,一樣一樣的試種,最後從中篩選出的稻、黍、稷、麥、菽五穀,所以後人尊他為“五穀爺”、“農皇爺”。
  神農氏教民種五穀後,並不單單靠天而收,還教民打井汲水,對農作物進行灌溉。在這一高臺的四角各有一口井,臺中央有一口井水都會波動。由於這一帶歷史上多次被黃河水衝擊,黃水退後大量泥沙沉積,這些井多數都被埋在地下,現在僅找到一眼,在南面二百步分配權的地方。此井泉水清澈、甘甜,每天都有方圓近百裏的人到這裏取水,稱為神水,說直接可以治病。
  後人為了紀念神農氏嘗百草、種五穀的偉大功績,在這高臺上修建了廟宇。傳說神農氏生於農歷正月初五,所以每年的正月初五到正月二十便形成了祭祀,祈求五穀豐登。歷代達官司貴人、文人學士到這裏朝拜者比比皆是。據縣志記載,三國時曹植來這裏拜謁後,寫下著名的《神農贊》,“少典之,火德成木。造為耒耜,遵民播𠔌。正為雅琴,以暢風俗不。”
  五穀臺神農氏的塑像,肩披樹葉,頭生雙角,手捧五穀。墻上的壁畫記錄了他一生的主要功績,除了開墾荒地,口嘗百草,播種五穀,汲水灌溉外,還有日中為市,造陶器,嘗藥治病等。
  農業的出現,人類的勞動果實已有剩餘,這時,神農氏設立集市,讓大傢把吃不完,用不了的食物和東西,每天中午拿到集市上去交換,從而出現了中國社地原始的商品交易。
  同時,他還發明了陶器,解决了人類的生活用具——器皿和陶盆、陶罐等。
  神農氏的另一偉大功績就是創始了中國醫藥和醫術。
  《綱鑒易知錄》記載:“民有疾,未知藥石,炎帝始草木之滋,察其寒、溫、平、熱之性,辨其君、臣、佐、使之義,嘗一口而遇七十毒,神而化之,遂作文書上以療民疾而醫道自此始矣。”
  
  【炎帝 ≠ 神農氏或炎帝═神農氏
  神農氏和炎帝到底什麽關係?兩者是否為同一人呢?關於炎帝和神農氏的關係問題,學術界長期以來形成了觀點截然相反的兩派:一派認為炎帝就是神農氏。這一派的觀點現在占上風,算是主流派,比如湖南的炎帝陵紀念館就是把炎帝作為神農來祭祀的,所以紀念館內就有炎帝償百草的主題。而另一派則認為炎帝和神農是兩個係統的人,扯不上關係,因此不可能是同一人。
  古代史書關於神農氏的世代記載是這樣的:神農氏統治經歷了七十個世代,(一說十七個世代)到黃帝部落崛起的時候纔衰落下去了。這裏有一個問題前面忘了說明的需要說明一下,即神農氏以前包括神農氏的時代,像伏曦,女媧,神農這樣的稱呼乃是對於某個部落或者部落的若幹代首領的統稱,而不是對唯一一個君主的稱呼。但是後世的學者們往往産生歧見,比如關於古蜀國的歷史記載中,很多人都認為蠶從和魚鳧是古蜀國的兩代君王,但是實際上蠶從和魚鳧乃是兩個分別長達數百年的古蜀國王朝,每個王朝都有十幾個世代。(《史記.五帝本紀》中也提到:黃帝崛起的時候,恰好“神農世衰”,黃帝與炎帝戰於阪泉之野。請註意這個“世”字。)這就是為什麽伏曦,女媧,神農的統治往往高達數百年乃至數千年的原因。按照一世三十年計算,那麽神農氏統治的時期大約為兩千年(如果是十七個世代則大約是五百年)黃帝的時代,在距今大約五千年以前,以此上推兩千年,大約就可以推斷出神農氏統治開始於距今大約七千年以前。
  但是,關於炎帝的記載則明顯和神農氏對不上號。和神農不同,關於炎帝的稱號是對某一個人還是對若幹世代的部落首領的稱呼這一點是存在爭論的。有一種說法認為,炎帝經歷了八個世代。第一世炎帝叫神農,他的時代比黃帝的時代大約早幾百年。而和黃帝同一個時代的炎帝是第八世炎帝,他叫榆罔。這種說法,就把炎帝和神農串到了一起,即無論炎帝還是神農都是同一部落首領的稱呼。同一部落首領有不同的稱呼倒不奇怪,但是無論神農氏是七十個世代還是十七個世代,顯然都和炎帝的八個世代對不上號。因此,從這一點上來說,炎帝和神農為同一人的說法值得懷疑。
  
  【傳說】
  
  [頭頂一顆珠]
  一次,神農氏在深山老林採藥,被一群毒蛇圍住。毒蛇一起嚮神農氏撲去,有的纏腰,有的纏腿,有的纏脖子,想緻神農氏於死地。神農氏寡不敵衆,終被咬傷倒地,血流不止,渾身發腫。他忍痛高喊:“西王母,快來救我。”王母娘娘聞聽呼聲後,立即派青鳥銜着她的一顆救命解毒仙丹在天空中盤旋窺瞰,終於在一片森林裏找到了神農氏。毒蛇見到了王母的使者青鳥,都嚇得紛紛逃散。
  青鳥將仙丹喂到神農氏口裏,神農氏逐漸從昏迷中清醒。青鳥完成使命後翩然騰雲駕霧回歸。神農氏感激涕零,高聲嚮青鳥道謝,哪知,一張口,仙丹落地,立刻生根發芽長出一棵青草,草頂上長出一顆紅珠。神農氏仔細一看,與仙丹完全一樣,放入口中一嘗,身上的餘痛全消,便高興地自言自語:“有治毒蛇咬傷的藥方了!”於是,給這味草藥取名“頭頂一顆珠”。後來,藥物學家給它命名為“延齡草”。
  [神農嘗百草]
  上古時候,五穀和雜草長在一起,藥物和百花開在一起,哪些糧食可以吃,哪些草藥可以治病,誰也分不清。黎民百姓靠打獵過日子,天上的飛禽越打越少,地下的走獸越打越稀,人們就衹好餓肚子。誰要生瘡害病,無醫無藥,不死也要脫層皮啊!
  老百姓的疾苦,神農氏瞧在眼裏,疼在心頭。怎樣給百姓充饑?怎樣為百姓治病?神農苦思冥想了三天三夜,終於想出了一個辦法。
  第四天,他帶着一批臣民,從家乡隨州歷山出發,嚮西北大山走去。他們走哇,走哇,腿走腫了,腳起繭了,還是不停地走,整整走了七七四十九天,來到一個地方。衹見高山一峰接一峰,峽𠔌一條連一條,山上長滿奇花異草,大老遠就聞到了香氣。神農他們正往前走,突然從峽𠔌竄出來一群狼蟲虎豹,把他們團團圍住。神農馬上讓臣民們揮舞神鞭,嚮野獸們打去。打走一批,又擁上來一批,一直打了七天七夜,纔把野獸都趕跑了。那些虎豹蟒蛇身上被神鞭抽出一條條一塊塊傷痕,後來變成了皮上的斑紋。
  這時,臣民們說這裏太險惡,勸神農回去。神農搖搖頭說:“不能回!黎民百姓餓了沒吃的,病了沒醫的,我們怎麽能回去呢!”他說着領頭進了峽𠔌,來到一座茫茫大山腳下。
  這山半截插在雲彩裏,四面是刀切崖,崖上挂着瀑布,長着青苔,溜光水滑,看來沒有登天的梯子是上不走的。臣民們又勸他算了吧,還是趁早回去。神農搖搖頭:“不能回!黎民百姓餓了沒吃的,病了沒醫的,我們怎麽能回去呢!”他站在一個小石山上,對着高山,上望望,下看看,左瞅瞅,右瞄瞄,打主意,想辦法。後來,人們就把他站的這座小山峰叫“望農亭”。然後,他看見幾衹金絲猴,順着高懸的古藤和橫倒在崖腰的朽木,爬過來。神農靈機一動,有了!他當下把臣民們喊來,叫他們砍木桿,割藤條,靠着山崖搭成架子,一天搭上一層,從春天搭到夏天,從秋天搭到鼕天,不管颳風下雨,還是飛雪結冰,從來不停工。整整搭了一年,搭了三百六十層,纔搭到山頂。傳說,後來人們蓋樓房用的腳手架,就是學習神農的辦法。
  神農帶着臣民,攀登木架,上了山頂了,嘿呀!山上真是花草的世界,紅的、緑的、白的、黃的,各色各樣,密密叢叢。神農喜歡極了,他叫臣民們防着狼蟲虎豹,他親自采摘花草,放到嘴裏嘗。為了在這裏嘗百草,為老百姓找吃的,找醫藥,神農就叫臣民在山上栽了幾排冷杉,當做城墻防野獸,在墻內蓋茅屋居住。後來,人們就把神農住的地方叫“木城”。
  白天,他領着臣民到山上嘗百草,晚上,他叫臣民生起篝火,他就着火光把它詳細記載下來:哪些草是苦的,哪些熱,哪些涼,哪些能充饑,哪些能醫病,都寫得清清楚楚。
  有一次,他把一棵草放到嘴裏一嘗,霎時天旋地轉,一頭栽倒。臣民們慌忙扶他坐起,他明白自己中了毒,可是已經不會說話了,衹好用最後一點力氣,指着面前一棵紅亮亮的靈芝草,又指指自己的嘴巴。臣民們慌忙把那紅靈芝放到嘴裏嚼嚼,喂到他嘴裏。神農吃了靈芝草,毒氣解了,頭不昏了,會說話了。從此,人們都說靈芝草能起死回生。臣民們擔心他這樣嘗草,太危險了,都勸他還是下山回去。他又搖搖頭說:“不能回!黎民百姓餓了沒吃的,病了沒醫的,我們怎麽能回去呢!”說罷,他又接着嘗百草。
  他嘗完一山花草,又到另一山去嘗,還是用木桿搭架的辦法,攀登上去。一直嘗了七七四十九天,踏遍了這裏的山山嶺嶺。他嘗出了麥、稻、𠔌子、高粱能充饑,就叫臣民把種子帶回去,讓黎民百姓种植,這就是後來的五穀。他嘗出了三百六十五種草藥,寫成《神農本草經》,叫臣民帶回去,為天下百姓治病。
  神農嘗完百草,為黎民百姓找到了充饑的五穀,醫病的草藥,來到回生寨,準備下山回去。他放眼一望,遍山搭的木架不見了。原來,那些搭架的木桿,落地生根,淋雨吐芽,年深月久,竟然長成了一片茫茫林海。神農正在為難,突然天空飛來一群白鶴,把他和護身的幾位臣民,接上天廷去了。從此,回生寨一年四季,香氣彌漫。
  為了紀念神農嘗百草、造福人間的功績,老百姓就把這一片茫茫林海,取名為“神農架”。把神農升天的回生寨,改名為“留香寨”。
  
  【神農故事新解】
  在神農氏的諸多事跡當中,最為人們稱道和熟悉的是製耒耜、種五穀一事,這也正是神農氏之被稱為“神農”的原因所在,“神農”一詞中的“農”字就完全體現了這一偉大創舉。
  農業包括種植、收穫儲備、加工食用三大步驟。在原始農業出現之前的採集漁獵時代早期,收穫儲備與食用是兩個完全獨立的過程,人們採集而儲備的東西不一定都是食用的,人們食用的東西也經常是現采現吃,並不一定是先前儲備的東西,而且人們儲備的食物也往往不是植物種籽。伴隨着陶器的出現,人們纔具備了安全有效的貯藏手段,因而能夠長期儲備食物和飲水,從而把採集儲備和食用兩個獨立過程緊密地結合在一起。衹有在這種情況下,人們纔會形成大量獲得植物種籽的需求。原始種植業開始於使用葫蘆作飲水器具的伏羲氏時代,人們最早種植的是葫蘆,在種植葫蘆的過程中,人們積纍比較豐富的種植技術。到了女媧氏時代,也就是陶器時代,種植技術和對植物種籽的需求一旦結合在一起,農業的出現也就呼之欲出了。其實人們開始種植葫蘆時,也不一定是因為需求而想到種植葫蘆,很可能是兒童出於愛好和玩耍開始了葫蘆的種植。其原因有三:一是兒童有大量的空閑時間照顧、保護和管理他們的“勞動”成果;二是葫蘆籽顆粒大潔白,深受人們喜愛;三是葫蘆籽顆粒大而容易播種操作。我國許多地方民間存在着禁食葫蘆籽的風俗,大人們會用“吃葫蘆籽會長包牙”之類的話嚇唬小孩子,說明人們對葫蘆籽的重視和保護,也暗示了葫蘆栽培歷史的悠久。當我們的祖先把種植葫蘆轉嚮種植草類植物獲取食用的種籽時,原始農業就誕生了。
  吃草治病並非人類獨有。許多動物都有吃藥治病的現象,說明早在人成其為人之前,人類的祖先就已經本能地積纍了許多草藥知識。原始農業興起後,出於尋找更好的農作物種類的需要,人們在嘗食植物的同時會更加註意瞭解植物的特性,不僅註意有毒沒毒、可吃不可吃,更會註意瞭解不同植物種類、不同部位、不同器官的苦辣酸甜味道,以及寒溫特性等,從而結合原有的草藥知識形成醫藥概念,開始了醫學探索。也就是說,醫藥概念是伴隨着原始探索馴化植物為農作物的過程中形成的,是一種“無意插柳柳成蔭”式的發明。這應該就是神農氏發明醫藥的歷史真相。
  要大量種植農作物,首先要選擇合適的植物種類並馴化使之成為作物品種,比如稻、黍、稷、麥、菽五穀;其次要有農具,比如耒耜;三是要掌握農時。這些都需要長期技術進步和知識積纍,絶不是一朝一夕就能做到的,即使一個人終其一生也絶難做到。所以說,神農氏是一個相當漫長的時代。
  在農業發展的早期,主要技術進步表現在馴化野生植物上,經過嘗百草和試種,古人們初步確定了適合栽培的幾種主要野草,野草種類因地區而不同,收穫的種籽除一部分被食用外,人們會選擇飽滿的籽粒留作種子,這其實就是對野生動植物的馴化過程,使得栽培植物和養殖動物與其野生原種的差異越來越大,而分別成為農作物和傢畜。中國人非常重視留種工作,總是千方百計地保護作物種子,甚至有“餓死不吃種子”的說法。這一習俗更加有利於農作物品種的選育工作。可以推測,在神農氏中期,中國就已經基本培育出各主要農作物品種,即五穀。
  
  【神農架】
  神農架據傳是華夏始祖、神農炎帝在此搭架採藥、療民疾矢的地方。他在此“架木為梯,以助攀援”,“架木為屋,以避風雨”,最後“架木為壇,跨鶴升天”。神農炎帝是華夏文明開創者之一,後人將其豐功偉績列陳有八:訓牛以耕,焦尾五弦,積麻衣革,陶石木具,首創農耕,搭架採藥,日中為市,穿井灌溉。為緬懷祖先,頌其偉業,林區人民政府於1997年開始在神農架主峰南麓小當陽興建神農祭壇一座,塑其雕像於群山之中,但見牛首人身的神農氏雙目微閉,似思似眠,神農塑像與千年古樸相擁而立,景緻渾宏,氣宇不凡,蔚為壯觀。
  湖北省西部有一片群峰聳立、林濤起伏的高大山地,它橫亙於長江、漢水之間,方圓3250平方公裏,這就是我國著名的神農架林區。相傳,上古時代的神農氏曾在這裏遍嘗百草為民除病,由於崖高壁陡,珍稀藥草不易采到,神農氏就伐木搭架而上,因此後人稱這裏為’神農架’。
  神農架內重巒疊嶂,山高𠔌深,主峰大神農架即神農頂,海拔3105米,是華中地區最高峰,有’ 華中屋脊’之稱。區內古木參天,奇花異卉遍布,有’緑色寶庫’之稱。植物種類十分豐富,主峰東南千傢坪生長着大量被稱為’活化石’的古老植物,如珙桐、水杉、水青樹、連香樹、領春木等,它們大多都是舉世聞名的第三紀冰川樹種。林區的西南部,有一獨立奇峰稱’望農亭’,亭下有一片石林,上接懸崖,下臨深澗,或盤結麯扭,或亭亭玉立,或如猿猴抱柱,或如猛虎下山,姿態各異,栩栩如生。石林四周,流雲飛霧,若隱若現,有’石林雲雨’之稱,為神農架林區一大奇觀。神農頂北側,峽𠔌蜿蜒,峰岩壁立,飛瀑參差,景緻奇秀,有’紅坪畫廊’美稱。此處,神農架區內還有衆多的奇洞、潮水河、猴子石、南埡山、小當陽等勝景。
  保護區內,不僅景色秀麗,物種豐富,還有種類繁多的珍稀動物。除名貴的金絲猴外,有白雕、白鹿、白鬆鼠、白蛇、白熊等,堪稱是一個’白色的動物王國’。
  
  【神農山】
  神農山,為國傢AAAA級風景旅遊區,位於河南省沁陽市城區西北23公裏的太行山麓,共有八大景區136個景點。主峰紫金頂海拔1028米,矗立中天,氣勢雄渾,三大天門較泰山早154年。這裏曾是炎帝神農辨百𠔌,嘗百草,登壇祭天的聖地。也是道教創始人老子築爐煉丹、成道仙升之所。韓愈、李商隱等歷代名傢曾在此留下許多傳世佳作。這裏有雄奇險峻的紫金壇,更有天下一絶的白鬆嶺。15600餘株白鶴鬆姿態萬千,生長於懸崖絶嶺之巔,居世界五大美人鬆之首。遊走其間,移步換景,恍若人間仙境,令人魄悸魂動,陡然升華。其山勢之雄險奇絶,樹型之屈麯優美,景層之深奧神秀,當推全國之最。
  神農山還素有“天然植物園”和"昆蟲王國"的美稱,有珍稀植物1199種。九千衹國傢保護動物太行獼猴攀枝登崖,嬉戲逗玩,平添無限野趣。神農山景區是休閑度假、探險攬勝、科學考察、回歸自然的絶好去處。
  神農山景區地理位置優越,交通便捷,焦剋公路、焦柳鐵路橫貫其下,晉洛公路縱行其間,餐飲遊樂服務舒適周到,民風淳樸,民俗特濃!
  地理位置與範圍
  神農山風景名勝區在該市市區西北23公裏的太行山南麓,地理坐標介於北緯35°11′30〃— 35°19′;東經112°44′——113°02′之間,面積96平方公裏,內有8大景區136個景點,有九山兩河二十八峰。北部與山西晉城市澤州縣接壤;南臨燕川平原;東至丹河與博愛縣相望;西與濟源市相連。
  獨特的自然條件
  1、地質地貌
  神農山風景名勝區屬太行山南端前沿中山地段,整個地勢北高南低,海拔在250—1116.9米之間。其中草凹嶺、紫金頂、小月頂、銅溝頂等海拔都在1000米以上。山勢陡峻,奇峰林立,溝壑縱橫,生境多樣。因受地質構造運動,流水長期侵蝕切割及石灰的淋溶作用,形成許多懸崖、深溝峽𠔌和天然溶洞。溝𠔌深切,高度在百米的懸崖舉目可見,深溝終年不見陽光,陰森逼人。整個地形可分為三類:一是險坡懸崖地帶,分佈在太行山南沿1~2公裏地段,從海拔200米拔地而起,突然升高到700~800米,坡度在45°—90°之間,岩石裸露,土壤瘠薄,植被稀疏,多為險坡懸崖,人們難以攀登。二是險坡緩衝地帶,海拔在700米~900米之間,人稱二站,坡度在20°左右,土層深厚,植物生長良好。三是山頂緩平地帶,面積較大,地勢平緩開闊,形成許多小平地、小盆地,水份條件好,多為酸性土壤,適宜多種植物生長。
  2、水文
  自然保護區屬黃河水係,是仙神河、雲陽河、逍遙石河、丹河的發源地和上遊,這幾條河匯集沁河註入黃河。源頭地區地形復雜,形成許多半輻射狀的山澗溪流,溝𠔌深幽,河道狹窄,多彎麯,比降大。有些地段流水洪積成積梯瀑布。河水流量隨季節變化,汛期多雨,流量大;鼕春少雨,流量小,甚至斷流成為季節性河流。保護區內由於山高林密,植被覆蓋率高,降雨量較平原多,加上石灰岩淋溶的結果,形成許多山泉,終年不枯,有的溝底形成地下河,水聲潺潺,卻不見流水。水質良好,據同濟大學化驗測試,富含多種礦物質,有益於人體健康,可飲用。
  3、氣候
  神農山風景名勝區位於暖溫帶,屬大陸性季風氣候,四季分明。春季幹旱多風,夏季炎熱多雨,秋季晴和日長,鼕季寒冷乾燥。據沁陽市氣象站觀察:年平均氣溫14.3℃。一月份最冷-2℃,極端最低氣溫-17.6℃;七月份最熱,平均氣溫27.4℃,極端最高氣溫42.1℃。全年大於10℃的活動積溫4692.2℃。年平均日照時數2496小時,日照率57%。無霜期219天。年平均降水量 619毫米,多集中在7、8、9三個月,占全年降水量的70%,水熱同期。鼕季雨量占全年降水量的10%,春季降水約占全年降水量的20%。由於地處太行山南沿,華北平原與山西高原過渡地段,山高林密,地形復雜,既阻擋西北寒流的侵襲,又截留了東南沿海暖濕氣流,形成獨特的小氣候,降雨量較平原偏多,空氣溫度偏高,夏季氣溫較平原低6~8℃。太行山雖是我國有名的幹旱地區,但在神農山風景名勝區的溝底和懸崖下多有泉水涌出,潺潺流水,終年不竭。獨特的氣候,復雜的地形,形成了許多小氣候和小生境,有利於多種動植物繁衍生息。
  
  【籌建景觀】
  在長治城東北5公裏處,有一座南北走嚮的大山,這就是百𠔌山,俗稱老頂山。此山方圓40多平方公裏,從北嚮南由五個山峰組成,所以又叫五頂山。這五個山峰依次叫老頂、南頂、玉皇頂、奶奶頂、新頂。《太平寰宇記》載:“百𠔌山與太行、王屋皆連,風洞泉𠔌,崖壑幽邃,最稱佳境,昔神農嘗百草得五穀於此,因名山建廟。”
  特別值得一提的是,為了開發我們的始祖炎帝神農氏在太行山上嘗百草、興農業、實現人類歷史上從遊牧到定居,由漁獵到農耕重大轉折的遺跡,長治市委、市政府已在炎帝昔日嘗百草的地方興建宏大的炎帝紀念館。現在,一尊高39米,堪稱亞洲第一的炎帝巨型銅像已屹立於聳翠疊嶂的百𠔌山巔。以銅像為主體的祭進壇、殿堂以及百草堂、神農井、神農泉、耒耜洞、神農村、碑刻等景觀正在籌建。
  很早以前,中國就有"神農嘗百草,日遇七十二毒,得茶而解之"的傳說。說的是神農有一個水晶般透明的肚子,吃下什麽東西,人們都可以從他的胃腸裏看得清清楚楚。那時候的人,吃東西都是生吞活剝的,因此經常鬧病。神農為瞭解除人們的疾苦,就把看到的植物都嘗試一遍,看看這些植物在肚子裏的變化,判斷哪些無毒哪些有毒。當他嘗到一種開白花的常緑樹嫩葉時,就在肚子裏從上到下,從下到上,到處流動洗滌,好似在肚子裏檢查什麽,於是他就把這種緑葉稱為"查"。以後人們又把"查"叫成"茶"。神農長年纍月地爬山涉水,嘗試百草,每天都得中毒幾次,全靠茶來解救。但是最後一次,神農來不及吃茶葉,還是被毒草毒死了。據說,那時候他見到一種開着黃色小花的小草,那花萼在一張一合地動着,他感到好奇,就把葉子放在嘴裏慢慢咀嚼。一會兒,他感到肚子很難受,還沒來得及吃茶葉,肚腸就一節一節地斷開了,原來是中了斷腸草的毒。後人為了崇敬、紀念農業和醫學發明者的功績,就世代傳頌着這樣一個神農嘗百草的故事。
  
  【樹下野狐《搜神記》中的神農】
  神農紀事:
  大荒三百零八年,來自南海的神秘少年神農,以木劍擊殺三大兇獸之一裂天兕,生擒兇獸赤炎角馬,又在黃河狂濤中與九翼天竜大戰三天三夜,七入黃河,終於擊殺九翼天竜,平息泛濫了七年的山洪。然而五族紛爭更盛,戰火不熄。
  大荒三百一十年,神農以劍拜詣昆侖金族白帝,開始二十年以武會盟,恢復神帝製的努力。
  大荒三百二十七年,神農在黑水山大破水、木、火三族七神的合圍,威震天下。
  大荒三百三十年,神農在昆侖山頂會盟五帝,被尊為神帝。五族重新簽定大荒書,重現和平。此後一百年,風調雨順,天下大治。神農離神帝山遠遊天下。
  大荒四百二十五年,瘟疫流行於亞洲大陸,兇獸橫行。神農嘗百草製仙藥,解救天下蒼生。
  大荒五百八十六年四月,神帝神農氏在南際山頂百草毒發,石化竜牙岩。
  神農資料
  稱號:神帝
  功法:五行譜
  住所:天帝峰神帝宮
  令牌:神木令
  寶物:赭鞭
  著作:大荒經,百草註
  神農故裏
  華夏始祖炎帝神農的誕生地--烈山,坐落在湖北省隨州厲山鎮九竜山南麓。古神農洞位於九農山腰。史書記載“神農母安登,感農而生炎帝”於此。在炎帝神農烈山名勝區內,建有炎帝神農洞、炎帝神農碑、炎帝神農紀念廣場、炎帝神農紀念館、炎帝神農牌坊等紀念性建築物。炎帝神農烈山名勝區規劃建設,以“建築返古、環境還野”為特色,規劃成“世界烈山宗親會館”、“祭祀朝聖”、“聖遺跡遊覽”、“大同街市 ”、“炎帝故裏經濟技術開發”、“服務接待管理”六個區,興建修復炎帝神農殿、烈山大宗祠、聖賢殿、功德殿、神農廟、安登泉、百草園、觀天壇、神農九井等景點。景觀有薑河新潮、九嶺晴嵐、煙寺晚鐘、山村夕照、古洞青雪、斷岩縮霧、竜鳳旗桿等,因材藉景,秀麗非凡。幾千年來,每逢炎帝生辰祭日,世界各地數以萬計的群衆前來烈山敬奉炎帝神農,緬懷華夏始祖,烈山已成為海內外炎黃子孫尋根問祖的聖地。
  春秋戰國到今,歷朝歷史學家、歷史文獻作了肯定的記載,炎帝神農誕生於“湖北隨州厲山”。如:春秋《禮記.祭法二十三》:“厲山氏之有天下也,其子曰農,能殖百𠔌”。東漢經學大師鄭玄註:“厲山氏,炎帝也,起於厲山,或曰有烈山氏”。春秋《國語* 魯語上》:“昔烈山氏之有天下也,其子曰柱,能殖百𠔌百蔬”。三國時韋昭註:烈山氏,炎帝之號也,起於烈山,(禮記*祭法)以烈山為厲山也。
  《春秋左傳註》第四册:“有烈山氏山之子曰柱為稷,(瀋韓補註云:“(祭法)雲:‘厲山氏之有天下也,其子曰農,能殖百𠔌’。註:‘厲山氏,炎帝也,起於厲山,或曰有烈山氏’。農即柱,厲山在今湖北隨縣北四十裏”)自夏以上祀之”。
  《左傳.昭公二十九年》:“有烈山氏之子曰柱為稷,自夏以上祀之;周棄亦為稷,自商以來祀之”。晉朝杜預為其作註曰:“烈山氏,炎帝也,起於厲。”
  神農故裏:炎帝始祖誕隨州
  “逶迤九十九岡嶺,雲壑幽藏小洞天。井社延裏環厥水,鼎舜頡頏際儀軒。滄桑有變岩未變,草木能仙石亦仙。千古教民勤稼穡,烈山典祀至今傳。”
  相傳,盤古開天地的時候,有一個名叫安登的美麗少女,天天到烈山上放羊,一有空閑就到山上一個幽深的古洞裏小憩一會。一次,她坐在洞中倚着洞壁睡着了,在甜美的夢鄉,她見到一個自稱七竜子的英俊少年同她相親相愛,纏綿不已。後來安登住進洞裏,並在農歷四月二十六日生下七斤重的肉球。傢人對肉球頗為反感,於是舉起石刀,欲劈肉球,沒想到肉球自動裂開,跳出一個胖小子。安登十分高興,為他取名“石年 ”。這個石年,就是華夏民族的始祖炎帝神農。這個洞穴被後人稱為神農洞,坐落在洞天山東麓,為神農故裏最能撼動人們情思的景點之一。
  神農故裏位於隨州厲山鎮。厲山鎮坐落在烈山的東南麓。烈山岡巒起伏,樹木蔥蘢,峭岩幽𠔌,清泉古洞,構成一幅風光旖旎、雄偉壯觀的山水畫捲。烈山擁有九嶺,九嶺拱成烈山。九烈山嶺由南嚮北依次為:鑽斷山、耕耘山、百草山、五帝山、三皇山、葫蘆山、洞天山、登天山、壽星山。它們沿竜脈河一字兒排開,如九竜捧聖,奉侍着神農故裏。
  除了神農洞之外,神農故裏還有炎帝神農紀念館、炎帝神農氏遺址碑、神農碑、神農文化廣場、九竜捧聖亭閣、炎帝神農紀念塔和神農宮。神農紀念館為古典四合院建築,陳列有神農一生大型組畫和有關的史志文獻等;炎帝神農氏遺址碑在烈山主峰三皇山的半山腰,為明朝萬歷年間隨州知州楊存愚立;神農宮為三進四層宮殿式建築,集中華五千年文化精粹於一宮。相傳炎帝神農遍嘗百草,為民治病;發明農具,教人使用;培育五穀,助民衆溫飽。後來,他與黃帝聯合打敗蚩尤,成為中華民族的共同始祖,中華民族因而又稱炎黃子孫。


  Legend of Shen Nong is born a "crystal belly", is almost completely transparent, all internal organs can be seen, but also eat things visible. At that time, people often become ill because of something you eat, or even killed. Shen Nong tasted a hundred herbs for this determination can eat a bag left on the body, introduced to other people eat, as a medicinal; not be able to eat on the right side of the bag on the body, to draw attention to not eating.
  According to legend, Shen Nong tasted a hundred herbs Unfortunately, in the poisoning death.
  Western mountain areas, also referred to as a "Shennongjia", also Shennong related.
  】 【Historical records
  Shennong inspiration from here: millet can be planted year after year, continuously, if there is more vegetation chosen people to actually use lots of planting, all the food problem is not solved? At that time, with long grain and weeds, herbs and flowers open together, what to eat, what not to eat, no one can not tell. Shen Nong tasted the same as, the same as to try to grow, and finally selected from the rice, millet, millet, wheat, beans grains, their descendants him as a "God of grain", "agricultural assassinator."
  Grains Taiwan Shen Nong statue, Jian Pi leaves, first-born dual-angle, holding the grain. Wall murals record the major achievements of his life, in addition to land reclamation, I tasted a hundred herbs, sowing grain, Kap Shui irrigation, there are Japan and China for the city, making pottery, taste and other drug treatment.
  Shen Nong is the other founders of the great achievements of Chinese medicine and medicine.
  What is the relationship Shennong and Yan in the end? Both are the same people? On the relationship between Yan and Shen Nong, academia has long formed a view diametrically opposed factions: one group that is the Shen Nong Yan. This school's point of view is to prevail, be regarded as mainstream, such as Hunan Yandi Ling Shen Nong memorial is to come as the Yan Emperor worship, so the memorial will have the theme of Herbs Yan compensation. The other view holds that the two systems of Emperor Yan and Shen Nong who has nothing to do, it can not be the same person.
  Ancient historical records on the Shen Nong generation is this: Rustic rule has undergone 70 generations, (some say 17 generations) to the time before the rise of the Yellow Emperor tribes waned. There is a problem in front of forgotten shows the need to state that the Shennong times before, including Shennong, like V Xi, Nu Wa, Shen Nong this title but for a tribe or tribal leaders of several generations of collectively, and not the only monarch title. But later scholars tend to produce differences, such as historical records of the ancient Shu State, many people think that is teal silk and fish from two generations of ancient Shu king, but in practice, and Yufu silkworm but from two separate for several hundred years of ancient Shu Kingdom, every dynasty has a dozen generations. ("Historical Records. Wudi," also mentioned: the rise of the Yellow Emperor, when, exactly, "Shen Nong Shi decline," Huang Di and Yan Di Osaka spring in the wild fight. Please note that this "world" word.) This is why V Xi, F Wa, Shen Nong's rule is often as high as several hundred or even thousands of reasons. I, calculated according to three decades, then the reign of Shen Nong about two thousand years (if it is 17 generations is about five years) age of the Yellow Emperor, in about five years ago before this last push two years, about Rustic rule can be inferred began about seven years ago before.
  Legend】 【
  Rustic Blue Bird will panacea fed to the mouth, Shennong gradually awake from the coma. Blue Bird lightly clouds return after the completion of the mission. Shennong moved to tears, shouted to the Blue Bird thanks, I did not realize, a mouth, elixir floor, immediately germinate a grass, grass to grow on top of a Red Bead. Rustic look closely, the same as with the elixir, a taste in your mouth, body pain all over consumption, we are pleased to himself: "There is rule of Snakebite prescription!" So, to get this taste herbs name "a pearl head." Later, medicine experts to give it the name "Trillium."
  People's suffering, Shennong see in the eyes, pain in their hearts. How to give people fill their stomachs? How to treat people? Shen Nong tried to think three days and three nights, and finally came up with a solution.
  To mark the Shen Nong tasted a hundred herbs, for the benefit of human achievements, the people took it a boundless forests, named "Shennongjia." Shen Nong heaven to retrogradation Village, renamed as "fragrant Village."
  Agriculture, including cultivation, harvest reserve, the three major steps in processing food. Before the advent of agriculture in the original collection fishing and hunting in early times, harvest reserves and consumption are two completely separate processes, people collect and reserves are not always the food, people eat what are often taken and eaten, not must be something the previous Reserve, reserves of food and people are often not plant seeds. With the emergence of pottery, people only have a safe and effective storage methods, and thus the long-term reserves of food and water, and food reserves to the acquisition of two independent process closely together. Only in this case, it will form a large demand for access to plant seeds. Original planting began in the use of gourds for drinking water apparatus Fu Xi times, people are first planted gourd, gourd in the planting process, it has accumulated rich cultivation techniques. To Nu Wa's age is age pottery, planting techniques and the demand for seeds of plants, once combined with the emergence of agriculture was also ready to come out. In fact, when people start planting gourd, not necessarily because of demand growing gourd think, is likely to be children and play out of love began planting gourd. There are three reasons: First, children have a lot of free time to take care of, protect and manage their "work" results; Second, a large white gourd seed particles, is very popular; third is large and easy gourd seed particles seeding operation. There are many parts of our country folk custom of fasting gourd seeds, big people use "to eat gourd seed packet, president of teeth" to the group to frighten children, shows that people's attention and protection gourd seeds, gourd cultivation also implies that the history of old. When our ancestors turned to plant grass planting gourd plant the seeds for food, the primitive agriculture was born.
  Peaks of the western Hubei Province, has an stands, Lin Tao Gao Taishan undulating land, which lies across the Yangtze River and Han River between the radius of 3250 square kilometers, which is China's famous Shennongjia. According to legend, Shen Nong ancient times the people in here Bianchang hundred herbs cure disease, due to the high wall of steep cliffs, rare herbs is not easy to adopt, Shennong on logging Excellent Quality, and, hence, here after known as 'Shennongjia'.
  】 【In Mountain
  In Mountain scenic location, convenient traffic, Jiaoke Gong Road, Jiaozuo-Liuzhou railway running through its next, Jin Luo highway longitudinal Meanwhile, catering services, comfort and thoughtful pleasure, honest, folk espresso!
  Unique natural conditions
  In Mountain scenic area belongs to the southern end of the Taihang Mountains, Zhongshan front lots, the topography of north to south, in 250-1116.9 meters above sea level. One grass Au Ling, purple top, top-catching colors, such as copper trench top elevation is 1000 meters. Steep mountain peaks and the proliferation of gully aspect, habitat diversity. Due to tectonic movements, water erosion cutting and long-term leaching of lime, forming many cliffs, canyons and natural caverns deep groove. Deep ravines, high cliffs are everywhere in the 100 meters, deep groove year without seeing the sun, dark threatening. The terrain can be divided into three categories: First, areas of steep cliff, located in the Taihang Mountains 1 ~ 2 km along the south lot, going up from 200 meters above sea level suddenly rose to 700 to 800 meters, slope at 45 ° -90 °, bare rock, soil barren, sparse vegetation, mostly of steep cliffs, it is difficult to climb. Second, the buffer zone of steep elevation of 700 meters to 900 meters, claimed two points, slope at about 20 °, deep soil, plants grow well. Third Peak slow flat area, and larger, flat open terrain, the formation of many squares, the small basins, water conditions are good, more acidic soil, suitable for a variety of plant growth.
  2, hydrological
  In Mountain scenic area is located in warm temperate continental monsoon climate, four distinct seasons. Dry windy spring, summer, hot, rainy, autumn Qinghe day long, cold and dry winter. According to Qinyang weather observation: the average temperature of 14.3 ℃. In January the coldest -2 ℃, extreme minimum temperature -17.6 ℃; July the hottest, with an average temperature of 27.4 ℃, extreme maximum temperature 42.1 ℃. Activities throughout the year more than 10 ℃ accumulated temperature 4692.2 ℃. Average sunshine hours 2496 hours of sunshine rate 57%. Frost-free period 219 days. Average annual rainfall of 619 mm, mostly concentrated in 7,8,9 for three months, accounting for 70% of annual precipitation, water and heat over the same period. Winter rainfall accounts for 10% of annual precipitation, spring precipitation accounts for about 20% of annual precipitation. As is located along the south of Taihang, North China Plain and the Shanxi plateau transition sections, high mountains, dense forests, varied topography, both block the invasion of northwest cold, but also retain the warm air along the southeast coast, forming a unique micro-climate, rainfall than plain ones, air temperature, high summer temperatures lower than the plain 6 ~ 8 ℃. Taihang Mountains, although the arid regions of China famous, but in Mountain Scenic Area of ditch and over the cliff, there springs Emission, gurgling water, year-round inexhaustible. Unique climate, terrain, climate and the formation of many small niche is conducive to a variety of plants and animals flourish.
  Particularly worth mentioning is that we began to develop in the Taihang Mountains on Zuyan Di Shen Nong tasted a hundred herbs, Xing agriculture, the history of mankind from nomadic to settled, from fishing and hunting to farming remains a major turning point, Changzhi municipal government in Yan once tasted a hundred herbs to build a grand memorial Yan Emperor. Now, a 39 m high, Asia's first giant bronze statue of Emperor Yan Tsui stack has been standing in the towering peaks of 100 Valley mountains. As the main offering to the statue into the altar, temple, and 100 Cottage, Shen Nong well, Shen Nong Quan, Lei Si-dong, God countryside, inscriptions and other landscape under construction.
  Long ago, the Chinese have "Shen Nong tasted a hundred herbs and Japan met Seventy-toxic, have tea and the solution of the" legends. Shen Nong said that there is a crystal clear in the stomach, eat something, people can see clearly in his gastrointestinal. At that time people, eating is devouring, so often Naobing. Shen Nong order to relieve people's suffering, put the plants are trying to see it again and see these plants in the stomach changes, which determine which non-toxic toxic. When he tasted a kind of white blossoms of evergreen leaves time in the stomach from top to bottom, from bottom to top, full of mobile washing, as if to check what in the stomach, so he took such leaves that as "Charlie." After the people again, "Charlie," calling it "tea." Shen Nong wading over many years to climb, try hundred herbs, poisoning every day, several times, thanks to tea to save. But the last time, Shen Nong's no time to eat tea, or poisoned by poisonous weeds. It is said, when he saw a kind of open yellow flowers in the grass, that the calyx in one of a ground motion, and he was curious, put the leaves in his mouth and chew slowly. Moment, he felt hard by the stomach, not enough time to eat tea, intestines on a one to disconnect, and the original is in the Ussuriensis Maxim's drug. Future generations to reverence, commemoration of the inventor's achievements in agriculture and medicine, was eulogized on the generation of such a story of Shen Nong tasted a hundred herbs.
  Shen Nong Chronicle:
  Oare 320 years, Alexander Shen Nong in the black water breaking water, wood, fire, seven three communities encirclement of God, Megatron the world.
  Oare 580 years in April, God Emperor Shen Nong Herbs in the South Peak poison the international petrochemical Agrimonia rock.
  Gong: Five Spectrum
  Treasure: red whip
  China began Zuyan Di Shen Nong's birthplace - strong mountain, located in the south of Suizhou Li Jiulong Mountain Town. Shen Nong Tung ancient farmers in nine mountainside. Historical records, "Shen Nong's mother Andehn, Agriculture and Health Yan sense" here. Shennong Horeb attractions in the area, built Shennong hole monument of Emperor Yan, Yan Emperor Shen Nong Memorial Square, Memorial of Emperor Yan, Yan Emperor Shen Nong arch and other monuments. Horeb spots Shennong planning and construction, to "return to the ancient architecture, the environment also wild" as the characteristics of planning as "the world's strong mountain clan hall," "ritual pilgrimage", "Holy Relics Tour", "Datong Market", "Yan Hometown economic and technological development "," service hospitality management, "the six areas, the construction of temple restoration of Emperor Yan, Alexander strong ancestral hall, temple saint, Charity Hall, Shen Nong Temple, An Dengquan, grasses and garden, view of the Temple of Heaven, Shen Nong nine wells Attractions . Jiang river landscape fashion, 9 Ling Qing Lan, smoke temple bells in the evening, village sunset, Kwu Tung Ching snow, fog reduced off rock, dragon flag, etc., because of material through the landscape, extraordinary beauty. For thousands of years, whenever Yan birthday memorial day, tens of thousands of people around the world come to worship Horeb Shennong, cherish the memory of Chinese ancestor, strong domestic and overseas Chinese people Xungenwenzu mountain has become the Holy Land.
  "Zuo. Zhaogong twenty-nine": "Hill's the Master said, there is a strong pillar for the millet, from the worship of more than summer; Zhou Ji abandoned also, since the business has been worshiped." Jin Du Yu for making note saying: "Lie Hill's, Yan also played in the Li."
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