| 姓： | 伊耆 | ||||||
| 名： | 石年 | ||||||
| 网笔号： | 烈山氏 | ||||||
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氏：烈山氏
名：石年
炎帝诞辰：农历四月二十六日
生平简介
炎帝,传说上古时期姜姓部落的首领，又称赤帝、烈山氏，一说即神农氏(或神农氏的子孙)。相传其母名女登，一日游华阳，被神龙绕身，感应而孕，生下炎帝。传说炎帝人身牛首，头上有角。炎帝生于烈山石室，长于姜水，有圣德，以火德王，故号炎帝。炎帝少而聪颖，三天能说话，五天能走路，三年知稼穑之事。他一生为百姓办了许多好事：教百姓耕作，百姓得以丰食足衣；为了让百姓不受病疾之苦，他尝遍了各种药材，以致自己一日中七十次毒。他又作乐器，让百姓懂得礼仪，为后世所称道。其族人最初的活动地域在今陕西的南部，后来沿黄河向东发展，与黄帝发生冲突。在阪泉之战中，炎帝被黄帝战败，炎帝部落与黄帝部落合并，组成华夏族，所以今日中国人自称为「炎黄后代」。目前史学界同时支持另一种说法，即黄帝活动于黄河下游，泰山西侧，炎帝活动于黄河下游，泰山东侧，两部落为了争夺统治权，在阪泉也即涿鹿（两者皆位于今河北省张家口市涿鹿县境内）决战，黄帝战胜并流放炎帝于南方（后召回），开创了华夏一统的局面。
炎帝是我国上古时代姜姓部落首领，号烈山氏或厉山氏，位于黄河上游、渭河地区。据《史记》等古籍追记，炎帝姓“伊耆”，名石年。母为有娇氏女，名日女登，是少典正妃。生炎帝。长于姜水，故有‘姜’姓之称。据《纲鉴》等记载：“炎帝以火德代伏羲治天下，其俗朴，重端悫，不岔争而财足，无制令而民从，威厉而不杀，法省而不烦，于是南至交趾，北至幽都，东至肠谷，西至三危，莫不从其化。”《越绝书》说：“昔者神农之治天下，务利之已矣，不望其报；不贪天下之财，而天下共富之；不以其智能自贵于人，而天下共尊之。”
炎帝的传说
炎帝姓姜。相传他牛头人身，可能是以牛为图腾的氏族首领。最初，这个氏族活动于渭河流域，另说活动于泗水流域（黄河
下游），后来进入黄河中游，与九黎族发生了长时期的冲突。九黎族的首领叫蚩尤，兽身人面，铜头铁脖子，头上有角，耳上生毛硬如剑戟，能吃砂石，可能是以某种猛兽为图腾的氏族。他有兄弟八十一人，即八十一个氏族，是勇悍善战的强大氏族部落。蚩尤把炎帝驱逐到涿鹿(今河北西北桑干河流域，或者今山东泰山周围)。炎帝向黄帝求援，双方在涿鹿大战-场。蚩尤请风伯雨师兴风作雨，造了大雾使黄帝的士兵迷失方向，黄帝请旱神女魃，把天气放晴，造了“指南车” 辨别方向。这场激烈战争的结果是蚩尤失败，被杀死了。黄帝取得了胜利，被推举为“天子”。
史学界日趋支持另一种说法，炎帝同黄帝一样是一种帝位，而炎帝一系世代居住在黄河下游，后期神农氏部落执掌炎帝之位，而黄帝族部落，公孙姓，兴起于泰山西侧，而此时的神农氏部落已经无力征讨号令天下，黄帝开始征讨诸侯，积蓄实力，在阪泉也即逐鹿（泰山周围）与炎帝神农氏决战，炎帝神农氏一战被击溃，黄帝得以号令天下诸侯，流放炎帝神农氏于南方楚地，而另有不服从黄帝号令的南方蚩尤部落，本是炎帝神农的部属，扬言为炎帝报仇，纠集部众与黄帝战，数次击败黄帝，最后被黄帝利用计谋击败并杀，黄帝其后又先后平定蚩尤余部--邢天氏叛乱，最终一统天下，同时考虑到炎帝众望所归，民望犹盛，后来将其召回辅政，合并炎帝神农氏部落，后称炎黄部落...
另一说法是，炎帝一系世代居住在黄河下游，后期炎帝一位由神农氏掌权，而最后一代神农氏炎帝即是号称烈山氏，阪泉氏的蚩尤，姜姓（东方的大姓，多聚集在今山东临淄一带，东海姜尚姜子牙是其后裔之一），当时天下混乱，诸侯并起，神农氏难以继续掌控天下，黄帝崛起，意欲争夺帝位，而支持传统炎帝统治的部落与支持新兴黄帝统治的部落在阪泉（也即逐鹿）决战，阪泉同时也是炎帝最后的根据地，最后一代神农氏炎帝蚩尤作战英勇，虽然此前炎帝系在蚩尤带领下屡战屡胜，但最终被黄帝击溃于泰山周围，这是远古历史上少有的激烈的大战，蚩尤后来被人们奉为战神，每战必祭，也是中国人顽强精神的象征...其后黄帝顺势封禅泰山，定都曲阜，建立了统一的华夏格局...
传说为远古时期部落首领，与黄帝同为中华民族始祖。《国语.晋语》载：“昔少典氏娶于有虫乔氏，生黄帝、炎帝。黄帝以姬水成，炎帝以姜水成”。宋代《路史.国名》载：“炎帝后，姜姓国，今宝鸡有姜氏城，南有姜水”。炎帝传说在宝鸡民间和官方流传经久不衰。宝鸡市区和南郊常羊山建有炎帝祠、炎帝陵，海内外炎黄子孙每年清明节和农历七月七举行盛大祭祀纪念活动。
姜氏族为西戎族(或东夷族)一支，原为游牧民族（或农耕部落），很早期便由西方进入中原。而当时在今陕西与河南交界处，居住著以蚩尤为首的九黎族（有说独苗族），双方因部落发展而发生长期冲突，炎帝不敌而退至今河北省一带。据说因“炎帝欲侵凌诸侯 ”，后又与轩辕氏族姬姓之黄帝进行三次激烈的战役，此次被认为是华夏民族第一场大规模的战争，称为阪泉之战（阪泉，今京郊延庆境内的阪泉村）。面对着统领熊、罴、貔、貅、貙、虎为图腾部落的强大对手，炎帝终告不敌，与之结盟并归顺之，黄帝以胜利的姿态结束了这场战争。
炎黄联盟不断扩展，归顺之部落越来越多，但蚩尤始终不服，大战一场在所难免。蚩尤带领著九黎，与联盟大战于涿鹿（今河北省涿鹿村），是为传说时代的第二场战争，称为涿鹿之战，所谓涿鹿中原，源出于此。最后蚩尤被打败。从此姜氏族便与黄帝在中原安定下来了。“炎黄子孙”一词，则为人们对中华文明的始祖炎帝和黄帝的追溯和尊奉。
炎帝也是一个部落联盟，《路史》说７０世（一说１７世）而有天下，《春秋命历序》说一共传８世，５２０年，或５２２年，或《易纬稽览图》的５４０年，而８世的名字在由神农开始在《山海经》、《帝王世纪》、《路史》不一致，一般认为最后１世名字是参卢，即帝榆罔，禅位黄帝后被封到潞，参卢之後叫“潞子婴儿”。这里在春秋时代是赤狄潞子国。武王封神农之后于焦。在越南15世纪《岭南摭怪》中的《鸿庞传》，和官方史书《大越史记全书‧外纪卷一》记载,神农的三世孙帝明南游至无岭，遇见一位仙女，生子名禄续，封为泾阳王，以治南方，国号赤鬼国（包括现在的越南）。泾阳王和洞庭君的女儿生子名崇揽，封为貉龙君，就是百越的始祖,史称瓯貉国，即越南史上最早的朝代鸿庞朝。
炎帝 神农氏
神农氏和炎帝到底什么关系？两者是否为同一人呢？关于炎帝和神农氏的关系问题，学术界长期以来形成了观点截然相反的两派：一派认为炎帝就是神农氏。这一派的观点现在占上风，算是主流派，比如湖南的炎帝陵纪念馆就是把炎帝作为神农来祭祀的，所以纪念馆内就有炎帝尝百草的主题。而另一派则认为炎帝和神农是两个系统的人，扯不上关系，因此不可能是同一人。
古代史书关于神农氏的世代记载是这样的：神农氏统治经历了七十个世代，（一说十七个世代）到黄帝部落崛起的时候才衰落下去了。这里有一个问题前面忘了说明的需要说明一下，即神农氏以前包括神农氏的时代，像伏羲，女娲，神农这样的称呼乃是对于某个部落或者部落的若干代首领的统称，而不是对唯一一个君主的称呼。但是后世的学者们往往产生歧见，比如关于古蜀国的历史记载中，很多人都认为蚕从和鱼凫是古蜀国的两代君王，但是实际上蚕从和鱼凫乃是两个分别长达数百年的古蜀国王朝，每个王朝都有十几个世代。（《史记.五帝本纪》中也提到：黄帝崛起的时候，恰好 “神农世衰”，黄帝与炎帝战于阪泉之野。请注意这个“世”字。）这就是为什么伏曦，女娲，神农的统治往往高达数百年乃至数千年的原因。按照一世三十年计算，那么神农氏统治的时期大约为两千年（如果是十七个世代则大约是五百年）黄帝的时代，在距今大约五千年以前，以此上推两千年，大约就可以推断出神农氏统治开始于距今大约七千年以前。
但是，关于炎帝的记载则明显和神农氏对不上号。和神农不同，关于炎帝的称号是对某一个人还是对若干世代的部落首领的称呼这一点是存在争论的。有一种说法认为，炎帝经历了八个世代。第一世炎帝叫神农，他的时代比黄帝的时代大约早几百年。而和黄帝同一个时代的炎帝是第八世炎帝，他叫榆罔。这种说法，就把炎帝和神农串到了一起，即无论炎帝还是神农都是同一部落首领的称呼。同一部落首领有不同的称呼倒不奇怪，但是无论神农氏是七十个世代还是十七个世代，显然都和炎帝的八个世代对不上号。因此，从这一点上来说，炎帝和神农为同一人的说法值得怀疑。
【中文名称】: 涿鹿之战
【发生时间】: 黄帝时期（公元前26世纪）
【发生地点】: 河北省涿鹿县
【事件介绍】：蚩尤攻打黄帝和炎帝联盟
涿鹿之战
涿鹿之战，指的是距今约4600余年前，黄帝部族联合炎帝部族，与东夷集团中的蚩尤部族在今河北省涿县一带所进行的一场大战。“战争”的目的，是双方为了争夺适于牧放和浅耕的中原地带。它也是我国历史上见于记载的最早的“战争”，对于古代华夏族由野蛮时代向文明时代的转变产生过重大的影响。
原始社会中晚期，逐渐形成了华夏、东夷、苗蛮三大集团。其中华夏集团以黄帝、炎帝两大部族为核心。它们分别兴起于今关中平原、山西西南部和河南西部。经融合后，遂沿着黄河南北岸向今华北大平原西部地带发展。与此同时，兴起于黄河下游的今冀、鲁、豫、苏、皖交界地区的九夷部落（东夷集团的一支），也在其著名领袖蚩尤的领导下，以今山东为根据地，由东向西方向发展，开始进入华北大平原。这样华夏集团与东夷集团之间的一场武装冲突也就不可避免了。涿鹿之战正是在这种历史背景下爆发的。
据说蚩尤族善于制作兵器，其铜制兵器精良坚利，且部众勇猛剽悍，生性善战，擅长角牴，进入华北地区后，首先与炎帝部族发生了正面冲突。蚩尤族联合巨人夸父部族和三苗一部，用武力击败了炎帝族，并进而占据了炎帝族居住的“九隅”，即“九州”。炎帝族为了维持生存，遂向同集团的黄帝族求援。
黄帝族为了维护华夏集团的整体利益，就答应炎帝族的请求，将势力推向东方。这样，便同正乘势向西北推进的蚩尤族在涿鹿地区相遭遇了。当时蚩尤族集结了所属的81个支族（一说72族），在力量上占据某种优势，所以，双方接触后，蚩尤族便倚仗人多势众、武器优良等条件，主动向黄帝族发起攻击。黄帝族则率领以熊、罴、狼、豹、雕、龙、鸮等为图腾的氏族，迎战蚩尤族，并让“应龙高水”，即利用位处上流的条件，在河流上筑土坝蓄水，以阻挡蚩尤族的进攻。
“战争”爆发后，适逢浓雾和大风暴雨天气，这很适合来自东方多雨环境的蚩尤族展开军事行动。所以在初战阶段，适合于晴天气环境作战的黄帝族处境并不有利，曾经九战而九败（九是虚数，形容次数之多）。然而，不多久，雨季过去，天气放晴，这就给黄帝族转败为胜提供了重要契机。黄帝族把握战机，在玄女族的支援下，乘势向蚩尤族发动反击。其利用特殊有利的天候——狂风大作，尘沙漫天，吹号角，击鼙鼓，乘蚩尤族部众迷乱、震慑之际，以指南车指示方向，驱众向蚩尤族进攻，终于一举击败敌人，并在冀州之野（即冀州，今河北地区）擒杀其首领蚩尤。涿鹿之战就这样以黄帝族的胜利而宣告结束。战后，黄帝族乘胜东进，一直进抵泰山附近，在那里举行“封泰山”仪式后方才凯旋西归。同时“命少皞清正司马鸟师”，即在东夷集团中选择一位能附众的氏族首长名叫少皞清的继续统领九夷部众，并强迫东夷集团同自己华夏集团互结为同盟。
涿鹿之战的结果，有力地奠定了华夏集团据有广大中原地区的基础，并起到了进一步融合各氏族部落的催化作用。取得这场战争胜利的部族首领黄帝从此成为中华民族的共同祖先，并被逐步神化。涿鹿之战为我们中华民族在发轫时期决定日后基本面貌的历史性“战争”。
【中文名称】: 阪泉之战
【发生时间】: 黄帝时期（公元前26世纪）
【发生地点】: 阪泉（今河北省涿鹿县东，—说今山西运城解池附近）
【事件介绍】阪泉之战
阪泉之战
时期(约公元前26世纪)，在黄帝征服中原各族之战中，黄帝与炎帝两部落联盟在阪泉(今河北涿鹿东南，—说今山西运城解池附近)的一次交战。
神农氏后，中原出现两大部落联盟。其首领分别为炎帝和黄帝，据传皆少典氏后裔。炎帝长于姜水 (渭水支流，今陕西岐山东)，以姜为姓。其族沿黄河流域向东发展进入中原，成为黄河中游地区的强大部落联盟。黄帝长于姬水(即岐水，今陕西境，亦有他说)，以姬为姓，东进中原后，居：于轩辕之丘(今河南新郑西；比)，称轩辕氏(又称缙云氏、帝鸿氏、有熊氏)。其族形成包括姬姓12部落的部落联盟。黄帝经常进攻附近有肯归附的部落，势力不断扩大。炎帝也在不断扩大自己势力，两大联盟终于暴发冲突。黄帝率领以熊、罴、貔、貅、虎、雕、歇、鹰、鸢等为图腾的各部落，在阪泉之野与炎帝各部落交战。经三次激烈战斗，黄帝部落联盟终于获胜，初步建立了黄帝对中原地区的领导地位。
华夏形成
华夏是古代中国中原地区各族的合称，亦作“诸夏”。据部分史学家的研究，中国古代的部族可分为华夏集团、东夷集团和苗蛮集团。它们经过长期的交往与融合，到春秋时期基本同化，成为秦汉间所谓“中国人”的三个主要来源。
华夏集团以炎帝族和黄帝族为主体。两族最初居住在陕西，后来各自逐渐东迁。黄帝族顺北洛水南下，又东渡黄河，沿中条山、太行山向东北发展，形成晋南的黄河一带许多姬姓国，如虞、杨、韩、魏等。炎帝族也有一部分顺渭水东下，沿黄河南岸向东发展，形成姜姓国家，如申、吕、齐、许等。他们在东进过程中，不断扩大自己的势力。
阪泉之战是黄帝与炎帝之间为争夺部落联盟首领而进行的战争，炎帝族战败，并入黄帝族，华夏逐渐形成。其后黄帝在涿鹿之战中打败了东夷集团的九黎族首领蚩尤，势力扩大至今日的山东境内，华夏集团得以空前扩展。据载虞、夏、商、周都是黄帝的后裔，经过几千年的历史发展过程，华夏在中国历史中的地位便逐渐确立了.
神农氏是炎帝吗？
继伏羲以后，神农氏是又一个对中华民族颇多贡献的传说人物。除了发明农耕技术外，还发明了医术，制定了历法，开创九井相连的水利灌溉技术等。因为他发明农耕技术而号神农氏，可是他又称炎帝、赤帝、烈（厉）山氏，则又成了与黄帝相争天下的首领。长期以来，对于神农氏是否即炎帝这个问题，一直悬而难决。
《白虎通义·号》说，神农氏能够根据天时之宜，分地之利，创作了来招等农具，教民耕作，使人民获得很大的好处，故号神农。《世本·帝系篇》则首把炎帝和神农氏扯在一起称“炎帝神农氏”，谓炎帝即神农氏，炎帝身号，神农代号。汉高诱注《淮南子·时则训》，提到赤帝时又把赤帝与神农氏合起来，说赤帝即炎帝，少典之子，号为神农，南方火德之帝。《左传》、《国语》和《礼记》曾提到烈山氏能够播植百谷百蔬。东汉郑玄注《礼记》和三国韦昭注《国语》，都说烈山氏为炎帝。《水经注》卷三十二又把烈山氏和神农氏相并，说谬水西南经过厉乡南，水南有重山，就是烈山，山下有一个洞穴，相传是神农氏的诞生处，所以《礼记》称神农氏为烈山氏。而有关烈（厉、列）山氏称号的缘起，又有二说。《路史》认为，烈山原字当作列山或厉山，因神农氏“肇迹”于列山，故以列山、厉山为氏。刘城淮《中国上古神话》则认为炎帝为人神，放火烧山很猛烈，故为烈山氏。
《史记·五帝本纪》则隐喻炎帝与神农氏并非一人，说黄帝时，神农氏的时代已经衰落，诸侯之间互相侵伐，暴虐百姓，神农氏不能征讨，于是黄帝“修德振兵”，讨伐危害最大的炎帝和蚩尤，把他俩伐灭后威望大振，于是代神农氏而有天下。神农氏不事征伐，这与《庄于·盗跖》说神农氏“无有相害之心”、《商君书·画策》说神农“刑政不用而治，甲兵不起而王”相符合，怎么会变成炎帝这样“侵伐诸侯，暴虐百姓”的人呢？英勇善战的黄帝，竟然要与他“三战，然后得志”。此外，《史记·封禅书》分列炎帝和神农氏为二人，徐旭生《中国古史的传说时代》也主张炎帝、神农氏为二人。
由上观之，神农氏和炎帝是否即一人，仍无确解。
炎帝的贡献
炎帝对中华民族的生存繁衍和发展作出了重要贡献：
一、制耒耜，种五谷，奠定了农工基础。耒耜的使用和种五谷，解决了民以食为天的大事，促进了农业生产的发展，为人类由原始游牧生活向农耕文明转化创造了条件。
二、立市廛，首辟市场。据《周易•系辞下》载,神农"日中为市，致天下之民，聚天下之货，交易而退，各得其所"。神农发明的以日中为市，以物易物的市场是我国货币，商业发展的起源和基石。
三、治麻为布，民着衣裳。原始人本无衣裳，仅以树叶，兽皮遮身，神农教民麻桑为布帛后，人们才有了衣裳，这是人类由朦昧社会向文明社会迈出的重大一步。
四、作五弦琴，以乐百姓。据《世本•下篇》载，神农发明了乐器，他削桐为琴，结丝为弦，这种琴后来叫神农琴。神农琴“长三尺六寸六分，上有五弦：曰、宫、商、角、徵、羽”。这种琴发出的声音，能道天地之德，能表神农之和，能使人们娱乐。
五、削木为弓，以威天下。神农始创了弓箭，有效地防止了野兽的袭击，有力地打击了外来部落的侵犯，保卫了人们的生命安全和劳动成果。
六、制作陶器，改善生活。在陶器发明前，人们加工处理食物，只能用火烧烤，有了陶器，人们对食物可以进行蒸煮加工，还可以贮存物品，酿酒，消毒。陶器的使用，改善了人类的生活条件，对人类的饮食卫生和医药发展产生了深远的影响。
为了促使人们有规律地生活，按季节栽培农作物，炎帝神农还立历日，立星辰，分昼夜，定日月，月为三十日，十一月为冬至。
炎帝管理部落，治理天下很有方法。他不望其报，不贪天下之财，而天下共富之。智贵于人，天下共尊之。他以德以义，不赏而民勤，不罚而邪正，不忿争而财足，无制令而民从，威厉而不杀，法省而不烦，人民无不敬戴。
炎帝还是我国教育的始祖。他教民使用工具，教民播种五谷，教民医药，教民制陶、绘画，教民弓箭、猎兽、健身，教民制琴、教民音乐、舞蹈，还教民智德。可见，炎帝时期，德、智、体、美得到了全面重视和发展。
炎帝对人类的发展作出了巨大的贡献。炎帝精神，首要的是创业精神，奉献精神，敢为人先的创造精神，百折不挠，自强不息的进取精神。炎帝精神使中华后裔在与自然和社会的斗争中，摆脱愚昧和野蛮，追求先进与文明。这种精神使华夏民族获得了高度的团结和统一。
至于炎帝的出生地，至今没有定论，事实上炎帝是一个神化了的人物，它代表的是远古人类在与大自然的斗争中改造自然集体智慧的集中体现。在今天，“炎帝”和“黄帝”作为中华五千年文明的象征被载入世界文明的史册，中国人也称为“炎黄子孙”。
神农故事新解
在神农氏的诸多事迹当中，最为人们称道和熟悉的是制耒耜、种五谷一事，这也正是神农氏之被称为“神农”的原因所在，“神农”一词中的“农”字就完全体现了这一伟大创举。
农业包括种植、收获储备、加工食用三大步骤。在原始农业出现之前的采集渔猎时代早期，收获储备与食用是两个完全独立的过程，人们采集而储备的东西不一定都是食用的，人们食用的东西也经常是现采现吃，并不一定是先前储备的东西，而且人们储备的食物也往往不是植物种籽。伴随着陶器的出现，人们才具备了安全有效的贮藏手段，因而能够长期储备食物和饮水，从而把采集储备和食用两个独立过程紧密地结合在一起。只有在这种情况下，人们才会形成大量获得植物种籽的需求。原始种植业开始于使用葫芦作饮水器具的伏羲氏时代，人们最早种植的是葫芦，在种植葫芦的过程中，人们积累比较丰富的种植技术。到了女娲氏时代，也就是陶器时代，种植技术和对植物种籽的需求一旦结合在一起，农业的出现也就呼之欲出了。其实人们开始种植葫芦时，也不一定是因为需求而想到种植葫芦，很可能是儿童出于爱好和玩耍开始了葫芦的种植。其原因有三：一是儿童有大量的空闲时间照顾、保护和管理他们的“劳动”成果；二是葫芦籽颗粒大洁白，深受人们喜爱；三是葫芦籽颗粒大而容易播种操作。我国许多地方民间存在着禁食葫芦籽的风俗，大人们会用“吃葫芦籽会长包牙”之类的话吓唬小孩子，说明人们对葫芦籽的重视和保护，也暗示了葫芦栽培历史的悠久。当我们的祖先把种植葫芦转向种植草类植物获取食用的种籽时，原始农业就诞生了。
吃草治病并非人类独有。许多动物都有吃药治病的现象，说明早在人成其为人之前，人类的祖先就已经本能地积累了许多草药知识。原始农业兴起后，出于寻找更好的农作物种类的需要，人们在尝食植物的同时会更加注意了解植物的特性，不仅注意有毒没毒、可吃不可吃，更会注意了解不同植物种类、不同部位、不同器官的苦辣酸甜味道，以及寒温特性等，从而结合原有的草药知识形成医药概念，开始了医学探索。也就是说，医药概念是伴随着原始探索驯化植物为农作物的过程中形成的，是一种“无意插柳柳成荫”式的发明。这应该就是神农氏发明医药的历史真相。
要大量种植农作物，首先要选择合适的植物种类并驯化使之成为作物品种，比如稻、黍、稷、麦、菽五谷；其次要有农具，比如耒耜；三是要掌握农时。这些都需要长期技术进步和知识积累，绝不是一朝一夕就能做到的，即使一个人终其一生也绝难做到。所以说，神农氏是一个相当漫长的时代。
在农业发展的早期，主要技术进步表现在驯化野生植物上，经过尝百草和试种，古人们初步确定了适合栽培的几种主要野草，野草种类因地区而不同，收获的种籽除一部分被食用外，人们会选择饱满的籽粒留作种子，这其实就是对野生动植物的驯化过程，使得栽培植物和养殖动物与其野生原种的差异越来越大，而分别成为农作物和家畜。中国人非常重视留种工作，总是千方百计地保护作物种子，甚至有“饿死不吃种子”的说法。这一习俗更加有利于农作物品种的选育工作。可以推测，在神农氏中期，中国就已经基本培育出各主要农作物品种，即五谷。
炎帝陵
炎帝陵位于湖南省株洲市炎陵县城西17公里的鹿原镇境内。这里洣水环流，古树参天，景色秀丽。
关于炎帝神农氏安葬地的记载，最早见于晋代皇甫谧撰写的《帝王世纪》，炎帝“在位一百二十年而崩，葬长沙。”宋代罗泌撰《路史》就记述得更具体：炎帝“崩葬长沙茶乡之尾，是曰茶陵。”据地方史《酃县志》记载，此地西汉时已有陵，西汉末年，绿林、赤眉军兴，邑人担心乱兵发掘，遂将陵墓夷为平地。唐代，佛教传入，陵前建有佛寺，名曰“唐兴寺”，然而陵前“时有奉祀”。
炎帝陵自宋太祖乾德五年建庙之后，迄今已有千余年历史，随着历代王朝的兴衰更替，炎帝庙也历尽沧桑，屡建屡毁，屡毁屡建。
宋太宗太平兴国年间（公元967—983年），朝廷将事官虑炎帝陵地僻路险，舟车不便，奏请将炎帝庙迁至茶陵县城南，宋太宗诏许，即移鹿原陂炎帝庙于茶陵县城南五里处。此后凡二百余年，朝廷官府祭祀炎帝神农氏的活动，均在茶陵县城南炎帝祠庙进行，鹿原陂炎帝庙几近湮没。宋孝宗淳熙十三年(公元1186年)，衡州守臣刘清之鉴于炎帝陵没有炎帝庙，反而保留唐代的佛寺，有点不伦不类，于是奏请朝廷，废陵前唐兴寺而重建炎帝庙。宋宁宗嘉定四年（1211年），析茶陵军之康乐、霞阳、常平三乡置酃县。此后，炎帝陵所在地鹿原陂即属酃县境地，隶属衡州府管辖。至淳八年（公元1248年），湖南安抚使知潭州陈奏请朝廷为炎帝陵禁樵牧，设守陵户，并对炎帝祠庙进行了一次大的修葺。
宋代以后，元代近百年间，朝廷只有祭祀炎帝陵的活动，而未有诏修炎帝陵庙的记载。
明代，有关炎帝陵庙的修葺，史书记载颇详。较大规模的修葺有三次：第一次是洪武三年(公元 1370年）。明太祖朱元璋即位后，诏命遍修历代帝王陵寝，由此炎帝陵庙也得到了一次全面修葺。第二次是嘉靖三年（公元1524年），由酃县知县易宗周主持。这次重修是在原庙旧址上拓宽兴建，基本上改变了旧庙原貌。第三次是万历四十八年（公元1620年）。酃县县令派人于路旁募款，发起重修。新庙规模虽因循旧制，但庙貌大为改观。
清代对炎帝陵庙的修葺,有据可查的约有9次。清世祖顺治四年（公元1647年），南明将领盖遇时部进驻炎陵，屯兵庙侧，炎帝陵庙惨遭破坏。是后，当地官民士绅及时进行了补葺，但由于战争频仍，资金缺乏，修葺未能完善。康熙三十五年（公元1696 年），清圣祖玄烨遣太仆寺少卿王绅前来炎帝陵告灾致祭。王见陵庙栋宇损坏严重，入告于朝，奏请修葺，圣祖准奏。由酃县知县龚佳蔚督工，整修一新，但是未能恢复前代规模。
雍正十一年（公元1733年），知县张浚奉文动用国帑，按清王朝公布颁行的古帝王陵殿统一格式重建，陵庙也统称陵殿而正其名。这次修建奠定了炎帝陵殿的基本形制，形成了“前三门——行礼亭——正殿——陵寝”的四进格局。整座陵殿为仿皇宫建筑，气势恢宏，体现了我国古代建筑的传统特色。
清朝最大的一次修复是在道光十七年（公元1837年），由知县俞昌会主持、当地士绅百姓募资捐款所进行的一次重修。重修工程自孟夏开始，年底竣工，费时 8个月有余。这次重修后的炎帝陵殿，高大宽敞，金碧辉煌，,庄严肃穆，蔚为壮观，各附属建筑，依山傍水，错落有致，与主殿相辉相映，形成了一个统一的整体，也为炎陵山增添了无限秀色。
民国年间，炎帝陵殿的修葺活动，据有关文字记载有4次：第一次是民国四年(公元1915年), 酃县知事瞿燮捐资百元,连同炎帝陵修葺费14元,交人筹措修复，土木将兴，旋因湘军驻陵侧，以至无法施工而作罢。第二次是民国十二年（1923年），因连年兵祸，陵庙倾圯在即，酃县政府再次呈文请修，湖南省政府拨款500元，令县长欧阳枚鸠工修葺。第三次是1936年。酃县县长夏礼鉴于“炎陵殿宇年久失修，多已损坏”,于年初组建了修复炎陵筹备委员会。但是半途而废,修复计划未能实施。第四次是1940年,第九战区司令长官兼湖南省政府主席薛岳主持的一次大修。1940年日军犯西南，为防患于未然，薛岳拟将省政府迁酃县炎陵山。是年春，拨专款于炎陵山修建省政府机关办公用房和员工宿舍，修筑了茶陵至酃县炎陵山的简易公路，同时对炎陵殿宇进行了全面修葺。
新中国成立后，炎帝陵被列为湖南省重点文物保护单位。1954年除夕之夜，因香客祭祀焚香烛，引燃殿内彩旗，不慎失火，致使炎帝陵正殿和行礼亭被焚。“文化革命”期间，陵殿及其附属建筑又重遭破坏，除陵墓外，全部夷为平地。
炎帝陵殿被焚以后，重新修复炎帝陵殿已成为广大炎黄子孙的强烈愿望。党的十一届三中全会以后，修复条件日趋成熟。1986年 6月28日，由酃县人民政府主持，陵殿修复工程正式破土动工，到1988年10月胜利竣工。重修后的炎帝陵殿，规模较前稍有扩大，整个建筑占地面积 3836平方米。分为五进：第一进为午门，第二进为行礼亭，第三进为主殿，第四进为墓碑亭，第五进为墓冢。殿外修复了咏丰台、天使馆、鹿原亭等附属建筑。整个建筑金碧辉煌，重檐翘角，气势恢宏，富有民族传统风格。
1986年经国务院批准重修炎帝陵后，国家和省、市高度重视炎帝陵建设，先后投入资金1亿多元，自1994年起自今,株洲炎帝陵已举行了8次全球华人公祭炎帝活动,甚至在湘全国人大代表和在湘全国政协委员们纷纷呼吁将炎帝陵公祭列入国家级祭祀。
炎帝祠
炎帝祠位于宝鸡市渭滨区差门乡（神农乡）境内常羊山上。是神农炎帝的陵寝，为炎黄子孙拜祖祭祀的主要场所。中华民族
是炎黄青胄，中国人是炎黄子孙。神农氏族始祖炎帝始生地在姜水，轩辕氏族始祖黄帝始生地在姬水，早在2700多年前的春秋时代就有定论。《国语·晋语》中记载：“黄帝以姬水成，炎帝以姜水成。”姜水在宝鸡地区，这在1500多年前的北魏时代，中国古地理学家评道元就明确地写人《水经注》中。明代天顺五年《一统志》记载：“姜水在宝鸡县南。”即今宝鸡市区渭河南姜水边的姜氏城。宝鸡市区渭河南有浴圣九龙泉，泉上有唐建神农祠，祠南蒙峪口有常羊山，常羊山有炎帝陵，均在（宝鸡市）渭滨区益门乡（神农乡）境内，都是众民百姓祭祀先祖炎帝的场所。炎帝陵主要游览建筑有：神农门、羊脚亭、炎帝陵大门、炎帝行宫、羊首亭、“神农城池”、“华夏始祖”牌坊、祭坛广场、炎帝大殿、炎帝塑像、大型彩绘、墓前石阶、陵墓等。宝鸡民间春节正月11日集会九龙泉祭祀炎帝诞辰；每年 7月7日集会天台山祭奠炎帝死葬。近年来，海内外同胞多次成批来宝鸡姜水流域姜城堡、九龙泉、天台山寻根拜祖，但祠毁陵圮失修。作为神农故乡的炎黄子孙 ——宝鸡人深感内疚。为此渭滨区益门乡政府先后邀请专家学者与研究宝鸡方志的同志，进行实地考察，结合史志文献记载论证．市政府、政协以及地处蒙峪沟口常羊山下的宝鸡桥梁厂领导，决心在神农氏族始祖炎帝的出生、创业与丧葬之处重修神农祠和炎帝陵，为炎黄子孙拜祖谒陵祭奠先祖炎帝修建场所。弘扬民族文化，功垂中华历史。炎帝陵划分陵前区、祭祖区、墓冢三个部分。陵前区：姜城堡处有一古式重檐牌坊，上书：“炎帝故里”四字。堡东“浴圣九龙泉”上有沐浴殿和九龙亭。清姜路北段十字路口有座石质华表牌坊，上书“神农之乡”四字。清姜路中段十字路口又有一座古式牌坊，上书“人杰地灵”四字。宝鸡桥梁厂门前天台山入口处的蒙峪，坐东面西有座跨路古建筑“神农门”牌坊。过神农门经桥梁厂家属区，向南即为常羊山炎帝陵，有盘山公路直达陵殿；另有直登陵殿的石阶。祭祀区：“炎帝陵”所在的常羊山，距宝鸡市南约5公里。进入山门，有百米台阶，谒陵人可拾级登陵台，陵台处有牌坊、山门。门外竖立着一块石碑，上刻“常羊山”三个大字，是西安著名书法家吴三大的手迹。常羊山风光宜人，沟底终年流淌着清冽的山泉小溪，也流淌着永远诉说不完的美丽传说，炎帝神农就诞生在这块美丽的土地上。步入炎帝庙的大门，左厢房里展出着炎帝的生平及传说故事，右厢房的墙壁上悬挂着各界人士的题词。东西两侧设有中国农业展览馆和中医中药史展览馆。修建炎帝陵及祭奠炎帝活动的生动场面可以通过电视录相展示在人们眼前。院子的正面是大殿，殿前是可容纳千人的祭祀广场。大殿面5间，左右两边的大红柱子上是西安著名书法家茹桂书写的对联：“创始定有人千载岐黄崇炎帝 ”，“流传安无据八方稼穑念神农”。正面门额上是“炎帝大殿”四个大字。殿堂正中央是炎帝的大型塑像，殿内灯火辉煌，香火不断，宏亮的钟声悠扬悦耳，回荡整个山谷…… 祭祖区内还修建姜炎圣母宫和神农阁。西山腰有百草堂、药王洞建筑，既是研究中医中药的场所，又可以为群众看病。陵墓区：穿过殿堂往南，便是一条笔直的通往后山顶的小道。炎帝陵就在这后山顶上。人们迫不及待地登上陡峭的、层层相叠的台阶，直至登上第999个台阶，才算终于到达常羊山的中峰顶。这是个庞大的圆形陵墓，墓冢周围用青石砌筑，墓碑上刻有“炎帝陵”四字。四周松柏成林。墓前通道两边为历代帝王塑像，陵家后为颂扬炎帝功德的诗词、楹联和绘画作品的碑林。陵墓东连天台山风景名胜区，北隔蒙峪河与诸葛山相望，南边松柏成林，越林梢可远眺高耸人云的秦岭大散关，向西俯视清波滚滚的姜水，姜水萦绕姜氏城北流人渭河。陵墓整体以山取势，古建成群，三面凌空，给人以雄伟、神圣、肃穆、古雅、幽静的感觉。“国之大事，在祀与戒。”“盖古圣之功德，惟帝最大。故后世之报享，帷帝最隆。”作为农业、医药和市场的创始者，炎帝神农氏在历代祀典中，一直居于崇高的地位。海外侨胞、港澳同胞和大陆各界人士纷纷来炎帝陵祭祖拜谒。这里有江泽民、李鹏、赵朴初、周培源、周谷城、杨静仁、张爱萍、王首道、钱伟长、江华、王任重、耿飚、张平化、严济慈、萧克、罗青长、屈武等人的题字、题词，也有社会各界人士留下的墨宝。
炎帝行宫
炎帝行宫是一处重要的炎帝遗存，位于山西省高平市东北14.5公里的故关村。
该宫建于村中偏南，创建年代不详，至迟在明代已有。坐北面南，单进院。现有正殿、午台、圣贤殿等。正殿三间，进深六椽，前殿悬山顶。院内现存，明、清碑四通。
据明成化十一年（1475年）“重修炎帝行宫碑”记载：“神农炎帝行宫磐基在故关里村前，肇基太古，无文考验，祠在换马村东南，现存坟冢，木栏绕护，然祠与宫相去几百余步也。”
炎帝文化
炎帝文化是传承几千年的中华民族文化之源，是凝聚全世界炎黄子孙的民族之魂，更是激励华夏儿女不屈不挠、顽强拼搏、创新奉献的精神之光。
我们中华民族历史悠久，源远流长。炎帝神农氏与黄帝轩辕氏以各自的伟大历史功绩，均被尊为中华民族的人文始祖，受到普天下炎黄子孙的世代崇敬。
据《周易》、《管子》等先秦文献的有关记载，以及长江流域包括湖南多处发掘考证的距今七千至九千年的古文化遗存表明，炎帝是中华农耕文明的创始者。相传炎帝始种五谷以为民食，制作耒耜以利耕耘，遍尝百草以医民恙，治麻为布以御民寒，陶冶器物以储民用，削桐为琴为怡民情，日中为市以利民生，剡木为矢以安民居，重演八卦以探天象，后在南巡中为民治病采药，日遇七十毒而不辍，终因误尝断肠草而“崩葬于长沙茶乡之尾”，即今湖南省株洲市炎陵县的鹿原陂。炎帝功昭日月，德泽后世。他所开创的原始农耕文明，使先民们改变了茹毛饮血、以渔猎和采集野果为全部生活来源的状态，开始走上创造性的社会，可以说是我国历史上的第一次“绿色革命”。特别是世代流传的炎帝率领众先民鏖战洪荒的艰苦创业精神，自强不息的开拓创新精神，厚德载物的民族团结精神，更是中华民族自尊、自立、自信、自强精神产生的源头和典范。
炎帝在神农时代开创了丰富多彩的原始物质文明和精神文明，由此而形成的炎帝文化与黄帝文化融合为炎黄文化，是中华文化的源头。炎黄文化博大精深，绵延不衰，培育了一代又一代中华儿女，激励着一代又一代炎黄子孙为中华民族的崛起而奋斗不息，为我国的社会进步和人类文明的发展作出了卓越的贡献。海内外炎黄子孙都有着对自己伟大民族和共同祖先的认同感和自豪感，炎黄文化已成为维系海内外炎黄子孙爱国情结的巨大精神力量。
2001年10月，中华炎黄文化研究会、炎帝陵基金会和株洲市人民政府在北京联合举办了“炎帝文化与21世纪中国社会发展”学术研讨会。到会的专家、学者一致认为，人类文化是影响和推进社会进步的重要力量，我们必须高举邓小平理论伟大旗帜，贯彻江泽民同志“三个代表”的重要思想，着眼于在本世纪中叶把我国建设成为富强、民主、文明的社会主义现代化国家的宏伟目标，既大胆借鉴和吸收外国的有益文化成果，又重视继承和发扬中华民族的优秀传统文化，以构建有中国特色社会主义的先进文化。为此，我们要加强对炎帝文化的研究，弘扬炎帝的崇高精神，以增强民族凝聚力和战斗力，为加快现代化建设和祖国统一大业的进程、实现中华民族的伟大复兴而奋斗。
全国有3个炎帝陵争名分
说到黄帝的陵墓，几乎全球华人都知道位于延安黄陵县。而与其并为中华始祖的炎帝陵墓却至少有三处，且在为究竟谁才是正宗争论不休。这三处分别是湖南省株洲炎陵县炎帝陵、陕西省宝鸡炎帝陵、山西省高平市炎帝陵。
炎陵县的支持者认为多处文献记载“帝崩于此”“崩葬茶乡之尾”的鹿原陂，此处是炎帝陵正宗；宝鸡的支持者认为“炎帝生于斯长于斯老于斯”，是炎帝陵的惟一正选之地；高平县（现高平市）志记载的似乎只能说明炎帝曾巡游至此，多少有些名不正言不顺，在争论中几乎无法与前两处抗争。
华夏始祖炎帝神农的诞生地——烈山，坐落在湖北省随州市曾都区厉山镇九龙山南麓。烈山冈峦起伏，树木葱茏，峭岩幽谷，清泉古洞，构成一幅风光旖旎、雄伟壮观的山水画卷。烈山拥有九岭，九岭拱成烈山。九烈山岭由南向北依次为：钻断山、耕耘山、百草山、五帝山、三皇山、葫芦山、洞天山、登天山、寿星山。它们沿龙脉河一字儿排开，如九龙捧圣，奉侍着神农故里。
古神农洞位于九龙山腰。为明朝万历年间随州知州杨存愚立；神农宫为三进四层宫殿式建筑，集中华五千年文化精粹于一宫。相传炎帝神农遍尝百草，为民治病；发明农具，教人使用；培育五谷，助民众温饱。后来，他与黄帝联合打败蚩尤，成为中华民族的共同始祖，中华民族因而又称炎黄子孙。
《湖北通志》载：“神农氏起烈山，为烈山氏，今随厉乡是也。”烈山又名厉山，因又作厉山氏。在炎帝神农烈山名胜区内，建有炎帝神农洞、炎帝神农碑、炎帝神农纪念广场、炎帝神农纪念馆、炎帝神农牌坊等纪念性建筑物。景观有姜河新潮、九岭晴岚、烟寺晚钟、山村夕照、古洞青雪、断岩缩雾、龙凤旗杆等，因材借景，秀丽非凡。几千年来，每逢炎帝生辰祭日，世界各地数以万计的群众前来烈山敬奉炎帝神农，缅怀华夏始祖，烈山已成为海内外炎黄子孙寻根问祖的圣地。
神农洞位于湖北省随州厉山镇九龙山南麓。史书记载“神农母安登，感农而生炎帝”于此。在炎帝神农烈山名胜区内，建有炎帝神农洞、炎帝神农碑、炎帝神农纪念广场、炎帝神农纪念馆、炎帝神农牌坊等纪念性建筑物。炎帝神农烈山名胜区，兴建修复炎帝神农殿、烈山大宗祠、圣贤殿、功德殿、神农庙、安登泉、百草园、观天坛、神农九井等景点。景观有姜河新潮、九岭晴岚、烟寺晚钟、山村夕照、古洞青雪、断岩缩雾、龙凤旗杆等，因材借景，秀丽非凡。
传神农氏诞生于此，故名。《湖北通志》载：“神农氏起烈山，为烈山氏，今随历多是也。”烈山又名历山，因又作历山氏。神农氏为传说中农业和医药的发明者。用木制作耒、耗，教民农业生产，给人治病，跋山涉水，不辞辛苦，遍尝百药。此“山高一里，下有一穴”，即其诞生所在。昔日穴口上建有神农庙，内塑其像，常年祀之。后屡修屡毁，仅存神农洞。洞口“方一步”，洞内可“容数人立”，壁石凝苍显绿，极具古色。神农洞外，奇峰绝壑，翠屏壁立，山花烂漫，风景如画。现已辟为旅游区。
Yan Emperor, the legendary leader of ancient tribes during the surname Jiang, also known as Chidi, strong mountain's, one said that Shen Nong (or Shen Nong's descendants). According to legend, women mother board, day trips Huayang was Dragon Rao Shen, induction of pregnancy, gave birth to Yandi. Legend of Emperor Yan's first personal cattle, horned head. Yan was born in strong rocks room, longer than the ginger water, holiness, to fire German king, No. Yan so. Yan few and intelligent, could speak for three days, five days to walk, three things to know with farming. His life for the people to do many good things: to teach the people farming, people can eat enough clothes Feng; to allow people suffering from maladies, he tasted a variety of medicinal herbs, so that their day in the 70 th drug. He also made musical instruments, so that people understand the etiquette, praiseworthy for future generations. The initial activities of its tribe in this region of southern Shaanxi Province, and later development east along the Yellow River, and the Yellow Emperor conflict. Spring in the Battle of Osaka, the Yellow Emperor Yan was defeated, Yandi and Huangdi tribe tribes merged to form the Huaxia, today the Chinese people call themselves "descendants of Yan and Huang." Now supports the other historians claim that the Yellow Emperor of the Yellow River, Taishan west, Yan events in the lower Yellow River, east of Mount Tai, the two tribes to compete for dominance in the spring that is Zhuolu Osaka (both are located in the this Zhuolu County, Zhangjiakou City, Hebei Province) decisive battle, defeat the Yellow Emperor and Yan Emperor in exile in the South (later recalled), creating a situation of Chinese unification.
Yan surname Jiang. According to legend, he was head of a cow, probably is a totem of the clan head of cattle. Initially, the clan activity in Weihe River Basin, said other activities at the Surabaya River (Yellow River
Yan Huang Union expanding, submission of the tribes more and more, but Chi has always refused to accept an inevitable war. Chi led textual criticism, and the Union war on Argumentation (Argumentation this village in Hebei Province), is the legend of the times for the second war, known as the War, the so-called Zhuolu Central Plains, the source for this. Finally defeated Chi You. From then on it with the Yellow Emperor Kang clan settled down in the Central Plains. "Chinese people" the word, was one of the Chinese civilization started Zu Yandi and Huangdi's back and enshrined.
What is the relationship Shennong and Yan in the end? Both are the same people? On the relationship between Yan and Shen Nong, academia has long formed a view diametrically opposed factions: one group that is the Shen Nong Yan. This school's point of view is to prevail, be regarded as mainstream, such as Hunan Yandi Ling Shen Nong memorial is to come as the Yan Emperor worship, so the memorial will have the theme Yan tasted a hundred herbs. The other view holds that the two systems of Emperor Yan and Shen Nong who has nothing to do, it can not be the same person.
Ancient historical records on the Shen Nong generation is this: Rustic rule has undergone 70 generations, (some say 17 generations) to the time before the rise of the Yellow Emperor tribes waned. There is a problem in front of forgotten shows the need to state that the era of Shen Nong Shennong previously included, such as Fu Xi, Nu Wa, Shen Nong this title but for a tribe or tribal leaders of several generations of collectively, rather than only call on the monarch. But later scholars tend to produce differences, such as historical records of the ancient Shu State, many people think that is teal silk and fish from two generations of ancient Shu king, but in practice, and Yufu silkworm but from two separate for several hundred years of ancient Shu Kingdom, every dynasty has a dozen generations. ("Historical Records. Wudi," also mentioned: the rise of the Yellow Emperor, when, exactly, "Shen Nong Shi decline," Huang Di and Yan Di Osaka spring in the wild fight. Please note that this "world" word.) This is why V Xi, F Wa, Shen Nong's rule is often as high as several hundred or even thousands of reasons. I, calculated according to three decades, then the reign of Shen Nong about two thousand years (if it is 17 generations is about five years) age of the Yellow Emperor, in about five years ago before this last push two years, about Rustic rule can be inferred began about seven years ago before.
【Chinese Name】: the War
【Event Description】: Chi Huang Di and Yan Di Union attack
"War" broke out, coincides with the fog and high winds heavy rain, it is very suitable for wet environments from the East Chi clan launched military action. So The initial phase of operations for the Yellow Emperor Yu Qing weather is not conducive to family circumstances, had lost nine games and nine (9 is an imaginary number, describe the number of times as much). However, before long, rainy season in the past, the weather cleared, which gives the Yellow Emperor family provides an important opportunity to turn the tables. Huangdi people grasp the fighters, in Xuannv family support, the momentum to launch a counterattack Chi family. The use of special favorable weather conditions - wind comes up, dust storms or blowing horns, hit Pigu, by Chi family Tribes confusion, shock and awe of the occasion, to guide the direction of the car, drive the public to the Chi clan attack, finally beat the enemy, and in the wild Jizhou (ie Jizhou, this Hebei) Qinsha its chief Chi. The War on the way to the victory of the Yellow Emperor family ended. After the war, the Yellow Emperor Family exploit a victory east, has arrived into the vicinity of Mount Tai, where held a "closed Taishan" Seogui triumph only after the ceremony. At the same time, "Bird Sima life less Hao honest teacher", that can Dongyi select a name attached to a small minority of the clan heads of the Qing Hao Jiu Yi Department continued to guide the people, and forced Dongyi each with its own China Group Results for the alliance.
【Time】 occurred: the Yellow Emperor period (26th century BC)
Battle of Osaka Izumi
China formed
Osaka Izumi is the Yellow Emperor and Yan Emperor Battle for the battle between the Alliance leaders to conduct tribal wars, the defeat of Emperor Yan family, into the family of the Yellow Emperor, China gradually. Yellow Emperor was defeated in the War of the Dongyi Group 9 leader Li Chi, the force to the territory of today's Shandong Province, China to an unprecedented expansion of the Group. It contains Yu, Xia, Shang and Zhou are the descendants of the Yellow Emperor, after thousands of years of historical development, China's position in Chinese history will be gradually established.
"Ban Gu number," said Shen Nong should be under the day of, subdivision of the profits, created to strokes and other agricultural implements, Christian farming, so that people get great benefits, so No. Shennong. "Department of the World chapter of the Emperor" is the first to pull together Yan and Shen Nong said "about Yan," Yan said that the Shen Nong, No. Yan body, Shen Nong code. Han Gao You, "book of the time the training," said Chidi Chidi again when combined with the Shen Nong, said Chidi that Yan, the son of a small code, number Shen Nong, southern Germany, the Emperor of the fire. "Zuo Zhuan", the "national language" and "Book of Rites" has been referred to Hill's strong will to sow 100 Valley 100 vegetables. Han Zheng Xuan Note "Book of Rites," and three Wei Zhao Note the "national language", said Hill's strong as the Yan Emperor. "River Systems" Volume 12 and again strongly Hill's Rustic phase and that the wrong water southwest through the Li Xiangnan, water south of hills, is the strong mountain, hill, a cave, are said to Shen Nong birth Department Therefore, "Book of Rites," said Hill's Rustic was strong. And the strong (Li, column) the origin of Hill's title, there are two said. "Road History" that the original word as a column Horeb mountain or Li Shan, as Shennong "Zhao track" in the column mountains, so in order to column mountains, vigorous mountain clan. Liu Cheng Huai "China Myth" is that the man of God Emperor Yan, set fire to the mountain is very violent, and are thus strongly Hill's.
Yan's contribution
Second, building up the city marketplace, the first provision of the market. According to "The Book of Changes • Xi Ci under the" set, Shen Nong, "Japan and China for the city, resulting in the world of people, gather the world of goods, transactions fall back, get what they want." Shen Nong invented in Japan for the city, a barter market is China's currency, the origin and foundation of business development.
5, cut wood for the bow to the world prestige. Shen Nong founded a bow and arrow, to effectively prevent the beast attacks, a powerful blow to the violation of foreign tribes, to defend people's lives and labor.
Yan management tribe, control the world very method. He does not expect his report, not greedy of the world of finance, while the total wealth of the world. Chi you in person, the world and respect for. He German to justice, not reward the Minqin, not fine but right from wrong, unconvinced and fiscal competition between full and no system to make the people from, rather than killing Wei Li, French provincial and not bother, no disrespect to the people wear.
As for the Yan Emperor was born, has no conclusion, in fact, is a deification of Emperor Yan's figure, it represents an ancient man in the struggle with nature to change the nature of the collective wisdom embodied. Today, "Yan" and "Yellow Emperor" as a symbol of China five thousand years of civilization has been included in the annals of world civilization, the Chinese also known as "Chinese people."
Agriculture, including cultivation, harvest reserve, the three major steps in processing food. Before the advent of agriculture in the original collection fishing and hunting in early times, harvest reserves and consumption are two completely separate processes, people collect and reserves are not always the food, people eat what are often taken and eaten, not must be something the previous Reserve, reserves of food and people are often not plant seeds. With the emergence of pottery, people only have a safe and effective storage methods, and thus the long-term reserves of food and water, and food reserves to the acquisition of two independent process closely together. Only in this case, it will form a large demand for access to plant seeds. Original planting began in the use of gourds for drinking water apparatus Fu Xi times, people are first planted gourd, gourd in the planting process, it has accumulated rich cultivation techniques. To Nu Wa's age is age pottery, planting techniques and the demand for seeds of plants, once combined with the emergence of agriculture was also ready to come out. In fact, when people start planting gourd, not necessarily because of demand growing gourd think, is likely to be children and play out of love began planting gourd. There are three reasons: First, children have a lot of free time to take care of, protect and manage their "work" results; Second, a large white gourd seed particles, is very popular; third is large and easy gourd seed particles seeding operation. There are many parts of our country folk custom of fasting gourd seeds, big people use "to eat gourd seed packet, president of teeth" to the group to frighten children, shows that people's attention and protection gourd seeds, gourd cultivation also implies that the history of old. When our ancestors turned to plant grass planting gourd plant the seeds for food, the primitive agriculture was born.
Buried on the record about Yan, the earliest writing found in Jin Huangfu Mi's "imperial century", Red Emperor, "the reign of 120 years of the collapse, buried in Changsha." Bleeding Luo Song Writing "Road History" on account of more specific: Yan, "The tea-end collapse buried Changsha, It is called Chaling." According to local history, "Ling county" records, the area has been the Western Han Dynasty Tomb, the Western Han Dynasty, Greenwood, Insurrection Army Xing, Geographical Distribution and fear looters to explore, then will be razed to the ground mausoleum. Tang Dynasty, Buddhism, Buddhist temples built before the tomb, it is called "Tangxing Temple", but the front of the tombs, "when there is enshrined."
After the Song Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty in the past century, the court only worship Yandi Ling's activities, without Youzhao repair Yandi Ling temple records.
Yongzheng 10 year (AD 1733), the magistrate Zhang Jun Devotional using state treasury, published by the Qing dynasty imperial tomb enactment of the ancient temple reconstruction unified format, also referred to Ling Ling Temple, which is the name of the house. This laid the Yandi Ling Temple built the basic shape, forming a "pre-three - courtesy Pavilion - main hall - tombs," the four into the pattern. Ling temple for the whole fake palace, magnificent, ancient architecture reflects the traditions of China.
After the founding of new China, Hunan Yandi Ling is listed as cultural heritage site. New Year's Eve 1954, as pilgrims worship incense candle, ignite hall bunting, accidentally caught fire, resulting in the main hall and bowed Yandi Ling Ting burned. "Cultural Revolution" period, the tomb house and outbuildings were destroyed and heavy, in addition to tombs, all razed to the ground.
Yan Temple
Yan Huang blue helmet is the Chinese people are all Chinese. Zu Yandi Shennong family before beginning habitat in the ginger water, Xuan Yuan clan before beginning Zuhuang Di Ji water habitat in the early Spring and Autumn Period 2,700 years ago, there is conclusive. "Mandarin Jin Yu" records: "the Yellow Emperor to Ji water into, Yan with ginger water into." Ginger water in Baoji, which 1500 years ago, the Northern Wei dynasty, ancient Chinese geographers comments Road yuan to clearly write "water from Note "in the. Ming Tian Shun five years, "Yi Tong Zhi" record: "ginger water in Baoji County South." Baoji term of the present water's edge of the Chiang Wei-Kang City, Henan Province. Baoji Weihe have nine holy bath Longquan, Quan Tang Jian Shen Nong Temple there, there is often Yangshan Meiyukou Temple nammon, often Yangshan have Yandi Ling, are in the (Baoji City) Weibin yimen township (Shen Nong Township) territory, the people are the people worship the first place Zu Yandi. Yandi Ling major tour construction are: Shen Nong door, sheep foot pavilion, Yandi Ling door, Yan palace, sheep, the first pavilion, "Shen Nong city", "Chinese ancestor," the arch, altar Square, Yan Basilica, the statue of Emperor Yan, large painting, the tomb stone order, tombs and so on. Baoji civil Spring Festival gathering nine first month on the 11th birthday of Emperor Yan Longquan worship; annual meeting on July 7 Tiantai Mountain Festivals Yan after death. In recent years, several compatriots at home and abroad come to bulk water basin Baoji ginger ginger Castle, 9 Longquan, Tiantai roots Baizu, but the Temple destroyed tomb destroyed disrepair. Shen Nong Chinese people as a homeland - Baoji people feel guilty. This Weibin yimen township government has invited experts and scholars and research Baoji Chronicles of comrades, field trips, combined Chronicles documented proof. Municipal government, the CPPCC and often located in Yangshan port Mongolia Dayugou Baoji Bridge Works under the leadership and determination in the beginning of Zu Yandi Shennong birth family, the funeral business and rebuilt between Temple and Yandi Ling Shen Nong, and pay homage to their ancestors for the Chinese people Baizuyeling Yan construction sites. National culture, Chinese history and vertical power. Yandi Ling Ling anterior division, ancestral areas, the mass graves of three parts. Ling former District: Ginger Castle Department has an antique double eaves and the arch, a letter: "Yandi native place," four words. Fort East "Bath St. 9 Longquan" There is temple and bathing pavilion, Kowloon. Qing Jiang North Section intersection with Block, China stone arch form, a letter, "Shen Nong village" four words. Qing Jiang Road intersection there an old-style middle of the arch, a letter to "old times" four words. Baoji Bridge Factory Tiantai Mountain in front of the entrance to the Mongolian valley, take the east west cross road of ancient buildings, Block "Shen Nong's Gate" arch. Shen Nong door manufacturers through an area by the bridge, the south shall always Yangshan Yandi Ling, a winding mountain road directly Ling temple; another house of stone steps Naoto tomb. Sacrifice Zone: "Yandi Ling," where often Yangshan, from about 5 km south of Baoji City. Into the gate, there are 100 m level, Ye Ling Tang Ling Taiwan may gradually fall; hence, Ling Taiwan Department has the arch, gate. Door erected a stone tablet inscribed "often Yangshan" three characters, is a famous calligrapher Wu Xian three of the handwriting. Yangshan often pleasant scenery, year-round flowing ditch Qinglie the spring stream, but also never tell endless flowing legend of Emperor Yan was born in this beautiful land. The door into the Temple of Emperor Yan, Zuo Xiang room display with Yan's life and legends, the right wing of all walks of life hanging on the wall inscription. East and west sides with China Agricultural Exhibition Hall and Exhibition Gallery, the history of Chinese medicine. Yan Emperor Yandi Ling and memorial activities in the construction of the vivid scenes video through the TV show in people's eyes. The front yard is the main hall, before the house is square to accommodate thousands of worship. Basilica surface 5, left and right sides of the red column is the famous calligrapher Ru Gui Xian couplet written: "It was a founding set Qi Huang Chong Yandi Thousand Leagues", "Spread peace without, according to Nian Shen Nong P Plus with farming." Front door is the amount of "Yan hall", describe. The middle is a large temple statue of Emperor Yan, hall lit, incense constantly, the bell loud and melodious music, echoed throughout the valley ... ... worship in the region also built Jiang Yan Shen Nong Court Palace and Notre Dame. Cottage waist with 100 in Xishan, Yao Wang hole construction, both the place of traditional Chinese medicine, but also medical treatment for the masses. Tomb area: south through the hall, is a straight path leading to the summit after. Yandi Ling on top of the hill in this post. People wait to board a steep, stacked layers of the steps, until the board the first 999 steps to be considered finally reached the peak usually in Yangshan's. This is a huge circular tomb, with bluestone masonry around the mass graves, tombstones engraved with "Yandi Ling" four words. Surrounded by pine and cypress forest. Channel on both sides of the emperors tomb statue, after family tomb of Emperor Yan merit praise poems, couplets and paintings of the forest of steles. Tiantai tomb scenic area east, north across the sea Mongolia Wenyuhe and Zhuge Hill, south of Pine forest, overlooking the more Linshao towering cloud of Qinling Mountains were scattered off the west overlooking the rolling Qingbo ginger water, ginger water Chiang Wei River north of the city linger inflow. Tomb as a whole to take the situation mountains, ancient architecture in groups on three sides volley, gives a grand, sacred, solemn, quaint, quiet feeling. "Affairs of state with the ring in worship." "Cover Gusheng of merit, but the greatest emperor. So future generations to enjoy the newspaper, hangings most lung Emperor." As agriculture, medicine and the founder of the market, about Yan Religion in the ancient China has been living in high status. Overseas Chinese, Hong Kong, Macao and mainland China have all walks of life paid homage to Yandi Ling ancestors. There Jiang Zemin, Li Peng, Zhao Puchu, Zhou Pei-Yuan, Zhou Gucheng, Yang Jingren, Zhang Aiping, Wang's first Road, chang, v. to Wang Renzhong, Geng Biao, Zhang Ping of, Yanjici, Xiao Ke, Luo Qing Long, Qu Wu et inscription , inscription, also left the community calligraphy.
Yan palace
According to Ming Chenghua 10 year (1475), "Yan palace rebuilt landmark" record: "Shen Nong palace Paragon Village at it off before, Jau-Ji Swire, no paper test, Temple Village in swapping the southeast, the existing graves, Mulan wound care, however much difference a few hundred Yubu Temple and the Palace also. "
The Chinese nation has a long history back to ancient times. And the Yellow Emperor Huangdi about Yan's to their great historical achievements are revered as the human ancestor of the Chinese nation, generation by the Chinese people respect the earth.
According to "The Book of Changes", "pipe" and other pre-Qin literature relevant records, and many find the Yangtze River Basin, including Hunan, 7000-9 years ago to verify the ancient cultural relics that Yan is the founder of the Chinese agricultural civilization. According to legend, the beginning kind of grain to the people Yan food production Leisi to facilitate cultivation, Bianchang hundred herbs to Medicine Man ailments, governance hemp cloth to imperial China for the cold, mold storage civilian objects to be cut as Yee Tong feelings for the piano, Japan and the City benefit of the residents, quiet residential wood arrows with safety, repeat gossip to explore astronomical phenomena, after the herbs to treat the people in the southern tour in Japan have never stopped poisoning case of 70, the end result of mistake to try Ussuriensis Maxim and "collapse buried in Changsha The tea-tail "term of the present deer Yanling County, Hunan Province original reservoir. Yan Gong unquestionable, Deese later. He created the original farming civilization, so that ancestors changed Rumaoyinxue to hunting and fishing and gathering wild fruits as the source of all life, the state embarked on the creative community can be said that the first time in our history "green revolution." Especially the younger generations of ancestors fierce battle prehistoric Yan led the congregation in the spirit of hard work, self-improvement of the pioneering and innovative spirit, social commitment of the national spirit of unity is the Chinese self-esteem, self-reliance, self-confidence, self-generated sources and model of the spirit.
Yanling's supporters believe that many documented "Dibeng this" "The collapse buried in tea-tail" of the deer of the original Pei, here is the Yandi Ling authentic; Baoji supporters that "Yan was born in the old Williams "is Yandi Ling is the only land of the election; high Jinping County (now Gaoping) is recorded, seems to only show that Yan had parade this point, the number of some name is not correct is starting, in the debate almost impossible to fight with the former two .
"Hubei Annals" contains: "Shen Nong from Horeb, the mountain's strong, this village is also with Li." Horeb, also known as Li Shan, as also for the Lishan Shi. Shennong Horeb attractions in the area, built Shennong hole monument of Emperor Yan, Yan Emperor Shen Nong Memorial Square, Memorial of Emperor Yan, Yan Emperor Shen Nong arch and other monuments. Jiang river landscape fashion, 9 Ling Qing Lan, smoke temple bells in the evening, village sunset, Kwu Tung Ching snow, fog reduced off rock, dragon flag, etc., because of material through the landscape, extraordinary beauty. For thousands of years, whenever Yan birthday memorial day, tens of thousands of people around the world come to worship Horeb Shennong, cherish the memory of Chinese ancestor, strong domestic and overseas Chinese people Xungenwenzu mountain has become the Holy Land.