| 姓： | 曹 | ||||||||||
| 名： | 操 | ||||||||||
| 字： | 孟德 | ||||||||||
| 网笔号： | 魏武帝 | ||||||||||
| 庙号： | 太祖 | ||||||||||
| 籍贯： | 沛国谯 | ||||||||||
阅读曹操 Cao Cao在百家争鸣的作品!!! 阅读曹操 Cao Cao在诗海的作品!!! | |||||||||||
魏武帝曹操（公元155年～公元220年），字孟德，小名阿瞒、吉利，沛国谯（今安徽省亳州市）人。东汉末年杰出的政治家、军事家、文学家、诗人，汉族人。在政治军事方面，曹操消灭了众多割据势力，统一了中国北方大部分区域，并实行一系列政策恢复经济生产和社会秩序，奠定了曹魏立国的基础。文学方面，在曹操父子的推动下形成了以“三曹”（曹操、曹丕、曹植）为代表的建安文学，史称“建安风骨”，在文学史上留下了光辉的一笔。
曹魏建立后，曹操被尊为“武皇帝”，庙号“太祖”。
【详细介绍】
曹操祖父曹腾在汉桓帝时担任官职，封为费亭侯。据说父亲曹嵩本姓夏侯，后成为曹腾养子并改姓继承侯爵。曹操小名阿瞒、吉利，故而有曹阿瞒之说。年轻时期的曹操机智警敏有随机权衡应变的能力，而任性好侠、放荡不羁，不修品行，不研究学业，所以社会上没有人认为他有什么特别的才能，只有梁国的桥玄等人认为他不平凡，乔玄对曹操说：“天下将乱，非命世之才不能济也，能安之者，其在君乎！”南阳何颙对他说：“汉室将亡，安天下者，必此人也！”许劭，字子将，以知人著称，他也曾对曹操说过：“君清平之奸贼，乱世之英雄” （此据《后汉书·许劭传》，裴松之注引孙盛《异同杂语》及《三国演义》中作“子治世之能臣，乱世之奸雄也。”） 于公元184年汉末黄巾起义时显露头角，后被封为西园八校尉之一，参与了天下诸侯讨伐董卓的战争。董卓死后，独自发展自身势力，纵横乱世，南征北战，先后战胜了吕布、袁术，并接受了张绣的投降。公元200年10月，曹操在官渡（今河南中牟县东北）以少胜多挫败河北袁绍10万军队，公元201年在仓亭（今河南管县东北）再次击破袁绍大军，并于公元207年十二月北伐三郡乌桓，彻底铲除了袁氏残余势力，基本统一了中原地区。公元208年，成为东汉政权丞相。公元208年7月，曹操南征荆州刘表，12月于赤壁与孙刘联军作战，失利。公元211年7月，曹操领军西征击败了以马超为首的关中诸军，构筑了整个魏国基础。公元212年又击败了汉中张鲁，至此，三国鼎立之势基本成型。公元213年，汉献帝派御史大夫郗虑册封曹操为魏王，于邺城建立魏王宫铜雀台，享有天子之制，获得“参拜不名、剑履上殿”的至高权力。公元220年，曹操于洛阳逝世，享年66岁，谥号“武王”，死后葬于高陵。曹操一生未称帝，他病死后，曹丕继位后不久称帝，追谥为“武皇帝”。
曹操在北方屯田，兴修水利，解决了军粮缺乏的问题，对农业生产的恢复有一定作用；用人唯才，罗致地主阶级中下层人物，抑制豪强，加强集权。所统治的地区社会经济得到恢复和发展。精兵法，著《孙子略解》、《兵书接要》、《孟德新书》等书。善诗歌，《蒿里行》、《观沧海》等诗篇，抒发自己的政治抱负，并反映汉末人民的苦难生活，气魄雄伟，慷慨悲凉。散文亦清峻整洁。著作有《魏武帝集》。
初平元年，各路大将推举家世显赫的袁绍为盟主，西讨董卓。但因各将领心怀鬼胎，遂使义军失败。曹操在这战役中，初次见到日后的死敌—刘备。
初平三年，董卓为王允、吕布所杀。而二人又被卓部下李傕、郭汜所遂。献帝乘乱与一众大臣逃出长安，但被李、郭二人所追捕。而曹操接受荀彧、程昱所议，迎接献帝至许昌。从此曹操便开始挟天子以令诸侯。
其后，曹操以献帝名义东征西讨。先后平定关东、关中一带。而刘备亦曾成为其部下。接下来，曹操便要面对他的老朋友-袁绍。
【生平详述】
曹操出生于一个显赫的官宦家庭。曹操的祖父曹腾，是东汉末年宦官集团中的一员，据说是汉相国曹参的后人（并无史实考证）。父亲曹嵩，是曹腾的养子。曹嵩的出身，当时就搞不清楚，所以陈寿称他：“莫能审其生出本末”，有人也说曹操是“夏侯氏”之子。曹嵩官至太尉。灵帝熹平三年（174），二十岁的曹操被举为孝廉，入洛阳为郎。不久，被任命为洛阳北部尉。洛阳为东汉都城，是皇亲贵势聚居之地，很难治理。曹操一到职，就申明禁令、严肃法纪，造五色大棒十余根，悬于衙门左右，“有犯禁者，皆棒杀之”。皇帝宠幸的宦官蹇硕的叔父蹇图违禁夜行，曹操毫不留情，将蹇图用五色棒处死。于是，“京师敛迹，无敢犯者”。
灵帝中平元年（184），黄巾起义爆发，曹操被拜为骑都尉，受命与卢植等人合军进攻颍川黄巾军，结果大破黄巾军，斩首数万级。随之迁为济南相。济南相任内，曹操治事如初。济南国（今山东济南一带）有县十余个，各县长吏多依附贵势，贪赃枉法，无所顾忌。曹操之前历任国相皆置之不问。曹操到职，大力整饬，一下奏免长吏十分之八的长吏，济南震动，贪官污吏纷纷逃窜。“政教大行，一郡清平”。当时正是东汉政治极度黑暗之时，甚至有了买官制度。朝廷封曹操为议郎，曹操不肯迎合权贵，遂托病回归乡里，春夏读书，秋冬弋猎，暂时隐居了。
中平五年（188），汉灵帝为巩固统治，设置西园八校尉，曹操因其家世被任命为八校尉中的典军校尉。
中平六年（189），西凉刺史董卓进入洛阳，废少帝，立献帝刘协，后又杀太后及少帝，自称太师，专擅朝政。曹操见董卓倒行逆施，不愿与其合作，遂改易姓名逃出京师洛阳（今河南洛阳东北）。
曹操到陈留后，“散家财，合义兵”。组织起一支五千人的军队，准备讨伐董卓。
汉献帝初平元年（190）正月，关东州郡牧守起兵讨伐董卓，共推袁绍为盟主。曹操为副盟主，参加讨董军。二月，董卓胁迫献帝迁都长安（今陕西西安西北），自己留居洛阳抵御关东军。董卓之凉州军骁勇善战，关东军十余万人驻酸枣（今河南延津北）一带，无人敢向洛阳推进。曹操认为董卓“焚烧宫室，劫迁天子，海内震动”，应趁机与之决战，遂独自引军西进。曹操行至荥阳汴水（今河南荥阳西南），与董卓大将徐荣交锋，因为士兵数量相差大，曹操大败，士卒死伤大半，自己也被流矢所伤，幸得堂弟曹洪所救。回至酸枣，曹操建议诸军各据要地，再分兵西入武关（今陕西丹凤东南），围困董卓，关东诸将不肯从。
关东诸军名为讨董卓，实际各自心怀鬼胎，意在伺机发展自己势力。不久，诸军之间发生摩擦，相互火拼。
初平三年，司徒王允与吕布在长安定计杀掉董卓，董卓部将李傕、郭汜等攻陷长安，杀王允，进攻吕布，关中也陷入战乱。是时，州郡牧守各据一方，形成诸侯割据的局面。
初平三年，青州黄巾军大获发展，连破兖州郡县，阵斩兖州刺史刘岱。济北相鲍信等迎曹操任兖州牧。曹操和鲍信合军进攻黄巾。鲍信战死。曹操“设奇伏，昼夜会战”，终于将黄巾击败。获降卒三十余万，人口百余万。曹操收其精锐，组成军队，号“青州兵”。
献帝初平四年（193）秋，曹操进兵徐州（治郯，今山东郯城），向东南扩展势力。徐州牧陶谦退守郯县。不久曹操军粮将尽，撤围回军。次年夏，曹操再征徐州，略地至东海。曹操征徐州期间，所过大肆杀戮，一路上“鸡犬亦尽，墟邑无复行人”。
曾参加讨董卓之战的陈留太守张邈和曹操部将陈宫对曹操不满，遂叛操，迎吕布为兖州牧。吕布为当时名将，先为董卓部将，曾与王允定计诛杀董卓。
当时只有鄄城（今属山东）和东郡的范（今山东范县东南）、东阿（今山东阳谷东北）两县尚在曹操掌握之中，分别由司马荀彧和寿张令程昱、东郡太守夏侯惇等坚守，形势异常危急。曹操从徐州赶回，听说吕布屯于濮阳，遂进军围攻濮阳。二军相持百余日，蝗灾大起，双方停战，曹操军还鄄城。
兴平二年（195）夏，曹操整军再战吕布，于巨野（今山东巨野南）大破吕布军，吕布逃往徐州投靠刘备。
曹操从陈留起兵到兴平二年将吕布、张邈赶出兖州，经过六年的经营，终于有了自己的一块根据地。曹操起兵之初，仅有数千人，出任东郡太守前后，他陆续延揽一些拥有宗族、部曲等家兵的豪强地主归附自己，后击溃青州黄巾军，又收其精锐组成“青州兵”。这样，曹操又有了一支颇具战斗力的军队。根据地和军队，是曹操得以成事的基本条件。
献帝刘协自被董卓劫至长安后，一直处于颠沛流离之中。建安元年七月，献帝终于回到洛阳，洛阳经董卓之乱，已是一片废墟。百官没有地方居住，“披荆棘，依丘墙间”，洛阳也没有粮食，“州郡各拥强兵，而委输不至，群僚饥乏，尚书郎以下自出采稆，或饥死墙壁间”。
早在初平三年（192），曹操的谋士毛玠就向曹操提出了“奉天子以令不臣，修耕植，畜军资”的战略性建议，曹操深以为是。建安元年八月，曹操亲至洛阳朝见献帝。随即挟持汉帝迁都许县（今河南许昌东）。从此，曹操取得了“挟天子以令诸侯”的优势。这是曹操政治上的一大成功。曹操被封为大将军、武平侯。汉魏之间，社会生产遭受严重破坏，出现大饥荒。这一时期，粮食供应成为各军事集团最大的问题，因军粮不足而无敌自破者不可胜数。
建安元年，曹操采纳部下枣祇等人的建议，利用攻破黄巾所缴获的物资，在许下募民屯田，当年即大见成效，得谷百万斛。于是曹操命令在各州郡设置田官，兴办屯田。屯田有效地解决了曹操集团的粮食问题，所以曹操说：“后遂因此大田，丰足国用，摧灭群逆，克定天下”。
在兴置屯田的同时，曹操采取各种措施，扶植自耕农经济。针对当时人口流失，田地荒芜的情况，曹操先后采取招怀流民、迁徙人口、劝课农桑、兴修水利、检括户籍等办法，充实编户，恢复农业生产。此外，曹操还陆续颁布法令，恢复正常租调制度，防止豪强兼并小农。建安五年（200），曹操颁布新的征收制度，到建安九年，又明确：“其收田租亩四升，户出绢二匹，绵二斤而已，他不得擅兴发。”曹操前后实行的这一系列措施，使濒于崩溃的自耕农经济不断得到了恢复和发展。这成为曹操集团的雄厚经济基础。
通过以上二项措施，曹操统治区的农业生产迅速恢复。这是曹操在经济上的一大成功。
迎献帝、迁都于许和恢复农业生产是曹操得以成功的两个重要条件。
从建安二年起，曹操利用他“挟天子以令诸侯”的政治优势，东征西讨，开始了他翦灭群雄，统一北方的战争。
其时，在曹操的北边，是占有冀、并、幽、青四州的袁绍；南边，是占据扬州的袁术；东南，是占据徐州的吕布；正南，是占据荆州的刘表；西边，是关中诸将。此外，董卓部将张济之侄张绣投降刘表后，屯驻于宛县（今河南南阳），对许都形成威胁。
建安三年（198）九月，曹操东征徐州，进攻久与他为敌的吕布。在曹军攻势之下，吕布军上下离心，十二月，吕布将魏续、宋宪等生擒吕布谋士陈宫归降曹操。吕布见大势已去，下城投降。曹操将吕布、陈宫处死，收降吕布将臧霸、孙观等人，初步控制了徐州。
当时，群雄实力最强的是袁绍。曹操预作布置，命在青州有潜在影响的臧霸等人攻入青州，占领齐（治今山东临淄）、北海（治今山东寿光东南）等地，巩固右翼；又命大将于禁屯军黄河南岸，监视袁军。不久，张绣听从谋士贾诩之计，投降曹操，曹操大喜，拜张绣为扬武将军，解除了后顾之忧。这年十二月，曹操自率军屯于官渡（今河南中牟北），准备迎击袁绍。
刘备在徐州牧陶谦死后，曾一度出任徐州牧，后徐州被吕布攻占，刘备投奔曹操。曹操认为刘备是个英雄，先后表他为豫州牧、左将军。曹操攻占徐州不久，淮南袁术准备逃往青州往依袁绍，曹操派刘备去截击。建安五年正月，董承等人谋诛曹操事泄，被曹操杀掉。刘备遂袭杀徐州刺史车胄，占据徐州。
曹操为了免于将来同袁绍作战时前后受敌，决定先消灭在徐州立足未稳的刘备。时诸将皆怕袁绍乘机来攻许都，曹操对此胸有成竹，说：“刘备，人杰也，今不击，必有后患。袁绍虽有大志，而见事迟，必不动也。”遂进军，以迅雷不及掩耳之势击破刘备，刘备逃奔袁绍。
袁绍是当时北方最强大的一股势力，也是曹操统一北方最强大的敌人。袁氏一门，自袁绍曾祖袁安以下，“四世居三公位”，“门生故吏遍于天下”，势力本就很大，后袁绍取得冀、并、幽、青四州之地，实力大增，有军队数十万人。袁绍以其长子袁谭、次子袁熙、外甥高干分守青、幽、并三州，后方稳固，兵精粮足，根本不把曹操放在眼里。他挑选精兵十万、战马万匹，志在一举消灭曹操。建安五年二月，袁绍命大将颜良等人进兵白马（今河南滑县北），自率大军进屯黎阳（今河南浚县东），向曹操发动进攻。
曹操的实力比袁绍弱得多。曹操所占的大河以南地区，地盘既小，又是四战之地，残破不堪，还没有完全恢复，物资比不上袁绍那样丰富。曹操的兵力也远不及袁绍，其总兵力大概不过几万人，投入前线的兵力据《武帝纪》说“兵不满万，伤者十二三”。刘宋、裴松之认为此数不准确，曹操的兵力不会如此之少，但曹操兵力远逊于袁绍却是毫无问题的。袁绍大军来攻，许都震动。曹操安慰众将说：“吾知绍之为人，志大而智小，色厉而胆薄，忌克而少威，兵多而分画不明，将骄而众令不一，土地虽广，粮食虽丰，适足以为我奉也。”曹操对袁绍有很深的认识，他敢于在袁绍将要大军压境之时抽身去进攻刘备，正是基于这种认识之上。
建安五年二月，袁军颜良等人围攻白马，拉开了大战的序幕。四月，曹操亲自率兵北上解白马之围，他采纳谋士荀攸之计，先进军延津（今河南延津北，在白马以西），做出要渡河袭击袁军的态势，吸引袁军分兵西向，然后突然转向迅速赶往白马。曹操军突然杀到，袁军措手不及，关羽“策马刺良于万众之中，斩其首还，绍诸将莫能当者”，袁军大败，白马之围遂解。曹操救出白马军民，沿黄河西撤。袁绍闻知，立即渡河追赶曹操。曹操见追兵渐近，命军士解鞍放马，并置辎重于道。袁军追兵大至，争抢辎重，阵形混乱。曹操率领仅有的骑兵突然杀出，大破追兵，阵斩袁绍另一大将文丑。颜良、文丑为袁军名将，二将分别被杀，袁军大震。曹操初战得胜，主动撤军，继续扼守官渡。
八月，袁绍大军连营而进，东西数十里，依沙堆为屯，进逼官渡。曹操分兵坚守营垒，伺机而动。袁军向曹营发动猛攻，先是作高橹、起土山，由上向曹营中射箭，接着又挖地道，欲从地下袭击曹营，皆被曹操以相应办法击破。两军一攻一守，相持近二个月。久战之下，曹操处境极为困难。
十月，袁绍从河北运来粮草万余车，派大将淳于琼等带万余人看守，屯于离袁绍大营四十里的乌巢。恰好这时袁绍谋士许攸来投曹操，献计让曹操偷袭乌巢。曹操大喜，亲率精锐步骑五千人，乘夜从小路偷袭乌巢。曹操军至乌巢，命四面放火，袁军大乱，淳于琼拒营死守。袁绍闻知，急忙派兵救授，曹操左右见“‘贼骑稍近，请分兵拒之。’操怒曰：‘贼在背后，乃白！’士卒皆殊死战，遂大破之，斩琼等，尽燔其粮草”。当袁绍听说曹操袭击乌巢时，认为这正是攻破曹操大营的好机会，因此派去的援兵很少，而以重兵围攻曹操大营。但曹营未破，乌巢败讯已经传来，袁军溃散，大将张郃等人投降曹操。袁绍弃军逃回黄河以北。于是曹军大获全胜，斩首七万余级，尽获袁军辎重图书珍宝。曹操清点袁绍书信，得到自己部下写给袁绍的信，尽烧之，说：“当绍之强，孤犹不能自保，而况众人乎！”
从客观条件上说，曹操本处于劣势，但由于他能正确分析客观条件，善于听取别人的正确意见，所以能扬长避短，采用正确的战略战术，使战争向有利于自己的方面转化，经过自己主观上的努力，终于赢得了胜利。
官渡之战，曹操击溃了最大敌人袁绍，由他统一北方已是大势所趋。
建安七年，袁绍病死，袁绍的两个儿子袁谭、袁尚不和，发生火并。袁谭不敌袁尚，向曹操乞降。
建安九年二月，曹操乘袁尚出兵攻打袁谭之机，进军围攻邺城。袁尚率军回救，依滏水（今滏阳河）为营，曹操进军将其营寨包围。袁尚害怕，请求投降，曹操不许。袁尚乘夜逃跑，袁军溃散。袁尚逃奔中山（今河北定县）。曹操命人拿着缴获袁尚的印绶节钺招降邺城守军，城中斗志崩溃。邺城遂被曹操攻破。第二年正月，曹操又以负约为名，攻灭袁谭，冀州平定。于是，曹操让还兖州牧，改任冀州牧。
袁尚兵败后，逃奔幽州刺史袁熙。不久，袁尚、袁熙又逃奔三郡乌桓。
建安十二年，曹操为了肃清袁氏残余势力，也为了彻底解决三郡乌桓入塞为害问题，决定远征乌桓。汉末，辽西、辽东、右北平三郡乌桓结合，是为三郡乌桓，其首领为辽西部的蹋顿。三郡乌桓与袁氏关系一直很好，并屡次侵扰边境，掳掠人口财物。这年五月，曹操亲率大军到达无终（今河北蓟县）。时正雨季，道路积水，“浅不通车马，深不载舟船”。曹操从无终人田畴之议，改从一条久已断绝，但“尚有微径可寻”的路线进军。在田畴的引导下，曹操大军登徐无山（今河北玉田北），出卢龙塞（今河北喜峰口附近一带），“堑山堙谷五百余里”，直指乌桓老巢柳城（今辽宁朝阳南）。曹军进至离柳城不足二百里时，乌桓才发现，于是蹋顿与袁尚、袁熙等人率数万骑兵迎击。八月，二军相遇，时曹军辎重在后，“被甲者少，”而敌军军势甚盛。曹操登高瞭望，见敌军虽多，但阵势不整，遂命大将张辽为前锋，乘敌阵稍动之机，向敌军发动猛攻。乌桓军大乱，曹军阵斩蹋顿，大获全胜，胡、汉降者二十余万，袁尚等人逃奔割据平州的公孙康。这时，有人劝曹操乘势进击公孙康，（曹操听从谋士郭嘉的意见，说：“吾方使康斩送尚、熙首，不烦兵也。”遂率军还师。不久，公孙康果然斩杀袁尚、袁熙，并将其首级献与曹操。诸将不明所以，曹操说：“彼素畏尚等，吾急之则并力，缓之则自相图，其势然也。”于是，曹操攻破三郡乌桓，也彻底肃清了袁氏势力。同年郭嘉就因水土不服，气候恶劣，日夜急行操劳过度，在曹操北归前病逝，而公孙康斩杀袁尚、熙竞在郭嘉之料中。）根据三国志魏书武帝纪的记载辽东单于速仆丸及辽西、北平诸豪，弃其种人，与尚、熙奔辽东，觽尚有数千骑。初，辽东太守公孙康恃远不服。及公破乌丸，或说公遂征之，尚兄弟可禽也。公曰：“吾方使康斩送尚、熙首，不烦兵矣。”九月，公引兵自柳城还，康即斩尚、熙及速仆丸等，传其首。诸将或问：“公还而康斩送尚、熙，何也？”公曰：“彼素畏尚等，吾急之则并力，缓之则自相图，其势然也。”十一月至易水，代郡乌丸行单于普富卢、上郡乌丸行单于那楼将其名王来贺。并非出自郭嘉的谋略。
建安十三年六月，曹操废三公，恢复丞相制度，并自任汉朝丞相。
曹操基本平定北方后，兵锋转而南向。建安十三年七月，进军南征荆州刘表。八月，刘表病死，其子刘琮接任荆州牧。九月，曹操大军进至新野（今属河南），刘琮以为无法抵挡，举荆州之众投降曹操。这时，官渡之战后投奔刘表的刘备屯驻于樊城（今湖北襄樊），听说刘琮投降，便率军向江陵（今属湖北）撤退。江陵为荆州重镇，存有大量军用物资。曹操听说，怕江陵落入刘备之手，遂亲率五千骑兵从襄阳（今湖北襄樊）疾驰三百里，在当阳长坂（今湖北当阳东北）将刘备追上，并将其军击溃，随后进占江陵。
由于曹操的进军威胁了吴侯孙权的统治，孙权命大将周瑜率军三万，与刘备联军抵抗曹操。
曹操自江陵东下，至赤壁（今湖北武昌县西赤矶山）与孙、刘联军接战不利，暂驻军于乌林（今湖北洪湖县东北，长江北岸邬林矶），与对方隔江对峙。
周瑜用诈降之计，命大将黄盖率小战船十艘，上装柴草，灌以膏油，假称投降，向北岸而进，至离曹营二里之处时，各船一齐点火，然后借助风势，直向曹军冲去，曹军大败，舟船被烧。曹操率军从华容道（今湖北监利西北）陆路撤回江陵。遂撤军北还。
赤壁大败后，曹操采取一些措施，稳定内部。建安十五年春，曹操下《求贤令》，说：“今天下尚未定，此特求贤之急时也……二三子其佐我明扬仄陋，唯才是举，吾得而用之。”曹操提出不拘品行、唯才是举的用人方针，目的是尽量把人才收罗到自己身边。
建安十六年，曹操开始对关中用兵。三月，曹操遣司隶校尉钟繇率大将夏侯渊以讨伐汉中（治南郑，今陕西汉中东）张鲁为名进兵关中。关中马超、韩遂、杨秋等十部心生疑惧，一时俱反。曹操立即派大将曹仁进攻关中，马超等人屯据潼关。七月，曹操率大军亲征关中。九月，大破关中诸军，马超、韩遂逃至凉州，杨秋逃至安定（治临泾，今甘肃镇原南）。十月，曹操进军安定，杨秋投降，关中地区基本平定。
建安十八年，曹操起兵号称四十万，亲自南征孙权。次年正月，曹军进至濡须口（今安徽巢县东南），攻破孙权设在江北的营寨，生擒其将公孙阳。孙权亲率军七万，前至濡须口抵御曹军。二军相持月余，各无所获。曹操见孙权军容严整，自己难以取胜，遂撤军北还。五月，复《禹贡》九州。
汉天子册封曹操为魏公，加九锡、建魏国，定国都于邺城。魏国拥有冀州十郡之地，置丞相、太尉、大将军等百官。献帝还准许其“参拜不名、剑履上殿 ”，如汉丞相萧何故事。
建安二十年三月，曹操见刘备已取得益州，而汉中是益州门户，“若无汉中，则无蜀矣”，刘备必然要攻取汉中。于是曹操抢先一步，率十万大军亲征汉中张鲁。七月，曹操大军进至阳平关（今陕西沔县西北）。张鲁听说阳平关失守、逃往巴中。曹操进军南郑，尽得张鲁府库珍宝。
十一月，张鲁出降曹操，汉中遂为曹操所有。
曹操主力退出汉中后，刘备随后向汉中发动进攻。建安二十三年，刘备亲率大军进至阳平关，夏侯渊等人与刘备夹关对峙。七月，曹操亲率大军赶往关中，坐镇长安，以便随时指挥汉中战局。建安二十四年正月，刘备自阳平关南渡沔水（今汉水），依山而进，驻军于定军山（今陕西沔县东南），夏侯渊出兵与刘备争夺地势，被黄忠杀掉，曹军大败。之后，曹操亲率大军来夺汉中，但是刘备坚壁不出，曹军与刘备军相距数月，无利，遂放弃汉中。
建安二十一年夏四月，汉天子册封曹操为魏王，邑三万户，位在诸侯王上，奏事不称臣，受诏不拜，以天子旒冕、车服、旌旗、礼乐郊祀天地，出入得称警跸，宗庙、祖、腊皆如汉制，国都邺城。王子皆为列侯。他名义上还为汉臣，实际上已是皇帝，开了自汉高祖刘邦定下的“异姓诸侯者不得为王”的先河。
建安二十四年七月，曹操刚刚从汉中撤出，刘备大将关羽就从荆州向他的东南防线襄、樊一带发动了进攻。曹操闻知，立刻派大将于禁率兵往救樊城。八月，关羽乘洪水泛滥之机，大破于禁所统七军，禽于禁，斩庞德乘势进军，将樊城围住。时樊城曹军只有数千人，城被水淹，水面离城楼仅有数尺，曹仁率军死守。曹操又派徐晃领兵去救樊城。十月，曹操从关中赶到洛阳，亲自指挥救援樊城。
孙权因关羽处其上游，很不愿意让关羽势力发展，而且他早已有攻取荆州之心，于是联结曹操，准备以大将吕蒙偷袭荆州要地江陵。曹操接信后，将这一消息通知曹仁，命他继续坚守，自己进至摩陂（今河南郏县东南），临近指挥，又派兵十二营增援徐晃，命他反击关羽。不久，吕蒙偷袭江陵得手。关羽撤兵，路上被孙权军擒杀。
曹操在孙权擒杀关羽、取得荆州后，表孙权为骠骑将军、荆州牧。孙权遣使入贡，向曹操称臣，并劝曹操取代汉朝自称大魏皇帝。曹操将孙权来书遍示内外群臣，说：“是儿欲踞吾著炉火上耶！”曹操手下群臣乘机向曹操劝进。曹操自己还不想废献帝自立，他说：“苟天命在孤，孤为周文王矣。”
建安二十五年正月（220），曹操还军洛阳。当月，病逝在洛阳，终年六十六岁。这年十月，魏王曹丕取代汉朝，自立为皇帝，国号魏，追尊曹操为武皇帝，庙号太祖。
【家庭情况】
妻妾
武宣卞皇后，就是卞氏。生有曹丕、曹彰、曹植、曹熊四子。
丁夫人，曹操原配正室夫人，因曹昂之死而与曹操反目，曹操曾欲迎回而不可得。
刘夫人，丁氏的侍女，随丁氏陪嫁至曹家，后亦为曹操之爱妾，不久病亡，生有曹昂、曹铄二子。
环夫人，曹操之妾，生有曹冲、曹据、曹宇三子。
杜夫人，曹操之妾，生有曹霖、曹衮二子。
秦夫人，曹操之妾，生有曹玹、曹峻二子。
尹夫人，曹操之妾，生有曹矩一子。
王昭仪，曹操之妾，生有曹干一子。
孙姬，曹操之妾，生有曹上、曹彪、曹勤三子。
李姬，曹操之妾，生有曹乘、曹整、曹京三子。
周姬，曹操之妾，生有曹均一子。
刘姬，曹操之妾，生有曹棘一子。
宋姬，曹操之妾，生有曹徽一子。
赵姬，曹操之妾，生有曹茂一子。
陈妾，曹操之妾，生有曹格一子。
子
曹昂，年轻时曾举孝廉，与张绣作战时战死，庶出，但是由曹操原配丁氏抚养长大。
曹铄，早薨。
曹丕，220年迫汉献帝禅让帝位，是为魏文皇帝。
曹彰，绰号黄须儿，为一勇将，曾大破代郡乌丸。223年封任城王。
曹植，擅长文学，曾作《洛神赋》。虽然得到曹操宠爱，但与其兄曹丕争位失败，从此在政治上无从施展抱负。225年立为陈王。
曹熊，早年去世，魏文帝追封为萧怀公；魏明帝追进爵为东平王。
曹冲，为著名神童，13岁病死，后追封洛阳王。
曹据，232年封为彭城王。
曹宇，232年封为燕王。魏元帝曹奂之父，魏文帝，魏明帝两代托孤。
曹霖，232年封为沛王。
曹衮，232年封为中山王。临终病重时魏明帝曹叡对其爱护备至，死后又获厚葬。
曹玹，211年封为西乡侯。
曹峻，232年封为陈留王。
曹矩，早薨。
曹干，232年封为赵王。
曹上，早薨。
曹彪，232年封为楚王。251年与太尉王凌谋反事泄，被赐死。
曹勤，早薨。
曹乘，早薨。
曹整，217年封为郿侯。
曹京，早薨。
曹均，217年封为樊侯。
曹棘，早薨。
曹徽，232年封为东平王。
曹茂，与曹操及曹丕不和。232年封为曲阳王。
曹操另有养子何晏、秦朗。
女
曹宪，汉献帝贵人。（《后汉书·献帝纪》）
曹节，汉献帝皇后。（《后汉书·献帝纪》）
曹华，汉献帝贵人。（《后汉书·献帝纪》）
安阳公主，名不详，为荀恽之妻。（《三国志·魏书·荀彧传》）
金乡公主，名不详，何晏之妻。（《三国志·魏书·曹真传》引《魏末传》）
清河长公主，名不详，夏侯楙之妻。（《三国志·魏书·夏侯惇传》引《魏略》）
临汾公主，名不详，疑为曹操女儿。（《三国志·魏书·司马芝传》）
兄弟
曹彬
曹德
亲族
在《三国志·魏书·诸夏侯曹传》中记载了八位曹氏和夏侯氏的曹操亲族，此八人均为曹操所重用，号称“八虎骑”。
夏侯惇字元让。其子：夏侯楙，字子林。
夏侯渊字妙才，夏侯惇从弟。其子：夏侯衡字伯权，夏侯霸字仲权，夏侯称字叔权，夏侯威字季权，夏侯荣字幼权，夏侯惠字稚权，夏侯和字义权。
曹仁字子孝，曹操从弟。
曹洪字子廉，曹操从弟。
曹纯字子和，曹仁之弟。
曹休字文烈，曹操从子。其子：曹肇字长思。
曹真字子丹，曹操从子。其子：曹爽字昭伯，曹羲，曹训。
夏侯尚字伯仁，夏侯渊从子。其子：夏侯玄字太初。
【选官标准】
东汉时期选拔官吏，被选用人既要有仁义孝悌等方面封建道德品质，也要有高贵的家世出身。曹操为维护和发展势力，让更多的人为自己的事业服务，不受上述标准限制，强调“唯才是举”。只要有才能，即使缺少封建道德品质、出身下层的人，他也注意提拔。从210年到217年，他先后下了三次“求贤令”，选拔和任用一些有才能的人。于禁和乐进，是曹操从士兵中提拔起来的大将；张辽和徐晃，是曹操从亡虏中选拔出来的大将。他们作为名将，辅佐曹操成就大业，均立有赫赫战功。被曹操任命为州牧和郡守的许多人，也都出身低微。
【文学成就】
曹操对文学、书法、音乐等都有深湛的修养。他的文学成就，主要表现在诗歌上，散文也很有特点。
曹操的诗歌，今存不足20篇，全部是乐府诗体。内容大体上可分三类。一类是关涉时事的，一类是以表述理想为主的，一类是游仙诗。太祖御军三十余年，手不舍书。书则讲武策，夜则思经传。登高必赋，及造新诗，被之管弦，皆成乐章。（《魏书》）上雅好诗书文籍，虽在军旅，手不释卷。每每定省，从容常言：人少好学，则思专，长则善忘；长大而能勤学者，唯吾与袁伯业耳。（《典论自叙》，袁伯业名遗，袁绍从兄。）曹公古直，甚有悲凉之句。（钟嵘《诗品》）
与时事有某种关联的作品有《薤露行》、《蒿里行》、《苦寒行》、《步出夏门行》等。《薤露行》、《蒿里行》二诗，作于建安初年。前一篇反映何进谋诛宦官事败，董卓入洛阳作乱；后一篇写关东各州郡兴兵讨卓，又各怀野心，互相杀伐，在内容上紧相承接。诗篇以简练的语言，高度概括地写出了这一段历史过程，因此被誉为“汉末实录，真诗史也”（钟惺《古诗归》）。尤其可贵的是，在《蒿里行》诗中他以同情的笔调，写出了广大人民在战乱中所罹的深重苦难：“铠甲生虮虱，万姓以死亡，白骨露于野，千里无鸡鸣，生民百遗一，念之断人肠。”《苦寒行》作于建安十一年，诗篇描写冬日太行山区的酷寒、荒芜、险峻，形象生动，同时也写出了诗人内心的复杂感受。《步出夏门行》作于建安十二年征三郡乌桓时。该诗包括“艳 ”（前奏）及四解。“艳”着重写了诗人出征时的复杂心情。一解“观沧海”，写进军途经碣石时的观感；二解“冬十月”、三解“河朔寒”，写归途中见闻；四解 “龟虽寿”，写取得了这场重要战役胜利后的思想活动。其中“观沧海”描写大海景象，“秋风萧瑟，洪波涌起，日月之行，若出其中；星汉灿烂，若出其里”，气势磅礴，格调雄放，映衬出诗人包容宇宙、吞吐日月的阔大胸怀。“龟虽寿”以一系列生动的比喻，表达诗人对人生及事业的看法：“老骥伏枥，志在千里，烈士暮年，壮心不已”。这是诗人贯彻终生的积极进取精神的真实表白。
以表述理想为主的诗歌有《度关山》、《对酒》、《短歌行》等。前两篇写诗人的政治理想。他设想的太平盛世是儒法兼采、恩威并用的贤君良臣政治。这在汉末社会大破坏的现实背景下，无疑是具有进步意义的。《短歌行》的主题是求贤，以“山不厌高，水不厌深，周公吐哺，天下归心”等诗句，来抒发求贤若渴，广纳人才，以冀成其大业的心情。
游仙诗有《气出唱》、《秋胡行》等。曹操是不信方士神仙之说的，所以他写这些诗当别有所寄，不能据此把他与秦皇、汉武的求仙等量齐观。
在艺术风格上，曹操诗歌朴实无华、不尚藻饰。它们以感情深挚、气韵沉雄取胜。在诗歌情调上，则以慷慨悲凉为其特色。慷慨悲凉，这本来是建安文学的共同基调，不过在曹操的诗中，它表现得最为典型，最为突出。在诗歌体裁上，曹操的乐府诗并不照搬汉乐府成规，而是有所发展。如《薤露行》、《蒿里行》，在汉乐府中都是挽歌，他却运用旧题抒写了全新的内容。曹操开创了以乐府写时事的传统，影响深远。建安作家以及从南北朝直到唐代的许多诗人，他们拟作的大量乐府诗，都可以说是这一传统的继承和发扬。
曹操的散文多是应用性文字，大致可分表、令、书三大类。其代表作有《请追增郭嘉封邑表》、《让县自明本志令》、《与王修书》、《祀故太尉桥玄文》等。这些文字的共同特点是质朴浑重、率真流畅，写出了曹操的独特声口。如《让县自明本志令》，自述大半生奋斗经历，分析当时形势，剖析自己的心志，其“设使国家无有孤，不知当几人称帝，几人称王”等语，写得极其坦率而有气魄。从东汉以来，散文出现了骈化的趋势，至汉末而渐显；一般散文作者开始讲求对偶、注重用典。而曹操以其平易自如、质实明练的文体，在当时独树一帜。鲁迅曾称赞曹操是“改造文章的祖师 ”（《魏晋风度及文章与药及酒之关系》）。
曹操在文学上的功绩，还表现在他对建安文学（见建安七子）所起的建设性作用上，建安文学能够在长期战乱、社会残破的背景下得以勃兴，同他的重视和推动是分不开的。刘勰在论述建安文学繁荣原因时，就曾指出“魏武以相王之尊，雅爱诗章”（《文心雕龙时序》）。事实上，建安时期的主要作家，无不同他有密切关系。曹丕、曹植是他的儿子，“七子”及蔡琰等，也都托庇于他的荫护。可以说，“邺下文人集团”就是在他提供的物质条件基础上形成的；而他们的创作，也是在他的倡导影响下进行的。
曹操著述，据清姚振宗《三国艺文志》考证，有《魏武帝集》30卷录1卷、《兵书》13卷等十余种，然多已亡佚，今存者唯《孙子注》。明代张溥辑散见诗、文等145篇为《魏武帝集》，收入《汉魏六朝百三家集》中。丁福保《汉魏六朝名家集》中也有《魏武帝集》，所收作品略多于张溥辑本。1959年，中华书局据丁福保本，稍加整理补充，增入《孙子注》，又附入《魏志;武帝纪》、《曹操年表》等，重新排印为《曹操集》。
【曹操名诗】
短歌行（二首）
其一
对酒当歌，人生几何？
譬如朝露，去日苦多。
慨当以慷，忧思难忘。
何以解忧？唯有杜康。
青青子衿，悠悠我心。
但为君故，沈吟至今。
呦呦鹿鸣，食野之苹。
我有嘉宾，鼓瑟吹笙。
明明如月，何时可掇？
忧从中来，不可断绝。
越陌度阡，枉用相存。
契阔谈讌，心念旧恩。
月明星稀，乌鹊南飞，
绕树三匝，何枝可依？
山不厌高，海不厌深。
周公吐哺，天下归心。
其二
周西伯昌，怀此圣德。
三分天下，而有其二。
修奉贡献，臣节不隆。
崇侯谗之，是以拘系。
后见赦原，赐之斧钺，得使征伐。
为仲尼所称，达及德行，
犹奉事殷，论叙其美。
齐桓之功，为霸之首。
九合诸侯，一匡天下。
一匡天下，不以兵车。
正而不谲，其德传称。
孔子所叹，并称夷吾，民受其恩。
赐与庙胙，命无下拜。
小白不敢尔，天威在颜咫尺。
晋文亦霸，躬奉天王。
受赐圭瓒，〔禾巨〕鬯彤弓，
卢弓矢千，虎贲三百人。
威服诸侯，师之所尊。
八方闻之，名亚齐桓。
河阳之会，诈称周王，是其名纷葩。
注：“讌”字或可同为“宴”字，不同版本的字不一样
观沧海
东临碣石，以观沧海。
水何澹澹，山岛竦峙。
树木丛生，百草丰茂。
秋风萧瑟，洪波涌起。
日月之行，若出其中；
星汉灿烂，若出其里。
幸甚至哉！歌以咏志。
（作于建安十二年秋）
步出夏门行·龟虽寿
神龟虽寿，犹有竟时。
腾蛇乘雾，终为土灰。
老骥伏枥，志在千里；
烈士暮年，壮心不已。
盈缩之期，不但在天；
养怡之福，可得永年。
幸甚至哉！歌以咏志。
苦寒行
北上太行山，艰哉何巍巍！
羊肠坂诘屈，车轮为之摧。
树木何萧瑟，北风声正悲！
熊罴对我蹲，虎豹夹路啼。
溪谷少人民，雪落何霏霏！
延颈长叹息，远行多所怀。
我心何怫郁？思欲一东归。
水深桥梁绝，中路正徘徊。
迷惑失故路，薄暮无宿栖。
行行日已远，人马同时饥。
担囊行取薪，斧冰持作糜。
悲彼《东山》诗，悠悠令我哀。
薤露行
惟汉廿二世，所任诚不良。
沐猴而冠带，知小而谋疆。
犹豫不敢断，因狩执君王。
白虹为贯日，己亦先受殃。
贼臣持国柄，杀主灭宇京。
荡覆帝基业，宗庙以燔丧。
播越西迁移，号泣而且行。
瞻彼洛城郭，微子为哀伤。
蒿里行
关东有义士，兴兵讨群凶。
初期会盟津，乃心在咸阳。
军合力不齐，踌躇而雁行。
势利使人争，嗣还自相戕。
淮南弟称号，刻玺于北方。
铠甲生虮虱，万姓以死亡。
白骨露于野，千里无鸡鸣。
生民百遗一，念之断人肠。
度关山
天地间，人为贵。
立君牧民，为之轨则。
车辙马迹，经纬四极。
黜陟幽明，黎庶繁息。
於铄贤圣，总统邦域。
封建五爵，井田刑狱。
有燔丹书，无普赦赎。
皋陶甫侯，何有失职？
嗟哉后世，改制易律。
劳民为君，役赋其力。
舜漆食器，畔者十国，
不及唐尧，采椽不斫。
世叹伯夷，欲以厉俗。
侈恶之大，俭为共德。
许由推让，岂有讼曲？
兼爱尚同，疏者为戚。
【曹操赞诗】
邺中歌
邺则邺城水漳水，定有异人从此起。
雄谋韵事与文心，君臣兄弟而父子。
英雄未有俗胸中，出没岂随人眼底？
功首罪魁非两人，遗臭流芳本一身。
文章有神霸有气，岂能苟尔化为群？
横流筑台距太行，气与理势相低昂。
安有斯人不作逆，小不为霸大不王？
霸王降作儿女鸣，无可奈何中不平。
向帐明知非有益，分香未可谓无情。
呜呼！
古人作事无巨细，寂寞豪华皆有意。
书生轻议冢中人，冢中笑尔书生气！
【双调】蟾宫曲
阿鲁威
问人间谁是英雄，有酾酒临江，横槊曹公。
紫盖黄旗，多应借得，赤壁东风。
更惊起南阳卧龙，便成名八阵图中。
鼎足三分，一分西蜀，一分江东。
【史书评论】
史书评论曹操：“明略最优”，“清平之奸贼，乱世之英雄” （《后汉书·许劭传》，裴松之注引孙盛《异同杂语》作“治世之能臣，乱世之奸雄”） 。著名的《让县自明本志令》作于建安十五年（210)，尽皆妄语。曹操感性地说：“使天下无有孤，不知当几人称帝，几人称王。” 此乃欺人之谈， 如果没有曹操，亦有袁绍刘备之流可以统一北方。
长篇历史小说《三国演义》里面，从黎民百姓的角度出发，表现出明显的贬曹笔法。但由于《三国志》写于晋朝， 为了表明晋朝的正统，因此《三国志》对他的评价，是魏蜀吴三国君主之中最高者，陈寿评价曹操为“汉末，天下大乱，雄豪并起，而袁绍虎视四州，强盛莫敌。太祖运筹演谋，鞭挞宇内，揽申、商之法术，该韩、白之奇策，官方授材，各因其器，矫情任算，不念旧恶，终能总御皇机，克成洪业者，惟其明略最优也。抑可谓非常之人，超世之杰矣。”曹操唯才是举，军事上战术战略灵活多变。他对东汉末年中国北方的统一，经济生产的恢复和社会秩序的维系有着重大贡献。在内政方面，曹操创立屯田制，命令不用打仗的士兵下田耕作，减轻了东汉末年战时的粮食问题。
【众人评说】
许劭：清平之奸贼，乱世之英雄。——《后汉书》 （裴松之注引孙盛《异同杂语》作“治世之能臣，乱世之奸雄”）
陈寿：“汉末，天下大乱，雄豪并起，而袁绍虎摉四州，强盛莫敌。太祖运筹演谋，鞭挞宇内，揽申、商之法术，该韩、白之奇策，官方授材，各因其器，矫情任算，不念旧恶，终能总御皇机，克成洪业者，惟其明略最优也。抑可谓非常之人，超世之杰矣。”——《三国志》
孙权评价曹操：“其惟杀伐小为过差，离间人骨肉以为酷耳，御将自古少有。”
王沈：太祖御军三十余年，手不舍书。书则讲武策，夜则思经传。登高必赋，及造新诗，被之管弦，皆成乐章。——《魏书》
钟嵘：曹公古直，甚有悲凉之句。——《诗品》
裴松之评价曹操：“历观古今书籍所载，贪残虐烈无道之臣，于操为甚。”——《三国志（注）》
唐太宗说曹操：“临危制变，料敌设奇，一将之智有余，万乘之才不足。”
唐玄宗常自称“阿瞒”。
元稹评价曹操：“曹瞒篡乱从此始。”——《董逃行》
王安石赞曹操：“青山为浪入漳州，铜雀台西八九丘。蝼蚁往还空垄亩，麒麟埋没几春秋。名盖世知谁是，气力回天到此休。何必地中馀故物，魏公诸子分衣裘。”
刘知几评价曹操：“罪百田常，祸于王莽。”——《史通·探赜》
鲁迅说：“曹操至少是一个英雄。”
往事越千年，魏武挥鞭，东临碣石有遗篇。
——毛泽东诗词
易中天说曹操：聪明透顶、愚不可及，狡猾奸诈、坦率真诚，豁达大度、疑神疑鬼，宽宏大量、心胸狭窄。
大家风范、小人嘴脸，英雄气派、儿女情怀，阎王脾气、菩萨心肠。
体现出大气，将各种脸溶于一身。
曹操的遗嘱“分香卖履，留恋妾妇”体现出曹操的大气与自负，就不谈国家大事，不说豪言壮语，就说些小事，你们把我怎么样，你们说我是小人就是小人又怎样，我曹操就是曹操，我才不在乎你们怎样评价我呢。我就是这样的人。
“惟大英雄能本色，是真名士自风流。”
有些客套不想做也要做，因为这是程序，即使有悖自己的性格也要做。
如果是因为一些小事讽刺我一下，我就哈哈大笑，算了。但若是反对我的政治路线，却是不能容忍的。
同名歌曲“曹操”道：“独自走下长坂坡，月光太温柔，曹操不罗嗦，一心要拿荆州。用阴谋、阳谋、明说、暗夺、谈薄……”虽只是歌词，但却道出曹操的为事业而不择手段，被传唱大江南北。
【历史功绩】
曹操在北方屯田，兴修水利，解决了军粮缺乏的问题，对农业生产恢复有一定作用；用人唯才，打破世族门第观念，罗致地主阶级中下层人物，抑制豪强，加强集权。所统治的地区社会经济得到恢复和发展。精于兵法，著《孙子略解》、《兵书接要》等书。善诗歌，《蒿里行》、《观沧海》等抒发自己的政治抱负，并反映汉末人民苦难生活，气魄雄伟，慷慨悲凉，他在政治上的功绩亦是不凡的。
曹操统一北方的积极作用。前已叙及，东汉王朝后期，由于政治黑暗，社会生产遭到严重破坏，人民无法生活，终于爆发了轰轰烈烈的黄巾大起义。但在当时的历史条件下，农民起义不可能取得最终的胜利，继之而来的是东汉王朝的解体和军阀混战。在混战中，不仅董卓、李傕等凉州军阀到处屠杀人民，抢劫财物，就是打着勤王旗号的东方将领也“纵兵钞掠”。因而普遍出现了“民人相食，州里萧条”的荒凉景象。这种情况的造成，除了应当归罪于东汉王朝的反动统治外，镇压农民起义和破坏社会生产的军阀，自然也是不可饶恕的罪首。但相对的说，各军阀之间，毕竟还是有所差别的。拿曹操来说，他虽然镇压过农民起义和滥杀过无辜人民，但从他在政治、军事、经济各方面的表现来看，他比被他消灭的那些军阀还是胜过一筹的。比如他推行屯田，兴修水利，实行盐铁官卖制度，对社会经济的恢复和经济的整顿起了积极作用。
曹操一开始走上仕途就试图用比较严格的法律改变当时权豪横行的情况。但由于祸害根子在中央，操无法施展自己的意图。到他自己掌握政权以后，才得全面推行抑制豪强的法治政策。他说：“夫刑，百姓之命也”；“拨乱之政，以刑为先”。他起用王修、司马芝、杨沛、吕虔、满宠、贾逵等地方官吏，抑制不法豪强。如果把袁绍和曹操在冀州先后推行的治术加以比较，就可以看出两种不同的情况：“汉末政失于宽，绍以宽济宽，故不摄”。在袁绍的宽纵政策下，“使豪强擅恣、亲戚兼并，下民贫弱，代出租赋，炫鬻家财，不足应命”。这样，自然不能使“百姓亲附，甲兵强盛”。所以袁绍虽地较大、兵较多、粮较足，终为操所败。操得冀州后，立即“重豪强兼并之法”，因而收到了比较能使“百姓喜悦”的效果。司马光说操“化乱为治”，并非无据。而且操用人不重虚誉，他选用的官员要“明达法理”，能行法治。操还提倡廉洁，他用崔琰、毛玠掌管选举，“其所举用，皆清正之士，虽于时有盛名而行不由本者，终莫得进。务以俭率人，由是天下之士莫不以廉节自励，虽贵宠之臣，舆服不敢过度”。于是社会风气有所好转。
与推行法治政策相辅而行的是操力图集权于己，不容许臣下有结党行为。他下令说：“今清时，但当尽忠于国，效力王事，虽私结好于他人，用千匹绢，万石谷，犹无所益”。操为了监视群臣，设置“校事”。这件事受到大臣反对，认为“非居上信下之旨”。操对此加以解释说：“要能刺举而办众事，使贤人君子为之，则不能也”。所谓“贤人君子”，主要指世家大臣，他们累世为官，枝连叶附，名望和势力很大。操对之一方面不能不加以笼络，使之居上位而不予实权；一方面也利用出身微贱的校事来检查他们的行动。至于这样做有无必要呢？我们可以用日后孙权的话来回答。孙权说：“长文（陈群字）之徒，昔所以能守善者，以操笮其头，畏操成严，故竭心尽意，不敢为非”。孙权也仿效操设校事一职，可知在当时情况下，设置监视大臣行动的校事，以防汉末和袁绍集团内大臣结党拉派的重演，还是不无道理的。从曹魏政权的内部结构看，世家大臣最多，潜在的危险也较重。曹操为自身及子孙计，设置校事以伺察大臣，虽有些苛刻和搞权术，但不这样，是难以制服他们的。史称：“曹公性严，掾属公事，往往加杖”。操还令诸将家属居邺，以防其叛己外逃，都是操与属下存在着隔阂与矛盾的反映。
总起来看，黄河流域在曹操统治下，政治有一定程度的清明，经济逐步恢复，阶级压迫稍有减轻，社会风气有所好转。所以我们说操之统一北方及其相应采取的一些措施还是具有积极作用的。
【曹操的故事】
曹操的正室妻子卞氏，原本是倡家，即汉代专门从事音乐歌舞的乐人家庭（后唐代演变成娼妓的代名词，但汉代只是指艺人），后来与曹操成婚，建安初年丁夫人被废，卞夫人成为曹操的正妻。曹丕继位后尊其为皇太后，曹叡继位后尊其为太皇太后。
出身虽差，人品极好，做人非常地低调，
她生的儿子
1：魏文帝曹丕
2：武功极好的曹彰
3：曹植（七步诗听说过吧，非常有才华的诗人）
4；萧怀王曹熊
那个社会都很讲名份的，讲究出生地位的，而曹操更注重人品
曹操在打仗的时候，总是缴获一些，珠宝，珍宝，古玩，首饰，他带回家以后，曹操会把这些东西先交给卞夫人去挑选，因为她是夫人，正妻，每次卞夫人都挑一个中等水平的首饰啊，珠宝这类，哎，这曹操就奇怪了，就问她说：我经过观察发现，你每次啊，不挑最好的，也不挑最差的，你就挑个中等的，什么原因呢，卞夫人说：挑最好的，叫贪婪，挑最差的，叫虚伪，我挑中等的，（这是非常实在的一种说法）曹操很欣赏
官渡之战之后，曹操缴获了袁绍大量的图书，资料，文件，书信，就发现其中有自己的人写给袁绍的信，按照一般人的反应，这是通敌的证据，这是背叛的证据，应该把它拿出来，一个一个按图索骥，把那些叛徒，把那些二心的，把那些动摇份子都给我揪出来，而曹操没有。曹操发现这些一堆书信，看都不看，立即下令，全部烧毁，曹操做得很漂亮，当时很多人不理解，就问曹操，为什么把这么重要的证据都毁掉了，因为曹操很清楚，他是以弱胜强，老实说，自己心里都没底，何况大家呢，这勾结袁绍又不是一个二个，三个五个，可能是几十个，上百个，这都清算不过来，何必要清算呢，这个人情，曹操做得很好，曹操当着全部人的面把这些证明全部烧毁，让大家放心，跟着曹某，只要衷诚，以前的事我不知道。
曹操很会装糊涂，装糊涂才能宽容人，宽容人才能得人心，得人心才能得天下。
Wei established, Cao Cao the title of "Emperor Wu", Temple name "Taejo."
【Details】
Cao Cao Cao Teng grandfather served in the office when the Han Emperor Huan, labeled charges Tinghou. Cao Song of the name is said Jaap de Hoop father, son, and after a change of surname inheritance Cao Teng Marquis. Cao Cao nickname A hiding, Geely, Guer have evaded the said Cao A. Young wit police Min Cao Cao during a random weigh responses, and self-willed good Xia, indulgent, do not cultivate character, not research studies, so that nobody will think he has any special skills, only the bridge Leung Yuen and others that he was not extraordinary, Joe Andrew on Cao Cao said: "The world will be chaotic, non-life world of before and can not have, to security of person, and its ruler peace!" Nanyang He Yong said to him: "Han camp will die, On the world who , will the people! "Hsu Shao, the word child will be to Appreciating known, he had on Cao Cao said:" Jun Qingping the traitor, the chaos Hero "(this according to" post-Han Xu Shao Chuan "s Annotations Reply Sun Sheng "Words of similarities and differences" and "Three Kingdoms" to "Successful Ruling that it can sub-Chen, Taiwan Jian Xiong also troubled times.") Han Dynasty in 184 AD Yellow Turban uprising revealed Tau Kok, after being sealed the West Park eight XiaoWei one of the world participated in the war lords crusade against Dong Zhuo. Dong Zhuo's death, to develop their own forces, vertical and horizontal turbulent, Civil war, has defeated Lu Bu, Yuan Shu, and accepted the surrender of Zhang Xiu. In October 200 AD, Cao Cao in Guandu (today Zhongmu County Northeast) to win with fewer troops defeat Hebei Yuan Shao 100 000, AD 201 booths in store (now the County of Northeast Henan Province) Yuan Shao again break ranks, and in AD 207 December three prefectures Wuhuan Northern Expedition, the total eradication of the remnants of the Yuan, the basic unity of the Central Plains. 208 AD, became prime minister Han regime. In July AD 208, Cao Cao Nanzheng Jingzhou, Liu Biao, in December at the Red Cliff Liu and Sun fighting coalition forces, defeat. In July AD 211, Cao Cao defeated by Ma Chao led expedition headed off in the armies, and build the basis of the Wei. In 212 AD, then beat Zhang Lu in Hanzhong, thus, the basic shape Three Kingdoms trend. In 213 AD, Emperor Xian of Han Xi consider the canonization of Cao Cao sent royal doctor to the king and, in the establishment of Wei Ye City Palace Dongjak station, enjoy the emperor of the system, access to "Yasukuni is not the name of the sword to fulfill Shangdian" the supreme power. AD 220, Cao Cao died in Luoyang, the age of 66, posthumous title of "King Wu", after the death of buried gaoling. Cao Cao's life is not proclaimed himself emperor, after he died, Cao Pi succeeded to the throne shortly after the emperor, recovery posthumous title of "Emperor Wu."
Cao Cao in the North Fangtun Tian, building water conservancy projects, solve the problem the lack of rations, the recovery of agricultural production have a certain effect; meritocratic, recruit in the lower rungs of the landlord class, inhibit the despotic, to strengthen centralized. Areas dominated by socio-economic recovery and development. Elite law, a "strategic solution grandson," "Bingshu access to", "Meng book" and other books. Good poetry, "Artemisia in line", "View of the sea" and other poems, to express their political aspirations, and reflect the suffering of the Late Han people live, courage magnificent, generous desolation. Prose is clean and pure. Author of "Weiwu set."
The first year of the beginning level, and the brightest generals elected as chief and Yuan Shao's family celebrated the West to discuss Dong Zhuo. But the general dismal of tension, the volunteer army failed. Cao Cao in the battle, first to see the sworn enemy of the future - Liu Bei.
Level three years early, Dong Zhuo as Wang Yun, Lu Bu killed. The two men has been Zhuo Li Jue, Guo Si by then. Emperor Xian Sheng Luan Chang escaped with a public minister, but was Li, Guo two are pursuing. The acceptance of Cao Cao Xun Yu, CHENG Yu the meeting and meet the Emperor Xian to Xuchang. From Cao Cao started to embrace the emperor to the nobility.
Later, Cao Cao to Emperor Xian name conquests. Has put down Kanto, in the vicinity. While Liu Bei has become subordinates. Next, Cao Cao will have to face his old friend - Yuan Shao.
【Description】 life
Zhongping five years (188), Emperor Ling of Han to consolidate his rule, setting the West Park 8 XiaoWei, Cao Cao was appointed because of their family background in the Code of Military eight XiaoWei XiaoWei.
Zhongping six years (189), Western Liang Dong Zhuo entered the provincial governor of Luoyang, waste Shao Di, Li Emperor Xian Liu agreement, then kill Empress and Shaodi, claiming Grand Preceptor, nose at affairs of state. See Cao Cao Dong Zhuo perverse, do not want to work with, then Gaiyi name escaped Capital Luoyang (Henan Luoyang Northeast today).
After Cao Cao to chenliu, "Distribution of Household, yi soldiers." Organized a 5000-strong army, ready to crusade against Dong Zhuo.
Dong Zhuo Kanto armies, called to discuss the actual respective dismal, intended to seize opportunities to develop their own forces. Soon, the friction between the various armed services, mutual Rush.
Level three years early, Stuart Wang Yun and Lu Bu to kill Dong Chang'an work out a scheme, the Department will Dong Li Jue, Guo Si and other captured Chang'an, killing Wang Yun, Lu Bu attack, was also caught off the war. Is, the gun Mushou the far side of the formation of splintering of the situation.
Three years of the early level, Green Island Yellow Turban army major was the development of Crack Yanzhou county, provincial governor array cut Yanzhou Liu Dai. Economy such as the North with a letter welcoming Martin Yanzhou Mu Cao Cao Ren. Xinhe Bao Cao Cao and the military attack on the Yellow Turbans. Martin believed killed. Cao Cao "set Qi Fu, day and night battle", finally defeated the Yellow Turbans. By Jiang Zu three dozen million people over a hundred million. Cao Cao received its elite, composed of military, No. "Qingzhou troops."
Emperor Xian Chu Ping four years (193) fall into the Bing Cao Cao Xuzhou (rule Tan, this Tancheng), expansion of forces to the southeast. Tao Qian Mu Tan County, Xuzhou retreat. Cao rations will do soon, withdrew back to the military. Summer next year, Cao Cao and then sign in Xuzhou, a little way to the East China Sea. Xuzhou Zheng Cao Cao during the killing spree had along the way "towards each other is doing, Hui Yap nothing as pedestrian."
Has participated in the Battle of Dong Liu-discussed prefect Zhang Miao and Chen Gong Ministry of Cao Cao Cao Cao dissatisfied then betrayed Cao, Ying Lu Bu as Yanzhou grazing. Lu Bu was famous for the first Ministry to Dong Zhuo, Wang Yun fixed account with Heaven's Dong.
There were only Juan City (now part of Shandong) and the Fan District, Ōita (now Shandong Fanxian Southeast), East Azerbaijan (now Shandong Yanggu northeast) counties still in the hands of Cao Cao, Xun Yu by Sima and jiushouzhang make CHENG Yu, Dong Prefecture Xiahou Dun, etc. stick to the situation critical exception. Cao Cao from Xuzhou back, I heard that Lu Bu Tun Yu Puyang, Puyang then into the siege. Second, the military stalemate over a hundred days, a large plague of locusts, the two sides cease-fire, Cao Cao's army is also Juan City.
Xingping years (195) in summer, the whole army battles Cao Cao Lu Bu, in Juye (now Shandong Juye South) big break Lu Bu Jun, Liu Bei Lu Bu fled to seek refuge in Xuzhou.
Cao Cao from the Liu-two years to raise an army to Xingping Lu Bu, Zhang Miao out of Yanzhou, after six years of operation, and finally have their own piece of base. Cao Cao raise an army at the beginning, only a few thousand people as Ōita Prefecture around some of his own clan after another recruit, such as home-steps despotic landlords join themselves to their own soldiers, after the Yellow Turban army defeated Green Island also received the composition of its elite "Qingzhou troops." Thus, there has been a considerable combat of Cao Cao's army. Base and the armed forces, Cao Cao is the basic condition to succeed.
Emperor Xian Liu Society from robbery to be Dong Chang'an and has been in the back and forth into. Jian first year in July, Emperor Xian finally returned to Luoyang, Luoyang rebellion by Dong Zhuo, is in ruins. Baiguan no place to live, "Phi thorns, between the wall according to Hill," Luoyang no food, "gun, the owner strong soldiers, and appointed not to lose, Qunliao lack hunger, Shangshu Lang the following from the adoption of Lv, or hunger Death on walls. "
As early as the beginning of level three (192), Cao Cao's advisers Mao Jie Cao Cao on the proposed "that no minister Fengtian, Cultivation and livestock for Military Use" of the strategic recommendations, Cao deep that is. First year in August Jian, Cao Cao pro to an audience with Emperor Xian Luoyang. Hsu then moved the capital to hostage handi County (now in Henan Xuchang Dong). Since then, Cao Cao made "depending on the emperor to the nobility of" advantage. It is a great Cao Cao political success. Been called the great general Cao Cao, Wu Ping Hou. Between the Han and Wei, social production has been badly damaged, a major famine. During this period, the food supply as the biggest problem of all military blocs, because of inadequate rations were invincible since broken innumerable.
The first year of Jian, Cao Cao, who only dates men to adopt the recommendations, the use of materials seized by the Yellow Turbans break in the promised raise people Farming, then that is the great fruit, have millions of cups of grain. So Cao Cao ordered field officers in the gun set up, set up Tuntian. Farming group has effectively solved the food problem Cao Cao, so Cao Cao, said: "So then after the field, with plenty States, destroy destroy inverse, g be the world."
Through the above two measures, Cao ruled areas of agricultural production was quickly restored. This is Cao Cao's a great economic success.
Welcome Emperor Xian, moved the capital to Xu Cao Cao and the restoration of agricultural production is an important condition for the success of the two.
Starting from the Kin years, Cao Cao used his "embrace the emperor to the nobility of" the political advantage, conquests, and began his scissors off the pack, unified northern war.
That time, in the north of Cao Cao, a possession of Hebei, and, You, Yuan Shao Qing four states; the south, is occupied Yuan Shu in Yangzhou; southeast, is occupied Xuzhou Lu Bu; due south, is occupied Jingzhou Liu Biao; the west, is relations in the Zhu Jiang. In addition, the Ministry Dong nephew of Zhang Xiu Zhang economy after the surrender of Liu Biao, cantonments in Wan County (now in Nanyang, Henan), are a threat to the promise.
Jian three years (198) in September, Cao Dongzheng Xuzhou, attack enemies with his long-Riboud. Cao offensive in under Lu Bu centrifugal forces up and down, in December, Lu Bu, Wei added, Song Xian and other advisers Chen Gong clique are surrendering and captured Lu Bu Cao Cao. Riboud saw the hopeless situation, the next city to surrender. Cao Cao will be Lu Bu, Chen Gong death, to close down Lu Bu will Zang Ba, Sun and others view the initial control of Xuzhou.
At the time, is the most powerful warlords Yuan Shao. Cao Cao pre-arranged order in the potential impact of Qingzhou Zang Ba, who scored Qingzhou, occupation Qi (Shandong Linzi this rule), the North Sea (south-east of Shouguang, Shandong this rule), etc., to consolidate the right-wing; they ordered a large army of the Yellow River will be banned Tuen South Bank, monitoring Yuan army. Soon, Zhang Xiu Shi Jia Xu follow the plan and the plan for surrender of the devil rejoicing, thanks to Zhang Xiu Yang Wu for the general, lifting the worry. December that year, Cao Cao led his army from the Tun Yu Guandu (today Zhongmu North), ready to attack the Yuan Shao.
After the death of Liu Bei Tao Qian in Xuzhou, animal husbandry, animal husbandry, once served as Xuzhou, Xuzhou, after being captured Lü Bu, Cao Cao Liu Bei defected. Liu Bei and Cao Cao that was a hero, he has the table Yuzhou animal husbandry, left general. Cao Cao captured near Xuzhou, Huainan Yuan Shu fled to Green Island to prepare according to Yuan Shao, Cao Cao sent Liu Bei to intercept. Jian five years the first month, Dong Cheng Cao Cao, who seek something punish leaks, killed by Cao Cao. Liu Bei then Xi Sha Tsui prefectural governor car helmet, take Xuzhou.
Yuan Shao Cao Cao in order from the future battle with the enemy before and after the subject, decided to eliminate weak footing of Liu Bei in Xuzhou. Are afraid that when Zhu Jiang Xu Yuan Shao took the opportunity to attack all, this well-thought-Cao Cao, said: "Liu Bei, outstanding personality, all this does not blow, there must be troubles. Yuan Shao although ambition, but see things late, she will not have." Then march to lightning speed break Liu Bei, Liu Bei flee Yuan Shao.
August, Yuan Shao army camp and even into, something dozens of years, according to the sand for the Tuen, advancing Guandu. Cao Cao divide our forces adhere to camp, waiting in the wings. Yuan army stormed to Cao Ying, first for high-oars, from the earth mountains, from archery to the Cao Ying Chinese, followed by tunneling, like to attack from the ground Cao Ying, Cao Cao, with appropriate measures are being destroyed one by one. A military attack on defense, stalemate in recent months. Jiuzhan under Cao Cao very difficult circumstances.
October, Yuan Shao shipped from Hebei fodder thousand vehicles, such as sending generals Chunyu Qiong guard with a thousand people, Tun Yu Yuan Shao Camp forty miles away from the nests. Just to vote this time Cao Cao Yuan Shao advisers Xu You, gave to attack Cao Cao nests. Cao Cao was overjoyed, personally led a crack Buji 5000 people catch the overnight attack Wuchao small way. Cao Cao's forces to Wuchao, lives surrounded by fire, Yuan Jun chaos, Chunyu Qiong resist sticking camp. Yuan Shao had heard about, and hurried to send troops to save the grant, Cao Cao so see "'Thieves ride a little close, please divide our forces to resist the.' Parade anger, saying: 'thief in the back, is white!' His soldiers are desperate battle, then big destructible, chopped King, etc. do burned their fodder. " When Yuan Shao Cao Cao attacks Wuchao when I heard that this is defeated Cao Cao's a good opportunity for big business, so the reinforcements sent to small and big business to massive siege of Cao Cao. However, Cao Ying has not broken, lost information has been transmitted Wuchao, Yuan army defeated and dispersed, generals Zhang He Hu, who surrendered to Cao Cao. Yuan Shao fled back to the Yellow River north of the abandoned military. So Cao victory, seven thousand beheading level, to make books by Yuan Jun baggage treasures. Cao Yuan Shao Shuxin inventory, get their subordinates letter addressed to Yuan Shao, the best burn, said: "When the presentations of the strong, solitary still can not protect themselves, while the status of almost everyone!"
From the objective conditions, said Cao Cao of the disadvantaged, but because he is able to analyze the objective conditions, good at listening to the views of other people's right, they are able to exceed and use the correct strategy and tactics, the war to help transform their area, through their own subjective The effort finally won.
Guandu war, the greatest enemy of Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao, he unified the north is the general trend.
Jian years, Yuan Shao died, the two sons of Yuan Tan Yuan Shao, Yuán Shàng discord, fights happen. Yuan Tan lost to Yuán Shàng, beg to surrender to Cao Cao.
Nine in February Jian, Cao Cao Yuan Tan by Yuán Shàng troops to attack the machine, enter the besieged city of Ye. Yuán Shàng led his army back to rescue, according to Fu River water (this Fuyang River) to camp, Cao Cao go flat into its surrounding. Yuán Shàng fear, the request to surrender, Cao Cao allowed. Yuán Shàng catch the overnight flight, Yuan Jun collapsing. Yuán Shàng flee Zhongshan (now Henan province). Cao Cao ordered the official seal holding seized Yuán Shàng section Yue Ye City defenders summon somebody to surrender, the collapse of the city fighting. Cao Ye City was thus defeated. Second year of the first month, the name of Cao Cao Youyi break one's promise, Gongmieyuantan, Jizhou put down. So Cao Cao to also Yanzhou animal husbandry, or switched to Jizhou.
Yuan Shangbing defeat, the prefectural governor Yuan Xi flee quiet. Soon, Yuán Shàng, dating from the Wei Yuan Xi then flee Wuhuan.
Jian years, Cao Cao Yuan to root out remnants, also dating from the Wei to solve the problem of harmful Wuhuan into the plug and decided expedition Wuhuan. Han Dynasty, western Liaoning, eastern Liaoning, Peking third districts Wuhuan the right combination for the third districts Wuhuan, its leader for the western Liao Ta Dun. Third districts Wuhuan and Yuan relations have been good, and repeated intrusions border, captive population of property. May that year, Cao Cao personally led a force to reach no end (now Hebei Jixian). When is the rainy season, water road, "traveling light barrier, deep contained no boats." Cao Cao who Tianchou the meeting never end, change from a long-cut, but "there are micro-trail to find" the line of march. In Tianchou under the guidance of Deng Xu Cao Cao army no mountain (now Yutian North), a Lulong Cyprus (now Hebei xifengkou vicinity), "Cutting Five hundred years mountain valley dam", pointing Wuhuan nest liucheng (now Liaoning Chaoyang South). Cao Jin to less than 200 years from liucheng, the Wuhuan discovered, so Tadun and Yuán Shàng, Yuan Xi, who rates of tens of thousands of cavalry engaged. In August, the second-met, when Cao baggage emphasis, the "Pi Jia, few," and the frantic enemy military forces. Cao Cao climb Lookout, see the enemy are numerous, but the battle is not the whole, Sui Ming generals Air / as forward, by slightly moving the machine enemy position, stormed to the enemy. Wuhuan military chaos, Cao array cut Tadun, victory, Hu, Han drop by more than 20 million, Yuán Shàng, who flee the state of Kung-sun Kang Ping separatism. At this time, Cao Cao was advised the momentum onslaught Gongsun Kang (Cao Guo Jia listen to the views of advisers, said: "I still get cut side to make Hong, Hee-first, do not bother soldiers also." Teacher then led his army also. Soon, Gong Sun Kang indeed beheaded Yuán Shàng, Yuan Xi, Xian and Cao Cao and his heads. Zhujiang confused, Cao Cao, said: "He is still afraid of such factors, I was also argued that a priority, delay of the Zixiang map, however its potential is also . "Thus, Cao Cao defeated third districts Wuhuan, but also completely eliminate the Yuan forces. In the same year due to inability to adapt to Guo Jia, bad weather, day and night emergency line overworked, in the North go before Cao Cao died, and beheaded Yuán Shàng Gong Sun Kang, Hee King of the compound in Guo Jia.) According to the Three Kingdoms Weishu Wu Tai Chi speed records in Liaodong Chanyu servant pills and western Liaoning, Beijing Zhu Hao, abandoned his race, and yet, Liaodong Ben Xi, Xi there are thousands of riding. The beginning of Liaodong prefect Gongsun Hong rely far refused to accept. And public break Karasuma, or that the sign of the public then, can birds are still brothers. Male said: "I still get cut side to make Hong, Hee-first, do not bother soldiers carry on." In September, the public led his troops from liucheng also, that cut is still Kang, Hee and speed servant balls, passes its first. Zhu Jiang, or asked: "Public health also and still get cut, hee, Why?" Male said: "He is still afraid of such factors, I was also argued that a priority, delay of the Zixiang map, its potential is also natural." in November to the Yi River, Dai Jun Karasuma line Chanyu General Fu Lu, kamigori Karasuma line Chanyu that floor, the king to celebrate his name. Not from the strategy Guo Jia.
Thirteen years Jian Jun, Cao waste Excellencies, the prime minister to restore the system, and itself the Han Dynasty prime minister.
As Cao Cao into a threat to the rule of Wu Hou Sun Quan, Sun Quan ordered his troops 30 000 general Zhou Yu, Cao Cao and Liu Bei to resist coalition forces.
Cao Cao from Gangneung East next to the Red Cliff (now Hubei Wuchang County, red Rocky Mountain West) and Sun and Liu coalition negative engagement, temporary garrison in Wulin (now Honghu County northeast of Hubei, the Yangtze River north Wu Lin Angeles), and the other across the river confrontation.
Zhou Yu with a false surrender measure, ordered general Huang Gai rate of 10 smaller warships, upload, grass, irrigation with anointing oil, falsely claiming to surrender, to the north and into to the office from Cao Ying two years, each ship firing together, and then With wind, and rushed straight Cao, Cao defeated, boats burned. Cao Cao led his army from the Huarong (now Jianli Northwest) land withdrawn Gangneung. Then withdrawal of the North also.
After the Red Cliff defeat Cao Cao take some measures to stabilize the internal. Jian 15 in the spring, under Cao Cao, "Seeking to make", said: "Today has not yet determined under this special Seeking pressing ... ... 23 children when their Zuo Ming Yang Chek my humble, the only example, I have the use of . "Cao Cao made informal character, the only example of employment policy, the purpose is to gather talented people to their side.
16 Jian, Cao Cao started off in the use of troops. March, removal Sili Xiaowei Cao Cao Zhong Yao general Xiahou Yuan in order to suppress the rate of Hanzhong (rule Nanzheng, Shaanxi Province, Chinese Middle East) Troops in the name of Zhang Lu Guanzhong. Guanzhong Ma Chao, Han Sui, Qiu-Heart 10 such apprehensions, a moment all anti. Cao Ren Cao Cao's general attack immediately sent off, the Ma Chaodeng people Tuen It Tongguan. In July, a personal expedition off the army of Cao Cao rate. In September, breaking off in large armies, Ma Chao, Han Sui fled Liangzhou, Qiu-fled stability (governance Pro Jing, this town of the former Yugoslavia in Gansu). October, Cao Cao into stability, Qiu-surrender, the basic Ping Ting Guanzhong area.
Jian 18 years, raised his army, known as 400 000 Cao Cao, Sun Quan personally Nanzheng. The following year the first month, Cao Jin to Ruxu I (now the southeast county of Anhui nest), defeated Sun Quan go flat located in Jiangbei, captured it will Gongsun Yang. Sun Quan personally led 70,000 troops, the former to resist Cao Ru Xu mouth. 2 military stalemate over a month, the nil. Sun Quan, Cao Cao, see strict and military capacity, its hard to win, then withdrawal of the North also. May, complex, "Yu Gong" Kyushu.
Cao Han emperor canonized as Weigong, plus Royalty, Wei Jian, will be capital in Ye City. Wei has Jizhou 10 county land, and placing the prime minister, Qiu, generals and other big Baiguan. Emperor Xian was also allowed to "Yasukuni is not the name of the sword to fulfill Shangdian", such as the Chinese prime minister Xiao He story.
March Jian two decades, see Liu Bei Cao Cao has been made in Yizhou, and Hanzhong is Yizhou portal, "Without Hanzhong, no Shu carry on," Liu Bei is bound to capture Hanzhong. Cao Cao was one step ahead, the rate of thousands of army personal expedition Hanzhong Zhang Lu. July, Cao Cao army into to yangpingguan (Mianyang County, Shaanxi Province, Northwest). Zhang Lu heard yangpingguan fall, fled to Pakistan. Cao Cao enter Nanzheng, the best of Zhang Lu repository treasures.
In November, a drop Zhang Lu Cao Cao, Cao Cao Hanzhong therefore abandoned all.
After Cao Cao's main force out of Hanzhong, Hanzhong Liu Bei then to attack. Jian 20 years, personally led a force into to yangpingguan Liu Bei, Liu Bei Xiahou Yuan and others with relevant folder confrontation. July, Cao Cao personally led a force to rush off, the take charge of Chang'an, in order to keep command of Hanzhong war situation. Jian twenty-four years the first month, Liu Bei crossed the Mian River water from yangpingguan (now the Han River), into the mountain, the garrison at Mount Dingjun (Mianyang County, Shaanxi Province, south-east), Xiahou Yuan Liu Bei sent troops to fight with the terrain, was Huang kill, Cao defeated. After Cao Cao personally led a force to seize Hanzhong, but not Liu Bei Hardtop, Cao and Liu Bei Army a few months away, no benefits, then give up Hanzhong.
Kin On 20 April a year in summer, the canonization of Cao Cao as king and emperor of Han, eup 30000, located in the Princes, the Zoushi not concede defeat, Shouzhao no worship to the emperor tassel crown, vehicles, clothes, flags, ritual Jiaosi world, get out, said police incurred, ancestral, ancestral, December Jieru Chinese system, capital city of Ye. Prince are all Liehou. His name also Han elites, in fact, the Emperor, opened since the Han emperor Liu Bang set of "Princes shall not different surname as Wang," precedent.
Kin On July twenty-four years, Cao Cao had just withdrawn from Hanzhong, general Guan Yu, Liu Bei to him from the southeast line of defense in Jingzhou Xiang, Fan attacked the area. Cao Cao heard about, be sent immediately to save big on Fancheng shuaibing ban. August, Guan Yu by flooding of the machine, cut the big break in the seven military system, birds in the ban cut into the momentum Pound will Fancheng surrounded. Cao Fancheng when only a few thousand people, the city was flooded, the water is only several feet away from the tower, Cao Ren sticking his troops. Cao Cao also sent Xu Huang to lead the troops to save the Fancheng. October, Cao Cao arrived from the off in Luoyang, to personally conduct the rescue Fancheng.
Sun Quan, Guan Yu Department for its upstream, it is reluctant to force the development of Guan Yu and he already has capture the heart of Jingzhou, so join Cao Cao, ready to be in general Lu attack Jingzhou Jiangling. Cao Cao received the letter, will notify the news Cao Ren, ordered him to continue to adhere to, their progress to Mount Pei (Jia County, Henan Province today southeast), near the command, but also to reinforce troops 12 business Xu Huang, Guan Yu ordered him to fight back. Soon, Lu Jiangling attack succeed. Withdrawal Guan Yu, Sun Quan, the road was the military Qinsha.
Sun Quan, Guan Yu, Cao Cao Qin Sha made Jingzhou, the table of General Sun Quan as the hussars, Jingzhou grazing. Sun Quan sent envoys to pay tribute to Cao Cao to concede defeat and claimed dawei advised Cao Cao to replace Han emperor. Cao Cao, Sun Quan to the book will be shown all over the inside and outside the ministers, said: "For my children I was standing at the fire Yeah!" Cao Cao Cao Cao hands of the ministers took the opportunity to persuade to enter. Also do not want to waste Emperor Xian Cao Cao himself independent, he said: "Gou fate in the isolated, alone carry on for the King Wen of Zhou."
Jian twenty-five years the first month (220), Cao Cao also military Luoyang. Month, died in Luoyang, aged 60-year-old. This October, the king and replaced by the Han dynasty, Cao Pi, self-reliance for the emperor, the country of Wei, Cao Cao was Zhuizun Emperor Wu, Temple name Taejo.
【Family situation】
Wives
Takenobu Empress Bian is Bian. Birth to Cao Pi, Cao Zhang and Cao Zhi, Cao bears four sons.
Ms. Ding, Cao Original principal wife his wife, and because of the death of Cao Ang Cao Cao against each other, Cao Cao has tried to bring back but could not.
Ms. Liu, Ding's maid, with Ding dowry to Cao, Cao Cao after the Aiqie also soon died and gave birth to Cao Ang, Cao Shuo two sons.
Ring his wife, Cao Cao's concubine gave birth to Cao Chong Cao far, the third son of Cao Yu.
Ms. Du, Cao Cao's concubine, Lin gave birth to Cao Cao Dagon two sons.
Ms. Qin, Cao Cao's concubine Hsuan birth to Cao Cao Jun two sons.
Ms. Yin, the concubine of Cao Cao, Cao moment gave birth to a son.
Wangzhao Yi, Cao Cao's concubine, Cao dry birth to a son.
Sun Ji, Cao Cao's concubine at birth to Cao Cao Biao, Cao Qin three sons.
Li Ji, Cao Cao's concubine by birth to Cao Cao whole, Cao Jing three sons.
Zhou Ji, Cao Cao's concubine gave birth to son Cao uniform.
Liu Ji, Cao Cao's concubine gave birth to a son Cao spine.
Ji Song, Cao Cao's concubine gave birth to a son Cao emblem.
ZHAO Ji, the concubine of Cao Cao, Cao Mao gave birth to a son.
Chen concubine, Cao Cao's concubine gave birth to a son Gary.
Son
Cao Ang, young and give Xiaolian, killed in battle with Zhang Xiu, Shu out, but brought up by the Ding Cao Cao first wife.
Cao Shuo, early death of a prince.
Cao Pi forced Emperor Xian of Han demise throne 220 years, is Weiwen Huang Emperor.
Cao Zhang, nicknamed the yellow to be children, as a brave general, had major break Daijun Karasuma. 223 years of the king of office closures.
Cao Zhi, good literature, had made "Lo River." Although loved by Cao Cao, Cao Pi and his brother scrambling for seats, but failed, from the politically impossible to realize their ambitions. 225 Li Chen Wang.
Cao Xiong, early death, Wei Wendi bestowed to Xiaohuai Gong; Emperor Ming to recover for the Dongping Wang Jin Jue.
Cao Chong, for the famous child prodigy, 13-year-old died after the king bestowed Luoyang.
According to Cao, labeled Pengcheng Wang 232 years.
Cao Yu, 232 labeled Yan Wang. Huan Cao Wei Yuandi father, Wei Wendi, Emperor Ming Dynasty Tuogu.
Cao Lin, Pei Wang labeled 232 years.
Cao Dagon, 232 Zhongshan Wang labeled. Emperor Ming Cao Rui dying ill sound like their love, death and thereby facilitating this practice.
Cao Hsuan, 211 West Xianghou labeled.
Cao Jun, Liu-Wang labeled 232 years.
Cao moment, early death of a prince.
Cao dry, labeled 232 on Zhao.
Cao, the early death of a prince.
Cao Biao, 232 labeled the king. 251 years of rebellion and Qiu Wang Ling vent thing was Prince in.
Cao Qin, early death of a prince.
By Cao, early death of a prince.
Cao whole, 217 labeled King James Hou.
Cao Jing, early death of a prince.
Cao, 217 labeled Fan Hou.
Cao spine, early death of a prince.
Cao Hui, 232 labeled Dongping Wang.
Cao Mao, and Cao Cao and Cao Pi discord. 232 labeled Quyang king.
Another son of Cao Cao Yan, Qin Lang.
Female
Cao Xian, Emperor Xian of Han honored person. ("Later Han Emperor Xian Ji")
Cao Jie, Emperor Xian of Han Queen. ("Later Han Emperor Xian Ji")
Cao Hua, Emperor Xian of Han honored person. ("Later Han Emperor Xian Ji")
Anyang Princess, name unknown, as Yun Xun's wife. ("The Three Kingdoms of Wei Shu Xun Yu Chuan")
Jinxiang Gong master, name unknown, He Yan's wife. ("The Three Kingdoms Wei Shu Caozhen Biography" quoted "the late Wei Chuan")
Qinghe Princess, name unknown, Xiahou Mao's wife. ("The Three Kingdoms Wei Shu Xiahou Dun Biography" primer "Wei Brief")
Linfen Princess, name unknown, suspected daughter Cao Cao. ("The Three Kingdoms Wei Shu Sima Zhi Biography")
Brothers
Bin Cao
Zaude
Relatives
In the "Three Kingdoms Wei Shu Zhu Chuan Jaap de Cao" in recorded eight of Cao Cao and Xiahou's relatives, this 8 per capita for the reuse of Cao Cao, known as "the eight tiger riding."
Xiahou Dun characters make. His son: Xiahou Mao, word Zilin.
Xiahou Yuan Miao word only, Xiahou Dun from the brother. His son: Jaap right balance Zibo, Xiahou Ba Zi Zhong rights, Jaap de Hoop said Zishu rights, Jaap de Hoop Wei word right quarter, Jaap de Hoop fine right wing word, Jaap de Hoop Zhi Hui word right, Jaap de Hoop and the right meaning.
Cao Ren word Zixiao, Cao Cao from the brother.
Oscar Cao word, Cao Cao from the brother.
Cao Son, and of pure character, the younger brother of Cao Ren.
Cao Xiu Wen strong word, Cao Cao from the child. His son: Cao Si Chao word length.
Cao Zhen word Zaidan, Cao Cao from the child. His son: the word Cao Shuang Zhao Bo, Cao Xi, Cao training.
Xiahou Shang characters cause of this incident, Xiahou Yuan from the child. His son: Xiahou Xuan word was in the beginning.
【Standard】 election officials
】 【Literary achievements
Cao Cao on the literature, calligraphy, music, and others have given him a deep cultivation. His literary achievements, mainly in poetry, the prose is also very characteristic.
Cao Cao's poetry, this deposit less than 20, all of poetic verse. Content in general can be divided into three categories. One is concerned with current events, one is the ideal expressed oriented, one is poetry about immortals. Taizu Royal Army 30 years, having left hand book. The book is on military policy, the night is thought by the transfer. Fu will climb, and create poetry, is the Philharmonic, all into a movement. ("Wei Shu") on the refined poetry and writers to, although in the Military, Shoubushijuan. Dinh often, calmly saying goes: people less eager to learn, then The thoughts, as long as a forgetful; old enough to be able to Qin scholars, CD-I and Yuan Bo industry ears. ("Code Monologue", Yuan Bo industry were left behind, Yuan Shao from the brother.) Tso old straight, even a desolation of the sentence. (Zhong Rong "Poetry")
Current events associated with certain works of "Xie Lu-line", "Artemisia in line," "bitter cold" and "We stepped out the door in summer" as well. "Xie Lu-line", "Artemisia in-line" two poems, for in the early years of Jian. He reflected into the plan before a eunuch punish the defeat, Dong Zhuo into trouble in Luoyang; written off after an all-gun Xing Bing Tao Dong Zhuo, but also serious matters ambition, mutual killing other, similar in content to undertake tight. Psalms in concise language, a high degree of general process of writing this piece of history, so as the "Record of the late Han Dynasty, Epic is also true" (Zhong Xing "go Ancient"). Particularly valuable is in the "Artemisia in line," his sympathetic tone poem, written the majority of the people suffer in war by the enormous suffering: "Armor of Health nit lice, 10,000 names to the death, bones exposed on the field, thousands of miles without cock, pepole 100 left one person read the intestinal off. "" bitter cold line "for eleven years in Jian, poems describing the winter cold and the Taihang Mountains, barren, dangerous, vivid, and also wrote the poet heart complex feelings. "Leaving the door line of summer" for the three prefectures Wuhuan Jian years when the levy. The poems include "Yan" (Prelude) and four solution. "Yan" wrote the poet focuses on the complex feelings when going abroad. A solution "sea view", written into the perception of time through Tateishi; 2 Solutions "Winter in October", the three solutions of "Shuo Han", written way back in the knowledge; 4 solution, "although turtle life", writing has made this important campaign After the victory of the thinking activity. The "View of the sea" scene description of the sea, "the bleak autumn wind, swirl of rushing, sun and moon trip, if the one; Star Chinese splendid, if its in a" magnificent, style hung up, against the background of the poet inclusive universe, throughput Sun and Moon in the vast breadth of mind. "Although life turtle," a series of vivid metaphor to express the poet's views on life and career: "an old steed, high aspirations, martyrs old age, mistakes, and apologized." This is a poet carrying out life in a progressive spirit of true confession.
To the ideal expressed oriented poetry with the "degree Kwan Shan", "on the wine", "Duan Gexing" and so on. The first two poems were political ideal. He conceived of peace and prosperity is the Confucian method adopting both, incentives and the political use of W. virtuous emperor. This is the reality of the Late Han havoc in the community context, is no doubt progressive significance. "Duange Hang" theme is Seeking to "tire of the high mountains, deep water, tire of the Duke spit feeding, the world's hearts" and other verses to express desperate for, solicit talent in an effort to become the cause of the heart.
Fairy poetry, "gas out singing," "Autumn HU", etc.. Cao Cao is the gods do not believe the alchemist said, so he wrote these poems when the other has sent, not according to his Qinhuang, Emperor of Immortality par.
Cao Cao's writings, it was clear Yao Zhenzong "Three Art and Literature" research, the "Weiwu set" Volume 1 recorded in 30 volumes, "Bingshu" 13 volumes with over ten different, however many already lost, now sole survivors "grandson note." Ming Zhang Pu series of scattered poetry, literature, etc. 145 for "Weiwu set," income "Han and Six Dynasties" in the. Ting Fu-pao "Six Dynasties famous collection," also has "Weiwu set" works collected in this series of slightly more than Zhang Pu. In 1959, according to Ting Fu Zhonghua this, a little order to add additional income, "grandson Note" and also annexed to "Wei Zhi; Emperor Wu Ji", "Cao Cao chronology" and other re-typography for "Cao Cao set."
Famous poems】 【Cao Cao
Duange Xing (2)
One
Wine and song, life geometry?
For example, morning dew, Goes.
Generous when to expense, Worry memorable.
How to dispel melancholy? Only Dukang.
Green Zijin, Youyouwoxin.
But the King and so thoughtful for now.
Yo Yo Luming, Kuino of Ping.
I have the gentlemen, the zither Flutist.
Kisaragi obviously, when it can drop out?
Sense of years, can not be cut off.
The more unfamiliar degree footpath, is really regrettable that exist with the phase.
Lease wide on Yan Yan, weakened heart.
Yuemingxingxi, Ukraine magpie flying south,
Juke Sanza, Ho Chi would there be?
Tire of the high mountains, deep sea tire of.
Duke spit feeding, the world's hearts.
Second,
Hebrew Chang Zhou, Huai this holiness.
One-third of the world, while the other.
Upon repair the contribution is not Long Chen Jie.
Chong Hou slander of, based on arrest system.
See amnesty after the original, giving the sway may make conquest.
Referred to as the Zhong Ni, up to, and morality,
Utah Feng Shi Yin, the United States of Syria.
Renal calculi of power, the first for the hegemony.
Nine co-princes, one Kuang world.
1 Marina the world, not to military vehicles.
Is not deceitful, said its German transmission.
Confucius sighed and said Yi Wu, China by its grace.
Give and Temple confer, no worship to life.
White dare Seoul, Tianwei in the Yen right close.
Jin-Wen also tyrants, bow Fengtian Wang.
By Chi Kyu-chan, 〔〕 Yi Chang Tong Wo giant arch,
Lu bow and arrow 1000, Huben 300 people.
Gateway service nobility, the teacher is respected.
P Plus heard of it, were sub-renal calculi.
Heyang the Council, jactitation Zhou Wang, is the name of divergent Pa.
Note: "Yan" word or the same as the "banquet", which is different in different versions of the word
View of the sea
East Tateishi, to view the sea.
Water Ho Dan Dan, Island heave.
Profusion of trees, grasses and lush.
Autumn bleak, swirl of rushing.
Sun and moon trip, if the one;
Han bright star, if its inside out.
Fortunately, even zai! Song to Yung Chi.
(As in years Jian Qiu)
While leaving the Xiamen-line turtle life
Although turtle life, worse than the time actually.
Teng snake by fog, the End of the Tu Hui.
Old steed, high aspirations;
Martyrs old age, mistakes, and apologized.
Shrinkage of the period, not only in days;
Yang Yi blessing, available Yongnian.
Fortunately, even zai! Song to Yung Chi.
Bitter cold line
North mountain, the storm Zai He Weiwei!
Gut Sakazume Qu, whom destroyed the wheel.
What trees bleak, North wind is sad!
Bear brown bear on my squat, Haw Par folder Road cry.
Few people in the valley, when the snow started falling Ho!
Extended neck long sigh, travels more than pregnant.
What my heart and Forth? Siyu Yidong go.
Depth of the bridge must, Road is hovering.
Confused lost it way, dusk no residential habitat.
Trekking day far, troops also hungry.
Tam capsule to take pay line, ice ax held for Mi.
He sad, "Higashiyama" Poetry, long makes me sad.
Xie Lu-line
However, Han Nian Er Shi, the sincerity of any bad.
Muhouerguan with, seek to know small and Xinjiang.
Not hesitate to break, due to hunting Executive king.
Bai was consistent Day, had also first Shouyang.
Zeichen handle holding the country, killing off the main buildings in Beijing.
Swing cover Royal Foundation, ancestral to the burnt funeral.
Broadcast more Western migration, boohoo and lines.
He Zhan Guo Los Angeles, micro-sub for the grief.
Artemisia in line
Kanto are righteous, Hing Bingtaoqunxiong.
Union initially subsidized, is heart in Xianyang.
Military force uneven, hesitant and flying geese.
Snobbish people struggle, Si also Zi Xiang Qiang.
Huainan brother title, engraved Yuxi in the north.
Armor Health nit lice, 10000 name to the death.
Bones exposed on the field, thousands of miles without cock.
Pepole 100 left one person read the intestinal off.
Degree Guanshan
Between heaven and earth, that of Man.
Lijun herdsmen, whom track is.
Rut horse track, warp and weft quadrupole.
Demote and promote nether, Li Shu Fan interest.
In Shuo Xian Sheng, President of the State domain.
Feudal five Jazz, Ida Criminal Prison.
Dan books are burnt, no general amnesty redemption.
Gao Yao-fu Hou, what is at fault?
Sigh Zai later, easy to Law Reform.
A waste for King, Battle of its power conferred.
Shun paint for food, side by 10 countries,
Less than Rhodium, mining rafters do not chop.
World sigh Boyi, trying to use Li vulgar.
Luxury evil so great as the total German Kim.
Xu from the Declining, Is there anything of First Instance of the song?
Universal Love is still the same, were as Qi Shu.
Praise poetry】 【Cao Cao
Ye the song
City water is Ye Ye zhang shui, will have different people from starting.
Male seeking rhyme things with paper hearts, brothers and sons monarch and his subjects.
Heroes not vulgar chest, eyes haunted Qi with the people?
The first two successful non-culprit, this one left a bad Liufang.
Articles gods tyrants have gas, how can Gou Seoul into groups?
Cross-flow from the Taihang building sets, gas and management potential with low Ang.
On a man was not to reverse, a small not for hegemony of Great King?
King down to sons and daughters Ming, helpless in the grievance.
Non-useful knowledge to the account, points can be said Hong is not ruthless.
Alas!
Ancients to be decided loneliness are interested in luxury.
Light grave human scholar proposed, graves, laughing Seoul bookish!
Two-tone】 【moon song
A Luwei
Q. Who is the hero world, there Shai wine Riverside, Wang lance Tso.
Purple cap yellow flag, and more should be borrowed, Red Cliff east.
Nanyang Wolong more startled, they become famous eight-array map.
Three rival powers, a divided West Sichuan, a sub-Koto.
【Comments】 history books
Historical reviews Cao Cao: "clear strategy optimal," "liquidation of the traitor, the hero in troubled times" ("Later Han Xu Shao Chuan," the note quoted Sun Sheng Pei Song "Words of similarities and differences between" for "Peace and Prosperity of the energy minister, troubled times of Jian Xiong "). The famous "self-evident to the county to make this blog" for fifteen years in Kin (210), depart lie. Cao Cao says with emotion: "Make the world without a solitary, few people know when Emperors, kings of several people." This is nothing but a lie, if not Cao Cao, Liu Bei and Yuan Shao and his ilk also can be integrated with the North.
【Comments】 everyone
Hui Shao: Qingping the traitor, the hero in troubled times. - "Later Han" (note to lead Sun Sheng Pei Song "Words of similarities and differences between" for "Peace and Prosperity of the energy minister, in troubled times of Jian Xiong")
Shou: "Han Dynasty, chaos, Xiong Hao and onwards, while Yuanshaohurong four states, strong Mo enemy. Taejo Operations speech plan, lashing buildings or embrace applications, business of magic, the Han, the spectacle of white policy, the official grant materials, the device because, hypocritical any calculation, to forgive and forget, finally the total Royal machine, g into Hong industry, although its optimal strategy is also clear. inhibiting people have very limited, ultra-carry on the world of Jie 。"--" Three Kingdoms "
Evaluation of Cao Cao, Sun Quan: "its too bad but killing other small, human flesh and blood that the cool drive a wedge between our ears, Royal will be rare since ancient times."
Wang Shen: Dynasty Imperial Army 30 years, having left hand book. The book is on military policy, the night is thought by the transfer. Fu will climb, and create poetry, is the Philharmonic, all into a movement. - "Wei Shu"
Zhong Rong: Tso old straight, even a desolation of the sentence. - "Poems"
The evaluation of Cao Cao Pei Song: "Ancient books contained in the Calendar view, corruption-free Road maltreat strong minister, in speaking staggering 。"--" of the Three Kingdoms (Note)"
Cao Cao Tang said: "dignity that the system changed, Liaodi established Church, one will be more than wisdom, Wan Cheng of the shortage."
Emperor often call themselves "A conceal."
Evaluation of Yuan Zhen Cao Cao: "Cao usurp arbitrary hiding to escape line from the beginning 。"--" Dong"
Wang Zan Cao Cao: "the mountains like waves into the Zhangzhou, Dongjak Taihsi 89 Hill. Ants dealings air ridge acres, unicorn buried a few spring. Name guise know who is the strength to turn this off. Why should it matter to the rest , Wei Gong Yi Qiu Scholars points. "
Evaluation of Cao Cao Liu Zhi: "Crime 100 field often, bad pass in the history of Wang Mang 。"--" Exploration into the"
Lu said: "Cao Cao is a hero at least."
The more years past, Wei Wu whiplash, east Tateishi have left articles.
- Poems of Mao Zedong
Yi Zhongtian, said Cao Cao: downright clever, stupid, cunning treachery, frank and sincere, Huodadaduo, paranoia, generous, narrow-minded.
Demeanor, villain face, hero style, children, feelings, Yama temper, kind-heartedness.
Reflect the atmosphere, will dissolve in a variety of faces.
Cao Cao will "carry out a stick of incense to sell, nostalgia concubine women" reflect the atmosphere of Cao Cao and ego, not about national issues, not that rhetoric, said some small things, how you like me, you say that I was a small villain What about those who, I was Cao Cao Cao Cao, I do not care how you evaluate me. I am such a person.
"However, a hero to character, is really Worthy Charming."
Some of courtesy do not want to have to do, because it is procedural, even if contrary to his character it is.
If it is because of some small irony about me, I laugh, forget. But if he disagrees with my political line, but can not be tolerated.
The same name as the song "Cao Cao": "The down ChangBanPo alone, the moon is too soft, Cao Cao is not wordy, as one to bring it in Jingzhou. With conspiracy, yang mou, Ming said, dark wins, on thin ... ..." Though just lyrics, but Cao Cao was Daochu do anything for the cause, was sung river north and south.
】 【Historical merits
Cao Cao in the North Fangtun Tian, building water conservancy projects, solve the problem the lack of rations, on a certain role in the recovery of agricultural production; meritocracy, the concept of breaking the aristocratic family lineage, the recruitment of the landlord class in the lower rungs of inhibition of despotic, strengthen centralization. Areas dominated by socio-economic recovery and development. Skilled in art of war, the "strategic solution grandson," "Bingshu access to" and other books. Good poetry, "Artemisia in line", "View of the sea" and to express their political aspirations, and reflect the end of Han people suffering life, courage magnificent, generous desolate, his political achievements is extraordinary.
The positive role of Cao Cao unified the north. Syria and before the Eastern Han dynasty, the late dark due to political, social production has been severely damaged, people can not live, finally broke out of the Yellow Turbans vigorous large uprising. However, under the historical conditions at that time, farmers can not win the final victory of the uprising, from the Eastern Han Dynasty followed the disintegration and the warlord. In the melee, not only Dong Zhuo, Li Jue and other warlords everywhere Liangzhou killing people, looting of property, is the name of loyalist generals under the banner of the East also "Connivance of His Army notes sweep." Thus the prevalence of a "people person with food, the state recession" desolation. This situation resulted, in addition to be blamed for the reactionary rule of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the suppression of peasant uprisings and the destruction of social production of the warlords, is unforgivable nature of the problem. But relatively speaking, among the various warlords, after all, be different. Take Cao Cao, he though suppression of the peasants uprising and the killing of innocent people, but he was in the political, military, and economic aspects of performance, than he was he eliminated one of those warlords still better than chips. For instance, he introduced Farming, building water conservancy projects, the implementation of salt government monopoly system of socio-economic recovery and consolidation of the economy played a positive role.
Cao Cao began to take a career on trying to use a more stringent law was the right to change the situation of rampant high. However, the root cause harmful effects in the center, speaking not to show his intentions. To his own political power only after full implementation may inhibit the despotic rule of law policy. He said: "The husband punishment, the people of life also"; "The political chaos, with punishment as the first." His choice of Wang Hsiu, Sima Zhi, Yang Pei, Lu Qian, Man Chong, Jia Kui and other local officials, suppress lawless despots. If Yuan Shao and Cao Cao in the implementation of governance, Jizhou have to compare, you can see two different situations: "lost in the wide end of Han G, Shao-wide to wide economy, it is not proactive." Yuan Shao to indulge in policy, "so good at unbridled despotic, relatives merger, under the vulnerable people, on behalf of the rental Fu, Hyun vend his wealth enough to be life." This naturally can not make "pro-people laws, Kohei strong." So, although to a larger Yuan Shao, soldiers are more than enough food, eventually defeated by the exercise. Exercise may Jizhou immediately "re-annexation of despotic Act," which received more make "the joy of the people" effect. Sima Guang Cao said, "The rule of chaos", is not without far. And operating personnel is not re-false alarm, officials of his choice to "informed legal principle", can do the rule of law. Exercise also promotes a clean, He Cui Yan, Mao Jie in charge of elections, "they move with, are honest people in, although at the time have known the line not help this person, get into the final Mo. Works thrift rate of people, from a not to clean the world of Shimo section and self-motivation, although the minister of your pet, Yufu not over. " Thus society improved.
Falls in line with the policy of the rule of law is the authoritarian exercise in trying to have, does not allow the subjects as a gang behavior. He ordered that: "When this clear, but loyal to the country, the effectiveness of Wang Shi, although better than the others, the private node, with 1000 silk, 10000 Point Valley, still nothing to benefit." In order to monitor the ministers speak, set the "school thing." This, he was minister objected that "under the letter of non-residence on purpose." Exercises have to be explained: "To be able to stab the move and do the public things, so worthy a gentleman whom, you can not have." The so-called "sage gentleman", mainly refers to family minister, who generation after generation official, branch with leaves attached, a great fame and power. Exercises on the one hand can not be to win over, so no real power while the upper ranks; the one hand, schools also use bastardly thing to check their actions. As to whether this really necessary? We can use the words of Sun Quan to answer future. Sun Quan said: "The long article (Chen Qun words) of the believers, those who formerly they are able to keep good order to narrow its operating head, afraid of speaking into a strict, meaning it uses up the heart to do, not non." Sun Quan also follow the example of the post parade for the school thing, know that in the circumstances, the Minister set up to monitor the school action matter, to prevent the group late Han Dynasty, and Yuan Shao sent Secretary of State pull a repeat of gangs, or makes sense. From the internal structure of the Cao Wei, family minister at most, a potential risk is also heavier. Cao Cao and children for their own account, set the school do to snooping minister, although some harsh and engage in trickery, but not so difficult to subdue them. Known to history: "Tso of Yan, an official auxiliary, and tend to stick." Habitat families also make Zhujiang Cao Ye, to prevent the rebels have fled, are operating with gaps and contradictions exist under the reflection.
Overall, the Yellow River in Cao Cao's rule, a certain degree of Ching Ming politics, economy has gradually recovered slightly to reduce class oppression, social climate improved. So we said, speaking of the unity of the North and the corresponding number of measures taken, or has a positive effect.
Story】 【Cao Cao
Bian Cao Cao's principal wife wife, originally a family advocate, that specializes in music and dance of the Han family of music (later turned into prostitutes synonymous with the Tang Dynasty, but only referred to the Han Dynasty artist), was married with Cao Cao, the early years of Ms. Ding Jian been spent, Mrs. Bian Cao Cao is a wife. Cao Pi succeeded to the throne after the respect it as empress dowager, beware the throne after the respect it as too empress dowager.
Although born poor, excellent character, a man very low-key,
She gave birth to son
1: Wei Wendi Cao Pi
2: Cao Zhang excellent martial arts
3: Cao Zhi (seven-step poetry heard of it, very talented poet)
4; Xiao Cao King of Chu Xiong
That the community are speaking higher status, and pay attention to the status of birth, and Cao Cao pay more attention to character
When Cao Cao in the battle, always captured some, jewelry, treasure, antique, jewelry, his home since Cao Cao Bian will these things to his wife to pick first, because she is his wife, are his wife, the wife of each Bian pick a medium level of jewelry ah, jewelry type, hey, this Cao Cao on the strange and asked her: I read the observation that every time you ah, do not pick the best, do not pick the worst, you pick a medium, what causes it, Bian wife said: pick the best, is called greed, pick the worst, called hypocrisy, I picked the middle, and (this is a very real way of saying) Cao Cao appreciate
Cao Cao is will the fool, the fool who can be tolerant, tolerant people can be popular, popular enough to win the world.
贡献者: 莹雪