| 姓： | 曹 | ||||||||||
| 名： | 操 | ||||||||||
| 字： | 孟德 | ||||||||||
| 網筆號： | 魏武帝 | ||||||||||
| 廟號： | 太祖 | ||||||||||
| 籍貫： | 沛國譙 | ||||||||||
閱讀曹操 Cao Cao在百家争鸣的作品!!! 閱讀曹操 Cao Cao在诗海的作品!!! | |||||||||||
魏武帝曹操（公元155年～公元220年），字孟德，小名阿瞞、吉利，沛國譙（今安徽省亳州市）人。東漢末年傑出的政治傢、軍事傢、文學家、詩人，漢族人。在政治軍事方面，曹操消滅了衆多割據勢力，統一了中國北方大部分區域，並實行一係列政策恢復經濟生産和社會秩序，奠定了曹魏立國的基礎。文學方面，在曹操父子的推動下形成了以“三曹”（曹操、曹丕、曹植）為代表的建安文學，史稱“建安風骨”，在文學史上留下了光輝的一筆。
曹魏建立後，曹操被尊為“武皇帝”，廟號“太祖”。
【詳細介紹】
曹操祖父曹騰在漢桓帝時擔任官職，封為費亭侯。據說父親曹嵩本姓夏侯，後成為曹騰養子並改姓繼承侯爵。曹操小名阿瞞、吉利，故而有曹阿瞞之說。年輕時期的曹操機智警敏有隨機權衡應變的能力，而任性好俠、放蕩不羈，不修品行，不研究學業，所以社會上沒有人認為他有什麽特別的才能，衹有梁國的橋玄等人認為他不平凡，喬玄對曹操說：“天下將亂，非命世之才不能濟也，能安之者，其在君乎！”南陽何顒對他說：“漢室將亡，安天下者，必此人也！”許劭，字子將，以知人著稱，他也曾對曹操說過：“君清平之姦賊，亂世之英雄” （此據《後漢書·許劭傳》，裴鬆之註引孫盛《異同雜語》及《三國演義》中作“子治世之能臣，亂世之姦雄也。”） 於公元184年漢末黃巾起義時顯露頭角，後被封為西園八校尉之一，參與了天下諸侯討伐董卓的戰爭。董卓死後，獨自發展自身勢力，縱橫亂世，南徵北戰，先後戰勝了呂布、袁術，並接受了張綉的投降。公元200年10月，曹操在官渡（今河南中牟縣東北）以少勝多挫敗河北袁紹10萬軍隊，公元201年在倉亭（今河南管縣東北）再次擊破袁紹大軍，並於公元207年十二月北伐三郡烏桓，徹底鏟除了袁氏殘餘勢力，基本統一了中原地區。公元208年，成為東漢政權丞相。公元208年7月，曹操南徵荊州劉表，12月於赤壁與孫劉聯軍作戰，失利。公元211年7月，曹操領軍西徵擊敗了以馬超為首的關中諸軍，構築了整個魏國基礎。公元212年又擊敗了漢中張魯，至此，三國鼎立之勢基本成型。公元213年，漢獻帝派御史大夫郗慮册封曹操為魏王，於鄴城建立魏王宮銅雀臺，享有天子之製，獲得“參拜不名、劍履上殿”的至高權力。公元220年，曹操於洛陽逝世，享年66歲，謚號“武王”，死後葬於高陵。曹操一生未稱帝，他病死後，曹丕繼位後不久稱帝，追謚為“武皇帝”。
曹操在北方屯田，興修水利，解决了軍糧缺乏的問題，對農業生産的恢復有一定作用；用人唯才，羅緻地主階級中下層人物，抑製豪強，加強集權。所統治的地區社會經濟得到恢復和發展。精兵法，著《孫子略解》、《兵書接要》、《孟德新書》等書。善詩歌，《蒿裏行》、《觀滄海》等詩篇，抒發自己的政治抱負，並反映漢末人民的苦難生活，氣魄雄偉，慷慨悲涼。散文亦清峻整潔。著作有《魏武帝集》。
初平元年，各路大將推舉傢世顯赫的袁紹為盟主，西討董卓。但因各將領心懷鬼胎，遂使義軍失敗。曹操在這戰役中，初次見到日後的死敵—劉備。
初平三年，董卓為王允、呂布所殺。而二人又被卓部下李傕、郭汜所遂。獻帝乘亂與一衆大臣逃出長安，但被李、郭二人所追捕。而曹操接受荀彧、程昱所議，迎接獻帝至許昌。從此曹操便開始挾天子以令諸侯。
其後，曹操以獻帝名義東徵西討。先後平定關東、關中一帶。而劉備亦曾成為其部下。接下來，曹操便要面對他的老朋友-袁紹。
【生平詳述】
曹操出生於一個顯赫的官宦家庭。曹操的祖父曹騰，是東漢末年宦官集團中的一員，據說是漢相國曹參的後人（並無史實考證）。父親曹嵩，是曹騰的養子。曹嵩的出身，當時就搞不清楚，所以陳壽稱他：“莫能審其生出本末”，有人也說曹操是“夏侯氏”之子。曹嵩官至太尉。靈帝熹平三年（174），二十歲的曹操被舉為孝廉，入洛陽為郎。不久，被任命為洛陽北部尉。洛陽為東漢都城，是皇親貴勢聚居之地，很難治理。曹操一到職，就申明禁令、嚴肅法紀，造五色大棒十餘根，懸於衙門左右，“有犯禁者，皆棒殺之”。皇帝寵幸的宦官蹇碩的叔父蹇圖違禁夜行，曹操毫不留情，將蹇圖用五色棒處死。於是，“京師斂跡，無敢犯者”。
靈帝中平元年（184），黃巾起義爆發，曹操被拜為騎都尉，受命與盧植等人合軍進攻潁川黃巾軍，結果大破黃巾軍，斬首數萬級。隨之遷為濟南相。濟南相任內，曹操治事如初。濟南國（今山東濟南一帶）有縣十餘個，各縣長吏多依附貴勢，貪贓枉法，無所顧忌。曹操之前歷任國相皆置之不問。曹操到職，大力整飭，一下奏免長吏十分之八的長吏，濟南震動，貪官污吏紛紛逃竄。“政教大行，一郡清平”。當時正是東漢政治極度黑暗之時，甚至有了買官制度。朝廷封曹操為議郎，曹操不肯迎合權貴，遂托病回歸鄉裏，春夏讀書，秋鼕弋獵，暫時隱居了。
中平五年（188），漢靈帝為鞏固統治，設置西園八校尉，曹操因其傢世被任命為八校尉中的典軍校尉。
中平六年（189），西涼刺史董卓進入洛陽，廢少帝，立獻帝劉協，後又殺太後及少帝，自稱太師，專擅朝政。曹操見董卓倒行逆施，不願與其合作，遂改易姓名逃出京師洛陽（今河南洛陽東北）。
曹操到陳留後，“散傢財，合義兵”。組織起一支五千人的軍隊，準備討伐董卓。
漢獻帝初平元年（190）正月，關東州郡牧守起兵討伐董卓，共推袁紹為盟主。曹操為副盟主，參加討董軍。二月，董卓脅迫獻帝遷都長安（今陝西西安西北），自己留居洛陽抵禦關東軍。董卓之涼州軍驍勇善戰，關東軍十餘萬人駐酸棗（今河南延津北）一帶，無人敢嚮洛陽推進。曹操認為董卓“焚燒宮室，劫遷天子，海內震動”，應趁機與之决戰，遂獨自引軍西進。曹操行至滎陽汴水（今河南滎陽西南），與董卓大將徐榮交鋒，因為士兵數量相差大，曹操大敗，士卒死傷大半，自己也被流矢所傷，幸得堂弟曹洪所救。回至酸棗，曹操建議諸軍各據要地，再分兵西入武關（今陝西丹鳳東南），圍困董卓，關東諸將不肯從。
關東諸軍名為討董卓，實際各自心懷鬼胎，意在伺機發展自己勢力。不久，諸軍之間發生摩擦，相互火拼。
初平三年，司徒王允與呂布在長安定計殺掉董卓，董卓部將李傕、郭汜等攻陷長安，殺王允，進攻呂布，關中也陷入戰亂。是時，州郡牧守各據一方，形成諸侯割據的局面。
初平三年，青州黃巾軍大獲發展，連破兗州郡縣，陣斬兗州刺史劉岱。濟北相鮑信等迎曹操任兗州牧。曹操和鮑信合軍進攻黃巾。鮑信戰死。曹操“設奇伏，晝夜會戰”，終於將黃巾擊敗。獲降卒三十餘萬，人口百餘萬。曹操收其精銳，組成軍隊，號“青州兵”。
獻帝初平四年（193）秋，曹操進兵徐州（治郯，今山東郯城），嚮東南擴展勢力。徐州牧陶謙退守郯縣。不久曹操軍糧將盡，撤圍回軍。次年夏，曹操再徵徐州，略地至東海。曹操徵徐州期間，所過大肆殺戮，一路上“雞犬亦盡，墟邑無復行人”。
曾參加討董卓之戰的陳留太守張邈和曹操部將陳宮對曹操不滿，遂叛操，迎呂布為兗州牧。呂布為當時名將，先為董卓部將，曾與王允定計誅殺董卓。
當時衹有鄄城（今屬山東）和東郡的範（今山東範縣東南）、東阿（今山東陽𠔌東北）兩縣尚在曹操掌握之中，分別由司馬荀彧和壽張令程昱、東郡太守夏侯惇等堅守，形勢異常危急。曹操從徐州趕回，聽說呂布屯於濮陽，遂進軍圍攻濮陽。二軍相持百餘日，蝗災大起，雙方停戰，曹操軍還鄄城。
興平二年（195）夏，曹操整軍再戰呂布，於巨野（今山東巨野南）大破呂布軍，呂布逃往徐州投靠劉備。
曹操從陳留起兵到興平二年將呂布、張邈趕出兗州，經過六年的經營，終於有了自己的一塊根據地。曹操起兵之初，僅有數千人，出任東郡太守前後，他陸續延攬一些擁有宗族、部麯等傢兵的豪強地主歸附自己，後擊潰青州黃巾軍，又收其精銳組成“青州兵”。這樣，曹操又有了一支頗具戰鬥力的軍隊。根據地和軍隊，是曹操得以成事的基本條件。
獻帝劉協自被董卓劫至長安後，一直處於顛沛流離之中。建安元年七月，獻帝終於回到洛陽，洛陽經董卓之亂，已是一片廢墟。百官沒有地方居住，“披荊棘，依丘墻間”，洛陽也沒有糧食，“州郡各擁強兵，而委輸不至，群僚饑乏，尚書郎以下自出采穭，或饑死墻壁間”。
早在初平三年（192），曹操的謀士毛玠就嚮曹操提出了“奉天子以令不臣，修耕植，畜軍資”的戰略性建議，曹操深以為是。建安元年八月，曹操親至洛陽朝見獻帝。隨即挾持漢帝遷都許縣（今河南許昌東）。從此，曹操取得了“挾天子以令諸侯”的優勢。這是曹操政治上的一大成功。曹操被封為大將軍、武平侯。漢魏之間，社會生産遭受嚴重破壞，出現大饑荒。這一時期，糧食供應成為各軍事集團最大的問題，因軍糧不足而無敵自破者不可勝數。
建安元年，曹操采納部下棗祇等人的建議，利用攻破黃巾所繳獲的物資，在許下募民屯田，當年即大見成效，得𠔌百萬斛。於是曹操命令在各州郡設置田官，興辦屯田。屯田有效地解决了曹操集團的糧食問題，所以曹操說：“後遂因此大田，豐足國用，摧滅群逆，剋定天下”。
在興置屯田的同時，曹操采取各種措施，扶植自耕農經濟。針對當時人口流失，田地荒蕪的情況，曹操先後采取招懷流民、遷徙人口、勸課農桑、興修水利、檢括戶籍等辦法，充實編戶，恢復農業生産。此外，曹操還陸續頒布法令，恢復正常租調制度，防止豪強兼併小農。建安五年（200），曹操頒布新的徵收制度，到建安九年，又明確：“其收田租畝四升，戶出絹二匹，綿二斤而已，他不得擅興發。”曹操前後實行的這一係列措施，使瀕於崩潰的自耕農經濟不斷得到了恢復和發展。這成為曹操集團的雄厚經濟基礎。
通過以上二項措施，曹操統治區的農業生産迅速恢復。這是曹操在經濟上的一大成功。
迎獻帝、遷都於許和恢復農業生産是曹操得以成功的兩個重要條件。
從建安二年起，曹操利用他“挾天子以令諸侯”的政治優勢，東徵西討，開始了他翦滅群雄，統一北方的戰爭。
其時，在曹操的北邊，是占有冀、並、幽、青四州的袁紹；南邊，是占據揚州的袁術；東南，是占據徐州的呂布；正南，是占據荊州的劉表；西邊，是關中諸將。此外，董卓部將張濟之侄張綉投降劉表後，屯駐於宛縣（今河南南陽），對許都形成威脅。
建安三年（198）九月，曹操東徵徐州，進攻久與他為敵的呂布。在曹軍攻勢之下，呂布軍上下離心，十二月，呂布將魏續、宋憲等生擒呂布謀士陳宮歸降曹操。呂布見大勢已去，下城投降。曹操將呂布、陳宮處死，收降呂布將臧霸、孫觀等人，初步控製了徐州。
當時，群雄實力最強的是袁紹。曹操預作佈置，命在青州有潛在影響的臧霸等人攻入青州，占領齊（治今山東臨淄）、北海（治今山東壽光東南）等地，鞏固右翼；又命大將於禁屯軍黃河南岸，監視袁軍。不久，張綉聽從謀士賈詡之計，投降曹操，曹操大喜，拜張綉為揚武將軍，解除了後顧之憂。這年十二月，曹操自率軍屯於官渡（今河南中牟北），準備迎擊袁紹。
劉備在徐州牧陶謙死後，曾一度出任徐州牧，後徐州被呂布攻占，劉備投奔曹操。曹操認為劉備是個英雄，先後表他為豫州牧、左將軍。曹操攻占徐州不久，淮南袁術準備逃往青州往依袁紹，曹操派劉備去截擊。建安五年正月，董承等人謀誅曹操事泄，被曹操殺掉。劉備遂襲殺徐州刺史車胄，占據徐州。
曹操為了免於將來同袁紹作戰時前後受敵，决定先消滅在徐州立足未穩的劉備。時諸將皆怕袁紹乘機來攻許都，曹操對此胸有成竹，說：“劉備，人傑也，今不擊，必有後患。袁紹雖有大志，而見事遲，必不動也。”遂進軍，以迅雷不及掩耳之勢擊破劉備，劉備逃奔袁紹。
袁紹是當時北方最強大的一股勢力，也是曹操統一北方最強大的敵人。袁氏一門，自袁紹曾祖袁安以下，“四世居三公位”，“門生故吏遍於天下”，勢力本就很大，後袁紹取得冀、並、幽、青四州之地，實力大增，有軍隊數十萬人。袁紹以其長子袁譚、次子袁熙、外甥高幹分守青、幽、並三州，後方穩固，兵精糧足，根本不把曹操放在眼裏。他挑選精兵十萬、戰馬萬匹，志在一舉消滅曹操。建安五年二月，袁紹命大將顔良等人進兵白馬（今河南滑縣北），自率大軍進屯黎陽（今河南瀎縣東），嚮曹操發動進攻。
曹操的實力比袁紹弱得多。曹操所占的大河以南地區，地盤既小，又是四戰之地，殘破不堪，還沒有完全恢復，物資比不上袁紹那樣豐富。曹操的兵力也遠不及袁紹，其總兵力大概不過幾萬人，投入前綫的兵力據《武帝紀》說“兵不滿萬，傷者十二三”。劉宋、裴鬆之認為此數不準確，曹操的兵力不會如此之少，但曹操兵力遠遜於袁紹卻是毫無問題的。袁紹大軍來攻，許都震動。曹操安慰衆將說：“吾知紹之為人，志大而智小，色厲而膽薄，忌剋而少威，兵多而分畫不明，將驕而衆令不一，土地雖廣，糧食雖豐，適足以為我奉也。”曹操對袁紹有很深的認識，他敢於在袁紹將要大軍壓境之時抽身去進攻劉備，正是基於這種認識之上。
建安五年二月，袁軍顔良等人圍攻白馬，拉開了大戰的序幕。四月，曹操親自率兵北上解白馬之圍，他采納謀士荀攸之計，先進軍延津（今河南延津北，在白馬以西），做出要渡河襲擊袁軍的態勢，吸引袁軍分兵西嚮，然後突然轉嚮迅速趕往白馬。曹操軍突然殺到，袁軍措手不及，關羽“策馬刺良於萬衆之中，斬其首還，紹諸將莫能當者”，袁軍大敗，白馬之圍遂解。曹操救出白馬軍民，沿黃河西撤。袁紹聞知，立即渡河追趕曹操。曹操見追兵漸近，命軍士解鞍放馬，並置輜重於道。袁軍追兵大至，爭搶輜重，陣形混亂。曹操率領僅有的騎兵突然殺出，大破追兵，陣斬袁紹另一大將文醜。顔良、文醜為袁軍名將，二將分別被殺，袁軍大震。曹操初戰得勝，主動撤軍，繼續扼守官渡。
八月，袁紹大軍連營而進，東西數十裏，依沙堆為屯，進逼官渡。曹操分兵堅守營壘，伺機而動。袁軍嚮曹營發動猛攻，先是作高櫓、起土山，由上嚮曹營中射箭，接着又挖地道，欲從地下襲擊曹營，皆被曹操以相應辦法擊破。兩軍一攻一守，相持近二個月。久戰之下，曹操處境極為睏難。
十月，袁紹從河北運來糧草萬餘車，派大將淳於瓊等帶萬餘人看守，屯於離袁紹大營四十裏的烏巢。恰好這時袁紹謀士許攸來投曹操，獻計讓曹操偷襲烏巢。曹操大喜，親率精銳步騎五千人，乘夜從小路偷襲烏巢。曹操軍至烏巢，命四面放火，袁軍大亂，淳於瓊拒營死守。袁紹聞知，急忙派兵救授，曹操左右見“‘賊騎稍近，請分兵拒之。’操怒曰：‘賊在背後，乃白！’士卒皆殊死戰，遂大破之，斬瓊等，盡燔其糧草”。當袁紹聽說曹操襲擊烏巢時，認為這正是攻破曹操大營的好機會，因此派去的援兵很少，而以重兵圍攻曹操大營。但曹營未破，烏巢敗訊已經傳來，袁軍潰散，大將張郃等人投降曹操。袁紹棄軍逃回黃河以北。於是曹軍大獲全勝，斬首七萬餘級，盡獲袁軍輜重圖書珍寶。曹操清點袁紹書信，得到自己部下寫給袁紹的信，盡燒之，說：“當紹之強，孤猶不能自保，而況衆人乎！”
從客觀條件上說，曹操本處於劣勢，但由於他能正確分析客觀條件，善於聽取別人的正確意見，所以能揚長避短，采用正確的戰略戰術，使戰爭嚮有利於自己的方面轉化，經過自己主觀上的努力，終於贏得了勝利。
官渡之戰，曹操擊潰了最大敵人袁紹，由他統一北方已是大勢所趨。
建安七年，袁紹病死，袁紹的兩個兒子袁譚、袁尚不和，發生火並。袁譚不敵袁尚，嚮曹操乞降。
建安九年二月，曹操乘袁尚出兵攻打袁譚之機，進軍圍攻鄴城。袁尚率軍回救，依滏水（今滏陽河）為營，曹操進軍將其營寨包圍。袁尚害怕，請求投降，曹操不許。袁尚乘夜逃跑，袁軍潰散。袁尚逃奔中山（今河北定縣）。曹操命人拿着繳獲袁尚的印綬節鉞招降鄴城守軍，城中鬥志崩潰。鄴城遂被曹操攻破。第二年正月，曹操又以負約為名，攻滅袁譚，冀州平定。於是，曹操讓還兗州牧，改任冀州牧。
袁尚兵敗後，逃奔幽州刺史袁熙。不久，袁尚、袁熙又逃奔三郡烏桓。
建安十二年，曹操為了肅清袁氏殘餘勢力，也為了徹底解决三郡烏桓入塞為害問題，决定遠征烏桓。漢末，遼西、遼東、右北平三郡烏桓結合，是為三郡烏桓，其首領為遼西部的蹋頓。三郡烏桓與袁氏關係一直很好，並屢次侵擾邊境，擄掠人口財物。這年五月，曹操親率大軍到達無終（今河北薊縣）。時正雨季，道路積水，“淺不通車馬，深不載舟船”。曹操從無終人田疇之議，改從一條久已斷絶，但“尚有微徑可尋”的路綫進軍。在田疇的引導下，曹操大軍登徐無山（今河北玉田北），出盧竜塞（今河北喜峰口附近一帶），“塹山堙𠔌五百餘裏”，直指烏桓老巢柳城（今遼寧朝陽南）。曹軍進至離柳城不足二百裏時，烏桓纔發現，於是蹋頓與袁尚、袁熙等人率數萬騎兵迎擊。八月，二軍相遇，時曹軍輜重在後，“被甲者少，”而敵軍軍勢甚盛。曹操登高瞭望，見敵軍雖多，但陣勢不整，遂命大將張遼為前鋒，乘敵陣稍動之機，嚮敵軍發動猛攻。烏桓軍大亂，曹軍陣斬蹋頓，大獲全勝，鬍、漢降者二十餘萬，袁尚等人逃奔割據平州的公孫康。這時，有人勸曹操乘勢進擊公孫康，（曹操聽從謀士郭嘉的意見，說：“吾方使康斬送尚、熙首，不煩兵也。”遂率軍還師。不久，公孫康果然斬殺袁尚、袁熙，並將其首級獻與曹操。諸將不明所以，曹操說：“彼素畏尚等，吾急之則並力，緩之則自相圖，其勢然也。”於是，曹操攻破三郡烏桓，也徹底肅清了袁氏勢力。同年郭嘉就因水土不服，氣候惡劣，日夜急行操勞過度，在曹操北歸前病逝，而公孫康斬殺袁尚、熙競在郭嘉之料中。）根據三國志魏書武帝紀的記載遼東單於速僕丸及遼西、北平諸豪，棄其種人，與尚、熙奔遼東，觽尚有數千騎。初，遼東太守公孫康恃遠不服。及公破烏丸，或說公遂徵之，尚兄弟可禽也。公曰：“吾方使康斬送尚、熙首，不煩兵矣。”九月，公引兵自柳城還，康即斬尚、熙及速僕丸等，傳其首。諸將或問：“公還而康斬送尚、熙，何也？”公曰：“彼素畏尚等，吾急之則並力，緩之則自相圖，其勢然也。”十一月至易水，代郡烏丸行單於普富盧、上郡烏丸行單於那樓將其名王來賀。並非出自郭嘉的謀略。
建安十三年六月，曹操廢三公，恢復丞相制度，並自任漢朝丞相。
曹操基本平定北方後，兵鋒轉而南嚮。建安十三年七月，進軍南徵荊州劉表。八月，劉表病死，其子劉琮接任荊州牧。九月，曹操大軍進至新野（今屬河南），劉琮以為無法抵擋，舉荊州之衆投降曹操。這時，官渡之戰後投奔劉表的劉備屯駐於樊城（今湖北襄樊），聽說劉琮投降，便率軍嚮江陵（今屬湖北）撤退。江陵為荊州重鎮，存有大量軍用物資。曹操聽說，怕江陵落入劉備之手，遂親率五千騎兵從襄陽（今湖北襄樊）疾馳三百裏，在當陽長坂（今湖北當陽東北）將劉備追上，並將其軍擊潰，隨後進占江陵。
由於曹操的進軍威脅了吳侯孫權的統治，孫權命大將周瑜率軍三萬，與劉備聯軍抵抗曹操。
曹操自江陵東下，至赤壁（今湖北武昌縣西赤磯山）與孫、劉聯軍接戰不利，暫駐軍於烏林（今湖北洪湖縣東北，長江北岸鄔林磯），與對方隔江對峙。
周瑜用詐降之計，命大將黃蓋率小戰船十艘，上裝柴草，灌以膏油，假稱投降，嚮北岸而進，至離曹營二裏之處時，各船一齊點火，然後藉助風勢，直嚮曹軍衝去，曹軍大敗，舟船被燒。曹操率軍從華容道（今湖北監利西北）陸路撤回江陵。遂撤軍北還。
赤壁大敗後，曹操采取一些措施，穩定內部。建安十五年春，曹操下《求賢令》，說：“今天下尚未定，此特求賢之急時也……二三子其佐我明揚仄陋，唯才是舉，吾得而用之。”曹操提出不拘品行、唯才是舉的用人方針，目的是盡量把人才收羅到自己身邊。
建安十六年，曹操開始對關中用兵。三月，曹操遣司隸校尉鐘繇率大將夏侯淵以討伐漢中（治南鄭，今陝西漢中東）張魯為名進兵關中。關中馬超、韓遂、楊秋等十部心生疑懼，一時俱反。曹操立即派大將曹仁進攻關中，馬超等人屯據潼關。七月，曹操率大軍親徵關中。九月，大破關中諸軍，馬超、韓遂逃至涼州，楊秋逃至安定（治臨涇，今甘肅鎮原南）。十月，曹操進軍安定，楊秋投降，關中地區基本平定。
建安十八年，曹操起兵號稱四十萬，親自南徵孫權。次年正月，曹軍進至濡須口（今安徽巢縣東南），攻破孫權設在江北的營寨，生擒其將公孫陽。孫權親率軍七萬，前至濡須口抵禦曹軍。二軍相持月餘，各無所獲。曹操見孫權軍容嚴整，自己難以取勝，遂撤軍北還。五月，復《禹貢》九州。
漢天子册封曹操為魏公，加九錫、建魏國，定國都於鄴城。魏國擁有冀州十郡之地，置丞相、太尉、大將軍等百官。獻帝還准許其“參拜不名、劍履上殿 ”，如漢丞相蕭何故事。
建安二十年三月，曹操見劉備已取得益州，而漢中是益州門戶，“若無漢中，則無蜀矣”，劉備必然要攻取漢中。於是曹操搶先一步，率十萬大軍親徵漢中張魯。七月，曹操大軍進至陽平關（今陝西沔縣西北）。張魯聽說陽平關失守、逃往巴中。曹操進軍南鄭，盡得張魯府庫珍寶。
十一月，張魯出降曹操，漢中遂為曹操所有。
曹操主力退出漢中後，劉備隨後嚮漢中發動進攻。建安二十三年，劉備親率大軍進至陽平關，夏侯淵等人與劉備夾關對峙。七月，曹操親率大軍趕往關中，坐鎮長安，以便隨時指揮漢中戰局。建安二十四年正月，劉備自陽平關南渡沔水（今漢水），依山而進，駐軍於定軍山（今陝西沔縣東南），夏侯淵出兵與劉備爭奪地勢，被黃忠殺掉，曹軍大敗。之後，曹操親率大軍來奪漢中，但是劉備堅壁不出，曹軍與劉備軍相距數月，無利，遂放棄漢中。
建安二十一年夏四月，漢天子册封曹操為魏王，邑三萬戶，位在諸侯王上，奏事不稱臣，受詔不拜，以天子旒冕、車服、旌旗、禮樂郊祀天地，出入得稱警蹕，宗廟、祖、臘皆如漢製，國都鄴城。王子皆為列侯。他名義上還為漢臣，實際上已是皇帝，開了自漢高祖劉邦定下的“異姓諸侯者不得為王”的先河。
建安二十四年七月，曹操剛剛從漢中撤出，劉備大將關羽就從荊州嚮他的東南防綫襄、樊一帶發動了進攻。曹操聞知，立刻派大將於禁率兵往救樊城。八月，關羽乘洪水泛濫之機，大破於禁所統七軍，禽於禁，斬龐德乘勢進軍，將樊城圍住。時樊城曹軍衹有數千人，城被水淹，水面離城樓僅有數尺，曹仁率軍死守。曹操又派徐晃領兵去救樊城。十月，曹操從關中趕到洛陽，親自指揮救援樊城。
孫權因關羽處其上遊，很不願意讓關羽勢力發展，而且他早已有攻取荊州之心，於是聯結曹操，準備以大將呂蒙偷襲荊州要地江陵。曹操接信後，將這一消息通知曹仁，命他繼續堅守，自己進至摩陂（今河南郟縣東南），臨近指揮，又派兵十二營增援徐晃，命他反擊關羽。不久，呂蒙偷襲江陵得手。關羽撤兵，路上被孫權軍擒殺。
曹操在孫權擒殺關羽、取得荊州後，表孫權為驃騎將軍、荊州牧。孫權遣使入貢，嚮曹操稱臣，並勸曹操取代漢朝自稱大魏皇帝。曹操將孫權來書遍示內外群臣，說：“是兒欲踞吾著爐火上耶！”曹操手下群臣乘機嚮曹操勸進。曹操自己還不想廢獻帝自立，他說：“苟天命在孤，孤為周文王矣。”
建安二十五年正月（220），曹操還軍洛陽。當月，病逝在洛陽，終年六十六歲。這年十月，魏王曹丕取代漢朝，自立為皇帝，國號魏，追尊曹操為武皇帝，廟號太祖。
【家庭情況】
妻妾
武宣卞皇后，就是卞氏。生有曹丕、曹彰、曹植、曹熊四子。
丁夫人，曹操原配正室夫人，因曹昂之死而與曹操反目，曹操曾欲迎回而不可得。
劉夫人，丁氏的侍女，隨丁氏陪嫁至曹傢，後亦為曹操之愛妾，不久病亡，生有曹昂、曹鑠二子。
環夫人，曹操之妾，生有曹衝、曹據、曹宇三子。
杜夫人，曹操之妾，生有曹霖、曹袞二子。
秦夫人，曹操之妾，生有曹玹、曹峻二子。
尹夫人，曹操之妾，生有曹矩一子。
王昭儀，曹操之妾，生有曹幹一子。
孫姬，曹操之妾，生有曹上、曹彪、曹勤三子。
李姬，曹操之妾，生有曹乘、曹整、曹京三子。
周姬，曹操之妾，生有曹均一子。
劉姬，曹操之妾，生有曹棘一子。
宋姬，曹操之妾，生有曹徽一子。
趙姬，曹操之妾，生有曹茂一子。
陳妾，曹操之妾，生有曹格一子。
子
曹昂，年輕時曾舉孝廉，與張綉作戰時戰死，庶出，但是由曹操原配丁氏撫養長大。
曹鑠，早薨。
曹丕，220年迫漢獻帝禪讓帝位，是為魏文皇帝。
曹彰，綽號黃須兒，為一勇將，曾大破代郡烏丸。223年封任城王。
曹植，擅長文學，曾作《洛神賦》。雖然得到曹操寵愛，但與其兄曹丕爭位失敗，從此在政治上無從施展抱負。225年立為陳王。
曹熊，早年去世，魏文帝追封為蕭懷公；魏明帝追進爵為東平王。
曹衝，為著名神童，13歲病死，後追封洛陽王。
曹據，232年封為彭城王。
曹宇，232年封為燕王。魏元帝曹奐之父，魏文帝，魏明帝兩代托孤。
曹霖，232年封為沛王。
曹袞，232年封為中山王。臨終病重時魏明帝曹叡對其愛護備至，死後又獲厚葬。
曹玹，211年封為西鄉侯。
曹峻，232年封為陳留王。
曹矩，早薨。
曹幹，232年封為趙王。
曹上，早薨。
曹彪，232年封為楚王。251年與太尉王凌謀反事泄，被賜死。
曹勤，早薨。
曹乘，早薨。
曹整，217年封為郿侯。
曹京，早薨。
曹均，217年封為樊侯。
曹棘，早薨。
曹徽，232年封為東平王。
曹茂，與曹操及曹丕不和。232年封為麯陽王。
曹操另有養子何晏、秦朗。
女
曹憲，漢獻帝貴人。（《後漢書·獻帝紀》）
曹節，漢獻帝皇后。（《後漢書·獻帝紀》）
曹華，漢獻帝貴人。（《後漢書·獻帝紀》）
安陽公主，名不詳，為荀惲之妻。（《三國志·魏書·荀彧傳》）
金鄉公主，名不詳，何晏之妻。（《三國志·魏書·曹真傳》引《魏末傳》）
清河長公主，名不詳，夏侯楙之妻。（《三國志·魏書·夏侯惇傳》引《魏略》）
臨汾公主，名不詳，疑為曹操女兒。（《三國志·魏書·司馬芝傳》）
兄弟
曹彬
曹德
親族
在《三國志·魏書·諸夏侯曹傳》中記載了八位曹氏和夏侯氏的曹操親族，此八人均為曹操所重用，號稱“八虎騎”。
夏侯惇字元讓。其子：夏侯楙，字子林。
夏侯淵字妙纔，夏侯惇從弟。其子：夏侯衡字伯權，夏侯霸字仲權，夏侯稱字叔權，夏侯威字季權，夏侯榮字幼權，夏侯惠字稚權，夏侯和字義權。
曹仁字子孝，曹操從弟。
曹洪字子廉，曹操從弟。
曹純字子和，曹仁之弟。
曹休字文烈，曹操從子。其子：曹肇字長思。
曹真字子丹，曹操從子。其子：曹爽字昭伯，曹羲，曹訓。
夏侯尚字伯仁，夏侯淵從子。其子：夏侯玄字太初。
【選官標準】
東漢時期選拔官吏，被選用人既要有仁義孝悌等方面封建道德品質，也要有高貴的傢世出身。曹操為維護和發展勢力，讓更多的人為自己的事業服務，不受上述標準限製，強調“唯才是舉”。衹要有才能，即使缺少封建道德品質、出身下層的人，他也註意提拔。從210年到217年，他先後下了三次“求賢令”，選拔和任用一些有才能的人。於禁和樂進，是曹操從士兵中提拔起來的大將；張遼和徐晃，是曹操從亡虜中選拔出來的大將。他們作為名將，輔佐曹操成就大業，均立有赫赫戰功。被曹操任命為州牧和郡守的許多人，也都出身低微。
【文學成就】
曹操對文學、書法、音樂等都有深湛的修養。他的文學成就，主要表現在詩歌上，散文也很有特點。
曹操的詩歌，今存不足20篇，全部是樂府詩體。內容大體上可分三類。一類是關涉時事的，一類是以表述理想為主的，一類是遊仙詩。太祖禦軍三十餘年，手不捨書。書則講武策，夜則思經傳。登高必賦，及造新詩，被之管弦，皆成樂章。（《魏書》）上雅好詩書文籍，雖在軍旅，手不釋捲。每每定省，從容常言：人少好學，則思專，長則善忘；長大而能勤學者，唯吾與袁伯業耳。（《典論自敘》，袁伯業名遺，袁紹從兄。）曹公古直，甚有悲涼之句。（鐘嶸《詩品》）
與時事有某種關聯的作品有《薤露行》、《蒿裏行》、《苦寒行》、《步出夏門行》等。《薤露行》、《蒿裏行》二詩，作於建安初年。前一篇反映何進謀誅宦官事敗，董卓入洛陽作亂；後一篇寫關東各州郡興兵討卓，又各懷野心，互相殺伐，在內容上緊相承接。詩篇以簡練的語言，高度概括地寫出了這一段歷史過程，因此被譽為“漢末實錄，真詩史也”（鐘惺《古詩歸》）。尤其可貴的是，在《蒿裏行》詩中他以同情的筆調，寫出了廣大人民在戰亂中所罹的深重苦難：“鎧甲生蟣虱，萬姓以死亡，白骨露於野，千裏無雞鳴，生民百遺一，念之斷人腸。”《苦寒行》作於建安十一年，詩篇描寫鼕日太行山區的酷寒、荒蕪、險峻，形象生動，同時也寫出了詩人內心的復雜感受。《步出夏門行》作於建安十二年徵三郡烏桓時。該詩包括“豔 ”（前奏）及四解。“豔”着重寫了詩人出徵時的復雜心情。一解“觀滄海”，寫進軍途經碣石時的觀感；二解“鼕十月”、三解“河朔寒”，寫歸途中見聞；四解 “龜雖壽”，寫取得了這場重要戰役勝利後的思想活動。其中“觀滄海”描寫大海景象，“秋風蕭瑟，洪波涌起，日月之行，若出其中；星漢燦爛，若出其裏”，氣勢磅礴，格調雄放，映襯出詩人包容宇宙、吞吐日月的闊大胸懷。“龜雖壽”以一係列生動的比喻，表達詩人對人生及事業的看法：“老驥伏櫪，志在千裏，烈士暮年，壯心不已”。這是詩人貫徹終生的積極進取精神的真實表白。
以表述理想為主的詩歌有《度關山》、《對酒》、《短歌行》等。前兩篇寫詩人的政治理想。他設想的太平盛世是儒法兼采、恩威並用的賢君良臣政治。這在漢末社會大破壞的現實背景下，無疑是具有進步意義的。《短歌行》的主題是求賢，以“山不厭高，水不厭深，周公吐哺，天下歸心”等詩句，來抒發求賢若渴，廣納人才，以冀成其大業的心情。
遊仙詩有《氣出唱》、《秋鬍行》等。曹操是不信方士神仙之說的，所以他寫這些詩當別有所寄，不能據此把他與秦皇、漢武的求仙等量齊觀。
在藝術風格上，曹操詩歌樸實無華、不尚藻飾。它們以感情深摯、氣韻沉雄取勝。在詩歌情調上，則以慷慨悲涼為其特色。慷慨悲涼，這本來是建安文學的共同基調，不過在曹操的詩中，它表現得最為典型，最為突出。在詩歌體裁上，曹操的樂府詩並不照搬漢樂府成規，而是有所發展。如《薤露行》、《蒿裏行》，在漢樂府中都是輓歌，他卻運用舊題抒寫了全新的內容。曹操開創了以樂府寫時事的傳統，影響深遠。建安作傢以及從南北朝直到唐代的許多詩人，他們擬作的大量樂府詩，都可以說是這一傳統的繼承和發揚。
曹操的散文多是應用性文字，大致可分表、令、書三大類。其代表作有《請追增郭嘉封邑表》、《讓縣自明本志令》、《與王修書》、《祀故太尉橋玄文》等。這些文字的共同特點是質樸渾重、率真流暢，寫出了曹操的獨特聲口。如《讓縣自明本志令》，自述大半生奮鬥經歷，分析當時形勢，剖析自己的心志，其“設使國傢無有孤，不知當幾人稱帝，幾人稱王”等語，寫得極其坦率而有氣魄。從東漢以來，散文出現了駢化的趨勢，至漢末而漸顯；一般散文作者開始講求對偶、註重用典。而曹操以其平易自如、質實明練的文體，在當時獨樹一幟。魯迅曾稱贊曹操是“改造文章的祖師 ”（《魏晉風度及文章與藥及酒之關係》）。
曹操在文學上的功績，還表現在他對建安文學（見建安七子）所起的建設性作用上，建安文學能夠在長期戰亂、社會殘破的背景下得以勃興，同他的重視和推動是分不開的。劉勰在論述建安文學繁榮原因時，就曾指出“魏武以相王之尊，雅愛詩章”（《文心雕竜時序》）。事實上，建安時期的主要作傢，無不同他有密切關係。曹丕、曹植是他的兒子，“七子”及蔡琰等，也都托庇於他的蔭護。可以說，“鄴下文人集團”就是在他提供的物質條件基礎上形成的；而他們的創作，也是在他的倡導影響下進行的。
曹操著述，據清姚振宗《三國藝文志》考證，有《魏武帝集》30捲錄1捲、《兵書》13捲等十餘種，然多已亡佚，今存者唯《孫子註》。明代張溥輯散見詩、文等145篇為《魏武帝集》，收入《漢魏六朝百三傢集》中。丁福保《漢魏六朝名傢集》中也有《魏武帝集》，所收作品略多於張溥輯本。1959年，中華書局據丁福保本，稍加整理補充，增入《孫子註》，又附入《魏志;武帝紀》、《曹操年表》等，重新排印為《曹操集》。
【曹操名詩】
短歌行（二首）
其一
對酒當歌，人生幾何？
譬如朝露，去日苦多。
慨當以慷，憂思難忘。
何以解憂？唯有杜康。
青青子衿，悠悠我心。
但為君故，瀋吟至今。
呦呦鹿鳴，食野之蘋。
我有嘉賓，鼓瑟吹笙。
明明如月，何時可掇？
憂從中來，不可斷絶。
越陌度阡，枉用相存。
契闊談讌，心念舊恩。
月明星稀，烏鵲南飛，
繞樹三匝，何枝可依？
山不厭高，海不厭深。
周公吐哺，天下歸心。
其二
周西伯昌，懷此聖德。
三分天下，而有其二。
修奉貢獻，臣節不隆。
崇侯讒之，是以拘係。
後見赦原，賜之斧鉞，得使徵伐。
為仲尼所稱，達及德行，
猶奉事殷，論敘其美。
齊桓之功，為霸之首。
九合諸侯，一匡天下。
一匡天下，不以兵車。
正而不譎，其德傳稱。
孔子所嘆，並稱夷吾，民受其恩。
賜與廟胙，命無下拜。
小白不敢爾，天威在顔咫尺。
晉文亦霸，躬奉天王。
受賜圭瓚，〔禾巨〕鬯彤弓，
盧弓矢千，虎賁三百人。
威服諸侯，師之所尊。
八方聞之，名亞齊桓。
河陽之會，詐稱周王，是其名紛葩。
註：“讌”字或可同為“宴”字，不同版本的字不一樣
觀滄海
東臨碣石，以觀滄海。
水何澹澹，山島竦峙。
樹木叢生，百草豐茂。
秋風蕭瑟，洪波涌起。
日月之行，若出其中；
星漢燦爛，若出其裏。
幸甚至哉！歌以詠志。
（作於建安十二年秋）
步出夏門行·龜雖壽
神龜雖壽，猶有竟時。
騰蛇乘霧，終為土灰。
老驥伏櫪，志在千裏；
烈士暮年，壯心不已。
盈縮之期，不但在天；
養怡之福，可得永年。
幸甚至哉！歌以詠志。
苦寒行
北上太行山，艱哉何巍巍！
羊腸坂詰屈，車輪為之摧。
樹木何蕭瑟，北風聲正悲！
熊羆對我蹲，虎豹夾路啼。
溪𠔌少人民，雪落何霏霏！
延頸長嘆息，遠行多所懷。
我心何怫鬱？思欲一東歸。
水深橋梁絶，中路正徘徊。
迷惑失故路，薄暮無宿棲。
行行日已遠，人馬同時饑。
擔囊行取薪，斧冰持作糜。
悲彼《東山》詩，悠悠令我哀。
薤露行
惟漢廿二世，所任誠不良。
沐猴而冠帶，知小而謀疆。
猶豫不敢斷，因狩執君王。
白虹為貫日，己亦先受殃。
賊臣持國柄，殺主滅宇京。
蕩覆帝基業，宗廟以燔喪。
播越西遷移，號泣而且行。
瞻彼洛城郭，微子為哀傷。
蒿裏行
關東有義士，興兵討群兇。
初期會盟津，乃心在鹹陽。
軍合力不齊，躊躇而雁行。
勢利使人爭，嗣還自相戕。
淮南弟稱號，刻璽於北方。
鎧甲生蟣虱，萬姓以死亡。
白骨露於野，千裏無雞鳴。
生民百遺一，念之斷人腸。
度關山
天地間，人為貴。
立君牧民，為之軌則。
車轍馬跡，經緯四極。
黜陟幽明，黎庶繁息。
於鑠賢聖，總統邦域。
封建五爵，井田刑獄。
有燔丹書，無普赦贖。
臯陶甫侯，何有失職？
嗟哉後世，改製易律。
勞民為君，役賦其力。
舜漆食器，畔者十國，
不及唐堯，采椽不斫。
世嘆伯夷，欲以厲俗。
侈惡之大，儉為共德。
許由推讓，豈有訟麯？
兼愛尚同，疏者為戚。
【曹操贊詩】
鄴中歌
鄴則鄴城水漳水，定有異人從此起。
雄謀韻事與文心，君臣兄弟而父子。
英雄未有俗胸中，出沒豈隨人眼底？
功首罪魁非兩人，遺臭流芳本一身。
文章有神霸有氣，豈能苟爾化為群？
橫流築臺距太行，氣與理勢相低昂。
安有斯人不作逆，小不為霸大不王？
霸王降作兒女鳴，無可奈何中不平。
嚮帳明知非有益，分香未可謂無情。
嗚呼！
古人作事無巨細，寂寞豪華皆有意。
書生輕議塚中人，塚中笑爾書生氣！
【雙調】蟾宮麯
阿魯威
問人間誰是英雄，有釃酒臨江，橫槊曹公。
紫蓋黃旗，多應藉得，赤壁東風。
更驚起南陽臥竜，便成名八陣圖中。
鼎足三分，一分西蜀，一分江東。
【史書評論】
史書評論曹操：“明略最優”，“清平之姦賊，亂世之英雄” （《後漢書·許劭傳》，裴鬆之註引孫盛《異同雜語》作“治世之能臣，亂世之姦雄”） 。著名的《讓縣自明本志令》作於建安十五年（210)，盡皆妄語。曹操感性地說：“使天下無有孤，不知當幾人稱帝，幾人稱王。” 此乃欺人之談， 如果沒有曹操，亦有袁紹劉備之流可以統一北方。
長篇歷史小說《三國演義》裏面，從黎民百姓的角度出發，表現出明顯的貶曹筆法。但由於《三國志》寫於晉朝， 為了表明晉朝的正統，因此《三國志》對他的評價，是魏蜀吳三國君主之中最高者，陳壽評價曹操為“漢末，天下大亂，雄豪並起，而袁紹虎視四州，強盛莫敵。太祖運籌演謀，鞭撻宇內，攬申、商之法術，該韓、白之奇策，官方授材，各因其器，矯情任算，不念舊惡，終能總禦皇機，剋成洪業者，惟其明略最優也。抑可謂非常之人，超世之傑矣。”曹操唯才是舉，軍事上戰術戰略靈活多變。他對東漢末年中國北方的統一，經濟生産的恢復和社會秩序的維係有着重大貢獻。在內政方面，曹操創立屯田製，命令不用打仗的士兵下田耕作，減輕了東漢末年戰時的糧食問題。
【衆人評說】
許劭：清平之姦賊，亂世之英雄。——《後漢書》 （裴鬆之註引孫盛《異同雜語》作“治世之能臣，亂世之姦雄”）
陳壽：“漢末，天下大亂，雄豪並起，而袁紹虎摉四州，強盛莫敵。太祖運籌演謀，鞭撻宇內，攬申、商之法術，該韓、白之奇策，官方授材，各因其器，矯情任算，不念舊惡，終能總禦皇機，剋成洪業者，惟其明略最優也。抑可謂非常之人，超世之傑矣。”——《三國志》
孫權評價曹操：“其惟殺伐小為過差，離間人骨肉以為酷耳，禦將自古少有。”
王瀋：太祖禦軍三十餘年，手不捨書。書則講武策，夜則思經傳。登高必賦，及造新詩，被之管弦，皆成樂章。——《魏書》
鐘嶸：曹公古直，甚有悲涼之句。——《詩品》
裴鬆之評價曹操：“歷觀古今書籍所載，貪殘虐烈無道之臣，於操為甚。”——《三國志（註）》
唐太宗說曹操：“臨危製變，料敵設奇，一將之智有餘，萬乘之才不足。”
唐玄宗常自稱“阿瞞”。
元稹評價曹操：“曹瞞篡亂從此始。”——《董逃行》
王安石贊曹操：“青山為浪入漳州，銅雀臺西八九丘。螻蟻往還空壟畝，麒麟埋沒幾春秋。名蓋世知誰是，氣力回天到此休。何必地中餘故物，魏公諸子分衣裘。”
劉知幾評價曹操：“罪百田常，禍於王莽。”——《史通·探賾》
魯迅說：“曹操至少是一個英雄。”
往事越千年，魏武揮鞭，東臨碣石有遺篇。
——毛澤東詩詞
易中天說曹操：聰明透頂、愚不可及，狡猾姦詐、坦率真誠，豁達大度、疑神疑鬼，寬宏大量、心胸狹窄。
大傢風範、小人嘴臉，英雄氣派、兒女情懷，閻王脾氣、菩薩心腸。
體現出大氣，將各種臉溶於一身。
曹操的遺囑“分香賣履，留戀妾婦”體現出曹操的大氣與自負，就不談國傢大事，不說豪言壯語，就說些小事，你們把我怎麽樣，你們說我是小人就是小人又怎樣，我曹操就是曹操，我纔不在乎你們怎樣評價我呢。我就是這樣的人。
“惟大英雄能本色，是真名士自風流。”
有些客套不想做也要做，因為這是程序，即使有悖自己的性格也要做。
如果是因為一些小事諷刺我一下，我就哈哈大笑，算了。但若是反對我的政治路綫，卻是不能容忍的。
同名歌麯“曹操”道：“獨自走下長坂坡，月光太溫柔，曹操不羅嗦，一心要拿荊州。用陰謀、陽謀、明說、暗奪、談薄……”雖衹是歌詞，但卻道出曹操的為事業而不擇手段，被傳唱大江南北。
【歷史功績】
曹操在北方屯田，興修水利，解决了軍糧缺乏的問題，對農業生産恢復有一定作用；用人唯才，打破世族門第觀念，羅緻地主階級中下層人物，抑製豪強，加強集權。所統治的地區社會經濟得到恢復和發展。精於兵法，著《孫子略解》、《兵書接要》等書。善詩歌，《蒿裏行》、《觀滄海》等抒發自己的政治抱負，並反映漢末人民苦難生活，氣魄雄偉，慷慨悲涼，他在政治上的功績亦是不凡的。
曹操統一北方的積極作用。前已敘及，東漢王朝後期，由於政治黑暗，社會生産遭到嚴重破壞，人民無法生活，終於爆發了轟轟烈烈的黃巾大起義。但在當時的歷史條件下，農民起義不可能取得最終的勝利，繼之而來的是東漢王朝的解體和軍閥混戰。在混戰中，不僅董卓、李傕等涼州軍閥到處屠殺人民，搶劫財物，就是打着勤王旗號的東方將領也“縱兵鈔掠”。因而普遍出現了“民人相食，州裏蕭條”的荒涼景象。這種情況的造成，除了應當歸罪於東漢王朝的反動統治外，鎮壓農民起義和破壞社會生産的軍閥，自然也是不可饒恕的罪首。但相對的說，各軍閥之間，畢竟還是有所差別的。拿曹操來說，他雖然鎮壓過農民起義和濫殺過無辜人民，但從他在政治、軍事、經濟各方面的表現來看，他比被他消滅的那些軍閥還是勝過一籌的。比如他推行屯田，興修水利，實行????鐵官賣制度，對社會經濟的恢復和經濟的整頓起了積極作用。
曹操一開始走上仕途就試圖用比較嚴格的法律改變當時權豪橫行的情況。但由於禍害根子在中央，操無法施展自己的意圖。到他自己掌握政權以後，纔得全面推行抑製豪強的法治政策。他說：“夫刑，百姓之命也”；“撥亂之政，以刑為先”。他起用王修、司馬芝、楊沛、呂虔、滿寵、賈逵等地方官吏，抑製不法豪強。如果把袁紹和曹操在冀州先後推行的治術加以比較，就可以看出兩種不同的情況：“漢末政失於寬，紹以寬濟寬，故不攝”。在袁紹的寬縱政策下，“使豪強擅恣、親戚兼併，下民貧弱，代出租賦，炫鬻傢財，不足應命”。這樣，自然不能使“百姓親附，甲兵強盛”。所以袁紹雖地較大、兵較多、糧較足，終為操所敗。操得冀州後，立即“重豪強兼併之法”，因而收到了比較能使“百姓喜悅”的效果。司馬光說操“化亂為治”，並非無據。而且操用人不重虛譽，他選用的官員要“明達法理”，能行法治。操還提倡廉潔，他用崔琰、毛玠掌管選舉，“其所舉用，皆清正之士，雖於時有盛名而行不由本者，終莫得進。務以儉率人，由是天下之士莫不以廉節自勵，雖貴寵之臣，輿服不敢過度”。於是社會風氣有所好轉。
與推行法治政策相輔而行的是操力圖集權於己，不容許臣下有結黨行為。他下令說：“今清時，但當盡忠於國，效力王事，雖私結好於他人，用千匹絹，萬石𠔌，猶無所益”。操為了監視群臣，設置“校事”。這件事受到大臣反對，認為“非居上信下之旨”。操對此加以解釋說：“要能刺舉而辦衆事，使賢人君子為之，則不能也”。所謂“賢人君子”，主要指世傢大臣，他們纍世為官，枝連葉附，名望和勢力很大。操對之一方面不能不加以籠絡，使之居上位而不予實權；一方面也利用出身微賤的校事來檢查他們的行動。至於這樣做有無必要呢？我們可以用日後孫權的話來回答。孫權說：“長文（陳群字）之徒，昔所以能守善者，以操笮其頭，畏操成嚴，故竭心盡意，不敢為非”。孫權也仿效操設校事一職，可知在當時情況下，設置監視大臣行動的校事，以防漢末和袁紹集團內大臣結黨拉派的重演，還是不無道理的。從曹魏政權的內部結構看，世傢大臣最多，潛在的危險也較重。曹操為自身及子孫計，設置校事以伺察大臣，雖有些苛刻和搞權術，但不這樣，是難以製服他們的。史稱：“曹公性嚴，掾屬公事，往往加杖”。操還令諸將傢屬居鄴，以防其叛己外逃，都是操與屬下存在着隔閡與矛盾的反映。
總起來看，黃河流域在曹操統治下，政治有一定程度的清明，經濟逐步恢復，階級壓迫稍有減輕，社會風氣有所好轉。所以我們說操之統一北方及其相應采取的一些措施還是具有積極作用的。
【曹操的故事】
曹操的正室妻子卞氏，原本是倡傢，即漢代專門從事音樂歌舞的樂人家庭（後唐代演變成娼妓的代名詞，但漢代衹是指藝人），後來與曹操成婚，建安初年丁夫人被廢，卞夫人成為曹操的正妻。曹丕繼位後尊其為皇太後，曹叡繼位後尊其為太皇太後。
出身雖差，人品極好，做人非常地低調，
她生的兒子
1：魏文帝曹丕
2：武功極好的曹彰
3：曹植（七步詩聽說過吧，非常有才華的詩人）
4；蕭懷王曹熊
那個社會都很講名份的，講究出生地位的，而曹操更註重人品
曹操在打仗的時候，總是繳獲一些，珠寶，珍寶，古玩，首飾，他帶回傢以後，曹操會把這些東西先交給卞夫人去挑選，因為她是夫人，正妻，每次卞夫人都挑一個中等水平的首飾啊，珠寶這類，哎，這曹操就奇怪了，就問她說：我經過觀察發現，你每次啊，不挑最好的，也不挑最差的，你就挑個中等的，什麽原因呢，卞夫人說：挑最好的，叫貪婪，挑最差的，叫虛偽，我挑中等的，（這是非常實在的一種說法）曹操很欣賞
官渡之戰之後，曹操繳獲了袁紹大量的圖書，資料，文件，書信，就發現其中有自己的人寫給袁紹的信，按照一般人的反應，這是通敵的證據，這是背叛的證據，應該把它拿出來，一個一個按圖索驥，把那些叛徒，把那些二心的，把那些動搖份子都給我揪出來，而曹操沒有。曹操發現這些一堆書信，看都不看，立即下令，全部燒毀，曹操做得很漂亮，當時很多人不理解，就問曹操，為什麽把這麽重要的證據都毀掉了，因為曹操很清楚，他是以弱勝強，老實說，自己心裏都沒底，何況大傢呢，這勾結袁紹又不是一個二個，三個五個，可能是幾十個，上百個，這都清算不過來，何必要清算呢，這個人情，曹操做得很好，曹操當着全部人的面把這些證明全部燒毀，讓大傢放心，跟着曹某，衹要衷誠，以前的事我不知道。
曹操很會裝糊塗，裝糊塗才能寬容人，寬容人才能得人心，得人心才能得天下。
Wei established, Cao Cao the title of "Emperor Wu", Temple name "Taejo."
【Details】
Cao Cao Cao Teng grandfather served in the office when the Han Emperor Huan, labeled charges Tinghou. Cao Song of the name is said Jaap de Hoop father, son, and after a change of surname inheritance Cao Teng Marquis. Cao Cao nickname A hiding, Geely, Guer have evaded the said Cao A. Young wit police Min Cao Cao during a random weigh responses, and self-willed good Xia, indulgent, do not cultivate character, not research studies, so that nobody will think he has any special skills, only the bridge Leung Yuen and others that he was not extraordinary, Joe Andrew on Cao Cao said: "The world will be chaotic, non-life world of before and can not have, to security of person, and its ruler peace!" Nanyang He Yong said to him: "Han camp will die, On the world who , will the people! "Hsu Shao, the word child will be to Appreciating known, he had on Cao Cao said:" Jun Qingping the traitor, the chaos Hero "(this according to" post-Han Xu Shao Chuan "s Annotations Reply Sun Sheng "Words of similarities and differences" and "Three Kingdoms" to "Successful Ruling that it can sub-Chen, Taiwan Jian Xiong also troubled times.") Han Dynasty in 184 AD Yellow Turban uprising revealed Tau Kok, after being sealed the West Park eight XiaoWei one of the world participated in the war lords crusade against Dong Zhuo. Dong Zhuo's death, to develop their own forces, vertical and horizontal turbulent, Civil war, has defeated Lu Bu, Yuan Shu, and accepted the surrender of Zhang Xiu. In October 200 AD, Cao Cao in Guandu (today Zhongmu County Northeast) to win with fewer troops defeat Hebei Yuan Shao 100 000, AD 201 booths in store (now the County of Northeast Henan Province) Yuan Shao again break ranks, and in AD 207 December three prefectures Wuhuan Northern Expedition, the total eradication of the remnants of the Yuan, the basic unity of the Central Plains. 208 AD, became prime minister Han regime. In July AD 208, Cao Cao Nanzheng Jingzhou, Liu Biao, in December at the Red Cliff Liu and Sun fighting coalition forces, defeat. In July AD 211, Cao Cao defeated by Ma Chao led expedition headed off in the armies, and build the basis of the Wei. In 212 AD, then beat Zhang Lu in Hanzhong, thus, the basic shape Three Kingdoms trend. In 213 AD, Emperor Xian of Han Xi consider the canonization of Cao Cao sent royal doctor to the king and, in the establishment of Wei Ye City Palace Dongjak station, enjoy the emperor of the system, access to "Yasukuni is not the name of the sword to fulfill Shangdian" the supreme power. AD 220, Cao Cao died in Luoyang, the age of 66, posthumous title of "King Wu", after the death of buried gaoling. Cao Cao's life is not proclaimed himself emperor, after he died, Cao Pi succeeded to the throne shortly after the emperor, recovery posthumous title of "Emperor Wu."
Cao Cao in the North Fangtun Tian, building water conservancy projects, solve the problem the lack of rations, the recovery of agricultural production have a certain effect; meritocratic, recruit in the lower rungs of the landlord class, inhibit the despotic, to strengthen centralized. Areas dominated by socio-economic recovery and development. Elite law, a "strategic solution grandson," "Bingshu access to", "Meng book" and other books. Good poetry, "Artemisia in line", "View of the sea" and other poems, to express their political aspirations, and reflect the suffering of the Late Han people live, courage magnificent, generous desolation. Prose is clean and pure. Author of "Weiwu set."
The first year of the beginning level, and the brightest generals elected as chief and Yuan Shao's family celebrated the West to discuss Dong Zhuo. But the general dismal of tension, the volunteer army failed. Cao Cao in the battle, first to see the sworn enemy of the future - Liu Bei.
Level three years early, Dong Zhuo as Wang Yun, Lu Bu killed. The two men has been Zhuo Li Jue, Guo Si by then. Emperor Xian Sheng Luan Chang escaped with a public minister, but was Li, Guo two are pursuing. The acceptance of Cao Cao Xun Yu, CHENG Yu the meeting and meet the Emperor Xian to Xuchang. From Cao Cao started to embrace the emperor to the nobility.
Later, Cao Cao to Emperor Xian name conquests. Has put down Kanto, in the vicinity. While Liu Bei has become subordinates. Next, Cao Cao will have to face his old friend - Yuan Shao.
【Description】 life
Zhongping five years (188), Emperor Ling of Han to consolidate his rule, setting the West Park 8 XiaoWei, Cao Cao was appointed because of their family background in the Code of Military eight XiaoWei XiaoWei.
Zhongping six years (189), Western Liang Dong Zhuo entered the provincial governor of Luoyang, waste Shao Di, Li Emperor Xian Liu agreement, then kill Empress and Shaodi, claiming Grand Preceptor, nose at affairs of state. See Cao Cao Dong Zhuo perverse, do not want to work with, then Gaiyi name escaped Capital Luoyang (Henan Luoyang Northeast today).
After Cao Cao to chenliu, "Distribution of Household, yi soldiers." Organized a 5000-strong army, ready to crusade against Dong Zhuo.
Dong Zhuo Kanto armies, called to discuss the actual respective dismal, intended to seize opportunities to develop their own forces. Soon, the friction between the various armed services, mutual Rush.
Level three years early, Stuart Wang Yun and Lu Bu to kill Dong Chang'an work out a scheme, the Department will Dong Li Jue, Guo Si and other captured Chang'an, killing Wang Yun, Lu Bu attack, was also caught off the war. Is, the gun Mushou the far side of the formation of splintering of the situation.
Three years of the early level, Green Island Yellow Turban army major was the development of Crack Yanzhou county, provincial governor array cut Yanzhou Liu Dai. Economy such as the North with a letter welcoming Martin Yanzhou Mu Cao Cao Ren. Xinhe Bao Cao Cao and the military attack on the Yellow Turbans. Martin believed killed. Cao Cao "set Qi Fu, day and night battle", finally defeated the Yellow Turbans. By Jiang Zu three dozen million people over a hundred million. Cao Cao received its elite, composed of military, No. "Qingzhou troops."
Emperor Xian Chu Ping four years (193) fall into the Bing Cao Cao Xuzhou (rule Tan, this Tancheng), expansion of forces to the southeast. Tao Qian Mu Tan County, Xuzhou retreat. Cao rations will do soon, withdrew back to the military. Summer next year, Cao Cao and then sign in Xuzhou, a little way to the East China Sea. Xuzhou Zheng Cao Cao during the killing spree had along the way "towards each other is doing, Hui Yap nothing as pedestrian."
Has participated in the Battle of Dong Liu-discussed prefect Zhang Miao and Chen Gong Ministry of Cao Cao Cao Cao dissatisfied then betrayed Cao, Ying Lu Bu as Yanzhou grazing. Lu Bu was famous for the first Ministry to Dong Zhuo, Wang Yun fixed account with Heaven's Dong.
There were only Juan City (now part of Shandong) and the Fan District, Ōita (now Shandong Fanxian Southeast), East Azerbaijan (now Shandong Yanggu northeast) counties still in the hands of Cao Cao, Xun Yu by Sima and jiushouzhang make CHENG Yu, Dong Prefecture Xiahou Dun, etc. stick to the situation critical exception. Cao Cao from Xuzhou back, I heard that Lu Bu Tun Yu Puyang, Puyang then into the siege. Second, the military stalemate over a hundred days, a large plague of locusts, the two sides cease-fire, Cao Cao's army is also Juan City.
Xingping years (195) in summer, the whole army battles Cao Cao Lu Bu, in Juye (now Shandong Juye South) big break Lu Bu Jun, Liu Bei Lu Bu fled to seek refuge in Xuzhou.
Cao Cao from the Liu-two years to raise an army to Xingping Lu Bu, Zhang Miao out of Yanzhou, after six years of operation, and finally have their own piece of base. Cao Cao raise an army at the beginning, only a few thousand people as Ōita Prefecture around some of his own clan after another recruit, such as home-steps despotic landlords join themselves to their own soldiers, after the Yellow Turban army defeated Green Island also received the composition of its elite "Qingzhou troops." Thus, there has been a considerable combat of Cao Cao's army. Base and the armed forces, Cao Cao is the basic condition to succeed.
Emperor Xian Liu Society from robbery to be Dong Chang'an and has been in the back and forth into. Jian first year in July, Emperor Xian finally returned to Luoyang, Luoyang rebellion by Dong Zhuo, is in ruins. Baiguan no place to live, "Phi thorns, between the wall according to Hill," Luoyang no food, "gun, the owner strong soldiers, and appointed not to lose, Qunliao lack hunger, Shangshu Lang the following from the adoption of Lv, or hunger Death on walls. "
As early as the beginning of level three (192), Cao Cao's advisers Mao Jie Cao Cao on the proposed "that no minister Fengtian, Cultivation and livestock for Military Use" of the strategic recommendations, Cao deep that is. First year in August Jian, Cao Cao pro to an audience with Emperor Xian Luoyang. Hsu then moved the capital to hostage handi County (now in Henan Xuchang Dong). Since then, Cao Cao made "depending on the emperor to the nobility of" advantage. It is a great Cao Cao political success. Been called the great general Cao Cao, Wu Ping Hou. Between the Han and Wei, social production has been badly damaged, a major famine. During this period, the food supply as the biggest problem of all military blocs, because of inadequate rations were invincible since broken innumerable.
The first year of Jian, Cao Cao, who only dates men to adopt the recommendations, the use of materials seized by the Yellow Turbans break in the promised raise people Farming, then that is the great fruit, have millions of cups of grain. So Cao Cao ordered field officers in the gun set up, set up Tuntian. Farming group has effectively solved the food problem Cao Cao, so Cao Cao, said: "So then after the field, with plenty States, destroy destroy inverse, g be the world."
Through the above two measures, Cao ruled areas of agricultural production was quickly restored. This is Cao Cao's a great economic success.
Welcome Emperor Xian, moved the capital to Xu Cao Cao and the restoration of agricultural production is an important condition for the success of the two.
Starting from the Kin years, Cao Cao used his "embrace the emperor to the nobility of" the political advantage, conquests, and began his scissors off the pack, unified northern war.
That time, in the north of Cao Cao, a possession of Hebei, and, You, Yuan Shao Qing four states; the south, is occupied Yuan Shu in Yangzhou; southeast, is occupied Xuzhou Lu Bu; due south, is occupied Jingzhou Liu Biao; the west, is relations in the Zhu Jiang. In addition, the Ministry Dong nephew of Zhang Xiu Zhang economy after the surrender of Liu Biao, cantonments in Wan County (now in Nanyang, Henan), are a threat to the promise.
Jian three years (198) in September, Cao Dongzheng Xuzhou, attack enemies with his long-Riboud. Cao offensive in under Lu Bu centrifugal forces up and down, in December, Lu Bu, Wei added, Song Xian and other advisers Chen Gong clique are surrendering and captured Lu Bu Cao Cao. Riboud saw the hopeless situation, the next city to surrender. Cao Cao will be Lu Bu, Chen Gong death, to close down Lu Bu will Zang Ba, Sun and others view the initial control of Xuzhou.
At the time, is the most powerful warlords Yuan Shao. Cao Cao pre-arranged order in the potential impact of Qingzhou Zang Ba, who scored Qingzhou, occupation Qi (Shandong Linzi this rule), the North Sea (south-east of Shouguang, Shandong this rule), etc., to consolidate the right-wing; they ordered a large army of the Yellow River will be banned Tuen South Bank, monitoring Yuan army. Soon, Zhang Xiu Shi Jia Xu follow the plan and the plan for surrender of the devil rejoicing, thanks to Zhang Xiu Yang Wu for the general, lifting the worry. December that year, Cao Cao led his army from the Tun Yu Guandu (today Zhongmu North), ready to attack the Yuan Shao.
After the death of Liu Bei Tao Qian in Xuzhou, animal husbandry, animal husbandry, once served as Xuzhou, Xuzhou, after being captured Lü Bu, Cao Cao Liu Bei defected. Liu Bei and Cao Cao that was a hero, he has the table Yuzhou animal husbandry, left general. Cao Cao captured near Xuzhou, Huainan Yuan Shu fled to Green Island to prepare according to Yuan Shao, Cao Cao sent Liu Bei to intercept. Jian five years the first month, Dong Cheng Cao Cao, who seek something punish leaks, killed by Cao Cao. Liu Bei then Xi Sha Tsui prefectural governor car helmet, take Xuzhou.
Yuan Shao Cao Cao in order from the future battle with the enemy before and after the subject, decided to eliminate weak footing of Liu Bei in Xuzhou. Are afraid that when Zhu Jiang Xu Yuan Shao took the opportunity to attack all, this well-thought-Cao Cao, said: "Liu Bei, outstanding personality, all this does not blow, there must be troubles. Yuan Shao although ambition, but see things late, she will not have." Then march to lightning speed break Liu Bei, Liu Bei flee Yuan Shao.
August, Yuan Shao army camp and even into, something dozens of years, according to the sand for the Tuen, advancing Guandu. Cao Cao divide our forces adhere to camp, waiting in the wings. Yuan army stormed to Cao Ying, first for high-oars, from the earth mountains, from archery to the Cao Ying Chinese, followed by tunneling, like to attack from the ground Cao Ying, Cao Cao, with appropriate measures are being destroyed one by one. A military attack on defense, stalemate in recent months. Jiuzhan under Cao Cao very difficult circumstances.
October, Yuan Shao shipped from Hebei fodder thousand vehicles, such as sending generals Chunyu Qiong guard with a thousand people, Tun Yu Yuan Shao Camp forty miles away from the nests. Just to vote this time Cao Cao Yuan Shao advisers Xu You, gave to attack Cao Cao nests. Cao Cao was overjoyed, personally led a crack Buji 5000 people catch the overnight attack Wuchao small way. Cao Cao's forces to Wuchao, lives surrounded by fire, Yuan Jun chaos, Chunyu Qiong resist sticking camp. Yuan Shao had heard about, and hurried to send troops to save the grant, Cao Cao so see "'Thieves ride a little close, please divide our forces to resist the.' Parade anger, saying: 'thief in the back, is white!' His soldiers are desperate battle, then big destructible, chopped King, etc. do burned their fodder. " When Yuan Shao Cao Cao attacks Wuchao when I heard that this is defeated Cao Cao's a good opportunity for big business, so the reinforcements sent to small and big business to massive siege of Cao Cao. However, Cao Ying has not broken, lost information has been transmitted Wuchao, Yuan army defeated and dispersed, generals Zhang He Hu, who surrendered to Cao Cao. Yuan Shao fled back to the Yellow River north of the abandoned military. So Cao victory, seven thousand beheading level, to make books by Yuan Jun baggage treasures. Cao Yuan Shao Shuxin inventory, get their subordinates letter addressed to Yuan Shao, the best burn, said: "When the presentations of the strong, solitary still can not protect themselves, while the status of almost everyone!"
From the objective conditions, said Cao Cao of the disadvantaged, but because he is able to analyze the objective conditions, good at listening to the views of other people's right, they are able to exceed and use the correct strategy and tactics, the war to help transform their area, through their own subjective The effort finally won.
Guandu war, the greatest enemy of Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao, he unified the north is the general trend.
Jian years, Yuan Shao died, the two sons of Yuan Tan Yuan Shao, Yuán Shàng discord, fights happen. Yuan Tan lost to Yuán Shàng, beg to surrender to Cao Cao.
Nine in February Jian, Cao Cao Yuan Tan by Yuán Shàng troops to attack the machine, enter the besieged city of Ye. Yuán Shàng led his army back to rescue, according to Fu River water (this Fuyang River) to camp, Cao Cao go flat into its surrounding. Yuán Shàng fear, the request to surrender, Cao Cao allowed. Yuán Shàng catch the overnight flight, Yuan Jun collapsing. Yuán Shàng flee Zhongshan (now Henan province). Cao Cao ordered the official seal holding seized Yuán Shàng section Yue Ye City defenders summon somebody to surrender, the collapse of the city fighting. Cao Ye City was thus defeated. Second year of the first month, the name of Cao Cao Youyi break one's promise, Gongmieyuantan, Jizhou put down. So Cao Cao to also Yanzhou animal husbandry, or switched to Jizhou.
Yuan Shangbing defeat, the prefectural governor Yuan Xi flee quiet. Soon, Yuán Shàng, dating from the Wei Yuan Xi then flee Wuhuan.
Jian years, Cao Cao Yuan to root out remnants, also dating from the Wei to solve the problem of harmful Wuhuan into the plug and decided expedition Wuhuan. Han Dynasty, western Liaoning, eastern Liaoning, Peking third districts Wuhuan the right combination for the third districts Wuhuan, its leader for the western Liao Ta Dun. Third districts Wuhuan and Yuan relations have been good, and repeated intrusions border, captive population of property. May that year, Cao Cao personally led a force to reach no end (now Hebei Jixian). When is the rainy season, water road, "traveling light barrier, deep contained no boats." Cao Cao who Tianchou the meeting never end, change from a long-cut, but "there are micro-trail to find" the line of march. In Tianchou under the guidance of Deng Xu Cao Cao army no mountain (now Yutian North), a Lulong Cyprus (now Hebei xifengkou vicinity), "Cutting Five hundred years mountain valley dam", pointing Wuhuan nest liucheng (now Liaoning Chaoyang South). Cao Jin to less than 200 years from liucheng, the Wuhuan discovered, so Tadun and Yuán Shàng, Yuan Xi, who rates of tens of thousands of cavalry engaged. In August, the second-met, when Cao baggage emphasis, the "Pi Jia, few," and the frantic enemy military forces. Cao Cao climb Lookout, see the enemy are numerous, but the battle is not the whole, Sui Ming generals Air / as forward, by slightly moving the machine enemy position, stormed to the enemy. Wuhuan military chaos, Cao array cut Tadun, victory, Hu, Han drop by more than 20 million, Yuán Shàng, who flee the state of Kung-sun Kang Ping separatism. At this time, Cao Cao was advised the momentum onslaught Gongsun Kang (Cao Guo Jia listen to the views of advisers, said: "I still get cut side to make Hong, Hee-first, do not bother soldiers also." Teacher then led his army also. Soon, Gong Sun Kang indeed beheaded Yuán Shàng, Yuan Xi, Xian and Cao Cao and his heads. Zhujiang confused, Cao Cao, said: "He is still afraid of such factors, I was also argued that a priority, delay of the Zixiang map, however its potential is also . "Thus, Cao Cao defeated third districts Wuhuan, but also completely eliminate the Yuan forces. In the same year due to inability to adapt to Guo Jia, bad weather, day and night emergency line overworked, in the North go before Cao Cao died, and beheaded Yuán Shàng Gong Sun Kang, Hee King of the compound in Guo Jia.) According to the Three Kingdoms Weishu Wu Tai Chi speed records in Liaodong Chanyu servant pills and western Liaoning, Beijing Zhu Hao, abandoned his race, and yet, Liaodong Ben Xi, Xi there are thousands of riding. The beginning of Liaodong prefect Gongsun Hong rely far refused to accept. And public break Karasuma, or that the sign of the public then, can birds are still brothers. Male said: "I still get cut side to make Hong, Hee-first, do not bother soldiers carry on." In September, the public led his troops from liucheng also, that cut is still Kang, Hee and speed servant balls, passes its first. Zhu Jiang, or asked: "Public health also and still get cut, hee, Why?" Male said: "He is still afraid of such factors, I was also argued that a priority, delay of the Zixiang map, its potential is also natural." in November to the Yi River, Dai Jun Karasuma line Chanyu General Fu Lu, kamigori Karasuma line Chanyu that floor, the king to celebrate his name. Not from the strategy Guo Jia.
Thirteen years Jian Jun, Cao waste Excellencies, the prime minister to restore the system, and itself the Han Dynasty prime minister.
As Cao Cao into a threat to the rule of Wu Hou Sun Quan, Sun Quan ordered his troops 30 000 general Zhou Yu, Cao Cao and Liu Bei to resist coalition forces.
Cao Cao from Gangneung East next to the Red Cliff (now Hubei Wuchang County, red Rocky Mountain West) and Sun and Liu coalition negative engagement, temporary garrison in Wulin (now Honghu County northeast of Hubei, the Yangtze River north Wu Lin Angeles), and the other across the river confrontation.
Zhou Yu with a false surrender measure, ordered general Huang Gai rate of 10 smaller warships, upload, grass, irrigation with anointing oil, falsely claiming to surrender, to the north and into to the office from Cao Ying two years, each ship firing together, and then With wind, and rushed straight Cao, Cao defeated, boats burned. Cao Cao led his army from the Huarong (now Jianli Northwest) land withdrawn Gangneung. Then withdrawal of the North also.
After the Red Cliff defeat Cao Cao take some measures to stabilize the internal. Jian 15 in the spring, under Cao Cao, "Seeking to make", said: "Today has not yet determined under this special Seeking pressing ... ... 23 children when their Zuo Ming Yang Chek my humble, the only example, I have the use of . "Cao Cao made informal character, the only example of employment policy, the purpose is to gather talented people to their side.
16 Jian, Cao Cao started off in the use of troops. March, removal Sili Xiaowei Cao Cao Zhong Yao general Xiahou Yuan in order to suppress the rate of Hanzhong (rule Nanzheng, Shaanxi Province, Chinese Middle East) Troops in the name of Zhang Lu Guanzhong. Guanzhong Ma Chao, Han Sui, Qiu-Heart 10 such apprehensions, a moment all anti. Cao Ren Cao Cao's general attack immediately sent off, the Ma Chaodeng people Tuen It Tongguan. In July, a personal expedition off the army of Cao Cao rate. In September, breaking off in large armies, Ma Chao, Han Sui fled Liangzhou, Qiu-fled stability (governance Pro Jing, this town of the former Yugoslavia in Gansu). October, Cao Cao into stability, Qiu-surrender, the basic Ping Ting Guanzhong area.
Jian 18 years, raised his army, known as 400 000 Cao Cao, Sun Quan personally Nanzheng. The following year the first month, Cao Jin to Ruxu I (now the southeast county of Anhui nest), defeated Sun Quan go flat located in Jiangbei, captured it will Gongsun Yang. Sun Quan personally led 70,000 troops, the former to resist Cao Ru Xu mouth. 2 military stalemate over a month, the nil. Sun Quan, Cao Cao, see strict and military capacity, its hard to win, then withdrawal of the North also. May, complex, "Yu Gong" Kyushu.
Cao Han emperor canonized as Weigong, plus Royalty, Wei Jian, will be capital in Ye City. Wei has Jizhou 10 county land, and placing the prime minister, Qiu, generals and other big Baiguan. Emperor Xian was also allowed to "Yasukuni is not the name of the sword to fulfill Shangdian", such as the Chinese prime minister Xiao He story.
March Jian two decades, see Liu Bei Cao Cao has been made in Yizhou, and Hanzhong is Yizhou portal, "Without Hanzhong, no Shu carry on," Liu Bei is bound to capture Hanzhong. Cao Cao was one step ahead, the rate of thousands of army personal expedition Hanzhong Zhang Lu. July, Cao Cao army into to yangpingguan (Mianyang County, Shaanxi Province, Northwest). Zhang Lu heard yangpingguan fall, fled to Pakistan. Cao Cao enter Nanzheng, the best of Zhang Lu repository treasures.
In November, a drop Zhang Lu Cao Cao, Cao Cao Hanzhong therefore abandoned all.
After Cao Cao's main force out of Hanzhong, Hanzhong Liu Bei then to attack. Jian 20 years, personally led a force into to yangpingguan Liu Bei, Liu Bei Xiahou Yuan and others with relevant folder confrontation. July, Cao Cao personally led a force to rush off, the take charge of Chang'an, in order to keep command of Hanzhong war situation. Jian twenty-four years the first month, Liu Bei crossed the Mian River water from yangpingguan (now the Han River), into the mountain, the garrison at Mount Dingjun (Mianyang County, Shaanxi Province, south-east), Xiahou Yuan Liu Bei sent troops to fight with the terrain, was Huang kill, Cao defeated. After Cao Cao personally led a force to seize Hanzhong, but not Liu Bei Hardtop, Cao and Liu Bei Army a few months away, no benefits, then give up Hanzhong.
Kin On 20 April a year in summer, the canonization of Cao Cao as king and emperor of Han, eup 30000, located in the Princes, the Zoushi not concede defeat, Shouzhao no worship to the emperor tassel crown, vehicles, clothes, flags, ritual Jiaosi world, get out, said police incurred, ancestral, ancestral, December Jieru Chinese system, capital city of Ye. Prince are all Liehou. His name also Han elites, in fact, the Emperor, opened since the Han emperor Liu Bang set of "Princes shall not different surname as Wang," precedent.
Kin On July twenty-four years, Cao Cao had just withdrawn from Hanzhong, general Guan Yu, Liu Bei to him from the southeast line of defense in Jingzhou Xiang, Fan attacked the area. Cao Cao heard about, be sent immediately to save big on Fancheng shuaibing ban. August, Guan Yu by flooding of the machine, cut the big break in the seven military system, birds in the ban cut into the momentum Pound will Fancheng surrounded. Cao Fancheng when only a few thousand people, the city was flooded, the water is only several feet away from the tower, Cao Ren sticking his troops. Cao Cao also sent Xu Huang to lead the troops to save the Fancheng. October, Cao Cao arrived from the off in Luoyang, to personally conduct the rescue Fancheng.
Sun Quan, Guan Yu Department for its upstream, it is reluctant to force the development of Guan Yu and he already has capture the heart of Jingzhou, so join Cao Cao, ready to be in general Lu attack Jingzhou Jiangling. Cao Cao received the letter, will notify the news Cao Ren, ordered him to continue to adhere to, their progress to Mount Pei (Jia County, Henan Province today southeast), near the command, but also to reinforce troops 12 business Xu Huang, Guan Yu ordered him to fight back. Soon, Lu Jiangling attack succeed. Withdrawal Guan Yu, Sun Quan, the road was the military Qinsha.
Sun Quan, Guan Yu, Cao Cao Qin Sha made Jingzhou, the table of General Sun Quan as the hussars, Jingzhou grazing. Sun Quan sent envoys to pay tribute to Cao Cao to concede defeat and claimed dawei advised Cao Cao to replace Han emperor. Cao Cao, Sun Quan to the book will be shown all over the inside and outside the ministers, said: "For my children I was standing at the fire Yeah!" Cao Cao Cao Cao hands of the ministers took the opportunity to persuade to enter. Also do not want to waste Emperor Xian Cao Cao himself independent, he said: "Gou fate in the isolated, alone carry on for the King Wen of Zhou."
Jian twenty-five years the first month (220), Cao Cao also military Luoyang. Month, died in Luoyang, aged 60-year-old. This October, the king and replaced by the Han dynasty, Cao Pi, self-reliance for the emperor, the country of Wei, Cao Cao was Zhuizun Emperor Wu, Temple name Taejo.
【Family situation】
Wives
Takenobu Empress Bian is Bian. Birth to Cao Pi, Cao Zhang and Cao Zhi, Cao bears four sons.
Ms. Ding, Cao Original principal wife his wife, and because of the death of Cao Ang Cao Cao against each other, Cao Cao has tried to bring back but could not.
Ms. Liu, Ding's maid, with Ding dowry to Cao, Cao Cao after the Aiqie also soon died and gave birth to Cao Ang, Cao Shuo two sons.
Ring his wife, Cao Cao's concubine gave birth to Cao Chong Cao far, the third son of Cao Yu.
Ms. Du, Cao Cao's concubine, Lin gave birth to Cao Cao Dagon two sons.
Ms. Qin, Cao Cao's concubine Hsuan birth to Cao Cao Jun two sons.
Ms. Yin, the concubine of Cao Cao, Cao moment gave birth to a son.
Wangzhao Yi, Cao Cao's concubine, Cao dry birth to a son.
Sun Ji, Cao Cao's concubine at birth to Cao Cao Biao, Cao Qin three sons.
Li Ji, Cao Cao's concubine by birth to Cao Cao whole, Cao Jing three sons.
Zhou Ji, Cao Cao's concubine gave birth to son Cao uniform.
Liu Ji, Cao Cao's concubine gave birth to a son Cao spine.
Ji Song, Cao Cao's concubine gave birth to a son Cao emblem.
ZHAO Ji, the concubine of Cao Cao, Cao Mao gave birth to a son.
Chen concubine, Cao Cao's concubine gave birth to a son Gary.
Son
Cao Ang, young and give Xiaolian, killed in battle with Zhang Xiu, Shu out, but brought up by the Ding Cao Cao first wife.
Cao Shuo, early death of a prince.
Cao Pi forced Emperor Xian of Han demise throne 220 years, is Weiwen Huang Emperor.
Cao Zhang, nicknamed the yellow to be children, as a brave general, had major break Daijun Karasuma. 223 years of the king of office closures.
Cao Zhi, good literature, had made "Lo River." Although loved by Cao Cao, Cao Pi and his brother scrambling for seats, but failed, from the politically impossible to realize their ambitions. 225 Li Chen Wang.
Cao Xiong, early death, Wei Wendi bestowed to Xiaohuai Gong; Emperor Ming to recover for the Dongping Wang Jin Jue.
Cao Chong, for the famous child prodigy, 13-year-old died after the king bestowed Luoyang.
According to Cao, labeled Pengcheng Wang 232 years.
Cao Yu, 232 labeled Yan Wang. Huan Cao Wei Yuandi father, Wei Wendi, Emperor Ming Dynasty Tuogu.
Cao Lin, Pei Wang labeled 232 years.
Cao Dagon, 232 Zhongshan Wang labeled. Emperor Ming Cao Rui dying ill sound like their love, death and thereby facilitating this practice.
Cao Hsuan, 211 West Xianghou labeled.
Cao Jun, Liu-Wang labeled 232 years.
Cao moment, early death of a prince.
Cao dry, labeled 232 on Zhao.
Cao, the early death of a prince.
Cao Biao, 232 labeled the king. 251 years of rebellion and Qiu Wang Ling vent thing was Prince in.
Cao Qin, early death of a prince.
By Cao, early death of a prince.
Cao whole, 217 labeled King James Hou.
Cao Jing, early death of a prince.
Cao, 217 labeled Fan Hou.
Cao spine, early death of a prince.
Cao Hui, 232 labeled Dongping Wang.
Cao Mao, and Cao Cao and Cao Pi discord. 232 labeled Quyang king.
Another son of Cao Cao Yan, Qin Lang.
Female
Cao Xian, Emperor Xian of Han honored person. ("Later Han Emperor Xian Ji")
Cao Jie, Emperor Xian of Han Queen. ("Later Han Emperor Xian Ji")
Cao Hua, Emperor Xian of Han honored person. ("Later Han Emperor Xian Ji")
Anyang Princess, name unknown, as Yun Xun's wife. ("The Three Kingdoms of Wei Shu Xun Yu Chuan")
Jinxiang Gong master, name unknown, He Yan's wife. ("The Three Kingdoms Wei Shu Caozhen Biography" quoted "the late Wei Chuan")
Qinghe Princess, name unknown, Xiahou Mao's wife. ("The Three Kingdoms Wei Shu Xiahou Dun Biography" primer "Wei Brief")
Linfen Princess, name unknown, suspected daughter Cao Cao. ("The Three Kingdoms Wei Shu Sima Zhi Biography")
Brothers
Bin Cao
Zaude
Relatives
In the "Three Kingdoms Wei Shu Zhu Chuan Jaap de Cao" in recorded eight of Cao Cao and Xiahou's relatives, this 8 per capita for the reuse of Cao Cao, known as "the eight tiger riding."
Xiahou Dun characters make. His son: Xiahou Mao, word Zilin.
Xiahou Yuan Miao word only, Xiahou Dun from the brother. His son: Jaap right balance Zibo, Xiahou Ba Zi Zhong rights, Jaap de Hoop said Zishu rights, Jaap de Hoop Wei word right quarter, Jaap de Hoop fine right wing word, Jaap de Hoop Zhi Hui word right, Jaap de Hoop and the right meaning.
Cao Ren word Zixiao, Cao Cao from the brother.
Oscar Cao word, Cao Cao from the brother.
Cao Son, and of pure character, the younger brother of Cao Ren.
Cao Xiu Wen strong word, Cao Cao from the child. His son: Cao Si Chao word length.
Cao Zhen word Zaidan, Cao Cao from the child. His son: the word Cao Shuang Zhao Bo, Cao Xi, Cao training.
Xiahou Shang characters cause of this incident, Xiahou Yuan from the child. His son: Xiahou Xuan word was in the beginning.
【Standard】 election officials
】 【Literary achievements
Cao Cao on the literature, calligraphy, music, and others have given him a deep cultivation. His literary achievements, mainly in poetry, the prose is also very characteristic.
Cao Cao's poetry, this deposit less than 20, all of poetic verse. Content in general can be divided into three categories. One is concerned with current events, one is the ideal expressed oriented, one is poetry about immortals. Taizu Royal Army 30 years, having left hand book. The book is on military policy, the night is thought by the transfer. Fu will climb, and create poetry, is the Philharmonic, all into a movement. ("Wei Shu") on the refined poetry and writers to, although in the Military, Shoubushijuan. Dinh often, calmly saying goes: people less eager to learn, then The thoughts, as long as a forgetful; old enough to be able to Qin scholars, CD-I and Yuan Bo industry ears. ("Code Monologue", Yuan Bo industry were left behind, Yuan Shao from the brother.) Tso old straight, even a desolation of the sentence. (Zhong Rong "Poetry")
Current events associated with certain works of "Xie Lu-line", "Artemisia in line," "bitter cold" and "We stepped out the door in summer" as well. "Xie Lu-line", "Artemisia in-line" two poems, for in the early years of Jian. He reflected into the plan before a eunuch punish the defeat, Dong Zhuo into trouble in Luoyang; written off after an all-gun Xing Bing Tao Dong Zhuo, but also serious matters ambition, mutual killing other, similar in content to undertake tight. Psalms in concise language, a high degree of general process of writing this piece of history, so as the "Record of the late Han Dynasty, Epic is also true" (Zhong Xing "go Ancient"). Particularly valuable is in the "Artemisia in line," his sympathetic tone poem, written the majority of the people suffer in war by the enormous suffering: "Armor of Health nit lice, 10,000 names to the death, bones exposed on the field, thousands of miles without cock, pepole 100 left one person read the intestinal off. "" bitter cold line "for eleven years in Jian, poems describing the winter cold and the Taihang Mountains, barren, dangerous, vivid, and also wrote the poet heart complex feelings. "Leaving the door line of summer" for the three prefectures Wuhuan Jian years when the levy. The poems include "Yan" (Prelude) and four solution. "Yan" wrote the poet focuses on the complex feelings when going abroad. A solution "sea view", written into the perception of time through Tateishi; 2 Solutions "Winter in October", the three solutions of "Shuo Han", written way back in the knowledge; 4 solution, "although turtle life", writing has made this important campaign After the victory of the thinking activity. The "View of the sea" scene description of the sea, "the bleak autumn wind, swirl of rushing, sun and moon trip, if the one; Star Chinese splendid, if its in a" magnificent, style hung up, against the background of the poet inclusive universe, throughput Sun and Moon in the vast breadth of mind. "Although life turtle," a series of vivid metaphor to express the poet's views on life and career: "an old steed, high aspirations, martyrs old age, mistakes, and apologized." This is a poet carrying out life in a progressive spirit of true confession.
To the ideal expressed oriented poetry with the "degree Kwan Shan", "on the wine", "Duan Gexing" and so on. The first two poems were political ideal. He conceived of peace and prosperity is the Confucian method adopting both, incentives and the political use of W. virtuous emperor. This is the reality of the Late Han havoc in the community context, is no doubt progressive significance. "Duange Hang" theme is Seeking to "tire of the high mountains, deep water, tire of the Duke spit feeding, the world's hearts" and other verses to express desperate for, solicit talent in an effort to become the cause of the heart.
Fairy poetry, "gas out singing," "Autumn HU", etc.. Cao Cao is the gods do not believe the alchemist said, so he wrote these poems when the other has sent, not according to his Qinhuang, Emperor of Immortality par.
Cao Cao's writings, it was clear Yao Zhenzong "Three Art and Literature" research, the "Weiwu set" Volume 1 recorded in 30 volumes, "Bingshu" 13 volumes with over ten different, however many already lost, now sole survivors "grandson note." Ming Zhang Pu series of scattered poetry, literature, etc. 145 for "Weiwu set," income "Han and Six Dynasties" in the. Ting Fu-pao "Six Dynasties famous collection," also has "Weiwu set" works collected in this series of slightly more than Zhang Pu. In 1959, according to Ting Fu Zhonghua this, a little order to add additional income, "grandson Note" and also annexed to "Wei Zhi; Emperor Wu Ji", "Cao Cao chronology" and other re-typography for "Cao Cao set."
Famous poems】 【Cao Cao
Duange Xing (2)
One
Wine and song, life geometry?
For example, morning dew, Goes.
Generous when to expense, Worry memorable.
How to dispel melancholy? Only Dukang.
Green Zijin, Youyouwoxin.
But the King and so thoughtful for now.
Yo Yo Luming, Kuino of Ping.
I have the gentlemen, the zither Flutist.
Kisaragi obviously, when it can drop out?
Sense of years, can not be cut off.
The more unfamiliar degree footpath, is really regrettable that exist with the phase.
Lease wide on Yan Yan, weakened heart.
Yuemingxingxi, Ukraine magpie flying south,
Juke Sanza, Ho Chi would there be?
Tire of the high mountains, deep sea tire of.
Duke spit feeding, the world's hearts.
Second,
Hebrew Chang Zhou, Huai this holiness.
One-third of the world, while the other.
Upon repair the contribution is not Long Chen Jie.
Chong Hou slander of, based on arrest system.
See amnesty after the original, giving the sway may make conquest.
Referred to as the Zhong Ni, up to, and morality,
Utah Feng Shi Yin, the United States of Syria.
Renal calculi of power, the first for the hegemony.
Nine co-princes, one Kuang world.
1 Marina the world, not to military vehicles.
Is not deceitful, said its German transmission.
Confucius sighed and said Yi Wu, China by its grace.
Give and Temple confer, no worship to life.
White dare Seoul, Tianwei in the Yen right close.
Jin-Wen also tyrants, bow Fengtian Wang.
By Chi Kyu-chan, 〔〕 Yi Chang Tong Wo giant arch,
Lu bow and arrow 1000, Huben 300 people.
Gateway service nobility, the teacher is respected.
P Plus heard of it, were sub-renal calculi.
Heyang the Council, jactitation Zhou Wang, is the name of divergent Pa.
Note: "Yan" word or the same as the "banquet", which is different in different versions of the word
View of the sea
East Tateishi, to view the sea.
Water Ho Dan Dan, Island heave.
Profusion of trees, grasses and lush.
Autumn bleak, swirl of rushing.
Sun and moon trip, if the one;
Han bright star, if its inside out.
Fortunately, even zai! Song to Yung Chi.
(As in years Jian Qiu)
While leaving the Xiamen-line turtle life
Although turtle life, worse than the time actually.
Teng snake by fog, the End of the Tu Hui.
Old steed, high aspirations;
Martyrs old age, mistakes, and apologized.
Shrinkage of the period, not only in days;
Yang Yi blessing, available Yongnian.
Fortunately, even zai! Song to Yung Chi.
Bitter cold line
North mountain, the storm Zai He Weiwei!
Gut Sakazume Qu, whom destroyed the wheel.
What trees bleak, North wind is sad!
Bear brown bear on my squat, Haw Par folder Road cry.
Few people in the valley, when the snow started falling Ho!
Extended neck long sigh, travels more than pregnant.
What my heart and Forth? Siyu Yidong go.
Depth of the bridge must, Road is hovering.
Confused lost it way, dusk no residential habitat.
Trekking day far, troops also hungry.
Tam capsule to take pay line, ice ax held for Mi.
He sad, "Higashiyama" Poetry, long makes me sad.
Xie Lu-line
However, Han Nian Er Shi, the sincerity of any bad.
Muhouerguan with, seek to know small and Xinjiang.
Not hesitate to break, due to hunting Executive king.
Bai was consistent Day, had also first Shouyang.
Zeichen handle holding the country, killing off the main buildings in Beijing.
Swing cover Royal Foundation, ancestral to the burnt funeral.
Broadcast more Western migration, boohoo and lines.
He Zhan Guo Los Angeles, micro-sub for the grief.
Artemisia in line
Kanto are righteous, Hing Bingtaoqunxiong.
Union initially subsidized, is heart in Xianyang.
Military force uneven, hesitant and flying geese.
Snobbish people struggle, Si also Zi Xiang Qiang.
Huainan brother title, engraved Yuxi in the north.
Armor Health nit lice, 10000 name to the death.
Bones exposed on the field, thousands of miles without cock.
Pepole 100 left one person read the intestinal off.
Degree Guanshan
Between heaven and earth, that of Man.
Lijun herdsmen, whom track is.
Rut horse track, warp and weft quadrupole.
Demote and promote nether, Li Shu Fan interest.
In Shuo Xian Sheng, President of the State domain.
Feudal five Jazz, Ida Criminal Prison.
Dan books are burnt, no general amnesty redemption.
Gao Yao-fu Hou, what is at fault?
Sigh Zai later, easy to Law Reform.
A waste for King, Battle of its power conferred.
Shun paint for food, side by 10 countries,
Less than Rhodium, mining rafters do not chop.
World sigh Boyi, trying to use Li vulgar.
Luxury evil so great as the total German Kim.
Xu from the Declining, Is there anything of First Instance of the song?
Universal Love is still the same, were as Qi Shu.
Praise poetry】 【Cao Cao
Ye the song
City water is Ye Ye zhang shui, will have different people from starting.
Male seeking rhyme things with paper hearts, brothers and sons monarch and his subjects.
Heroes not vulgar chest, eyes haunted Qi with the people?
The first two successful non-culprit, this one left a bad Liufang.
Articles gods tyrants have gas, how can Gou Seoul into groups?
Cross-flow from the Taihang building sets, gas and management potential with low Ang.
On a man was not to reverse, a small not for hegemony of Great King?
King down to sons and daughters Ming, helpless in the grievance.
Non-useful knowledge to the account, points can be said Hong is not ruthless.
Alas!
Ancients to be decided loneliness are interested in luxury.
Light grave human scholar proposed, graves, laughing Seoul bookish!
Two-tone】 【moon song
A Luwei
Q. Who is the hero world, there Shai wine Riverside, Wang lance Tso.
Purple cap yellow flag, and more should be borrowed, Red Cliff east.
Nanyang Wolong more startled, they become famous eight-array map.
Three rival powers, a divided West Sichuan, a sub-Koto.
【Comments】 history books
Historical reviews Cao Cao: "clear strategy optimal," "liquidation of the traitor, the hero in troubled times" ("Later Han Xu Shao Chuan," the note quoted Sun Sheng Pei Song "Words of similarities and differences between" for "Peace and Prosperity of the energy minister, troubled times of Jian Xiong "). The famous "self-evident to the county to make this blog" for fifteen years in Kin (210), depart lie. Cao Cao says with emotion: "Make the world without a solitary, few people know when Emperors, kings of several people." This is nothing but a lie, if not Cao Cao, Liu Bei and Yuan Shao and his ilk also can be integrated with the North.
【Comments】 everyone
Hui Shao: Qingping the traitor, the hero in troubled times. - "Later Han" (note to lead Sun Sheng Pei Song "Words of similarities and differences between" for "Peace and Prosperity of the energy minister, in troubled times of Jian Xiong")
Shou: "Han Dynasty, chaos, Xiong Hao and onwards, while Yuanshaohurong four states, strong Mo enemy. Taejo Operations speech plan, lashing buildings or embrace applications, business of magic, the Han, the spectacle of white policy, the official grant materials, the device because, hypocritical any calculation, to forgive and forget, finally the total Royal machine, g into Hong industry, although its optimal strategy is also clear. inhibiting people have very limited, ultra-carry on the world of Jie 。"--" Three Kingdoms "
Evaluation of Cao Cao, Sun Quan: "its too bad but killing other small, human flesh and blood that the cool drive a wedge between our ears, Royal will be rare since ancient times."
Wang Shen: Dynasty Imperial Army 30 years, having left hand book. The book is on military policy, the night is thought by the transfer. Fu will climb, and create poetry, is the Philharmonic, all into a movement. - "Wei Shu"
Zhong Rong: Tso old straight, even a desolation of the sentence. - "Poems"
The evaluation of Cao Cao Pei Song: "Ancient books contained in the Calendar view, corruption-free Road maltreat strong minister, in speaking staggering 。"--" of the Three Kingdoms (Note)"
Cao Cao Tang said: "dignity that the system changed, Liaodi established Church, one will be more than wisdom, Wan Cheng of the shortage."
Emperor often call themselves "A conceal."
Evaluation of Yuan Zhen Cao Cao: "Cao usurp arbitrary hiding to escape line from the beginning 。"--" Dong"
Wang Zan Cao Cao: "the mountains like waves into the Zhangzhou, Dongjak Taihsi 89 Hill. Ants dealings air ridge acres, unicorn buried a few spring. Name guise know who is the strength to turn this off. Why should it matter to the rest , Wei Gong Yi Qiu Scholars points. "
Evaluation of Cao Cao Liu Zhi: "Crime 100 field often, bad pass in the history of Wang Mang 。"--" Exploration into the"
Lu said: "Cao Cao is a hero at least."
The more years past, Wei Wu whiplash, east Tateishi have left articles.
- Poems of Mao Zedong
Yi Zhongtian, said Cao Cao: downright clever, stupid, cunning treachery, frank and sincere, Huodadaduo, paranoia, generous, narrow-minded.
Demeanor, villain face, hero style, children, feelings, Yama temper, kind-heartedness.
Reflect the atmosphere, will dissolve in a variety of faces.
Cao Cao will "carry out a stick of incense to sell, nostalgia concubine women" reflect the atmosphere of Cao Cao and ego, not about national issues, not that rhetoric, said some small things, how you like me, you say that I was a small villain What about those who, I was Cao Cao Cao Cao, I do not care how you evaluate me. I am such a person.
"However, a hero to character, is really Worthy Charming."
Some of courtesy do not want to have to do, because it is procedural, even if contrary to his character it is.
If it is because of some small irony about me, I laugh, forget. But if he disagrees with my political line, but can not be tolerated.
The same name as the song "Cao Cao": "The down ChangBanPo alone, the moon is too soft, Cao Cao is not wordy, as one to bring it in Jingzhou. With conspiracy, yang mou, Ming said, dark wins, on thin ... ..." Though just lyrics, but Cao Cao was Daochu do anything for the cause, was sung river north and south.
】 【Historical merits
Cao Cao in the North Fangtun Tian, building water conservancy projects, solve the problem the lack of rations, on a certain role in the recovery of agricultural production; meritocracy, the concept of breaking the aristocratic family lineage, the recruitment of the landlord class in the lower rungs of inhibition of despotic, strengthen centralization. Areas dominated by socio-economic recovery and development. Skilled in art of war, the "strategic solution grandson," "Bingshu access to" and other books. Good poetry, "Artemisia in line", "View of the sea" and to express their political aspirations, and reflect the end of Han people suffering life, courage magnificent, generous desolate, his political achievements is extraordinary.
The positive role of Cao Cao unified the north. Syria and before the Eastern Han dynasty, the late dark due to political, social production has been severely damaged, people can not live, finally broke out of the Yellow Turbans vigorous large uprising. However, under the historical conditions at that time, farmers can not win the final victory of the uprising, from the Eastern Han Dynasty followed the disintegration and the warlord. In the melee, not only Dong Zhuo, Li Jue and other warlords everywhere Liangzhou killing people, looting of property, is the name of loyalist generals under the banner of the East also "Connivance of His Army notes sweep." Thus the prevalence of a "people person with food, the state recession" desolation. This situation resulted, in addition to be blamed for the reactionary rule of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the suppression of peasant uprisings and the destruction of social production of the warlords, is unforgivable nature of the problem. But relatively speaking, among the various warlords, after all, be different. Take Cao Cao, he though suppression of the peasants uprising and the killing of innocent people, but he was in the political, military, and economic aspects of performance, than he was he eliminated one of those warlords still better than chips. For instance, he introduced Farming, building water conservancy projects, the implementation of salt government monopoly system of socio-economic recovery and consolidation of the economy played a positive role.
Cao Cao began to take a career on trying to use a more stringent law was the right to change the situation of rampant high. However, the root cause harmful effects in the center, speaking not to show his intentions. To his own political power only after full implementation may inhibit the despotic rule of law policy. He said: "The husband punishment, the people of life also"; "The political chaos, with punishment as the first." His choice of Wang Hsiu, Sima Zhi, Yang Pei, Lu Qian, Man Chong, Jia Kui and other local officials, suppress lawless despots. If Yuan Shao and Cao Cao in the implementation of governance, Jizhou have to compare, you can see two different situations: "lost in the wide end of Han G, Shao-wide to wide economy, it is not proactive." Yuan Shao to indulge in policy, "so good at unbridled despotic, relatives merger, under the vulnerable people, on behalf of the rental Fu, Hyun vend his wealth enough to be life." This naturally can not make "pro-people laws, Kohei strong." So, although to a larger Yuan Shao, soldiers are more than enough food, eventually defeated by the exercise. Exercise may Jizhou immediately "re-annexation of despotic Act," which received more make "the joy of the people" effect. Sima Guang Cao said, "The rule of chaos", is not without far. And operating personnel is not re-false alarm, officials of his choice to "informed legal principle", can do the rule of law. Exercise also promotes a clean, He Cui Yan, Mao Jie in charge of elections, "they move with, are honest people in, although at the time have known the line not help this person, get into the final Mo. Works thrift rate of people, from a not to clean the world of Shimo section and self-motivation, although the minister of your pet, Yufu not over. " Thus society improved.
Falls in line with the policy of the rule of law is the authoritarian exercise in trying to have, does not allow the subjects as a gang behavior. He ordered that: "When this clear, but loyal to the country, the effectiveness of Wang Shi, although better than the others, the private node, with 1000 silk, 10000 Point Valley, still nothing to benefit." In order to monitor the ministers speak, set the "school thing." This, he was minister objected that "under the letter of non-residence on purpose." Exercises have to be explained: "To be able to stab the move and do the public things, so worthy a gentleman whom, you can not have." The so-called "sage gentleman", mainly refers to family minister, who generation after generation official, branch with leaves attached, a great fame and power. Exercises on the one hand can not be to win over, so no real power while the upper ranks; the one hand, schools also use bastardly thing to check their actions. As to whether this really necessary? We can use the words of Sun Quan to answer future. Sun Quan said: "The long article (Chen Qun words) of the believers, those who formerly they are able to keep good order to narrow its operating head, afraid of speaking into a strict, meaning it uses up the heart to do, not non." Sun Quan also follow the example of the post parade for the school thing, know that in the circumstances, the Minister set up to monitor the school action matter, to prevent the group late Han Dynasty, and Yuan Shao sent Secretary of State pull a repeat of gangs, or makes sense. From the internal structure of the Cao Wei, family minister at most, a potential risk is also heavier. Cao Cao and children for their own account, set the school do to snooping minister, although some harsh and engage in trickery, but not so difficult to subdue them. Known to history: "Tso of Yan, an official auxiliary, and tend to stick." Habitat families also make Zhujiang Cao Ye, to prevent the rebels have fled, are operating with gaps and contradictions exist under the reflection.
Overall, the Yellow River in Cao Cao's rule, a certain degree of Ching Ming politics, economy has gradually recovered slightly to reduce class oppression, social climate improved. So we said, speaking of the unity of the North and the corresponding number of measures taken, or has a positive effect.
Story】 【Cao Cao
Bian Cao Cao's principal wife wife, originally a family advocate, that specializes in music and dance of the Han family of music (later turned into prostitutes synonymous with the Tang Dynasty, but only referred to the Han Dynasty artist), was married with Cao Cao, the early years of Ms. Ding Jian been spent, Mrs. Bian Cao Cao is a wife. Cao Pi succeeded to the throne after the respect it as empress dowager, beware the throne after the respect it as too empress dowager.
Although born poor, excellent character, a man very low-key,
She gave birth to son
1: Wei Wendi Cao Pi
2: Cao Zhang excellent martial arts
3: Cao Zhi (seven-step poetry heard of it, very talented poet)
4; Xiao Cao King of Chu Xiong
That the community are speaking higher status, and pay attention to the status of birth, and Cao Cao pay more attention to character
When Cao Cao in the battle, always captured some, jewelry, treasure, antique, jewelry, his home since Cao Cao Bian will these things to his wife to pick first, because she is his wife, are his wife, the wife of each Bian pick a medium level of jewelry ah, jewelry type, hey, this Cao Cao on the strange and asked her: I read the observation that every time you ah, do not pick the best, do not pick the worst, you pick a medium, what causes it, Bian wife said: pick the best, is called greed, pick the worst, called hypocrisy, I picked the middle, and (this is a very real way of saying) Cao Cao appreciate
Cao Cao is will the fool, the fool who can be tolerant, tolerant people can be popular, popular enough to win the world.
貢獻者: 莹雪