姓: | 司马 | ||||||
名: | 懿 | ||||||
字: | 仲达 | ||||||
网笔号: | 高祖宣帝 | ||||||
籍贯: | 河内温 | ||||||
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1.家族背景
司马懿其先出自帝高阳之子重黎,为夏官祝融,历唐、虞、夏、商,世序其职。周朝,以夏官为司马。其后程柏休父,周宣王时,以世官克平徐方,锡以官族,因而为氏。楚汉间,司马仰为赵将,与诸侯伐秦。秦亡,立为殷王,都河内。汉以其地为郡,子孙遂以为家。自仰八世,至东汉安帝时,生征西将军钧,字叔平。司马钧生豫章太守量,字公度。量生颍川太守司马俊,字元异。俊生京兆尹司马防,字建公。司马防就是司马懿的父亲(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。晋武帝司马炎在他的一个诏书称:“本诸生家,传礼来久”(《晋书·礼志》)。
司马懿为司马防次子,史书称他“少有奇节,聪明多大略,博学洽闻,伏膺儒教”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。东汉末年,天下大乱,司马懿生在乱世中,“常慨然有忧天下心”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。
2.早年
南阳太守杨俊素以知人善任著称,司马懿二十岁前,杨俊曾见过他,说他绝非寻常之之;尚书崔琰与司马懿的兄长司马朗交好,曾对司马朗说:“君弟聪亮明允,刚断英特,非子所及也”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。
建安六年(201年),郡中推举他为上计椽。时曹操正任司空,听到他的名声后,派人召他到府中任职。司马懿见汉朝国运已微,不想在曹操手下,便借口自己有风痹病,身体不能起居。曹操不信,派人夜间去刺探消息,司马懿躺在那里,一动不动,像真染上风痹一般。
3.就职
建安十三年(208),曹操为丞相以后,始用强制手段辟司马懿为文学掾。曹操对使者说,“若复盘桓,便收之”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。司马懿惧之,只得就职。曹操让他与太子往来游处,历任黄门侍郎、议郎、丞相东曹属、丞相主薄等职。司马懿在曹操手下任职,小心谨慎,勤勤恳恳,“至于刍牧之间,悉皆临履”。
建安二十年(215年),曹操征讨张鲁,司马懿随军。他对曹操说:“刘备以诈力虏刘璋,蜀人未附而远争江陵,此机不可失也。今若曜威汉中,益州震动,进兵临之,势必瓦解。因此之势,易为功力。圣人不能违时,亦不失时矣。”曹操说:“人苦无足,既得陇右,复欲得蜀”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)!没有采纳他的建议。
建安二十四年(219),当孙权向曹操上表称臣、怂恿曹操自立为帝。曹操说:“此儿欲踞吾著炉炭上邪!”司马懿说:“汉运垂终,殿下十分天下而有其九,以服事之。权之称臣,天人之意也。虞、夏、殷、周不以谦让者,畏天知命也”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。当时曹操手下的门阀官僚拥汉者尚多,为曹操所深忌,而荀彧、崔琰等著名人物都因对曹氏代汉有异议而不得善终。大概司马懿在这个关键问题上早就表示支持曹操,因此曹操才对他由猜忌逐渐转为信任。
曹操进封魏王后,升任司马懿为太子中庶子,佐助曹丕。时司马懿“每与大谋,辄有奇策”(《晋书·宣帝纪》),为曹丕所信任和重用,所以关系一直很好。司马懿还与陈群、吴质、朱铄并称四友。
此后,司马懿更是常谋国事,多出奇策。不久,司马懿转为丞相军司马。他指出荆州刺史胡修粗暴,南乡(治南乡,今河南淅川东南)太守傅方骄奢,都不应驻守边防,曹操未予重视。
同年六月,刘备继取汉中后,派孟达、刘封攻占汉中郡东部的房陵、上庸等地,势力有所扩展。七月,孙权欲攻合肥,魏军大部调动淮南防备吴军。镇守荆州的蜀前将军关羽,乘此机会,留南郡(治江陵,今湖北江陵)太守糜芳守江陵,将军傅士仁守公安(今湖北公安西北),自率主力北攻荆襄(魏荆州治新野,今河南新野;襄阳郡治襄阳,今湖北襄樊)。围魏将曹仁,水淹于禁七军,斩庞德。时樊城守军仅数千人,城墙因水淹多处崩塌,曹仁曾考虑放弃樊城,被辅助曹仁的汝南太守满宠所劝止。曹仁决心奋勇抵御。胡、傅二人果然乘机降蜀。此时,陆浑(今河南嵩县东北)人孙狼等,亦杀官起兵,响应关羽。关羽声势一时“威震华夏”(《三国志·蜀书·关羽传》)。
当时都城在许昌,距樊城很近,曹操感到威胁,为避关羽锋芒,一度准备迁都河北。司马懿和曹椽蒋济及时劝阻:“禁等为水所没,非战守之所失,于国家大计未有所损,而便迁都,既示敌以弱,又淮沔之人大不安矣。孙权、刘备,外亲内疏,羽之得意,权所不愿也。可喻权所,令掎其后,则樊围自解”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。曹操从其计,孙权果然派吕蒙袭取江陵,关羽被其俘杀。
此战的胜利,曹操利用孙、刘争夺荆州的矛盾,充分运用外交谋略,坐收渔利,不仅挫败关羽的强大攻势,解除了樊城之围,而且也使诸葛亮原定的一路向宛洛、一路出秦川的两面钳击中原的计划无法实现。更重要的是破坏孙、刘联盟,改变了当时的战略格局,掌握了主动权。
徐晃击退关羽后,曹操嫌恶荆州及附近百姓,想把他们都迁走。司马懿认为:“荆楚轻脱,易动难安。关羽新破,诸为恶者藏窜观望。今徙其善者,既伤其意,将令去者不敢复还”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。曹操从之,没有移民。藏窜逃亡者果然都复出归化。
延康元年(220年),曹操去世,朝野危惧,司马懿管理丧葬诸事,内外肃然。
同年,曹丕即魏王位,司马懿受封河津亭侯,转丞相长史。
时孙权率军向西。朝臣认为樊城、襄阳缺乏粮,不能抵御吴军,请召守将曹仁回驻宛城。司马懿则认为不该放弃二城:“孙权新破关羽,此其欲自结之时也,必不敢为患。襄阳水陆之冲,御寇要害,不可弃也”。曹丕未依其言,命曹仁放火烧毁二城。后来孙权果然没有入侵。曹丕悔之不及。
同年,曹丕登皇帝位,史称魏文帝。由于司马懿为曹丕“篡汉”出了大力,所以登基后,曹丕任命司马懿为尚书,不久转督军、御史中丞,封安国乡侯。
黄初二年(221年),免去督军官职,升任侍中、尚书右仆射。
黄初三年(222年),和黄初五年(224年),曹丕两次伐吴,都以司马懿镇守许昌,并改封司马懿为向乡侯。黄初六年(225年)春二月,转任抚军大将军、假节,领兵五千,加给事中、录尚书事。司马懿辞让,曹丕说:“吾于庶事,以夜继昼,无须臾宁息。此非以为荣,乃分忧耳”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。
同年,曹丕又大兴水军攻吴,仍命司马懿留守,“内镇百姓,外供军资”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。临行,下诏书给司马懿说:“吾深以后事为念,故以委卿。曹参虽有战功,而萧何为重。使吾无西顾之忧,不亦可乎”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)!后曹丕由广陵回师洛阳,又下诏对司马懿说:“吾东,抚军当总西事;吾西,抚军当总东事”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。于是司马懿留镇许昌。
4.辅政大臣
黄初七年(226年)五月,曹丕驾崩,享年四十岁。临终时,令司马懿与中军大将军曹真、镇军大将军陈群、征东大将军曹休为辅政大臣。曹丕对太子说:“有间此三公者,慎勿疑之”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。明帝即位,改封司马懿为舞阳侯。
孙权得知魏文帝去世后,于八月出兵攻魏。命吴左将军诸葛瑾部兵分两路进攻襄阳(今湖北襄樊),亲自率军进攻江夏郡(治安陆,今湖北云梦西南)。孙权一路为魏军所败,遂撤兵而走。而诸葛瑾则被司马懿击败,并斩杀吴将张霸,斩首千余级。十二月,升任骠骑将军。
太和元年(227年)六月,明帝命司马懿驻扎宛城,加督荆、豫二州诸军事。
当初蜀将孟达降魏时,魏朝待其甚厚,司马懿认为他言行倾巧,不可信任。但皇帝不听,任命孟达领新城太守,封侯,假节。魏文帝死后,孟达失宠,蜀丞相诸葛亮即暗中与之通信,图谋叛魏。诸葛亮恐他言行反覆无常,想促他速叛,知魏兴太守申仪和他有矛盾,便派郭模到申仪处诈降,有意泄露其事。孟达闻此泄露,准备马上起兵。
申仪将此事密告司马懿后,司马懿怕他突然发难,给他去信,详为慰解,信中说:“将军昔弃刘备,讬身国家,国家委将军以疆埸之任,任将军以图蜀之事,可谓心贯白日。蜀人愚智,莫不切齿于将军。诸葛亮欲相破,惟苦无路耳。模之所言,非小事也,亮岂轻之而令宣露,此殆易知耳”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。
孟达得信大喜,犹豫不决。司马懿则暗中率军进讨,诸将见孟达与吴蜀交接,劝司马懿先观而后动。司马懿说:“达无信义,此其相疑之时也,当及其未定促决之”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。司马懿亲自率军日夜兼程前去讨伐孟达,八天后抵达新城城下。吴、蜀派出援兵解救孟达,被司马懿部拦阻于西城的安桥、木兰塞等地。此前,诸葛亮曾告诫孟达加紧防范,不要上当,孟达写信给诸葛亮,认为:“宛去洛八百里,去吾一千二百里,闻吾举事,当表上天子,比相反覆,一月间也,则吾城已固,诸军足办。则吾所在深险,司马公必不自来;诸将来,吾无患矣”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。等到兵临城下,孟达又写信给诸葛亮,惊叹:“吾举事,八日而兵至城下,何其神速也”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)!
上庸城三面环水,孟达在城外树立木栅,加固城防。司马懿挥师渡水,毁其木栅,直逼城下。太和二年(228年)正月,司马懿兵分八路攻城,攻十六天,孟达的外甥邓贤、部将李辅开城投降。魏军入城,擒斩孟达,传首京师,俘获万余人。司马懿回军,仍驻宛城,奖劝农桑,禁止浮费。南方吏民心悦诚服。
前初,申仪久在魏兴郡,专威弄权,擅自借皇帝名义刻制印信,私相授予。孟达被杀之后,申仪自生疑虑。当时各郡郡守见司马懿克敌制胜,纷纷奉礼祝贺。司马懿听之任之,并让人向申仪暗示。申仪只好前来祝贺。司马仪乘机将他收捕,送往京师。
司马懿又将孟达余众七千余家迁往幽州。不久蜀将姚静、郑他等率其部属七千余人来降。
当时边郡新附,户口不实。朝廷想加以核实,请司马懿进京,征询他的意见。司马懿认为:“贼以密网束下,故下弃之。宜弘以大纲,则自然安乐”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。明帝又部他吴蜀都该讨伐,应该先从何处着手?司马懿回答说:“吴以中国不习水战,故敢散居东关。凡攻敌,必扼其喉而摏其心。夏口、东关,贼之心喉。若为陆军以向皖城,引权东下,为水战军向夏口,乘其虚而击之,此神兵从天而坠,破之必矣”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。明帝同意他的看法,命他仍旧驻扎宛城。
太和二年(228年)五月,吴鄱阳太守周鲂派人送亲笔信给曹休,谎称受到吴王责难,打算弃吴降魏,请求派兵接应。曹休未辨真伪,即率步、骑兵10万人,去皖城(今安徽潜山)接应。明帝也(治晋阳,今太原西南)命司马懿率军向江陵(今湖北江陵),与曹休相策应。八月,曹休为吴军大败,残部幸得贾逵接应,方得生还。
太和三年(227年),蜀丞相诸葛亮第三次出兵攻魏,并占据武都、阴平二郡。太和四年(230年),魏明帝决定兴师伐蜀。升司马懿任大将军、加大都督、假黄钺,与大司马曹真一起伐蜀。
八月,魏明帝命曹真率主力由长安入子午谷,左将军张郃出斜谷,司马懿自荆州溯汉水出西城(今陕西安康西北),将兵分三路会攻汉中。司马懿从西城开拓道路,水陆并进,沿着沔水逆流而上,直达朐腮,攻克新丰县,驻军丹口,后遇雨班师。
太和五年(231年),二月,蜀汉丞相诸葛亮率军第四出进攻魏,包围祁山(今甘肃东南部山地)贾嗣、魏平部,并以木牛流马运输粮草。明帝对司马懿说:“西方有事,非君莫可付者”(《晋书·宣帝纪》),派他西驻长安,都督左将军张郃、雍州刺史郭淮等防御蜀军。司马懿留部将费曜、戴陵率4000人守邽(今甘肃天水),自率主力西救祁山。张郃劝司马懿分兵驻扎雍、郿两地,以作大军后镇。司马懿不同意,他说:“料前军独能当之者,将军言是也。若不能当,而分为前后,此楚之三军所以为黥布禽也。”于是挺进喻麋。
诸葛亮闻魏大军将至,亦分兵一部继攻祁山,自率主力迎击司马懿。郭淮及费曜等部袭击蜀军,被诸葛亮击破。便亲率蜀军乘势抢先收割熟麦,获得军粮。
至此,史书上对今后的作战却有了两种截然不同的记载。
《晋书·宣帝纪》记载如下:……亮闻大军且至,乃自帅众将芟上邽之麦。诸将皆惧,帝曰:“吾倍道疲劳,此晓兵者之所贪也。亮不敢据渭水,此易与耳。”进次汉阳,与亮相遇,帝列阵以待之。使将牛金轻骑饵之,兵才接而亮退,追至祁山。亮屯卤城(今甘肃天水南),据南北二山,断水为重围。帝攻拔其围,亮宵遁。追击,破之,俘斩万计。
《资治通鉴·卷第七十二》记载如下:……郭淮、费曜等徼亮,亮破之,因大芟刈其麦,与懿遇于上邽之东。懿敛军依险,兵不得交,亮引还。懿等寻亮后至于卤城。张郃曰:“彼远来逆我,请战不得,谓我利不在战,欲以长计制之也。且祁山知大军已在近,人情自固,可止屯于此,分为奇兵,示出其后,不宜进前而不敢逼,坐失民望也。今亮孤军食少,亦行去矣。”懿不从,故寻亮。既至,又登山掘营,不肯战。贾诩、魏平数请战,因曰:“公畏蜀如虎,奈天下笑何!”懿病之。诸将咸请战。夏,五月,辛已,懿乃使张郃攻无当监何平于南围,自案中道向亮。亮使魏延、高翔、吴班逆战,魏兵大败,汉人获甲着三千,懿还保营。六月,亮以粮尽退军,司马懿遣张郃追之。郃进至木门(今甘肃天水西南),与亮战,蜀人乘高布伏,弓弩乱发,飞矢中郃右膝而卒。
可以看出,前者说司马懿大胜,后者则说司马懿也败过。而《三国志》中诸葛亮、张郃、郭淮等人的传记中,对此战都一带而过。现在的军事工具书也多以后者记载为准。两书对战争的总体趋势描述相同,都是司马懿保住陇西粮食,解了祁山之围,最终两军在相持中,蜀军粮草耗尽退兵。
蜀军退军后,军师杜袭、督军薛悌都估计诸葛亮明年麦熟时还会入侵,建议趁冬天调运粮草,解决陇右粮少问题。司马懿认为:“亮再出祁山,一攻陈仓,挫衄而反。纵其后出,不复攻城,当求野战,必在陇东,不在西也。亮每以粮少为恨,归必积谷,以吾料之,非三稔不能动矣”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。
青龙二年(234年)二月,蜀丞相诸葛亮率军10万出斜谷攻魏,四月,诸葛亮至郿县(今陕西眉县北),进驻渭水之南。魏大将军司马懿率军渡渭水,背水筑垒阻击。诸将想在渭北与诸葛亮隔水相持,司马懿说:“百姓积聚皆在渭南,此必争之地也”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。遂渡渭背水扎营。司马懿分析形势后,对诸将说:“亮若勇者,当出武功依山而东,若西上五丈原(今陕西眉县西南),则诸军无事矣”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。
诸葛亮果然上五丈原。魏诸将皆喜,唯独雍州刺史郭淮深以为忧,他说:“亮必争北原,宜先据之”(《资治通鉴·卷第七十二》),诸将多不以为然。郭淮说:“若亮跨渭登原,连兵北山,隔绝陇道,摇荡民、夷,此非国之利也”(《三国志·魏书·郭淮传》)。司马懿这才意识到北原的重要性,命郭淮等率兵移屯北原。堑垒尚未成,蜀军果至,攻而未克,两军遂成对峙状态。
五月,吴军10万三路攻魏,以配合蜀军作战。魏明帝派秦郎率2万人援司马懿,自率主力反攻吴军。七月,吴军撤走。
诸葛亮东进的道路受阻于司马懿,从渭水前进,又有郭淮阻挡,乃移军攻取散关,陇城等地,然后回师进攻司马懿。
八月,司马懿遵照明帝“坚壁拒守,以逸待劳”的指示,与诸葛亮相持百余日。诸葛亮数次挑战,司马懿均坚壁不出,欲待蜀军粮尽,相机反攻。诸葛亮便派人给司马懿送来“巾帼妇人之饰”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)羞辱之,欲激司马懿出战,司马懿仍不出战。为平息部属不满情绪,故意装怒,上表请战。明帝不许,并派骨鲠之臣辛毗杖节来做司马懿的军师,以节制他的行动。后诸葛亮一来挑战,司马懿就要带兵出击,辛毗杖节立于军门,司马懿便不出兵。
辛毗到时,蜀将姜维就对诸葛亮说:“辛毗杖节而至,贼不复出矣。”诸葛亮则说:“彼本无战心,所以固请者,以示武于其众耳。将在军,君命有所不受,苟能制吾,岂千里而请战邪”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)!诸葛亮遂分兵屯田,做长久屯驻之准备。
司马懿的弟弟司马孚来信问前线军情,司马懿回信说:“亮志大而不见机,多谋而少决,好兵而无权,虽提卒十万,已堕吾画中,破之必矣”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。
不久,诸葛亮遣使求战,司马懿不谈军事,问使者:“诸葛公起居何如,食可几米?”使者说:“三四升。”然后对问政事,使者说:“二十罚已上皆自省览。”经过一番不经意的询问,司马懿对人说:“诸葛孔明其能久乎”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)!果然,诸葛亮于当月病故于五丈原军中。
蜀将秘不发丧,整军后退。当地百姓见蜀军撤走,向司马懿报告,司马懿出兵追击。蜀将杨仪返旗鸣鼓,做出回击的样子,司马懿以为中计,急忙收军退回。第二天,司马懿到诸葛亮营垒巡视,“观其遗事,获其图书、粮谷甚众”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。司马懿据此断定诸葛亮已死,并赞诸葛亮“天下奇才也”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。
辛毗认为诸葛亮死否尚不可知,司马懿说:“军家所重,军书密计、兵马粮谷,今皆弃之,岂有人捐其五藏而可以生乎?宜急追之”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。于是,率兵急追。关中地多蒺藜,司马懿派三千士兵脚穿软材料做成的平底木屐,在大军前行走,蒺藜都刺在木屐上,然后大军马步并进。一直追到赤岸,这才得到诸葛亮的确切死讯。当时人有谚语说:“死诸葛走生仲达”,司马懿笑着说:“吾便料生,不便料死故也 ”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。
历时七年的诸葛亮攻魏之战至此结束。诸葛亮不顾战略上的失策,以一州之地强攻中原之魏,纵使竭忠尽智,终因实力悬殊而难以实现其战略目的。而魏国则在司马懿等人的人正确指挥下,以优势兵力采取防御战略,最终不战迫退蜀军,取得了最后的胜利。
蜀将杨仪、魏延在撤军后争权,杨仪杀死魏延。司马懿想乘机攻蜀,明帝没批准,作罢。
5.升任太尉
青龙三年(235年),司马懿升任太尉。
东汉末年军阀混战时,公孙度据有辽东。这个割据势力对曹魏政权虚与委蛇,时叛时降,保持着半独立的地位。公孙渊继为辽东太守后,对魏更加不逊。景初元年(237年),原魏辽东太守公孙渊背叛魏国,自立为燕王,置列百官,定都襄平(今辽宁辽阳)。
景初二年(238年)正月,魏明帝召司马懿回京,命他率兵讨伐。明帝说:“此不足以劳君,事欲必克,故以相烦耳。君度其行何计?”司马懿说:“弃城预走,上计也。据辽水以距大军,次计也。坐守襄平,此成擒耳。”明帝又问:“其计将安出?”司马懿回答:“惟明者能深度彼己,豫有所弃,此非其所及也。今悬军远征,将谓不能持久,必先距辽水而后守,此中下计也。”明帝问:“往还几时?”司马懿说:“往百日,还百日,攻百日,以六十日为休息,一年足矣”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。
当时朝廷大修宫室,加上军用物资,以至百姓饥弊。司马懿出征前,劝阻明帝说:“昔周公营洛邑,萧何造未央,今宫室未备,臣之责也。然自河以北,百姓困穷,外内有役,势不并兴,宜假绝内务,以救时急”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。
正月,司马懿率牛金、胡遵等步骑四万,从京师出发,经孤竹,越碣石,六月,进至辽水。公孙渊果然急令大将军卑衍、杨祚等人率步骑数万,依辽水围堑20余里,坚壁高垒,阻击魏军。
司马懿采用声东击西之计,先在南线多张旗帜,佯攻围堑,吸引敌军主力,而以主力隐蔽渡过辽水,逼进敌营。接着,不攻敌营,却挥师直取公孙渊根据地襄平(辽东郡治所,今辽宁辽阳)。部将不解其意,说:“不攻贼而作围,非所以示众也。”司马懿解释说:“贼坚营高垒,欲以老吾兵也。攻之,正入其计,此王邑所以耻过昆阳也。古人曰,敌虽高垒,不得不与我战者,攻其所必救也。贼大众在此,则巢窟虚矣。我直指襄平,则人怀内惧,惧而求战,破之必矣”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。遂迫使敌军放弃围堑回军救援襄平。司马懿督军回首山(今辽宁辽阳西南),迎战敌援军,并对诸将说:“所以不攻其营,正欲致此,不可失也”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。魏军迎击,三战皆捷,遂乘胜进围襄平。
当初公孙渊闻魏军来攻,求救于孙权,孙权也出兵为其声援,并给公孙渊写信:“司马公善用兵,变化若神,所向无前,深为弟忧之”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。
适逢连降大雨,辽水暴涨,平地数尺,魏军恐惧,诸将思欲迁营。司马懿下令有敢言迁营者斩,都督令史张静违令被斩,军心始安。公孙渊军乘雨出城,打柴牧马,安然自若。魏将领请求出击,司马懿不予采纳。司马陈圭曰问司马懿:“昔攻上庸,八部并进,昼夜不息,故能一旬之半,拔坚城,斩孟达。今者远来而更安缓,愚窃惑焉。”司马懿说:“帝曰:“孟达众少而食支一年,吾将士四倍于达而粮不淹月,以一月图一年,安可不速?以四击一,正令半解,犹当为之。是以不计死伤,与粮竞也。今贼众我寡,贼饥我饱,水雨乃尔,功力不设,虽当促之,亦何所为。自发京师,不忧贼攻,但恐贼走。今贼粮垂尽,而围落未合,掠其牛马,抄其樵采,此故驱之走也。夫兵者诡道,善因事变。贼凭众恃雨,故虽饥困,未肯束手,当示无能以安之。取小利以惊之,非计也”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。
接着,司马懿还将计就计,故意示弱。朝廷听说雨大敌强,不少人请求召还司马懿。明帝却说:“司马公临危制变,计日擒之矣”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。
月余,雨停,水渐退去。魏军完成对襄平的包围,起土山、挖地道、造楼车、钩梯等攻城器具,昼夜强攻。城内粮尽,死者甚多,其将杨祚等降。时偶有流星自城西南向东北划过,坠落在梁水附近,城中愈发震恐。公孙渊也很惊惧,八月,派他相国王建、御史大夫柳甫请求解围,然后面缚(两手反绑于背而面朝前)归降。司马懿斩杀使者,发布檄文严责:“昔楚郑列国,而郑伯犹肉袒牵羊而迎之。孤为王人,位则上公,而建等欲孤解围退舍,岂楚郑之谓邪!二人老耄,必传言失旨,已相为斩之。若意有未已,可更遣年少有明决者来”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。公孙渊又派侍中卫演来请求定日期送人质。司马懿对卫演说:“军事大耍有五,能战当战,不能战当守,不能守当走,余二事惟有降与死耳。汝不肯面缚,此为决就死也,不须送任”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。
公孙渊欲从城南突围,司马懿纵兵击破其军,公孙渊战死在梁水(今太子河)边上星落之地。入城后,司马懿屠戮十五岁以上男子七千多人,收集尸体,筑造京观。京观是古代战争中胜者为了炫耀武功,收集敌人尸体,封土而成的高冢。把公孙渊所任公卿以下一律斩首,杀死将军毕盛等二千多人。收户四万,口三十余万。
当时司马懿军中有的士兵衣单寒冷,向他乞要襦衣,司马懿不给。有人说:“幸多故襦,可以赐之。”司马懿说:“襦者官物,人臣无私施也”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。于是上奏朝廷,把一千多名六十岁以上的士兵解除兵役,遣送回乡。然后,在原定一年的期限内,胜利班师。
明帝派使者到蓟去犒劳部队,增司马懿食昆阳县,前后共二县。
本来朝廷让他便道往镇关中。但当到达白屋时,有诏书召他火速回京,三日之间,诏书五至。明帝手书说:“间侧息望到,到便直排阁入,视吾面”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。
据说,司马懿在襄平时,曾梦见明帝枕在他膝上,说:“视吾面。”他俯视,见明帝面有异色。如今一见诏书此语,大惊,乘追锋车昼夜兼行,从白屋到京城,四百多里,一夜而至。至则径人嘉福殿内御床旁边,满眼流泪,指问疾病。明帝拉着他的手,目视太子齐王,说:“以后事相托。死乃复可忍,吾忍死待君,得相见,无所复恨矣”(《晋书·宣帝纪》,《三国志·魏书·明帝纪》为“吾疾甚,以后事属君,君其与爽辅少子。吾得见君,无所恨?”)当天,明帝去世。时为景初三年(239年)正月。
齐王曹芳年仅八岁,司马懿乃与大将军曹爽一起接受遗诏辅佐少主。齐王即位,司马懿任侍中、持节、都督中外诸军、录尚书事,和曹爽各统精兵三千人,共执朝政。
曹爽欲排挤司马懿,想让尚书奏事先通过自己,以便专权,向天子进言,改任司马懿为大司马。朝臣们认为以前大司马,有好多都死在任上,不吉,于是任命司马懿为没有实权的太傅,像汉代萧何那样,入殿不趋,赞拜不名,剑履上殿。
正始二年(241年)四月,吴帝孙权分兵四路攻魏:卫将军全琮率军数万出淮南决芍陂(今安徽寿县南)之水,威北将军诸葛恪攻六安(今安徽六安东北),前将军朱然攻樊城(今湖北襄樊),大将军诸葛瑾攻祖中(今湖北南漳蛮河流域)。
五月,吴将全琮入侵芍陂,朱然、孙伦围攻樊城,诸葛瑾、步骘侵掠柤中,司马懿自请出兵往讨。朝臣认为,敌兵远来攻坚,当待其自破,司马懿则说:“边城受敌而安坐庙堂,疆场骚动,众心疑惑,是社稷之大忧也”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。
六月,司马懿统军增援,司马懿知南方暑热低湿,大军不宜持久在此,先派轻骑挑战,朱然不敢动。于是,便休养土卒。检选精锐,招募勇士,发布号令,摆出攻城的架势。吴军惊惧,连夜撤退。在三州口(荆、豫、扬三州之接合处),为魏军追及,吴军被歼万余人,船舰物资损失甚多。而进攻六安、柤中的吴军亦无功而还。
七月,增司马懿食郾、临颍,前后共四县,食邑万户,子弟十一人皆为列侯。
此前,吴国派诸葛恪屯驻宛城,边人深以为苦。司马懿要率兵攻之,议者以为诸葛恪占据坚城,广有粮谷,孤军远攻,救兵必至,那时进退失据,未见其便。司马懿说:“贼之所长者水也,今攻其城,以观其变。若用其所长,弃城奔走,此为庙胜也。若敢固守,湖水冬浅,船不得行,势必弃水相救,由其所短,亦吾利也”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。于是,司马懿在正始四年(243年)九月,率军出征。军队到达舒城,诸葛恪果然焚烧积聚,弃城而走。
正始五年(244年)春,大将军曹爽欲立威名于天下,不听太傅司马懿劝止,力主伐蜀,魏帝从之。结果为蜀前监军、镇北大将军王平所败,魏军被阻于兴势,后方也军粮供应不上,牛马骡驴大量死亡,蜀涪县及费祎援军亦相继到达。曹爽见不能胜,被迫听从司马懿的劝告,于五月率大军退还。遭蜀军截击,魏军苦战,始得退回,失散、伤亡甚重。
正始六年(245年)秋八月,曹爽废置中垒、中坚营,把两营兵众统交他的弟弟曹羲率领,司马懿援引先帝旧例制止,曹爽不听。
正始七年(246年)春正月,吴兵入侵柤中,有万余家百姓为避吴兵,北渡沔水,司马懿认为沔南离敌太近,倘若百姓奔还,还会引来吴兵,应该让他们暂留北方。曹爽不同意,说:“今不能修守沔南而留百姓,非长策也。”司马懿则说:“不然。凡物致之安地则安。危地则危。故兵书曰‘成败,形也;安危,势也’。形势,御众之耍,不可以不审。设令贼以二万人断沔水,三万人与沔南诸军相持,万人陆梁柤中,将何以救之”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)?曹爽不从,驱令还南。吴兵果然击破粗中,所失百姓,数以万计。
正始八年(247年),曹爽用心腹何晏、邓扬、丁谧之谋,把太后迁到永宁宫,一时曹爽兄弟“专擅朝政,兄弟并掌禁兵,多树亲党,屡改制度”(《晋书·宣帝纪》),来排挤司马氏的势力。司马懿不能禁止,从此与曹爽矛盾渐深。五月,司马懿伪装生病,不问政事。时人为之谣曰:“何、邓、丁,乱京城”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。
随即,曹爽等人加紧了篡权的步伐。正始九年(248年)三月,黄门张当私自把内庭才人石英等十一人送给曹爽,曹爽、何晏乘机与张当勾结,谋危社稷。曹爽及其同党也担心是司马懿装病。同年冬,河南尹李胜要到荆州任刺史,行前去拜望他。司马懿假装病重,让两个侍婢扶持自己,要拿衣服,拿不稳,掉在地上,还指着嘴说渴。侍婢献上粥来,他用口去接,汤流满襟。李胜说:“众情谓明公旧风发动,何意尊体乃尔!”司马懿故意上气不接下气地说:“年老枕疾,死在旦夕。君当屈并州,并州近胡,善为之备。恐不复相见,以子师、昭兄弟为托。”李胜说:“当还忝本州 (李胜是荆州人),非并州。”司马懿故意错乱其辞:“君方到并州。”李胜又说:“当忝荆州。”司马懿说:“年老意荒,不解君言。今还为本州,盛德壮烈,好建功勋!”李胜回来对曹爽说:“司马公尸居余气,形神已离,不足虑矣。”过几天,他又说:“太傅不可复济,令人怆然”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。曹爽等从此便不再防备司马懿。
司马懿表面装病,实际上也在暗中布置,准备消灭曹爽势力。
6.夺权
嘉平元年(249年)春正月,魏帝曹芳离开洛阳去祭扫魏明帝的坟墓高平陵,大将军曹爽、中领军曹羲、武卫将军曹训均从行。司马懿乘机上奏永宁太后,请废曹爽兄弟。当时,司马师为中护军,率兵屯司马门,控制京都。司马懿列阵,经过曹爽门前,曹爽部将严世登楼,引弩欲射,孙谦拉着他的胳膊阻止他说:“事未可知”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。一连阻止三次。大司农桓范用计出城去投曹爽,蒋济对司马懿说:“智囊往矣。”司马懿却说:“爽与范内疏而智不及,驽马恋栈豆,必不能用也”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。
司马懿召司徒高柔假节行大将军事,管领曹爽军营,对他说:“君为周勃矣”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。召太仆王观行中领军事,统摄曹羲军营。司马懿自己率太尉蒋济等勒兵出迎天子,驻扎在洛水浮桥。派人上奏章给皇帝:“先帝诏陛下、秦王及臣升于御床,握臣臂曰‘深以后事为念’。今大将军爽背弃顾命,败乱国典,内则僭拟,外专威权。群官耍职,皆置所亲;宿卫旧人,并见斥黜。根据盘牙,纵恣日甚。又以黄门张当为都监,专共交关,伺候神器。天下汹汹,人怀危惧。陛下便为寄坐,岂得久安?此非先帝诏陛下及臣升御床之本意也。臣虽朽迈,敢忘前言。昔赵高极意,秦是以亡;吕霍早断,汉祚永延。此乃陛下之殷鉴,臣授命之秋也。公卿群臣皆以爽有无君之心,兄弟不宜典兵宿卫;奏皇太后,皇太后敕如奏施行。臣辄敕主者及黄门令罢爽、羲,训吏兵各以本官侯就第,若稽留车驾,以军法从事。臣辄力疾将兵诣洛水浮桥,伺察非常”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。
曹爽扣住奏章,不让皇帝知道,把皇帝留在伊水之南,砍伐树木建成鹿角,征发屯兵数千人以自守。桓范劝曹爽挟持皇帝到许昌去,发文书征调天下兵马勤王。曹爽优预寡断,果然疑惑,不从其计。反而夜遣侍中许允、尚书陈泰去见司马懿,探听动静。司马懿乘机数说曹爽的过失,说他该早自归来服罪。接着又派曹爽的亲信殿中校尉尹大目去对他说,朝廷只是免他的官职罢了,并以洛水为誓。
曹爽欲信其言,桓范等人援引古今,百般劝谏,从晚上一直劝到第二天黎明。劝到最后,曹爽投刀于地,说:“司马公正当欲夺吾权耳。吾得以侯还第,不失为富家翁”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。桓范哭着说:“曹子丹佳人,生汝兄弟,豚犊耳!何图今日坐汝等族灭也”(《资治通鉴·卷第七十五》)!
曹爽把司马懿的奏章给皇帝看,请皇帝下诏免去自己官职,随皇帝进入京城。曹爽兄弟一回府,即被司马懿派兵包围。司马懿在曹爽府宅四角修造高楼,让人在楼上密切监视着。一次,曹爽刚拿着弹弓到后园中,楼上人就喊:“故大将军东南行”(《资治通鉴·卷第七十五》)!曹爽愁闷,不知所措。
不久,司马懿以谋反的罪名,杀曹爽及其党羽何晏、丁谧、邓扬、毕轨、李胜、桓范等,并灭三族。从此曹魏的军政大权完全落入司马懿的手中,为司马氏取代曹魏奠定了基础。
同年二月,皇帝任命司马懿为丞相,增繁昌、鄢陵、新汲、父城为其封邑,前后其计八县,食邑二万户,特许奏事不名。司马懿固辞丞相之职不受。十二月,诏命加九锡之礼,朝会不拜,又固辞九锡。
嘉平二年(250年)春,魏帝命司马懿在洛阳立庙。司马懿久病,不任朝请,每遇大事,天子亲自到他府中去征询意见。兖州刺史令狐愚和太尉王凌(驻在寿春)见皇帝孱弱,强臣专权,谋立楚王曹彪。未发,令狐愚死。
嘉平三年(251年)春正月,王凌借口吴人塞涂水,请求出兵征讨。司马懿知其阴谋,不令兴兵。并于四月亲率中军讨伐王凌。司马懿故计重施,他先下赦书赦免凌罪,又写信安慰他,但不久大军突至。王凌自知势穷,便独自乘船迎接,派属官王或请罪,送上印绶、节钺。
司马懿军到武丘,王凌在水边面缚等待,说:“凌若有罪,公当折简召凌,何苦自来邪!”司马懿说:“以君非折简之客故耳”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。说罢,命将领率六百人马想把王凌解送洛阳。王凌向司马懿要棺材上的钉子,想试探一下,看司马懿想不想杀自己,司马懿命手下人找来送给他。后来,王凌途经贾逵庙,曾大呼:“贾梁道!王凌是大魏之忠臣,惟尔有神知之”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。五月,王凌到项城,绝望,服毒而死。
司马懿进军寿春,参与王凌之谋的人都出来自首。司马懿推知其事,凡牵连在内的一律诛灭三族。他还派人挖开王凌、令狐愚的坟墓,在附近的市上,剖棺暴尸三天,然后,烧掉他们的印绶、官服,把他们裸埋土中。司马懿把楚王曹彪也杀了。并且把魏之王公全部拘捕,放置邺城,命有司监察,不准他们互相交结往来。
魏帝策命司马懿为相国,封安平郡公,孙及兄子各一人为列侯,前后食邑五万户,封侯者十九人。司马懿固辞相国、郡公之位不受。
7.去世
嘉平三年(251年)六月,司马懿病,夜间常梦见贾逵、王凌为崇。八月,司马懿去世,享年七十三岁。当年九月,司马懿被葬于河阴,谥文贞,后改为文宣。晋武帝受魏禅,给司马懿上尊号为宣皇帝,称其陵墓为高原,庙号高祖。
【功绩】
除军事方面外,司马懿在经济上也为魏国作出了重大贡献。时曹魏政权为了恢复北方经济,解决军粮问题,曾经推行包括民屯、军屯两类的屯田制度。司马懿在推广军屯事业上有很大的建树。约在建安二十三、四年,司马懿由转为丞相军司马后,向曹操建议:“昔箕子陈谋,以食为首。今天下不耕者盖二十余万,非经国远筹也。虽戎甲未卷,自宜且耕且守”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。曹操行之。结果魏国一时“务农积谷,国用丰赡”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。
曹操采纳这个建议仅两年就驾崩了,在这样短的时间内要使军屯走向正规,大规模的铺开推行,当然是困难的。管理军屯的主要官吏——度支中郎将、度支校尉、度支都尉等官员,都是在曹丕称帝后的黄初年间(220—226年)设置的。这说明军屯走上正规是在曹丕时期。
曹魏军屯推行很广泛,但主要基地是设置在边境驻军地区,特别是在和吴、蜀的军事对立地带。曹魏和吴、蜀对立地带的两大军屯基地的开创,都和司马懿有关系。
曹魏和蜀汉的邻近地区,如长安、槐里、陈仓、上邽等地,都设置有民屯和军屯组织。其中,上邦的军屯最著名。这个军屯基地是在太和四年(230)由司马懿上表倡议建立的,《晋书·食货志》称:“宣帝表徙冀州农夫五千人佃上邽,兴京兆、天水、南安盐池,以益军实。”主持具体事宜的是那时的度支尚书、司马懿的三弟司马孚。《晋书·安平献王孚传》称:“关中连遭贼寇,谷帛不足,遣冀州农丁五千屯于上邽,秋冬习战阵,春夏修田桑。由是关中军国有余,待贼有备矣。”由此可见,上邦军屯是在司马懿、司马孚兄弟的共同筹划下开创的。
太和五年,诸葛亮进攻天水。这时上邽军屯上的小麦已经生长出来,有人主张“自芟上邽生麦以夺贼食”,魏明帝不从,“前后遣兵增宣王军,又敕使护麦”。司马懿与诸葛亮相持,多亏以上邽军屯的小麦作军粮,才取得胜利。直至正元二年(255),安西将军邓艾又在上邽“为区种之法,手执耒耜,率先将士”(《晋书·段灼传》),进行屯垦。这都说明上邽军屯的重要。
司马懿在太和五年屯长安,都督雍、凉二州诸军事,开始主持对蜀的战争。为了增强实力,他很重视对关中屯田基地的建设。青龙元年(233),司马懿组织兴修水利,“开成国渠,自陈仓至槐里筑临晋陂,引汧洛溉舄卤之地三千余顷”(《晋书·宣帝纪》),收到了“国以充实”(《晋书·食货志》)的效果。青龙三年,关东饥馑,司马懿调运五百万斛粟输京师洛阳,以资救济。可见他在关中储积有大量粮食。
曹魏和东吴邻近地带的屯田,主要是在淮河南北。曹操时曾“开募屯田于淮南”(《三国志·魏书· 仓慈传》),但仅是民屯。正始二年(241),司马懿主持对吴作战时,始与曾为屯田掌犊人、典农纲纪的尚书郎邓艾筹划在淮南淮北创建军屯。第二年,司马懿 “奏穿广漕渠,引河入汴,溉东南诸陂,始大佃于淮北”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。第三年,司马懿又在这一地区“大兴屯守,广开淮阳、百尺二渠,又修诸陂于颍之南北,万余顷。自是淮北仓庾相望,寿阳至于京师,农官屯兵连属焉”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)。
《晋书·食货志》记载司马懿、邓艾创建的淮南淮北屯田说:“今淮北二万人、淮南三万人分休,且佃且守。水丰,常收三倍于西,岁完五百万斛以为军资。六、七年间,可积三千万斛于淮土,此则十万之众五年食也。……逆北临淮水,自锺离而南、横石以西,尽泚水四百余里,五里置一营,营六十人,且佃且守。兼修广淮阳、百尺二渠,上引河流,下通淮颍,大治诸陂于颍南颍北。穿渠三百余里,溉田二万顷,淮南、淮北皆相连接。自寿春到京师,农官兵田,鸡犬之声,阡陌相属。”
司马懿和邓艾所进行的大规模的屯垦,对促进北方经济的恢复和发展,特别是对增加曹魏的财力,支持与东吴的战争,起了重要的作用。
【年表】
公元179年出生
建安十三年(208),曹操辟司马懿为文学掾。历任黄门侍郎、议郎、丞相东曹属、丞相主薄等职。
建安二十年(215年),随曹操征讨张鲁。
建安二十四年(219), 曹操进封魏王后,司马懿为太子中庶子,佐助曹丕。不久,转为丞相军司马。
延康元年(220年),曹操去世,司马懿管理丧葬诸事。同年,曹丕即魏王位,司马懿受封河津亭侯,转丞相长史。
同年,曹丕登皇帝位,任命司马懿为尚书,不久转督军、御史中丞,封安国乡侯。
黄初二年(221年),免去督军官职,升任侍中、尚书右仆射。
黄初三年(222年),和黄初五年(224年),曹丕两次伐吴,都以司马懿镇守许昌,并改封司马懿为向乡侯。
黄初六年(225年)春二月,转任抚军大将军、假节,领兵五千,加给事中、录尚书事。
黄初七年(226年)五月,曹丕去世,令司马懿与曹真、陈群、曹休为辅政大臣。八月,孙权出兵攻魏。司马懿击败诸葛瑾,并斩杀吴将张霸,斩首千余级。十二月,升任骠骑将军。
太和元年(227年)六月,明帝命司马懿驻扎宛城,加督荆、豫二州诸军事。
太和二年(228年)正月,司马懿擒斩孟达,传首京师,俘获万余人。
太和四年(230年),司马懿任大将军、加大都督、假黄钺,与大司马曹真一起伐蜀。
八月,司马懿从西城沿沔水直达朐腮,克新丰县,驻军丹口,后遇雨班师。
太和四年(230),上表倡议建立上邦军屯。
太和五年,都督雍、凉二州诸军事,开始主持对蜀的战争。
青龙二年(234年)二月,蜀丞相诸葛亮率军10万出斜谷攻魏,司马懿率军渡渭水,背水筑垒阻击。两军对峙。
五月,吴军10万三路攻魏,以配合蜀军作战。魏明帝派秦郎率2万人援司马懿,自率主力反攻吴军。七月,吴军撤走。
八月,司马懿与诸葛亮相持百余日。诸葛亮当月病故于五丈原军中,蜀军撤走。
青龙三年(235年),司马懿升任太尉。
景初二年(238年)正月,司马懿率牛金、胡遵等步骑四万征公孙渊,破襄平。屠戮七千多人筑京观。
景初三年(239年)正月,司马懿与曹爽一起接受遗诏辅佐少主曹芳。司马懿任侍中、持节、都督中外诸军、录尚书事,和曹爽共执朝政。
正始二年(241年)四月,孙权攻魏,六月,司马懿统军增援,吴军退。与邓艾筹划在淮南淮北创建军屯。
七月,增司马懿食郾、临颍,前后共四县,食邑万户,子弟十一人皆为列侯。
正始四年(243年)九月,司马懿在率军征吴。
正始八年(247年),五月,司马懿伪装生病,不问政事。
嘉平元年(249年)春正月,司马懿杀曹爽及其党羽何晏、丁谧、邓扬、毕轨、李胜、桓范等,并灭三族。
嘉平三年(251年)四月率军讨伐王凌。
嘉平三年(251年)八月,司马懿去世,享年七十三岁。
【历史评价】
司马懿为人“内忌而外宽,猜忌多权变”(《晋书·宣帝纪》),曹操知其“有雄豪志”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)
晋明帝时,王导侍坐,晋明帝问起晋前世得天下的具体情形,王导不加隐饰地叙述了司马懿创业时的业绩和种种残忍手段,又说起司马昭在高贵乡公时的所作所为,晋明帝大惭,把脸埋覆在床上说:“若如公言,晋祚复安得长远”(《晋书·宣帝纪》)!这是古代贬低司马氏虚假言论,在两晋时期有严格的避讳礼节,甚至不在儿子面前说他先人的名讳,裴松之在诸葛亮传中评论:“显彰宣帝之短,对子毁父,理所不容。”王导是君子,会劝导晋明帝效仿先人的仁义,他谈论司马懿父子的过错是不可能的,况且司马懿父子在曹爽、高贵乡公事件中没有罪过。
唐太宗李世民曾为《晋书·宣帝纪》作史论,指出了司马懿在性格、军事、政治等多方面的矛盾或曰不平衡。原文如下:夫天地之大,黎元为本。邦国之贵,元首为先。治乱无常,兴亡有运。是故五帝之上,居万乘以为忧;三王已来,处其忧而为乐。竞智力,争利害,大小相吞,强弱相袭。逮乎魏室,三方鼎峙,干戈不息,氛雾交飞。宣皇以天挺之姿,应期佐命,文以缵治,武以棱威。用人如在己,求贤若不及;情深阻而莫测,性宽绰而能容,和光同尘,与时舒卷,戢鳞潜翼,思属风云。饰忠于已诈之心,延安于将危之命。观其雄略内断,英猷外决,殄公孙于百日,擒孟达于盈旬,自以兵动若神,谋无再计矣。既而拥众西举,与诸葛相持。抑其甲兵,本无斗志,遗其巾帼,方发愤心。杖节当门,雄图顿屈,请战千里,诈欲示威。且秦蜀之人,勇懦非敌,夷险之路,劳逸不同,以此争功,其利可见。而返闭军固垒,莫敢争锋,生怯实而未前,死疑虚而犹遁,良将之道,失在斯乎!文帝之世,辅翼权重,许昌同萧何之委,崇华甚霍光之寄。当谓竭诚尽节,伊傅可齐。及明帝将终,栋梁是属,受遗二主,佐命三朝,既承忍死之托,曾无殉生之报。天子在外,内起甲兵,陵土未乾,遽相诛戮,贞臣之体,宁若此乎!尽善之方,以斯为惑。夫征讨之策,岂东智而西愚?辅佐之心,何前忠而后乱?故晋明掩面,耻欺伪以成功;石勒肆言,笑奸回以定业。古人有云:“积善三年,知之者少,为恶一日,闻于天下。 ”可不谓然乎!虽自隐过当年,而终见嗤后代。亦犹窃钟掩耳,以众人为不闻;锐意盗金,谓市中为莫睹。故知贪于近者则遗远,溺于利者则伤名;若不损己以益人,则当祸人而福己。顺理而举易为力,背时而动难为功。况以未成之晋基,逼有余之魏祚?虽复道格区宇,德被苍生,而天未启时,宝位犹阻,非可以智竞,不可以力争,虽则庆流后昆,而身终于北面矣。
因为《三国志》出自晋朝,陈寿出于政治需要必须要使司马氏成为正义的一方,所以单凭《三国志》不能得出司马懿忠心的结论,以上的资料仅供参考,并非结论。按:陈寿的作品属于私人撰写,在当时也被认为比官方的《魏书》更真实,书中没有以晋朝和司马氏为主体,不存在为司马氏歌功颂德的内容,许多司马氏活动的重要内容都没有记载,甚至有对司马氏误解和歪曲的内容。陈寿是被当时社会普遍公认的杰出史学家,张华、杜预等优秀人士都推崇他的才学。
【古人评语】
房玄龄:①少有奇节,聪明多大略,博学洽闻,伏膺儒教。汉末大乱,常慨然有忧天下心。②帝内忌而外宽,猜忌多权变。③有符于狼顾也。
孙权:司马公善用兵,变化若神,所向无前。
曹操:司马懿非人臣也,必预汝家事。
杨俊:此非常之人也。
文钦:故相国懿,匡辅魏室,历事忠贞,故烈祖明皇帝授以寄讬之任。懿戮力尽节,以宁华夏。
崔琰:聪亮明允,刚断英特。
【歇后语】
1司马懿破八卦阵--不懂装懂
2司马懿困葫芦谷-命不该绝
【相关诗词】
开言崇圣典,用武若通神。
三国英雄士,四朝经济臣。
屯兵驱虎豹,养子得麒麟。
诸葛常谈羡,能回天地春。
-----------《三国演义》中引用的后人描述司马懿的诗。
天地开辟,日月重光。
遭逢际会,奉辞遐方。
将扫芜秽,还过故乡。
肃清万里,总齐八荒。
告成归老,待罪舞阳。
--------司马懿奉魏明帝曹叡之命出讨辽东,途经故里,歌以咏怀。
【疑点解析】
祁山对战
关于诸葛亮同司马懿在建兴九年祁山战役的情况,《晋书》同《三国志》汉晋春秋有不同的记载,尤其是在相持阶段战况,有很大差异。在总体战略态势上两书记载一致,都是司马懿解了祁山之围,并且挫败了诸葛亮夺取魏国粮食的企图,使诸葛亮最终因为粮食耗尽退兵。有差异之处是《汉晋春秋》称诸葛亮打败了郭淮、费耀,抢收了些粮食,《晋书》记载诸葛亮没能抢到粮食,《汉晋春秋》关于这次战斗的记载是矛盾的,费耀已经被司马懿命令留守上邽不可能同郭淮与诸葛亮交战,《晋书》中司马懿赶到上邽阻止诸葛亮抢粮成功,那里是粮食主产区。诸葛亮在祁山附近打败魏军抢到少量粮食是可能的,但是没有影响司马懿主力部队的粮食供应,也没改变蜀军缺粮。史书记载了司马懿的军队是依靠陇西粮食补给。至于两军交战的结果,司马懿是否同诸葛亮作战,两书的记载也不同,《汉晋春秋》说贾栩、魏平被救出后,非要与诸葛亮交战,司马懿被迫出战失利,蜀军斩获甲首三千,(甲首,小头目,类似于现今的班长之类.由此可推算司马懿折兵过万)
空城计
在《三国演义》中,诸葛亮首次北伐受挫,安排各路人马退回汉中,正待自己抽身之际,不料,司马懿大军突然出现在城外几十里处,诸葛亮急中生智,兵行险招,玩了一手“空城计”,把司马懿吓跑了。
在正史中,孔明见街亭败绩,北伐受挫,战局已经对己不利,于是迅速撤回汉中,并没有再空耗军力。而曹魏方面,大都督曹真见已经打退蜀汉,也没有苦追。当时,司马懿更是远在宛城一线,根本不可能出现在街亭或西城。《演义》为了贬低曹真,并强调司马懿是诸葛亮的最大对手,硬是把司马移位到了街亭前线。其实,司马懿是在后来才顶替曹真出现在对蜀汉前线的。
其实,“空城计”也有其说法来源。《三国志·诸葛亮传》的注里,记有一段郭冲讲的小故事:“亮屯于阳平,遣魏延诸军并兵东下,亮惟留万人守城。晋宣帝率二十万众拒亮,而与延军错道,径至前,当亮六十里所,侦候白宣帝说亮在城中兵少力弱。亮亦知宣帝垂至,已与相逼,欲前赴延军,相去又远,回迹反追,势不相及,将士失色,莫知其计。亮意气自若,敕军中皆卧旗息鼓,不得妄出庵幔,又令大开四城门,埽地却洒。宣帝常谓亮持重,而猥见势弱,疑其有伏兵,于是引军北趣山。明日食时,亮谓参佐拊手大笑曰:‘司马懿必谓吾怯,将有强伏,循山走矣。’候逻还白,如亮所言。宣帝后知,深以为恨。”史学界称其为“郭冲三事”,后边还有郭冲的“四事”和“五事”。这个郭冲是诸葛亮的粉丝,他讲的故事都是盲目推重孔明的。这一段“郭冲三事”的情节,更是于史不符、于理不合,十分荒谬。当时就有人质疑:司马懿如果真得到这样的机会,麾下十余万大军,把他围住不就完了?连现在人也明白,派几个神射手过去射诸葛亮,或者派一个小队过去火力侦察一下,立即就可以拆穿诸葛亮的把戏,一直老谋深算的司马懿绝不会愚蠢和胆怯到“扭头就跑”的地步。
所以近来有学者认为:作为一名出色的政治家,司马懿深深明白“蜚鸟尽,良弓藏。狡兔死,走狗烹.”的道理。当时魏国任用他的原因就在于诸葛亮北伐而魏国朝中除自己外无人可敌,诸葛亮就是自己得到任用保住官位的钥匙和命脉。如果诸葛亮一死,他的用处也告终止,而朝廷中很多官宦都敌视自己,自己也还没有建立起朝中势力,必然会重新被贬官居闲,壮志难成了。所以虽然看破了诸葛亮的“空城计”,但是司马懿也不会立即杀死自己的“保官稻草”的。
诛曹爽
司马懿平定曹爽乱政是挽救曹魏政权,信守托孤承诺,维护曹芳的皇位,不是单纯为了个人集团的权力。首先他放弃权力回家养病的时候,司马师、司马昭兄弟在朝中都是中级官员,司马氏集团还是弱小的。此时谈不上要建立司马氏专权,嘉平之变后司马师兄弟也没有掌权担任要职。实际上直到司马懿集团的主要成员开始受到曹爽的排挤打击的时候,司马懿依然是容让,就象他对孙礼说的,要“忍不可忍”。最初曹爽还只是专权,剥夺众多豪强贵族的政治地位,剥夺他们的祭祀荣誉。固执发动对蜀国的战争等,这些乱政司马懿都没有能阻止,表明曹爽已经不尊重司马懿了,并且后来准备要篡位。曹爽要篡位也是明显的,他的衣食和仪式排场几乎和皇帝相同,皇宫御用尚方器物充斥其家,自行从宫中取曹睿的才人到自己府中,甚至到了伪造诏书,把皇宫的才人五十七人送到邺城,擅自取用太乐乐器,武库禁兵。后来还把郭太后迁居冷宫囚禁,派遣亲信监视小皇帝,这时唯一对他篡位构成威胁的就只有司马懿了,他一面派亲信去察看司马懿的动向,一面排挤打击司马懿的亲属、亲信,都是为了篡位做准备,郭太后、刘放、孙资等过去有权势的,都相继被他废黜了,司马懿因为早早就回家养病了,所以他受到打击是最晚。曹爽最后只有把司马懿集团也瓦解了,称帝篡位才能开始,孙礼、卢毓等相继被排挤,矛头甚至指向司马懿的亲戚杜恕,这是在正始九年底,后来卢毓审理曹爽党徒,了解到他们谋反篡位准备在三个月内行动,曹爽不是《三国演义》中那个软弱、窝囊的废物,他指挥军队伐蜀,专权打击孙礼,也是野心勃勃、专横跋扈的权贵。司马懿所以还有赦免他的念头,不是因为曹爽没有要篡位的阴谋证据,主要是不愿承担杀托孤大臣专权的名声,也了解曹爽的实际是志大才疏,看到曹爽建立的小集团与各主要派系都有矛盾,也没有百姓拥护他,不会有威胁,而且曹爽的篡位计划也没有能实际执行,他也还没有废帝自立,在嘉平之变的时候,曹爽也没有挑起内战,总算是和平解决了矛盾。司马懿也曾经发誓不追究曹爽,这样才表示要赦免他,给他送去粮食。可是从祭祀名单就可以看出,曹爽专权期间得罪的人太多,最终朝议依然处死了他。不要以为司马懿废黜曹爽只是他个人要夺权,只是司马氏和曹氏争权这么简单。参与废黜曹爽的有司马懿集团和大多数派系,郭太后、蒋济、高柔等都是各大派系的代表,朝议也是各派系共同参加,曹操担任丞相、魏公的权势比司马懿这时要大得多,依然要受到朝议的制约,他要恢复肉刑,但是朝议多数人反对,曹操也只能暂时放弃。司马懿更是不能不接受朝议,曹爽打击、压迫其它派系,最终被他们要求处死,《三国志》曹爽传中,详细记载了曹爽乱政,准备篡位,以及朝议将他处死的经过。
【司马辞封】
《三国志》魏书三少帝本纪注解,孔衍汉魏春秋曰:诏使太常王肃册命太傅为丞相,增邑万户,群臣奏事不得称名,如汉霍光故事。太傅上书辞让曰:“臣亲受顾命,忧深责重,凭赖天威,摧弊奸凶,赎罪为幸,功不足论。又三公之官,圣王所制,著之典礼。至于丞相,始自秦政。汉氏因之,无复变改。今三公之官皆备,横复宠臣,违越先典,革圣明之经,袭秦汉之路,虽在异人,臣所宜正,况当臣身而不固争,四方议者将谓臣何!”书十馀上,诏乃许之,复加九锡之礼。太傅又言:“太祖有大功大德,汉氏崇重,故加九锡,此乃历代异事,非后代之君臣所得议也。”又辞不受。
Defense for the second son of Sima Yi Sima, history books call him "little odd section, smart and more rough, contact the press learned, V Ying Confucianism" ("Ji Jin Shuxuan Emperor"). Eastern Han dynasty, chaos, Sima Yi was born in troubled times, the "world often generously with worry Heart" ("Ji Jin Shuxuan Emperor").
Jian six years (201 years), counties elected him to the rafters of dollars. Cao Cao is any common phenomenon when, after hearing his name, sent him to the Fuchu office call. Sima Yi, see Han fortunes have been minimal, not in the hands of Cao Cao, the wind will be an excuse for their own paralysis disease, the body can not be living. Cao Cao did not believe, sent to gather information at night, Sima Yi was lying there, motionless, like a real general contracting Wind Bi.
Kin 2 years (215 years), Cao Cao campaign against Zhang Lu, Sima Yi army. He was Cao Cao, said: "Liu Bei to Liu Zhang prisoner fraud force, Shu Gangneung not accompanied by the distant war, this must seize this opportunity also. Now if Yao Wei Hanzhong, Yizhou vibration, into the gates of the bound to collapse. So the potential, easy to for the skill. saints can not be violated when the timing is wrong not carry on. "Cao Cao said:" People suffer no foot, acquired Longyou, complex for enriching Shu "(" Tai Ji Jin Shuxuan ")! Did not adopt his proposal.
Huang first two years (221 years), military governor removed from office, was promoted sijung, Shang You Pushe.
4. Colonial Secretary
Sima Yi in turn moved more than one thousand seven Youzhou Mengda Yu Zhong. Yao Jing Shu will soon, Zheng He led his subordinates such as seven thousand people to come down.
"Volume 72nd Mirror" recorded as follows: ... ... Guo Huai, fees, etc. Yao Jiao Liang, Liang destructible, by a large scythe mow the wheat, and Yi met in the east of the Gui. Yi-grabbing by the military insurance, soldiers may not pay, bright cited also. Yi, etc. The halogen after the city looking bright. Zhang He Hu said: "He is far to reverse me, battle assignment shall not, that my interest is not in war, trying to use the system for the long term also. And the army has in recent Qishan know, human from the solid, this can only Tuen divided into Jones, showing out later, should not be forced into the front and dare not, you will lose popularity also. this bright little food alone, but also OK to carry on. "Yi is not from, so look for light. Ji Zhi, then dig climbing camp, refused to fight. Jia Xu, Wei-ping a few battle assignment, as saying: "Kung Wei Shu, such as the tiger, the world laughs Nai Ho!" Yi disease. Zhu Jiang Xian battle assignment. Summer, in May, Singh has, Yi Nai Shi Zhang Hesheng attack without any level when the supervisor on the South Circuit, since the case of Mean to light. Light to Wei Yan, Gao Xiang, Wu class against war, Bing Wei defeated, by a Han Chinese with 3000, Yi also Paul camp. June, light grain to make back the military, Sima Yi, Zhang He Hu pursue the removal. He Hu Jin to the door (now the southwest of Gansu Tianshui), and light combat, Shu V by high-cloth, crossbow tousled hair, Fei Shi in his right knee Ercu He Hu.
Zhuge Liang east of the road blocked by Sima Yi, Wei forward from, there Guo Huai block, is moving troops to invade San pass, Long City and other places, and then return in triumph attack Sima Yi.
Xin Pi is unknown whether that Zhuge Liang died, Sima Yi said: "The heavy military family, military secret account book, soldiers and horses cereals, are abandoning this, Is there anything people can donate their Solid Organs and Health Down? Should catch up the "(" Ji Jin Shuxuan Emperor "). Thus, shuaibing catch up. Off the ground more thorns, Sima Yi sent 3,000 soldiers be wearing flat-bottomed clogs made of soft material, in the army before the walk, thistles all thorns in the clogs, and then force stances in hand. Has been tracked Chian This exact death by Zhuge Liang. At that time people saying: "Death to go Zhuge Health chongda" Sima Yi smiled and said: "I will feed students, it is also inconvenient dead material" ("Ji Jin Shuxuan Emperor").
5. L Rentai Yu
King first two years (238 years) the first month, Sima Yi Wei Ming Di Zhao returned to Beijing, ordered him to shuaibing crusade. Emperor Ming said: "This not enough labor Jun, things will want to grams, so as to phase tired ears. Jun degree of its line of what account?" Sima Yi said: "abandoned the cities and pre-walk, on account also. According to Liao water from the force, times account also. Zuoshou Xiangping, this Chengqin ear. "Emperor Ming asked:" its terms, will be out? "Sima Yi replied:" but who can clear the depth he has, Yu has been abandoned, the non-it, and also. suspended military expedition today, will that not last, they first and then keep the water from the Liao Dynasty, there is a world total is also lower. "Mingdi asked:" when dealing? "Sima Yi said:" to the Hundred Days, but also the Hundred Days, attack Hundred Days to 60 days for rest, for one year is enough "(" Ji Jin Shuxuan Emperor ").
Coincides with heavy rain, Liao water surge, ground several feet high, Wei fear, Zhujiangsiyu to move camp. Sima Yi ordered the transfer operators are vocal cut, the military governor to make Shizhang Jing disobedience beheaded, the military, before security. Gongsun Yuan troops out of the city by the rain, firewood Wrangler, Enron composure. Wei generals request attack, Sima Yi not adopted. Division Machen Gui Yue Q Sima Yi: "attack on the Yong Xi, eight times, day and night, and it could be a semi late, pulling fortified city, cut Mengda. Today are far to slow even more security, theft and confusion Yan Yu . "Sima Yi said:" The emperor said: "Mengda less public support for one year while the food, my men four times the food is not flooded up to the month to plan a year in January, security from time to speed? One of four hit, is to make a half solution, still as whom. Is not total casualties, and food competition also. I have this Zeizhong few, thieves hungry I eat, water, rain Cornell, no skill, although when the promotion of, Yi He should do. Spontaneous Capital, do not worry about thieves attack, but the fear of thieves away. Vertical grain thief to do this, but not around down together, their cattle and horses grazing, cutting, copying it, the drive for it to go too. Fu Bing who deception, good for Incident. Thief with the public relies on the rain, so although hunger storm, yet ready to know what, when shown the inability to safety. Scared of taking a small profit to non-account also "(" Ji Jin Shuxuan Emperor ").
More than a month, the rain stopped, the water gradually receded. Xiang-Ping Wei completed the siege, from the earth mountains, digging tunnels, building floor vehicles, such as siege equipment hook ladder, day and night storm. Best food the city, the dead are many, and so it will drop Yang Zuo. When the occasional meteor from southwest to northeast across the city, falling in the beam near the water, the city increasingly shock fear. Gongsun Yuan is also terror, in August, the king sent him with the construction, royal doctor Liu Fu request rescue, then Mianfu (hands tied behind the back and face in front) clique are surrendering. Sima Yi beheaded angel, publish official call to arms to denounce: "Xi Chu Cheng nations, and Zheng Bo still leading a sheep and welcome the Routan. Solitary as the king who, while on the public spaces, built retirement homes, etc. For Disembarrassing alone, not at Chu Cheng said that evil! two very old, will lose purpose rumors have been cut of phase. if the intention had not been, there can be more clear decision youth who laid off to "(" Ji Jin Shuxuan Emperor "). Gongsun Yuan Wei sijung also sent forward to set the date of the request sent to the hostages. Sima Yi Wei speech on: "playing with five major military can fight when the war, not war when to defend, can not observe when walking, I do only two ears down and die. Ru refused Mianfu, this is the decision to die, no need to send any "(" Ji Jin Shuxuan Emperor ").
Some of that time Sima Yi Jun Yi Shan soldiers in the cold, begging him to Ru Yi, Sima Yi not to. Some people said: "Fortunately, more so jacket can give to." Sima Yi said: "Ru are official property, and the ministers also selfless Shi" ("Ji Jin Shuxuan Emperor"). So Throne court, the six-year-old over more than a thousand soldiers to lift military service, sent their hometowns. Then, in the original one-year period, the victory triumphant return.
Zhengshi years (241 years) in April, four Gong Wei Wu Emperor Sun Quan divide our forces: General Quan Cong Wei tens of thousands of his troops out of Huainan Shaobei decision (now South Shou County, Anhui) of water, Wei attack 6 North, General Zhuge Ke Security (now Luan in the Northeast), a former general attack Fancheng Zhu Ran (now Hubei Xiangfan), a large attack ancestors in general Zhuge Jin (now Hubei Nanchangosaurus Man River).
Then, Cao Shuang, who stepped up the pace of usurped power. Zhengshi nine (248) March, Huang Zhang door only when the people in chambers without permission to quartz and other 11 people sent to Cao Shuang, Cao Shuang, He Yan and Zhang took the opportunity when the collusion, seek crisis Sajik. Cao Shuang and Sima Yi party is also worried that pretend to be sick. In the same year the winter, Yin Li Sheng Henan provincial governor to be appointed to Jingzhou, his line went to visit them. Sima Yi pretend ill, so that the two maids to support themselves and take away clothes, Nabu Wen, fell to the ground, also pointing to the mouth that thirst. Maids offer porridge to his mouth to pick up the soup stream stricken. Li Sheng said: "People love that old style of public launch tomorrow, He intended to respect the body of Cornell!" Sima Yi deliberately breathlessly said: "The old pillow illness, died overnight. Jun Qu and when the state, and state close to Hu, whom good preparation. fear that no longer meet in order to sub-division, Zhao brothers to care. "Li Sheng said:" When has the honor to state (Li Sheng is Jingzhou), the non-and the state. "Sima Yi deliberately confused the words:" Jun parties to and the state. "Li Sheng said:" When the honor of Jingzhou. "Sima Yi said:" The shortage of old Italy, Jun Yan understand. this is also for the state, Sidley heroic, good construction feats! "Sheng-back on Cao Shuang, said: "Sima public over gas corpse home, and spirit have left, worrying about carry on." a few days, he added: "Tutor no longer be economic, it is sad" ("Ji Jin Shuxuan Emperor"). Since then, such as Cao Shuang Sima Yi no longer defensive.
Sima Yi Zhao Stuart line of high-soft fake section of the military generals, or managed by Cao Shuang barracks, he said: "The king Zhou Boyi" ("Ji Jin Shuxuan Emperor"). Zhao Tai Pu Wang and watch the leading military serve as an umbrella Cao Xi barracks. Sima Yi Qiu Jiang their rate of economic and other Lebing Out in Compliment to the emperor, stationed in the Lo pontoon. Sent the memorial to the emperor: "First Dizhao Majesty, the King of Qin and Chen Sheng Yu Yu bed, arm grip Chen said, 'something to read after dark'. Betray this great general Shuang Gu Ming, lost chaos States Code, which is unauthorized to be, outside the special authority. Qunguan playing staff, the parents are home; Old Guard the old one, and see exclusion dismiss. According to plate teeth, and even vertical unbridled day. Youyi Huang Chang when the door to all supervisors, specifically of diplomatic relations, wait on artifacts. world threat from human pregnant apprehensive. His Majesty will be to send sit Qide long security? this non-first Di Zhao and Chen Sheng Royal Majesty the bed of the original idea. Morrison though rotten step, the courage to forget the preamble. Xi-Zhao Gao very Italian, Qin is dead ; Lvhuo early break, Han Jo Yong-Yan. This is the lesson of His Majesty, Chen is also mandated to autumn. Shuang tailor or poor ministers whether the king of hearts, brothers not typical soldier Old Guard; played the Queen Mother, the Queen Mother as imperial played purposes. Chen Zhe Edict main door so stop by and Shuang Huang, Xi, training clerks to the official Hou soldiers on the first, if missed driving them to Junfacongshi. Lijijiangbing Yi Chen Zhe Luoshui pontoon, snooping into a very " ("Ji Jin Shuxuan Emperor").
Cao Shuang want to believe their words, Heng Fan, who cited past and present, every means to remonstrate, from evening until dawn the next day advised. Advised to the last, Cao Shuang cast knife to the ground, said: "Sima just when allegedly attempted to grab my right ear. I can Hou also the first, after all wealthy Weng" ("Ji Jin Shuxuan Emperor"). Huan Fan cried and said: "Cao Zidan beautiful woman, health Ru brother, dolphin calves ears! He plans to sit Rudengzumie today also" ("Comprehensive Mirror Volume 75th")!
In the same year, Cao Pi Tang emperor, appointed as the Book of Sima Yi, and soon turn military governor, Yu Shi Zhongcheng, sealing Yasukuni Xiang Hou.
King first two years (238 years) the first month, rates of cattle Sima Yi Jin, Wu Zun, etc. Buji 40000 Gongsun Yuan Zheng, breaking Xiangping. Killing more than 7000 construction outlook in Beijing.
Evaluation】 【History
Tang Taizong Li Shimin who have "Ji Jin Shuxuan Emperor" for History, points out Sima Yi in character, military, political and other aspects of the conflict or say unbalanced. Reads as follows: husband world large, Li Yuan-oriented. Bangguo of you, heads of state first. Chaos impermanence, rise and fall of a transport. Therefore in the Five Emperors on top, the highest Wansheng worried; three kings have come, but for the sake of office of their worries. Intellectual competition, competition is at stake, the size of phase swallowing, strong or weak phase attack. Catch almost Wei room, three-Ding Shi Chun, arms rest, atmosphere fog flying cross. Xuan Huang Ting postures to-day should be on Zuoming, text to keep on governance, armed with Itsue. If the employer has, if and Seeking; Wife resistance and the unpredictable nature of lavish and energy content, and light with dust, with the roll back and forth, JI potential wing scales, thinking is a situation. Ornaments have been loyal to the heart of fraud, Yan'an was the danger of life. Concept within its Xionglue off, never outside the British initiative, exterminate Gongsun in the Hundred Days, capture Mengda late in surplus, in order to soldiers from moving if God, seek no further account carry on. West subsequently held public ownership, and Zhuge stalemate. Suppressing the hoplite, the non-fighting, leaving the women's government, party energies heart. Rod section when the door aggressively on Dayton Qu, battle assignment Trinidad, pretends like to protest. And the people of Qin Shu, Yong cowardly non-enemy, the Foreign insurance road, work and rest are different in this power struggle, its profits can be seen. The solid back closed military base, Mogan and Commander, but have not really scared of Health before the suspect died while still lodged in virtual and good will of the Road, lost in the Sri Lankan peace! Emperor Wen of the world, a supplementary weight, Xuchang Xiao He of the same committee, Chong Hua Huo Guang even the send. When that section dedicated to do, Iraq could Qi Fu. And the Emperor Ming to the end, the pillars are of, by the left two masters, Zuo Ming Dynasty, Ji Cheng Ren died of child care, health of the newspaper had no martyrdom. Son of Heaven outside, inside the hoplite, Tomb of soil is dry, suddenly with murder, Zhen Chen of the body, rather if this peace! Make good of the party, to Sri Lanka for the confusion. Policy for husband's crusade, not at the East and West Yu Chi? Adjuvant of the heart, then chaos before the loyalty? Jin Ming hide their faces so ashamed to deceive false to success; Shile wantonly made, evil laugh to set the industry back. The ancients had a saying: "charitable three years, and those who know little, evil day, heard in the world." However, from time that almost! Although over the year since the implicit, and eventually see deride future generations. Their ears are still ringing bell stolen, to everyone for the deaf; committed theft of gold, that the market for Mo see. Old friend who is greedy in recent far left, who were injured were being addicted to profits; if not Lose to benefit people, then when the bad people but has blessing. Shun Li and give an easy power, power back of the occasion and can not do anything. Unpaired base in the state of Jin, forcing more than the Wei Zuo? Although the complex area Doug Yu, Germany was the common people, and the days when no Kai, Po-bit still resistance, non-compete can be intellectual, not try, though, after Qing flow Queensland, and north of body finally carry on.
Fang Xuanling: ① little odd section, smart and more rough, contact the press learned, V Ying Confucianism. Han Dynasty chaos, there are worries the world often generously heart. ② Timor avoid suits in width, suspicion and more contingent. ③ a break in the wolf care too.
Yang Jun: This is the people.
Poetry】 【related
World opened up, sun, moon and light weight.
】 【Doubt
Zhuge Liang Sima Yi on the same nine Qishan in the Lite campaign, the "Book of Jin" with the "Three Kingdoms" Han Jin Chunqiu have different records, especially in the stalemate of war, are very different. The overall strategic situation in the two books written on the line, are Sima Yi Xie a Qishan of the circumference, and Zhuge Liang defeated the attempt to seize food Wei, Zhuge Liang finally to retreat because the food runs out. There is a difference between "Han Jin Chunqiu" said Zhuge Liang defeated Guo Huai, FEI Yao, rush in the harvest some food, "Book of Jin" record Zhuge Liang did not grab food, "Han Jin Chunqiu" battle of the record on this is contradictory , the fee Sima Yi Yao has been staying on command and Zhuge Liang Gui possible war with Guo Huai, "Book of Jin" in Sima Yi went on Gui Liang Qiang Liang prevent success, there is a major grain producing areas. Near defeat in Zhuge Liang Wei Qishan grab a small amount of food is possible, but Sima Yi did not affect the main force of the food supply, food shortages did not change the Shu Army. Historical records of Sima Yi's military is relying on Longxi food supply. The results of the two armies at war, with Zhuge Liang Sima Yi is fighting, two books of records are different, "Han Jin Chunqiu," said Jia Xu, Wei Ping was rescued and not as a war with Zhuge Liang, Sima Yi was forced to face the challenge of losing, Shu Army gains a first 3000, (a first, small leader, similar to the current squad, and the like. it could be projected over 10 000 soldiers off Sima Yi)
Binh Dinh Cao Shuang Sima Yi Cao Wei saving the political chaos, keep Tuogu commitment to maintain Cao Fang's throne, not only for the individual group's power. First of all, he gave up power to recuperate the time to go home, Sima Shi, Sima Zhao brothers are middle-ranking officials of DPRK-China, Sima's group is weak. At this point let alone the right to establish special Sima, Sima Ka Ping division after the change in power in important positions and no brothers. Sima Yi actually until the group began to receive Cao Shuang key members of the marginalized against the time, Sima Yi is still content to, as he SUN Li said, to "tolerance is not tolerance." Also just to the right of first Cao Shuang, deprived of the political status of many despotic aristocracy, deprived of their sacrifice honor. Shu stubborn war waged on and so on, these chaotic political Sima Yi did not stop, that has no respect for Cao Shuang Sima Yi had, and was ready to usurp the throne. Cao Shuang to usurp the throne is significant, his food, clothing and ceremonial pomp and emperor almost the same as the palace of Queen is still the home side full of artifacts, from the palace itself before taking beware of people to their capitals, and even to false edict, to the palace before they were 57 people sent to Ye City, unauthorized access to too much music instruments, arsenal Jinbing. Empress Guo was moved to marginized Hai Ba imprisoned, sent to monitor the little emperor trusted, then the only threat to his usurpation only Sima Yi, he trusted to look side to send the movements of Sima Yi, Sima Yi side squeezed against the relatives, confidant, are preparing to seize the throne, Empress Dowager Guo, Liu Fang, Sun seniority in the past powerful, all have been deposed him, and Sima Yi because early on home rest and recuperation, so he is the latest hit. Only Sima Yi Cao Shuang last group also collapsed, emperor usurper can begin, SUN Li, Lu Yu, etc. have been excluded, finger pointing and even relatives of Sima Yi Du Shu, this is the end of orthodox nine, and later tried Lu Yu Cao Shuang gang members, aware of their rebellion usurper ready within three months of operation, Cao Shuang not "Three Kingdoms" in the weak, useless waste, cutting the armed forces under his command Shu, autocracy against SUN Li, is also ambitious, high-handedness of the elite. Sima Yi So there is the idea of pardon him, not because of Cao Shuang did not want to usurp the throne of the conspiracy evidence, largely unwilling to bear the expertise of the right to kill Tuogu Minister reputation, but also to understand the real Cao Shuang was Zhitaicaishu, see Cao Shuang small group established with the main factions have a conflict, nor the people support him, no threats, and Cao Shuang's usurpation scheme is not to the actual implementation, he has not yet Emperor Fei of independence, the change in the Ka-ping, when Cao Shuang did not provoke a civil war, finally the peaceful settlement of the conflict. Sima Yi has also vowed not to pursue Cao Shuang, so it pledged to pardon him, send him food. However, the list can be seen from the sacrifice, Cao Shuang dictatorship offend too many people during the final step into the court still killed him. Do not think that deposed Cao Shuang Sima Yi is his own to seize power, but Sima's and Cao power struggle that simple. Are involved in deposed Cao Shuang Sima Yi Group and most of the factions, Empress Dowager Guo, Jiang economy and high flexibility are all representatives of major factions, the DPRK also proposed joint participation of all factions, as the prime minister Cao Cao, Sima Yi, Wei Gong of power than that much more time still to be towards the proposed constraints, he wants to restore corporal punishment, but towards meeting most against Cao Cao also only temporarily abandoned. Sima Yi is not but accepted the court, Cao Shuang against and oppression of other factions, eventually killed by their demands, "Three Kingdoms" Cao Shuang Chuan, the detailed accounts of the political chaos Cao Shuang, ready to usurp the throne, and step into the court after he was executed.
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