西晉 人物列錶
司馬懿 Si Mayi司馬師 Si Mashi司馬昭 Si Mazhao
司馬炎 Si Mayan晉惠帝 Jin Huidi晉懷帝 Jin Huaidi
晉愍帝 Jin Mindi
司馬懿 Si Mayi
西晉  (179年251年)
姓: 司馬
名:
字: 仲達
網筆號: 高祖宣帝
籍貫: 河內溫
開端終結
在位

  司馬懿(179-251),字仲達,河內溫(今河南溫縣)人。三國時期魏國傑出的政治傢、軍事傢,西晉王朝的奠基人。曾任職過曹魏的大都督,太尉,太傅。是輔佐了魏國三代的托孤輔政之重臣,後期成為全權掌控魏國朝政的權臣。平生最顯著的功績是多次親率大軍成功對抗諸葛亮的北伐。其孫司馬炎(即其次子司馬昭之子)被封晉王後,追封懿為宣王,司馬炎稱帝後,追尊懿為晉宣帝。
  1.傢族背景
  司馬懿其先出自帝高陽之子重黎,為夏官祝融,歷唐、虞、夏、商,世序其職。周朝,以夏官為司馬。其後程柏休父,周宣王時,以世官剋平徐方,錫以官族,因而為氏。楚漢間,司馬仰為趙將,與諸侯伐秦。秦亡,立為殷王,都河內。漢以其地為郡,子孫遂以為傢。自仰八世,至東漢安帝時,生徵西將軍鈞,字叔平。司馬鈞生豫章太守量,字公度。量生潁川太守司馬俊,字元異。俊生京兆尹司馬防,字建公。司馬防就是司馬懿的父親(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。晉武帝司馬炎在他的一個詔書稱:“本諸生傢,傳禮來久”(《晉書·禮志》)。
  
  司馬懿為司馬防次子,史書稱他“少有奇節,聰明多大略,博學洽聞,伏膺儒教”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。東漢末年,天下大亂,司馬懿生在亂世中,“常慨然有憂天下心”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。
  2.早年
  南陽太守楊俊素以知人善任著稱,司馬懿二十歲前,楊俊曾見過他,說他絶非尋常之之;尚書崔琰與司馬懿的兄長司馬朗交好,曾對司馬朗說:“君弟聰亮明允,剛斷英特,非子所及也”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。
  建安六年(201年),郡中推舉他為上計椽。時曹操正任司空,聽到他的名聲後,派人召他到府中任職。司馬懿見漢朝國運已微,不想在曹操手下,便藉口自己有風痹病,身體不能起居。曹操不信,派人夜間去刺探消息,司馬懿躺在那裏,一動不動,像真染上風痹一般。
  
  3.就職
  建安十三年(208),曹操為丞相以後,始用強製手段闢司馬懿為文學掾。曹操對使者說,“若復盤桓,便收之”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。司馬懿懼之,衹得就職。曹操讓他與太子往來遊處,歷任黃門侍郎、議郎、丞相東曹屬、丞相主薄等職。司馬懿在曹操手下任職,小心謹慎,勤勤懇懇,“至於芻牧之間,悉皆臨履”。
  建安二十年(215年),曹操徵討張魯,司馬懿隨軍。他對曹操說:“劉備以詐力虜劉璋,蜀人未附而遠爭江陵,此機不可失也。今若曜威漢中,益州震動,進兵臨之,勢必瓦解。因此之勢,易為功力。聖人不能違時,亦不失時矣。”曹操說:“人苦無足,既得隴右,復欲得蜀”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)!沒有采納他的建議。
  建安二十四年(219),當孫權嚮曹操上表稱臣、慫恿曹操自立為帝。曹操說:“此兒欲踞吾著爐炭上邪!”司馬懿說:“漢運垂終,殿下十分天下而有其九,以服事之。權之稱臣,天人之意也。虞、夏、殷、周不以謙讓者,畏天知命也”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。當時曹操手下的門閥官僚擁漢者尚多,為曹操所深忌,而荀彧、崔琰等著名人物都因對曹氏代漢有異議而不得善終。大概司馬懿在這個關鍵問題上早就表示支持曹操,因此曹操纔對他由猜忌逐漸轉為信任。
  曹操進封魏王後,升任司馬懿為太子中庶子,佐助曹丕。時司馬懿“每與大謀,輒有奇策”(《晉書·宣帝紀》),為曹丕所信任和重用,所以關係一直很好。司馬懿還與陳群、吳質、朱鑠並稱四友。
  
  此後,司馬懿更是常謀國事,多出奇策。不久,司馬懿轉為丞相軍司馬。他指出荊州刺史鬍修粗暴,南鄉(治南鄉,今河南淅川東南)太守傅方驕奢,都不應駐守邊防,曹操未予重視。
  同年六月,劉備繼取漢中後,派孟達、劉封攻占漢中郡東部的房陵、上庸等地,勢力有所擴展。七月,孫權欲攻合肥,魏軍大部調動淮南防備吳軍。鎮守荊州的蜀前將軍關羽,乘此機會,留南郡(治江陵,今湖北江陵)太守糜芳守江陵,將軍傅士仁守公安(今湖北公安西北),自率主力北攻荊襄(魏荊州治新野,今河南新野;襄陽郡治襄陽,今湖北襄樊)。圍魏將曹仁,水淹於禁七軍,斬龐德。時樊城守軍僅數千人,城墻因水淹多處崩塌,曹仁曾考慮放棄樊城,被輔助曹仁的汝南太守滿寵所勸止。曹仁决心奮勇抵禦。鬍、傅二人果然乘機降蜀。此時,陸渾(今河南嵩縣東北)人孫狼等,亦殺官起兵,響應關羽。關羽聲勢一時“威震華夏”(《三國志·蜀書·關羽傳》)。
  當時都城在許昌,距樊城很近,曹操感到威脅,為避關羽鋒芒,一度準備遷都河北。司馬懿和曹椽蔣濟及時勸阻:“禁等為水所沒,非戰守之所失,於國傢大計未有所損,而便遷都,既示敵以弱,又淮沔之人大不安矣。孫權、劉備,外親內疏,羽之得意,權所不願也。可喻權所,令掎其後,則樊圍自解”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。曹操從其計,孫權果然派呂蒙襲取江陵,關羽被其俘殺。
  此戰的勝利,曹操利用孫、劉爭奪荊州的矛盾,充分運用外交謀略,坐收漁利,不僅挫敗關羽的強大攻勢,解除了樊城之圍,而且也使諸葛亮原定的一路嚮宛洛、一路出秦川的兩面鉗擊中原的計劃無法實現。更重要的是破壞孫、劉聯盟,改變了當時的戰略格局,掌握了主動權。
  徐晃擊退關羽後,曹操嫌惡荊州及附近百姓,想把他們都遷走。司馬懿認為:“荊楚輕脫,易動難安。關羽新破,諸為惡者藏竄觀望。今徙其善者,既傷其意,將令去者不敢復還”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。曹操從之,沒有移民。藏竄逃亡者果然都復出歸化。
  延康元年(220年),曹操去世,朝野危懼,司馬懿管理喪葬諸事,內外肅然。
  同年,曹丕即魏王位,司馬懿受封河津亭侯,轉丞相長史。
  
  時孫權率軍嚮西。朝臣認為樊城、襄陽缺乏糧,不能抵禦吳軍,請召守將曹仁回駐宛城。司馬懿則認為不該放棄二城:“孫權新破關羽,此其欲自結之時也,必不敢為患。襄陽水陸之衝,禦寇要害,不可棄也”。曹丕未依其言,命曹仁放火燒毀二城。後來孫權果然沒有入侵。曹丕悔之不及。
  同年,曹丕登皇帝位,史稱魏文帝。由於司馬懿為曹丕“篡漢”出了大力,所以登基後,曹丕任命司馬懿為尚書,不久轉督軍、御史中丞,封安國鄉侯。
  黃初二年(221年),免去督軍官職,升任侍中、尚書右僕射。
  黃初三年(222年),和黃初五年(224年),曹丕兩次伐吳,都以司馬懿鎮守許昌,並改封司馬懿為嚮鄉侯。黃初六年(225年)春二月,轉任撫軍大將軍、假節,領兵五千,加給事中、錄尚書事。司馬懿辭讓,曹丕說:“吾於庶事,以夜繼晝,無須臾寧息。此非以為榮,乃分憂耳”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。
  同年,曹丕又大興水軍攻吳,仍命司馬懿留守,“內鎮百姓,外供軍資”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。臨行,下詔書給司馬懿說:“吾深以後事為念,故以委卿。曹參雖有戰功,而蕭何為重。使吾無西顧之憂,不亦可乎”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)!後曹丕由廣陵回師洛陽,又下詔對司馬懿說:“吾東,撫軍當總西事;吾西,撫軍當總東事”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。於是司馬懿留鎮許昌。
  4.輔政大臣
  黃初七年(226年)五月,曹丕駕崩,享年四十歲。臨終時,令司馬懿與中軍大將軍曹真、鎮軍大將軍陳群、徵東大將軍曹休為輔政大臣。曹丕對太子說:“有間此三公者,慎勿疑之”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。明帝即位,改封司馬懿為舞陽侯。
  孫權得知魏文帝去世後,於八月出兵攻魏。命吳左將軍諸葛瑾部兵分兩路進攻襄陽(今湖北襄樊),親自率軍進攻江夏郡(治安陸,今湖北雲夢西南)。孫權一路為魏軍所敗,遂撤兵而走。而諸葛瑾則被司馬懿擊敗,並斬殺吳將張霸,斬首千餘級。十二月,升任驃騎將軍。
  太和元年(227年)六月,明帝命司馬懿駐紮宛城,加督荊、豫二州諸軍事。
  當初蜀將孟達降魏時,魏朝待其甚厚,司馬懿認為他言行傾巧,不可信任。但皇帝不聽,任命孟達領新城太守,封侯,假節。魏文帝死後,孟達失寵,蜀丞相諸葛亮即暗中與之通信,圖謀叛魏。諸葛亮恐他言行反覆無常,想促他速叛,知魏興太守申儀和他有矛盾,便派郭模到申儀處詐降,有意泄露其事。孟達聞此泄露,準備馬上起兵。
  申儀將此事密告司馬懿後,司馬懿怕他突然發難,給他去信,詳為慰解,信中說:“將軍昔棄劉備,託身國傢,國傢委將軍以疆埸之任,任將軍以圖蜀之事,可謂心貫白日。蜀人愚智,莫不切齒於將軍。諸葛亮欲相破,惟苦無路耳。模之所言,非小事也,亮豈輕之而令宣露,此殆易知耳”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。
  孟達得信大喜,猶豫不决。司馬懿則暗中率軍進討,諸將見孟達與吳蜀交接,勸司馬懿先觀而後動。司馬懿說:“達無信義,此其相疑之時也,當及其未定促决之”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。司馬懿親自率軍日夜兼程前去討伐孟達,八天後抵達新城城下。吳、蜀派出援兵解救孟達,被司馬懿部攔阻於西城的安橋、木蘭塞等地。此前,諸葛亮曾告誡孟達加緊防範,不要上當,孟達寫信給諸葛亮,認為:“宛去洛八百裏,去吾一千二百裏,聞吾舉事,當表上天子,比相反覆,一月間也,則吾城已固,諸軍足辦。則吾所在深險,司馬公必不自來;諸將來,吾無患矣”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。等到兵臨城下,孟達又寫信給諸葛亮,驚嘆:“吾舉事,八日而兵至城下,何其神速也”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)!
  上庸城三面環水,孟達在城外樹立木柵,加固城防。司馬懿揮師渡水,毀其木柵,直逼城下。太和二年(228年)正月,司馬懿兵分八路攻城,攻十六天,孟達的外甥鄧賢、部將李輔開城投降。魏軍入城,擒斬孟達,傳首京師,俘獲萬餘人。司馬懿回軍,仍駐宛城,奬勸農桑,禁止浮費。南方吏民心悅誠服。
  前初,申儀久在魏興郡,專威弄權,擅自藉皇帝名義刻製印信,私相授予。孟達被殺之後,申儀自生疑慮。當時各郡郡守見司馬懿剋敵製勝,紛紛奉禮祝賀。司馬懿聽之任之,並讓人嚮申儀暗示。申儀衹好前來祝賀。司馬儀乘機將他收捕,送往京師。
  司馬懿又將孟達餘衆七千余家遷往幽州。不久蜀將姚靜、鄭他等率其部屬七千餘人來降。
  
  當時邊郡新附,戶口不實。朝廷想加以核實,請司馬懿進京,徵詢他的意見。司馬懿認為:“賊以密網束下,故下棄之。宜弘以大綱,則自然安樂”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。明帝又部他吳蜀都該討伐,應該先從何處着手?司馬懿回答說:“吳以中國不習水戰,故敢散居東關。凡攻敵,必扼其喉而摏其心。夏口、東關,賊之心喉。若為陸軍以嚮皖城,引權東下,為水戰軍嚮夏口,乘其虛而擊之,此神兵從天而墜,破之必矣”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。明帝同意他的看法,命他仍舊駐紮宛城。
  太和二年(228年)五月,吳鄱陽太守周魴派人送親筆信給曹休,謊稱受到吳王責難,打算棄吳降魏,請求派兵接應。曹休未辨真偽,即率步、騎兵10萬人,去皖城(今安徽潛山)接應。明帝也(治晉陽,今太原西南)命司馬懿率軍嚮江陵(今湖北江陵),與曹休相策應。八月,曹休為吳軍大敗,殘部幸得賈逵接應,方得生還。
  太和三年(227年),蜀丞相諸葛亮第三次出兵攻魏,並占據武都、陰平二郡。太和四年(230年),魏明帝决定興師伐蜀。升司馬懿任大將軍、加大都督、假黃鉞,與大司馬曹真一起伐蜀。
  八月,魏明帝命曹真率主力由長安入子午𠔌,左將軍張郃出斜𠔌,司馬懿自荊州溯漢水出西城(今陝西安康西北),將兵分三路會攻漢中。司馬懿從西城開拓道路,水陸並進,沿着沔水逆流而上,直達朐腮,攻剋新豐縣,駐軍丹口,後遇雨班師。
  太和五年(231年),二月,蜀漢丞相諸葛亮率軍第四出進攻魏,包圍祁山(今甘肅東南部山地)賈嗣、魏平部,並以木牛流馬運輸糧草。明帝對司馬懿說:“西方有事,非君莫可付者”(《晉書·宣帝紀》),派他西駐長安,都督左將軍張郃、雍州刺史郭淮等防禦蜀軍。司馬懿留部將費曜、戴陵率4000人守邽(今甘肅天水),自率主力西救祁山。張郃勸司馬懿分兵駐紮雍、郿兩地,以作大軍後鎮。司馬懿不同意,他說:“料前軍獨能當之者,將軍言是也。若不能當,而分為前後,此楚之三軍所以為黥布禽也。”於是挺進喻麋。
  諸葛亮聞魏大軍將至,亦分兵一部繼攻祁山,自率主力迎擊司馬懿。郭淮及費曜等部襲擊蜀軍,被諸葛亮擊破。便親率蜀軍乘勢搶先收割熟麥,獲得軍糧。
  至此,史書上對今後的作戰卻有了兩種截然不同的記載。
  《晉書·宣帝紀》記載如下:……亮聞大軍且至,乃自帥衆將芟上邽之麥。諸將皆懼,帝曰:“吾倍道疲勞,此曉兵者之所貪也。亮不敢據渭水,此易與耳。”進次漢陽,與亮相遇,帝列陣以待之。使將牛金輕騎餌之,兵纔接而亮退,追至祁山。亮屯鹵城(今甘肅天水南),據南北二山,斷水為重圍。帝攻拔其圍,亮宵遁。追擊,破之,俘斬萬計。
  《資治通鑒·捲第七十二》記載如下:……郭淮、費曜等徼亮,亮破之,因大芟刈其麥,與懿遇於上邽之東。懿斂軍依險,兵不得交,亮引還。懿等尋亮後至於鹵城。張郃曰:“彼遠來逆我,請戰不得,謂我利不在戰,欲以長計製之也。且祁山知大軍已在近,人情自固,可止屯於此,分為奇兵,示出其後,不宜進前而不敢逼,坐失民望也。今亮孤軍食少,亦行去矣。”懿不從,故尋亮。既至,又登山掘營,不肯戰。賈詡、魏平數請戰,因曰:“公畏蜀如虎,奈天下笑何!”懿病之。諸將鹹請戰。夏,五月,辛已,懿乃使張郃攻無當監何平於南圍,自案中道嚮亮。亮使魏延、高翔、吳班逆戰,魏兵大敗,漢人獲甲着三千,懿還保營。六月,亮以糧盡退軍,司馬懿遣張郃追之。郃進至木門(今甘肅天水西南),與亮戰,蜀人乘高布伏,弓弩亂發,飛矢中郃右膝而卒。
  可以看出,前者說司馬懿大勝,後者則說司馬懿也敗過。而《三國志》中諸葛亮、張郃、郭淮等人的傳記中,對此戰都一帶而過。現在的軍事工具書也多以後者記載為準。兩書對戰爭的總體趨勢描述相同,都是司馬懿保住隴西糧食,解了祁山之圍,最終兩軍在相持中,蜀軍糧草耗盡退兵。
  蜀軍退軍後,軍師杜襲、督軍薛悌都估計諸葛亮明年麥熟時還會入侵,建議趁鼕天調運糧草,解决隴右糧少問題。司馬懿認為:“亮再出祁山,一攻陳倉,挫衄而反。縱其後出,不復攻城,當求野戰,必在隴東,不在西也。亮每以糧少為恨,歸必積𠔌,以吾料之,非三稔不能動矣”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。
  青竜二年(234年)二月,蜀丞相諸葛亮率軍10萬出斜𠔌攻魏,四月,諸葛亮至郿縣(今陝西眉縣北),進駐渭水之南。魏大將軍司馬懿率軍渡渭水,背水築壘阻擊。諸將想在渭北與諸葛亮隔水相持,司馬懿說:“百姓積聚皆在渭南,此必爭之地也”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。遂渡渭背水紮營。司馬懿分析形勢後,對諸將說:“亮若勇者,當出武功依山而東,若西上五丈原(今陝西眉縣西南),則諸軍無事矣”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。
  諸葛亮果然上五丈原。魏諸將皆喜,唯獨雍州刺史郭淮深以為憂,他說:“亮必爭北原,宜先據之”(《資治通鑒·捲第七十二》),諸將多不以為然。郭淮說:“若亮跨渭登原,連兵北山,隔絶隴道,搖蕩民、夷,此非國之利也”(《三國志·魏書·郭淮傳》)。司馬懿這纔意識到北原的重要性,命郭淮等率兵移屯北原。塹壘尚未成,蜀軍果至,攻而未剋,兩軍遂成對峙狀態。
  五月,吳軍10萬三路攻魏,以配合蜀軍作戰。魏明帝派秦郎率2萬人援司馬懿,自率主力反攻吳軍。七月,吳軍撤走。
  諸葛亮東進的道路受阻於司馬懿,從渭水前進,又有郭淮阻擋,乃移軍攻取散關,隴城等地,然後回師進攻司馬懿
  八月,司馬懿遵照明帝“堅壁拒守,以逸待勞”的指示,與諸葛亮相持百餘日。諸葛亮數次挑戰,司馬懿均堅壁不出,欲待蜀軍糧盡,相機反攻。諸葛亮便派人給司馬懿送來“巾幗婦人之飾”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)羞辱之,欲激司馬懿出戰,司馬懿仍不出戰。為平息部屬不滿情緒,故意裝怒,上表請戰。明帝不許,並派骨鯁之臣辛毗杖節來做司馬懿的軍師,以節制他的行動。後諸葛亮一來挑戰,司馬懿就要帶兵出擊,辛毗杖節立於軍門,司馬懿便不出兵。
  辛毗到時,蜀將姜維就對諸葛亮說:“辛毗杖節而至,賊不復出矣。”諸葛亮則說:“彼本無戰心,所以固請者,以示武於其衆耳。將在軍,君命有所不受,苟能製吾,豈千裏而請戰邪”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)!諸葛亮遂分兵屯田,做長久屯駐之準備。
  司馬懿的弟弟司馬孚來信問前綫軍情,司馬懿回信說:“亮志大而不見機,多謀而少决,好兵而無權,雖提卒十萬,已墮吾畫中,破之必矣”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。
  不久,諸葛亮遣使求戰,司馬懿不談軍事,問使者:“諸葛公起居何如,食可幾米?”使者說:“三四升。”然後對問政事,使者說:“二十罰已上皆自省覽。”經過一番不經意的詢問,司馬懿對人說:“諸葛孔明其能久乎”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)!果然,諸葛亮於當月病故於五丈原軍中。
  蜀將秘不發喪,整軍後退。當地百姓見蜀軍撤走,嚮司馬懿報告,司馬懿出兵追擊。蜀將楊儀返旗鳴鼓,做出回擊的樣子,司馬懿以為中計,急忙收軍退回。第二天,司馬懿到諸葛亮營壘巡視,“觀其遺事,獲其圖書、糧𠔌甚衆”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。司馬懿據此斷定諸葛亮已死,並贊諸葛亮“天下奇才也”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。
  辛毗認為諸葛亮死否尚不可知,司馬懿說:“軍傢所重,軍書密計、兵馬糧𠔌,今皆棄之,豈有人捐其五藏而可以生乎?宜急追之”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。於是,率兵急追。關中地多蒺藜,司馬懿派三千士兵腳穿軟材料做成的平底木屐,在大軍前行走,蒺藜都刺在木屐上,然後大軍馬步並進。一直追到赤岸,這纔得到諸葛亮的確切死訊。當時人有諺語說:“死諸葛走生仲達”,司馬懿笑着說:“吾便料生,不便料死故也 ”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。
  歷時七年的諸葛亮攻魏之戰至此結束。諸葛亮不顧戰略上的失策,以一州之地強攻中原之魏,縱使竭忠盡智,終因實力懸殊而難以實現其戰略目的。而魏國則在司馬懿等人的人正確指揮下,以優勢兵力采取防禦戰略,最終不戰迫退蜀軍,取得了最後的勝利。
  蜀將楊儀、魏延在撤軍後爭權,楊儀殺死魏延。司馬懿想乘機攻蜀,明帝沒批準,作罷。
  5.升任太尉
  青竜三年(235年),司馬懿升任太尉。
  東漢末年軍閥混戰時,公孫度據有遼東。這個割據勢力對曹魏政權虛與委蛇,時叛時降,保持着半獨立的地位。公孫淵繼為遼東太守後,對魏更加不遜。景初元年(237年),原魏遼東太守公孫淵背叛魏國,自立為燕王,置列百官,定都襄平(今遼寧遼陽)。
  景初二年(238年)正月,魏明帝召司馬懿回京,命他率兵討伐。明帝說:“此不足以勞君,事欲必剋,故以相煩耳。君度其行何計?”司馬懿說:“棄城預走,上計也。據遼水以距大軍,次計也。坐守襄平,此成擒耳。”明帝又問:“其計將安出?”司馬懿回答:“惟明者能深度彼己,豫有所棄,此非其所及也。今懸軍遠征,將謂不能持久,必先距遼水而後守,此中下計也。”明帝問:“往還幾時?”司馬懿說:“往百日,還百日,攻百日,以六十日為休息,一年足矣”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。
  當時朝廷大修宮室,加上軍用物資,以至百姓饑弊。司馬懿出徵前,勸阻明帝說:“昔周公營洛邑,蕭何造未央,今宮室未備,臣之責也。然自河以北,百姓睏窮,外內有役,勢不並興,宜假絶內務,以救時急”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。
  正月,司馬懿率牛金、鬍遵等步騎四萬,從京師出發,經孤竹,越碣石,六月,進至遼水。公孫淵果然急令大將軍卑衍、楊祚等人率步騎數萬,依遼水圍塹20餘裏,堅壁高壘,阻擊魏軍。
  司馬懿采用聲東擊西之計,先在南綫多張旗幟,佯攻圍塹,吸引敵軍主力,而以主力隱蔽渡過遼水,逼進敵營。接着,不攻敵營,卻揮師直取公孫淵根據地襄平(遼東郡治所,今遼寧遼陽)。部將不解其意,說:“不攻賊而作圍,非所以示衆也。”司馬懿解釋說:“賊堅營高壘,欲以老吾兵也。攻之,正入其計,此王邑所以恥過昆陽也。古人曰,敵雖高壘,不得不與我戰者,攻其所必救也。賊大衆在此,則巢窟虛矣。我直指襄平,則人懷內懼,懼而求戰,破之必矣”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。遂迫使敵軍放棄圍塹回軍救援襄平。司馬懿督軍回首山(今遼寧遼陽西南),迎戰敵援軍,並對諸將說:“所以不攻其營,正欲致此,不可失也”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。魏軍迎擊,三戰皆捷,遂乘勝進圍襄平。
  當初公孫淵聞魏軍來攻,求救於孫權,孫權也出兵為其聲援,並給公孫淵寫信:“司馬公善用兵,變化若神,所嚮無前,深為弟憂之”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。
  適逢連降大雨,遼水暴漲,平地數尺,魏軍恐懼,諸將思欲遷營。司馬懿下令有敢言遷營者斬,都督令史張靜違令被斬,軍心始安。公孫淵軍乘雨出城,打柴牧馬,安然自若。魏將領請求出擊,司馬懿不予采納。司馬陳圭曰問司馬懿:“昔攻上庸,八部並進,晝夜不息,故能一旬之半,拔堅城,斬孟達。今者遠來而更安緩,愚竊惑焉。”司馬懿說:“帝曰:“孟達衆少而食支一年,吾將士四倍於達而糧不淹月,以一月圖一年,安可不速?以四擊一,正令半解,猶當為之。是以不計死傷,與糧競也。今賊衆我寡,賊饑我飽,水雨乃爾,功力不設,雖當促之,亦何所為。自發京師,不憂賊攻,但恐賊走。今賊糧垂盡,而圍落未合,掠其牛馬,抄其樵采,此故驅之走也。夫兵者詭道,善因事變。賊憑衆恃雨,故雖饑睏,未肯束手,當示無能以安之。取小利以驚之,非計也”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。
  接着,司馬懿還將計就計,故意示弱。朝廷聽說雨大敵強,不少人請求召還司馬懿。明帝卻說:“司馬公臨危製變,計日擒之矣”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。
  月餘,雨停,水漸退去。魏軍完成對襄平的包圍,起土山、挖地道、造樓車、鈎梯等攻城器具,晝夜強攻。城內糧盡,死者甚多,其將楊祚等降。時偶有流星自城西南嚮東北劃過,墜落在梁水附近,城中愈發震恐。公孫淵也很驚懼,八月,派他相國王建、御史大夫柳甫請求解圍,然後面縛(兩手反綁於背而面朝前)歸降。司馬懿斬殺使者,發佈檄文嚴責:“昔楚鄭列國,而鄭伯猶肉襢牽羊而迎之。孤為王人,位則上公,而建等欲孤解圍退捨,豈楚鄭之謂邪!二人老耄,必傳言失旨,已相為斬之。若意有未已,可更遣年少有明决者來”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。公孫淵又派侍中衛演來請求定日期送人質。司馬懿對衛演說:“軍事大耍有五,能戰當戰,不能戰當守,不能守當走,餘二事惟有降與死耳。汝不肯面縛,此為决就死也,不須送任”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。
  公孫淵欲從城南突圍,司馬懿縱兵擊破其軍,公孫淵戰死在梁水(今太子河)邊上星落之地。入城後,司馬懿屠戮十五歲以上男子七千多人,收集屍體,築造京觀。京觀是古代戰爭中勝者為了炫耀武功,收集敵人屍體,封土而成的高塚。把公孫淵所任公卿以下一律斬首,殺死將軍畢盛等二千多人。收戶四萬,口三十餘萬。
  當時司馬懿軍中有的士兵衣單寒冷,嚮他乞要襦衣,司馬懿不給。有人說:“幸多故襦,可以賜之。”司馬懿說:“襦者官物,人臣無私施也”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。於是上奏朝廷,把一千多名六十歲以上的士兵解除兵役,遣送回鄉。然後,在原定一年的期限內,勝利班師。
  明帝派使者到薊去犒勞部隊,增司馬懿食昆陽縣,前後共二縣。
  本來朝廷讓他便道往鎮關中。但當到達白屋時,有詔書召他火速回京,三日之間,詔書五至。明帝手書說:“間側息望到,到便直排閣入,視吾面”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。
  據說,司馬懿在襄平時,曾夢見明帝枕在他膝上,說:“視吾面。”他俯視,見明帝面有異色。如今一見詔書此語,大驚,乘追鋒車晝夜兼行,從白屋到京城,四百多裏,一夜而至。至則徑人嘉福殿內禦床旁邊,滿眼流淚,指問疾病。明帝拉着他的手,目視太子齊王,說:“以後事相托。死乃復可忍,吾忍死待君,得相見,無所復恨矣”(《晉書·宣帝紀》,《三國志·魏書·明帝紀》為“吾疾甚,以後事屬君,君其與爽輔少子。吾得見君,無所恨?”)當天,明帝去世。時為景初三年(239年)正月。
  齊王曹芳年僅八歲,司馬懿乃與大將軍曹爽一起接受遺詔輔佐少主。齊王即位,司馬懿任侍中、持節、都督中外諸軍、錄尚書事,和曹爽各統精兵三千人,共執朝政。
  曹爽欲排擠司馬懿,想讓尚書奏事先通過自己,以便專權,嚮天子進言,改任司馬懿為大司馬。朝臣們認為以前大司馬,有好多都死在任上,不吉,於是任命司馬懿為沒有實權的太傅,像漢代蕭何那樣,入殿不趨,贊拜不名,劍履上殿。
  正始二年(241年)四月,吳帝孫權分兵四路攻魏:衛將軍全琮率軍數萬出淮南决芍陂(今安徽壽縣南)之水,威北將軍諸葛恪攻六安(今安徽六安東北),前將軍朱然攻樊城(今湖北襄樊),大將軍諸葛瑾攻祖中(今湖北南漳蠻河流域)。
  五月,吳將全琮入侵芍陂,朱然、孫倫圍攻樊城,諸葛瑾、步騭侵掠柤中,司馬懿自請出兵往討。朝臣認為,敵兵遠來攻堅,當待其自破,司馬懿則說:“邊城受敵而安坐廟堂,疆場騷動,衆心疑惑,是社稷之大憂也”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。
  六月,司馬懿統軍增援,司馬懿知南方暑熱低濕,大軍不宜持久在此,先派輕騎挑戰,朱然不敢動。於是,便休養土卒。檢選精銳,招募勇士,發佈號令,擺出攻城的架勢。吳軍驚懼,連夜撤退。在三州口(荊、豫、揚三州之接合處),為魏軍追及,吳軍被殲萬餘人,船艦物資損失甚多。而進攻六安、柤中的吳軍亦無功而還。
  七月,增司馬懿食郾、臨潁,前後共四縣,食邑萬戶,子弟十一人皆為列侯。
  此前,吳國派諸葛恪屯駐宛城,邊人深以為苦。司馬懿要率兵攻之,議者以為諸葛恪占據堅城,廣有糧𠔌,孤軍遠攻,救兵必至,那時進退失據,未見其便。司馬懿說:“賊之所長者水也,今攻其城,以觀其變。若用其所長,棄城奔走,此為廟勝也。若敢固守,湖水鼕淺,船不得行,勢必棄水相救,由其所短,亦吾利也”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。於是,司馬懿在正始四年(243年)九月,率軍出徵。軍隊到達舒城,諸葛恪果然焚燒積聚,棄城而走。
  正始五年(244年)春,大將軍曹爽欲立威名於天下,不聽太傅司馬懿勸止,力主伐蜀,魏帝從之。結果為蜀前監軍、鎮北大將軍王平所敗,魏軍被阻於興勢,後方也軍糧供應不上,牛馬騾驢大量死亡,蜀涪縣及費禕援軍亦相繼到達。曹爽見不能勝,被迫聽從司馬懿的勸告,於五月率大軍退還。遭蜀軍截擊,魏軍苦戰,始得退回,失散、傷亡甚重。
  正始六年(245年)秋八月,曹爽廢置中壘、中堅營,把兩營兵衆統交他的弟弟曹羲率領,司馬懿援引先帝舊例製止,曹爽不聽。
  正始七年(246年)春正月,吳兵入侵柤中,有萬余家百姓為避吳兵,北渡沔水,司馬懿認為沔南離敵太近,倘若百姓奔還,還會引來吳兵,應該讓他們暫留北方。曹爽不同意,說:“今不能修守沔南而留百姓,非長策也。”司馬懿則說:“不然。凡物致之安地則安。危地則危。故兵書曰‘成敗,形也;安危,勢也’。形勢,禦衆之耍,不可以不審。設令賊以二萬人斷沔水,三萬人與沔南諸軍相持,萬人陸梁柤中,將何以救之”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)?曹爽不從,驅令還南。吳兵果然擊破粗中,所失百姓,數以萬計。
  正始八年(247年),曹爽用心腹何晏、鄧揚、丁謐之謀,把太後遷到永寧宮,一時曹爽兄弟“專擅朝政,兄弟並掌禁兵,多樹親黨,屢改制度”(《晉書·宣帝紀》),來排擠司馬氏的勢力。司馬懿不能禁止,從此與曹爽矛盾漸深。五月,司馬懿偽裝生病,不問政事。時人為之謠曰:“何、鄧、丁,亂京城”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。
  隨即,曹爽等人加緊了篡權的步伐。正始九年(248年)三月,黃門張當私自把內庭才人石英等十一人送給曹爽,曹爽、何晏乘機與張當勾結,謀危社稷。曹爽及其同黨也擔心是司馬懿裝病。同年鼕,河南尹李勝要到荊州任刺史,行前去拜望他。司馬懿假裝病重,讓兩個侍婢扶持自己,要拿衣服,拿不穩,掉在地上,還指着嘴說渴。侍婢獻上粥來,他用口去接,湯流滿襟。李勝說:“衆情謂明公舊風發動,何意尊體乃爾!”司馬懿故意上氣不接下氣地說:“年老枕疾,死在旦夕。君當屈並州,並州近鬍,善為之備。恐不復相見,以子師、昭兄弟為托。”李勝說:“當還忝本州 (李勝是荊州人),非並州。”司馬懿故意錯亂其辭:“君方到並州。”李勝又說:“當忝荊州。”司馬懿說:“年老意荒,不解君言。今還為本州,盛德壯烈,好建功勳!”李勝回來對曹爽說:“司馬公屍居餘氣,形神已離,不足慮矣。”過幾天,他又說:“太傅不可復濟,令人愴然”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。曹爽等從此便不再防備司馬懿
  司馬懿表面裝病,實際上也在暗中佈置,準備消滅曹爽勢力。
  6.奪權
  嘉平元年(249年)春正月,魏帝曹芳離開洛陽去祭掃魏明帝的墳墓高平陵,大將軍曹爽、中領軍曹羲、武衛將軍曹訓均從行。司馬懿乘機上奏永寧太後,請廢曹爽兄弟。當時,司馬師為中護軍,率兵屯司馬門,控製京都。司馬懿列陣,經過曹爽門前,曹爽部將嚴世登樓,引弩欲射,孫謙拉着他的胳膊阻止他說:“事未可知”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。一連阻止三次。大司農桓範用計出城去投曹爽,蔣濟對司馬懿說:“智囊往矣。”司馬懿卻說:“爽與範內疏而智不及,駑馬戀棧豆,必不能用也”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。
  司馬懿召司徒高柔假節行大將軍事,管領曹爽軍營,對他說:“君為周勃矣”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。召太僕王觀行中領軍事,統攝曹羲軍營。司馬懿自己率太尉蔣濟等勒兵出迎天子,駐紮在洛水浮橋。派人上奏章給皇帝:“先帝詔陛下、秦王及臣升於禦床,握臣臂曰‘深以後事為念’。今大將軍爽背棄顧命,敗亂國典,內則僭擬,外專威權。群官耍職,皆置所親;宿衛舊人,並見斥黜。根據盤牙,縱恣日甚。又以黃門張當為都監,專共交關,伺候神器。天下洶洶,人懷危懼。陛下便為寄坐,豈得久安?此非先帝詔陛下及臣升禦床之本意也。臣雖朽邁,敢忘前言。昔趙高極意,秦是以亡;呂霍早斷,漢祚永延。此乃陛下之殷鑒,臣授命之秋也。公卿群臣皆以爽有無君之心,兄弟不宜典兵宿衛;奏皇太後,皇太後敕如奏施行。臣輒敕主者及黃門令罷爽、羲,訓吏兵各以本官侯就第,若稽留車駕,以軍法從事。臣輒力疾將兵詣洛水浮橋,伺察非常”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。
  曹爽扣住奏章,不讓皇帝知道,把皇帝留在伊水之南,砍伐樹木建成鹿角,徵發屯兵數千人以自守。桓範勸曹爽挾持皇帝到許昌去,發文書徵調天下兵馬勤王。曹爽優預寡斷,果然疑惑,不從其計。反而夜遣侍中許允、尚書陳泰去見司馬懿,探聽動靜。司馬懿乘機數說曹爽的過失,說他該早自歸來服罪。接着又派曹爽的親信殿中校尉尹大目去對他說,朝廷衹是免他的官職罷了,並以洛水為誓。
  曹爽欲信其言,桓範等人援引古今,百般勸諫,從晚上一直勸到第二天黎明。勸到最後,曹爽投刀於地,說:“司馬公正當欲奪吾權耳。吾得以侯還第,不失為富傢翁”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。桓範哭着說:“曹子丹佳人,生汝兄弟,豚犢耳!何圖今日坐汝等族滅也”(《資治通鑒·捲第七十五》)!
  曹爽把司馬懿的奏章給皇帝看,請皇帝下詔免去自己官職,隨皇帝進入京城。曹爽兄弟一回府,即被司馬懿派兵包圍。司馬懿在曹爽府宅四角修造高樓,讓人在樓上密切監視着。一次,曹爽剛拿着彈弓到後園中,樓上人就喊:“故大將軍東南行”(《資治通鑒·捲第七十五》)!曹爽愁悶,不知所措。
  不久,司馬懿以謀反的罪名,殺曹爽及其黨羽何晏、丁謐、鄧揚、畢軌、李勝、桓範等,並滅三族。從此曹魏的軍政大權完全落入司馬懿的手中,為司馬氏取代曹魏奠定了基礎。
  同年二月,皇帝任命司馬懿為丞相,增繁昌、鄢陵、新汲、父城為其封邑,前後其計八縣,食邑二萬戶,特許奏事不名。司馬懿固辭丞相之職不受。十二月,詔命加九錫之禮,朝會不拜,又固辭九錫。
  嘉平二年(250年)春,魏帝命司馬懿在洛陽立廟。司馬懿久病,不任朝請,每遇大事,天子親自到他府中去徵詢意見。兗州刺史令狐愚和太尉王凌(駐在壽春)見皇帝孱弱,強臣專權,謀立楚王曹彪。未發,令狐愚死。
  嘉平三年(251年)春正月,王凌藉口吳人塞塗水,請求出兵徵討。司馬懿知其陰謀,不令興兵。並於四月親率中軍討伐王凌。司馬懿故計重施,他先下赦書赦免凌罪,又寫信安慰他,但不久大軍突至。王凌自知勢窮,便獨自乘船迎接,派屬官王或請罪,送上印綬、節鉞。
  司馬懿軍到武丘,王凌在水邊面縛等待,說:“凌若有罪,公當折簡召凌,何苦自來邪!”司馬懿說:“以君非折簡之客故耳”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。說罷,命將領率六百人馬想把王凌解送洛陽。王凌嚮司馬懿要棺材上的釘子,想試探一下,看司馬懿想不想殺自己,司馬懿命手下人找來送給他。後來,王凌途經賈逵廟,曾大呼:“賈梁道!王凌是大魏之忠臣,惟爾有神知之”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。五月,王凌到項城,絶望,服毒而死。
  司馬懿進軍壽春,參與王凌之謀的人都出來自首。司馬懿推知其事,凡牽連在內的一律誅滅三族。他還派人挖開王凌、令狐愚的墳墓,在附近的市上,剖棺暴屍三天,然後,燒掉他們的印綬、官服,把他們裸埋土中。司馬懿把楚王曹彪也殺了。並且把魏之王公全部拘捕,放置鄴城,命有司監察,不準他們互相交結往來。
  魏帝策命司馬懿為相國,封安平郡公,孫及兄子各一人為列侯,前後食邑五萬戶,封侯者十九人。司馬懿固辭相國、郡公之位不受。
  7.去世
  嘉平三年(251年)六月,司馬懿病,夜間常夢見賈逵、王凌為崇。八月,司馬懿去世,享年七十三歲。當年九月,司馬懿被葬於河陰,謚文貞,後改為文宣。晉武帝受魏禪,給司馬懿上尊號為宣皇帝,稱其陵墓為高原,廟號高祖。
  
  【功績】
  除軍事方面外,司馬懿在經濟上也為魏國作出了重大貢獻。時曹魏政權為了恢復北方經濟,解决軍糧問題,曾經推行包括民屯、軍屯兩類的屯田制度。司馬懿在推廣軍屯事業上有很大的建樹。約在建安二十三、四年,司馬懿由轉為丞相軍司馬後,嚮曹操建議:“昔箕子陳謀,以食為首。今天下不耕者蓋二十餘萬,非經國遠籌也。雖戎甲未捲,自宜且耕且守”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。曹操行之。結果魏國一時“務農積𠔌,國用豐贍”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。
  曹操采納這個建議僅兩年就駕崩了,在這樣短的時間內要使軍屯走嚮正規,大規模的鋪開推行,當然是睏難的。管理軍屯的主要官吏——度支中郎將、度支校尉、度支都尉等官員,都是在曹丕稱帝後的黃初年間(220—226年)設置的。這說明軍屯走上正規是在曹丕時期。
  曹魏軍屯推行很廣泛,但主要基地是設置在邊境駐軍地區,特別是在和吳、蜀的軍事對立地帶。曹魏和吳、蜀對立地帶的兩大軍屯基地的開創,都和司馬懿有關係。
  曹魏和蜀漢的鄰近地區,如長安、槐裏、陳倉、上邽等地,都設置有民屯和軍屯組織。其中,上邦的軍屯最著名。這個軍屯基地是在太和四年(230)由司馬懿上表倡議建立的,《晉書·食貨志》稱:“宣帝表徙冀州農夫五千人佃上邽,興京兆、天水、南安????池,以益軍實。”主持具體事宜的是那時的度支尚書、司馬懿的三弟司馬孚。《晉書·安平獻王孚傳》稱:“關中連遭賊寇,𠔌帛不足,遣冀州農丁五千屯於上邽,秋鼕習戰陣,春夏修田桑。由是關中軍國有餘,待賊有備矣。”由此可見,上邦軍屯是在司馬懿、司馬孚兄弟的共同籌劃下開創的。
  太和五年,諸葛亮進攻天水。這時上邽軍屯上的小麥已經生長出來,有人主張“自芟上邽生麥以奪賊食”,魏明帝不從,“前後遣兵增宣王軍,又敕使護麥”。司馬懿與諸葛亮相持,多虧以上邽軍屯的小麥作軍糧,纔取得勝利。直至正元二年(255),安西將軍鄧艾又在上邽“為區種之法,手執耒耜,率先將士”(《晉書·段灼傳》),進行屯墾。這都說明上邽軍屯的重要。
  司馬懿在太和五年屯長安,都督雍、涼二州諸軍事,開始主持對蜀的戰爭。為了增強實力,他很重視對關中屯田基地的建設。青竜元年(233),司馬懿組織興修水利,“開成國渠,自陳倉至槐裏築臨晉陂,引汧洛溉舄鹵之地三千餘頃”(《晉書·宣帝紀》),收到了“國以充實”(《晉書·食貨志》)的效果。青竜三年,關東饑饉,司馬懿調運五百萬斛粟輸京師洛陽,以資救濟。可見他在關中儲積有大量糧食。
  曹魏和東吳鄰近地帶的屯田,主要是在淮河南北。曹操時曾“開募屯田於淮南”(《三國志·魏書· 倉慈傳》),但僅是民屯。正始二年(241),司馬懿主持對吳作戰時,始與曾為屯田掌犢人、典農綱紀的尚書郎鄧艾籌劃在淮南淮北創建軍屯。第二年,司馬懿 “奏穿廣漕渠,引河入汴,溉東南諸陂,始大佃於淮北”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。第三年,司馬懿又在這一地區“大興屯守,廣開淮陽、百尺二渠,又修諸陂於潁之南北,萬餘頃。自是淮北倉庾相望,壽陽至於京師,農官屯兵連屬焉”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)。
  《晉書·食貨志》記載司馬懿、鄧艾創建的淮南淮北屯田說:“今淮北二萬人、淮南三萬人分休,且佃且守。水豐,常收三倍於西,歲完五百萬斛以為軍資。六、七年間,可積三千萬斛於淮土,此則十萬之衆五年食也。……逆北臨淮水,自鍾離而南、橫石以西,盡泚水四百餘裏,五裏置一營,營六十人,且佃且守。兼修廣淮陽、百尺二渠,上引河流,下通淮潁,大治諸陂於潁南潁北。穿渠三百餘裏,溉田二萬頃,淮南、淮北皆相連接。自壽春到京師,農官兵田,雞犬之聲,阡陌相屬。”
  司馬懿和鄧艾所進行的大規模的屯墾,對促進北方經濟的恢復和發展,特別是對增加曹魏的財力,支持與東吳的戰爭,起了重要的作用。
  
  【年表】
  公元179年出生
  建安十三年(208),曹操闢司馬懿為文學掾。歷任黃門侍郎、議郎、丞相東曹屬、丞相主薄等職。
  建安二十年(215年),隨曹操徵討張魯。
  建安二十四年(219), 曹操進封魏王後,司馬懿為太子中庶子,佐助曹丕。不久,轉為丞相軍司馬。
  延康元年(220年),曹操去世,司馬懿管理喪葬諸事。同年,曹丕即魏王位,司馬懿受封河津亭侯,轉丞相長史。
  同年,曹丕登皇帝位,任命司馬懿為尚書,不久轉督軍、御史中丞,封安國鄉侯。
  黃初二年(221年),免去督軍官職,升任侍中、尚書右僕射。
  黃初三年(222年),和黃初五年(224年),曹丕兩次伐吳,都以司馬懿鎮守許昌,並改封司馬懿為嚮鄉侯。
  黃初六年(225年)春二月,轉任撫軍大將軍、假節,領兵五千,加給事中、錄尚書事。
  黃初七年(226年)五月,曹丕去世,令司馬懿與曹真、陳群、曹休為輔政大臣。八月,孫權出兵攻魏。司馬懿擊敗諸葛瑾,並斬殺吳將張霸,斬首千餘級。十二月,升任驃騎將軍。
  太和元年(227年)六月,明帝命司馬懿駐紮宛城,加督荊、豫二州諸軍事。
  太和二年(228年)正月,司馬懿擒斬孟達,傳首京師,俘獲萬餘人。
  太和四年(230年),司馬懿任大將軍、加大都督、假黃鉞,與大司馬曹真一起伐蜀。
  八月,司馬懿從西城沿沔水直達朐腮,剋新豐縣,駐軍丹口,後遇雨班師。
  太和四年(230),上表倡議建立上邦軍屯。
  太和五年,都督雍、涼二州諸軍事,開始主持對蜀的戰爭。
  青竜二年(234年)二月,蜀丞相諸葛亮率軍10萬出斜𠔌攻魏,司馬懿率軍渡渭水,背水築壘阻擊。兩軍對峙。
  五月,吳軍10萬三路攻魏,以配合蜀軍作戰。魏明帝派秦郎率2萬人援司馬懿,自率主力反攻吳軍。七月,吳軍撤走。
  八月,司馬懿與諸葛亮相持百餘日。諸葛亮當月病故於五丈原軍中,蜀軍撤走。
  青竜三年(235年),司馬懿升任太尉。
  景初二年(238年)正月,司馬懿率牛金、鬍遵等步騎四萬徵公孫淵,破襄平。屠戮七千多人築京觀。
  景初三年(239年)正月,司馬懿與曹爽一起接受遺詔輔佐少主曹芳。司馬懿任侍中、持節、都督中外諸軍、錄尚書事,和曹爽共執朝政。
  正始二年(241年)四月,孫權攻魏,六月,司馬懿統軍增援,吳軍退。與鄧艾籌劃在淮南淮北創建軍屯。
  七月,增司馬懿食郾、臨潁,前後共四縣,食邑萬戶,子弟十一人皆為列侯。
  正始四年(243年)九月,司馬懿在率軍徵吳。
  正始八年(247年),五月,司馬懿偽裝生病,不問政事。
  嘉平元年(249年)春正月,司馬懿殺曹爽及其黨羽何晏、丁謐、鄧揚、畢軌、李勝、桓範等,並滅三族。
  嘉平三年(251年)四月率軍討伐王凌。
  嘉平三年(251年)八月,司馬懿去世,享年七十三歲。
  
  【歷史評價】
  司馬懿為人“內忌而外寬,猜忌多權變”(《晉書·宣帝紀》),曹操知其“有雄豪志”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)
  晉明帝時,王導侍坐,晉明帝問起晉前世得天下的具體情形,王導不加隱飾地敘述了司馬懿創業時的業績和種種殘忍手段,又說起司馬昭在高貴鄉公時的所作所為,晉明帝大慚,把臉埋覆在床上說:“若如公言,晉祚復安得長遠”(《晉書·宣帝紀》)!這是古代貶低司馬氏虛假言論,在兩晉時期有嚴格的避諱禮節,甚至不在兒子面前說他先人的名諱,裴鬆之在諸葛亮傳中評論:“顯彰宣帝之短,對子毀父,理所不容。”王導是君子,會勸導晉明帝效仿先人的仁義,他談論司馬懿父子的過錯是不可能的,況且司馬懿父子在曹爽、高貴鄉公事件中沒有罪過。
  唐太宗李世民曾為《晉書·宣帝紀》作史論,指出了司馬懿在性格、軍事、政治等多方面的矛盾或曰不平衡。原文如下:夫天地之大,黎元為本。邦國之貴,元首為先。治亂無常,興亡有運。是故五帝之上,居萬乘以為憂;三王已來,處其憂而為樂。競智力,爭利害,大小相吞,強弱相襲。逮乎魏室,三方鼎峙,幹戈不息,氛霧交飛。宣皇以天挺之姿,應期佐命,文以纘治,武以棱威。用人如在己,求賢若不及;情深阻而莫測,性寬綽而能容,和光同塵,與時舒捲,戢鱗潛翼,思屬風雲。飾忠於已詐之心,延安於將危之命。觀其雄略內斷,英猷外决,殄公孫於百日,擒孟達於盈旬,自以兵動若神,謀無再計矣。既而擁衆西舉,與諸葛相持。抑其甲兵,本無鬥志,遺其巾幗,方發憤心。杖節當門,雄圖頓屈,請戰千裏,詐欲示威。且秦蜀之人,勇懦非敵,夷險之路,勞逸不同,以此爭功,其利可見。而返閉軍固壘,莫敢爭鋒,生怯實而未前,死疑虛而猶遁,良將之道,失在斯乎!文帝之世,輔翼權重,許昌同蕭何之委,崇華甚霍光之寄。當謂竭誠盡節,伊傅可齊。及明帝將終,棟梁是屬,受遺二主,佐命三朝,既承忍死之托,曾無殉生之報。天子在外,內起甲兵,陵土未乾,遽相誅戮,貞臣之體,寧若此乎!盡善之方,以斯為惑。夫徵討之策,豈東智而西愚?輔佐之心,何前忠而後亂?故晉明掩面,恥欺偽以成功;石勒肆言,笑姦回以定業。古人有雲:“積善三年,知之者少,為惡一日,聞於天下。 ”可不謂然乎!雖自隱過當年,而終見嗤後代。亦猶竊鐘掩耳,以衆人為不聞;銳意盜金,謂市中為莫睹。故知貪於近者則遺遠,溺於利者則傷名;若不損己以益人,則當禍人而福己。順理而舉易為力,背時而動難為功。況以未成之晉基,逼有餘之魏祚?雖復道格區宇,德被蒼生,而天未啓時,寶位猶阻,非可以智競,不可以力爭,雖則慶流後昆,而身終於北面矣。
  因為《三國志》出自晉朝,陳壽出於政治需要必須要使司馬氏成為正義的一方,所以單憑《三國志》不能得出司馬懿忠心的結論,以上的資料僅供參考,並非結論。按:陳壽的作品屬於私人撰寫,在當時也被認為比官方的《魏書》更真實,書中沒有以晉朝和司馬氏為主體,不存在為司馬氏歌功頌德的內容,許多司馬氏活動的重要內容都沒有記載,甚至有對司馬氏誤解和歪麯的內容。陳壽是被當時社會普遍公認的傑出史學家,張華、杜預等優秀人士都推崇他的才學。
  
  【古人評語】
  房玄齡:①少有奇節,聰明多大略,博學洽聞,伏膺儒教。漢末大亂,常慨然有憂天下心。②帝內忌而外寬,猜忌多權變。③有符於狼顧也。
  孫權:司馬公善用兵,變化若神,所嚮無前。
  曹操:司馬懿非人臣也,必預汝傢事。
  楊俊:此非常之人也。
  文欽:故相國懿,匡輔魏室,歷事忠貞,故烈祖明皇帝授以寄託之任。懿戮力盡節,以寧華夏。
  崔琰:聰亮明允,剛斷英特。
  
  【歇後語】
  1司馬懿破八卦陣--不懂裝懂
  2司馬懿睏葫蘆𠔌-命不該絶
  
  【相關詩詞】
  開言崇聖典,用武若通神。
  三國英雄士,四朝經濟臣。
  屯兵驅虎豹,養子得麒麟。
  諸葛常談羨,能回天地春。
  -----------《三國演義》中引用的後人描述司馬懿的詩。
  天地開闢,日月重光。
  遭逢際會,奉辭遐方。
  將掃蕪穢,還過故鄉。
  肅清萬裏,總齊八荒。
  告成歸老,待罪舞陽。
  --------司馬懿奉魏明帝曹叡之命出討遼東,途經故裏,歌以詠懷。
  
  【疑點解析】
  祁山對戰
  
  關於諸葛亮同司馬懿在建興九年祁山戰役的情況,《晉書》同《三國志》漢晉春秋有不同的記載,尤其是在相持階段戰況,有很大差異。在總體戰略態勢上兩書記載一致,都是司馬懿解了祁山之圍,並且挫敗了諸葛亮奪取魏國糧食的企圖,使諸葛亮最終因為糧食耗盡退兵。有差異之處是《漢晉春秋》稱諸葛亮打敗了郭淮、費耀,搶收了些糧食,《晉書》記載諸葛亮沒能搶到糧食,《漢晉春秋》關於這次戰鬥的記載是矛盾的,費耀已經被司馬懿命令留守上邽不可能同郭淮與諸葛亮交戰,《晉書》中司馬懿趕到上邽阻止諸葛亮搶糧成功,那裏是糧食主産區。諸葛亮在祁山附近打敗魏軍搶到少量糧食是可能的,但是沒有影響司馬懿主力部隊的糧食供應,也沒改變蜀軍缺糧。史書記載了司馬懿的軍隊是依靠隴西糧食補給。至於兩軍交戰的結果,司馬懿是否同諸葛亮作戰,兩書的記載也不同,《漢晉春秋》說賈栩、魏平被救出後,非要與諸葛亮交戰,司馬懿被迫出戰失利,蜀軍斬獲甲首三千,(甲首,小頭目,類似於現今的班長之類.由此可推算司馬懿折兵過萬)
  
  空城計
  
  在《三國演義》中,諸葛亮首次北伐受挫,安排各路人馬退回漢中,正待自己抽身之際,不料,司馬懿大軍突然出現在城外幾十裏處,諸葛亮急中生智,兵行險招,玩了一手“空城計”,把司馬懿嚇跑了。
  在正史中,孔明見街亭敗績,北伐受挫,戰局已經對己不利,於是迅速撤回漢中,並沒有再空耗軍力。而曹魏方面,大都督曹真見已經打退蜀漢,也沒有苦追。當時,司馬懿更是遠在宛城一綫,根本不可能出現在街亭或西城。《演義》為了貶低曹真,並強調司馬懿是諸葛亮的最大對手,硬是把司馬移位到了街亭前綫。其實,司馬懿是在後來纔頂替曹真出現在對蜀漢前綫的。
  其實,“空城計”也有其說法來源。《三國志·諸葛亮傳》的註裏,記有一段郭衝講的小故事:“亮屯於陽平,遣魏延諸軍並兵東下,亮惟留萬人守城。晉宣帝率二十萬衆拒亮,而與延軍錯道,徑至前,當亮六十裏所,偵候白宣帝說亮在城中兵少力弱。亮亦知宣帝垂至,已與相逼,欲前赴延軍,相去又遠,回跡反追,勢不相及,將士失色,莫知其計。亮意氣自若,敕軍中皆臥旗息鼓,不得妄出庵幔,又令大開四城門,埽地卻灑。宣帝常謂亮持重,而猥見勢弱,疑其有伏兵,於是引軍北趣山。明日食時,亮謂參佐拊手大笑曰:‘司馬懿必謂吾怯,將有強伏,循山走矣。’候邏還白,如亮所言。宣帝後知,深以為恨。”史學界稱其為“郭衝三事”,後邊還有郭衝的“四事”和“五事”。這個郭衝是諸葛亮的粉絲,他講的故事都是盲目推重孔明的。這一段“郭衝三事”的情節,更是於史不符、於理不合,十分荒謬。當時就有人質疑:司馬懿如果真得到這樣的機會,麾下十餘萬大軍,把他圍住不就完了?連現在人也明白,派幾個神射手過去射諸葛亮,或者派一個小隊過去火力偵察一下,立即就可以拆穿諸葛亮的把戲,一直老謀深算的司馬懿絶不會愚蠢和膽怯到“扭頭就跑”的地步。
  所以近來有學者認為:作為一名出色的政治傢,司馬懿深深明白“蜚鳥盡,良弓藏。狡兔死,走狗烹.”的道理。當時魏國任用他的原因就在於諸葛亮北伐而魏國朝中除自己外無人可敵,諸葛亮就是自己得到任用保住官位的鑰匙和命脈。如果諸葛亮一死,他的用處也告終止,而朝廷中很多官宦都敵視自己,自己也還沒有建立起朝中勢力,必然會重新被貶官居閑,壯志難成了。所以雖然看破了諸葛亮的“空城計”,但是司馬懿也不會立即殺死自己的“保官稻草”的。
  
  誅曹爽
  
  司馬懿平定曹爽亂政是輓救曹魏政權,信守托孤承諾,維護曹芳的皇位,不是單純為了個人集團的權力。首先他放棄權力回傢養病的時候,司馬師、司馬昭兄弟在朝中都是中級官員,司馬氏集團還是弱小的。此時談不上要建立司馬氏專權,嘉平之變後司馬師兄弟也沒有掌權擔任要職。實際上直到司馬懿集團的主要成員開始受到曹爽的排擠打擊的時候,司馬懿依然是容讓,就象他對孫禮說的,要“忍不可忍”。最初曹爽還衹是專權,剝奪衆多豪強貴族的政治地位,剝奪他們的祭祀榮譽。固執發動對蜀國的戰爭等,這些亂政司馬懿都沒有能阻止,表明曹爽已經不尊重司馬懿了,並且後來準備要篡位。曹爽要篡位也是明顯的,他的衣食和儀式排場幾乎和皇帝相同,皇宮御用尚方器物充斥其傢,自行從宮中取曹睿的才人到自己府中,甚至到了偽造詔書,把皇宮的才人五十七人送到鄴城,擅自取用太樂樂器,武庫禁兵。後來還把郭太後遷居冷宮囚禁,派遣親信監視小皇帝,這時唯一對他篡位構成威脅的就衹有司馬懿了,他一面派親信去察看司馬懿的動嚮,一面排擠打擊司馬懿的親屬、親信,都是為了篡位做準備,郭太後、劉放、孫資等過去有權勢的,都相繼被他廢黜了,司馬懿因為早早就回傢養病了,所以他受到打擊是最晚。曹爽最後衹有把司馬懿集團也瓦解了,稱帝篡位才能開始,孫禮、盧毓等相繼被排擠,矛頭甚至指嚮司馬懿的親戚杜恕,這是在正始九年底,後來盧毓審理曹爽黨徒,瞭解到他們謀反篡位準備在三個月內行動,曹爽不是《三國演義》中那個軟弱、窩囊的廢物,他指揮軍隊伐蜀,專權打擊孫禮,也是野心勃勃、專橫跋扈的權貴。司馬懿所以還有赦免他的念頭,不是因為曹爽沒有要篡位的陰謀證據,主要是不願承擔殺托孤大臣專權的名聲,也瞭解曹爽的實際是志大才疏,看到曹爽建立的小集團與各主要派係都有矛盾,也沒有百姓擁護他,不會有威脅,而且曹爽的篡位計劃也沒有能實際執行,他也還沒有廢帝自立,在嘉平之變的時候,曹爽也沒有挑起內戰,總算是和平解决了矛盾。司馬懿也曾經發誓不追究曹爽,這樣纔表示要赦免他,給他送去糧食。可是從祭祀名單就可以看出,曹爽專權期間得罪的人太多,最終朝議依然處死了他。不要以為司馬懿廢黜曹爽衹是他個人要奪權,衹是司馬氏和曹氏爭權這麽簡單。參與廢黜曹爽的有司馬懿集團和大多數派係,郭太後、蔣濟、高柔等都是各大派係的代表,朝議也是各派係共同參加,曹操擔任丞相、魏公的權勢比司馬懿這時要大得多,依然要受到朝議的製約,他要恢復肉刑,但是朝議多數人反對,曹操也衹能暫時放棄。司馬懿更是不能不接受朝議,曹爽打擊、壓迫其它派係,最終被他們要求處死,《三國志》曹爽傳中,詳細記載了曹爽亂政,準備篡位,以及朝議將他處死的經過。
  
  【司馬辭封】
  《三國志》魏書三少帝本紀註解,孔衍漢魏春秋曰:詔使太常王肅册命太傅為丞相,增邑萬戶,群臣奏事不得稱名,如漢霍光故事。太傅上書辭讓曰:“臣親受顧命,憂深責重,憑賴天威,摧弊姦兇,贖罪為幸,功不足論。又三公之官,聖王所製,著之典禮。至於丞相,始自秦政。漢氏因之,無復變改。今三公之官皆備,橫復寵臣,違越先典,革聖明之經,襲秦漢之路,雖在異人,臣所宜正,況當臣身而不固爭,四方議者將謂臣何!”書十餘上,詔乃許之,復加九錫之禮。太傅又言:“太祖有大功大德,漢氏崇重,故加九錫,此乃歷代異事,非後代之君臣所得議也。”又辭不受。


  Sima Yi (179-251), the word Trend, Hanoi temperature (today Wenxian) people. Three Kingdoms Wei Guojie a politician, military strategist, the founder of the Western Jin Dynasty. Wei had served in the large military governor, Qiu, Tutor. Is his assistant, the Wei Tuo Gu Colonial of three generations of an important official post as full control of the powerful minister Wei affairs of state. The most significant achievement of his life many times personally led the successful fight against Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition army. His grandson Sima Yan (ie second son Sima Zhao's son) was closed after the king was, bestowed for the Xuan Wang Yi, Emperor Wudi emperor, the Zhuizun Yi as Jinxuan Di.
  Defense for the second son of Sima Yi Sima, history books call him "little odd section, smart and more rough, contact the press learned, V Ying Confucianism" ("Ji Jin Shuxuan Emperor"). Eastern Han dynasty, chaos, Sima Yi was born in troubled times, the "world often generously with worry Heart" ("Ji Jin Shuxuan Emperor").
  Jian six years (201 years), counties elected him to the rafters of dollars. Cao Cao is any common phenomenon when, after hearing his name, sent him to the Fuchu office call. Sima Yi, see Han fortunes have been minimal, not in the hands of Cao Cao, the wind will be an excuse for their own paralysis disease, the body can not be living. Cao Cao did not believe, sent to gather information at night, Sima Yi was lying there, motionless, like a real general contracting Wind Bi.
  Kin 2 years (215 years), Cao Cao campaign against Zhang Lu, Sima Yi army. He was Cao Cao, said: "Liu Bei to Liu Zhang prisoner fraud force, Shu Gangneung not accompanied by the distant war, this must seize this opportunity also. Now if Yao Wei Hanzhong, Yizhou vibration, into the gates of the bound to collapse. So the potential, easy to for the skill. saints can not be violated when the timing is wrong not carry on. "Cao Cao said:" People suffer no foot, acquired Longyou, complex for enriching Shu "(" Tai Ji Jin Shuxuan ")! Did not adopt his proposal.
  Huang first two years (221 years), military governor removed from office, was promoted sijung, Shang You Pushe.
  4. Colonial Secretary
  Sima Yi in turn moved more than one thousand seven Youzhou Mengda Yu Zhong. Yao Jing Shu will soon, Zheng He led his subordinates such as seven thousand people to come down.
  "Volume 72nd Mirror" recorded as follows: ... ... Guo Huai, fees, etc. Yao Jiao Liang, Liang destructible, by a large scythe mow the wheat, and Yi met in the east of the Gui. Yi-grabbing by the military insurance, soldiers may not pay, bright cited also. Yi, etc. The halogen after the city looking bright. Zhang He Hu said: "He is far to reverse me, battle assignment shall not, that my interest is not in war, trying to use the system for the long term also. And the army has in recent Qishan know, human from the solid, this can only Tuen divided into Jones, showing out later, should not be forced into the front and dare not, you will lose popularity also. this bright little food alone, but also OK to carry on. "Yi is not from, so look for light. Ji Zhi, then dig climbing camp, refused to fight. Jia Xu, Wei-ping a few battle assignment, as saying: "Kung Wei Shu, such as the tiger, the world laughs Nai Ho!" Yi disease. Zhu Jiang Xian battle assignment. Summer, in May, Singh has, Yi Nai Shi Zhang Hesheng attack without any level when the supervisor on the South Circuit, since the case of Mean to light. Light to Wei Yan, Gao Xiang, Wu class against war, Bing Wei defeated, by a Han Chinese with 3000, Yi also Paul camp. June, light grain to make back the military, Sima Yi, Zhang He Hu pursue the removal. He Hu Jin to the door (now the southwest of Gansu Tianshui), and light combat, Shu V by high-cloth, crossbow tousled hair, Fei Shi in his right knee Ercu He Hu.
  Zhuge Liang east of the road blocked by Sima Yi, Wei forward from, there Guo Huai block, is moving troops to invade San pass, Long City and other places, and then return in triumph attack Sima Yi.
  Xin Pi is unknown whether that Zhuge Liang died, Sima Yi said: "The heavy military family, military secret account book, soldiers and horses cereals, are abandoning this, Is there anything people can donate their Solid Organs and Health Down? Should catch up the "(" Ji Jin Shuxuan Emperor "). Thus, shuaibing catch up. Off the ground more thorns, Sima Yi sent 3,000 soldiers be wearing flat-bottomed clogs made of soft material, in the army before the walk, thistles all thorns in the clogs, and then force stances in hand. Has been tracked Chian This exact death by Zhuge Liang. At that time people saying: "Death to go Zhuge Health chongda" Sima Yi smiled and said: "I will feed students, it is also inconvenient dead material" ("Ji Jin Shuxuan Emperor").
  5. L Rentai Yu
  King first two years (238 years) the first month, Sima Yi Wei Ming Di Zhao returned to Beijing, ordered him to shuaibing crusade. Emperor Ming said: "This not enough labor Jun, things will want to grams, so as to phase tired ears. Jun degree of its line of what account?" Sima Yi said: "abandoned the cities and pre-walk, on account also. According to Liao water from the force, times account also. Zuoshou Xiangping, this Chengqin ear. "Emperor Ming asked:" its terms, will be out? "Sima Yi replied:" but who can clear the depth he has, Yu has been abandoned, the non-it, and also. suspended military expedition today, will that not last, they first and then keep the water from the Liao Dynasty, there is a world total is also lower. "Mingdi asked:" when dealing? "Sima Yi said:" to the Hundred Days, but also the Hundred Days, attack Hundred Days to 60 days for rest, for one year is enough "(" Ji Jin Shuxuan Emperor ").
  Coincides with heavy rain, Liao water surge, ground several feet high, Wei fear, Zhujiangsiyu to move camp. Sima Yi ordered the transfer operators are vocal cut, the military governor to make Shizhang Jing disobedience beheaded, the military, before security. Gongsun Yuan troops out of the city by the rain, firewood Wrangler, Enron composure. Wei generals request attack, Sima Yi not adopted. Division Machen Gui Yue Q Sima Yi: "attack on the Yong Xi, eight times, day and night, and it could be a semi late, pulling fortified city, cut Mengda. Today are far to slow even more security, theft and confusion Yan Yu . "Sima Yi said:" The emperor said: "Mengda less public support for one year while the food, my men four times the food is not flooded up to the month to plan a year in January, security from time to speed? One of four hit, is to make a half solution, still as whom. Is not total casualties, and food competition also. I have this Zeizhong few, thieves hungry I eat, water, rain Cornell, no skill, although when the promotion of, Yi He should do. Spontaneous Capital, do not worry about thieves attack, but the fear of thieves away. Vertical grain thief to do this, but not around down together, their cattle and horses grazing, cutting, copying it, the drive for it to go too. Fu Bing who deception, good for Incident. Thief with the public relies on the rain, so although hunger storm, yet ready to know what, when shown the inability to safety. Scared of taking a small profit to non-account also "(" Ji Jin Shuxuan Emperor ").
  More than a month, the rain stopped, the water gradually receded. Xiang-Ping Wei completed the siege, from the earth mountains, digging tunnels, building floor vehicles, such as siege equipment hook ladder, day and night storm. Best food the city, the dead are many, and so it will drop Yang Zuo. When the occasional meteor from southwest to northeast across the city, falling in the beam near the water, the city increasingly shock fear. Gongsun Yuan is also terror, in August, the king sent him with the construction, royal doctor Liu Fu request rescue, then Mianfu (hands tied behind the back and face in front) clique are surrendering. Sima Yi beheaded angel, publish official call to arms to denounce: "Xi Chu Cheng nations, and Zheng Bo still leading a sheep and welcome the Routan. Solitary as the king who, while on the public spaces, built retirement homes, etc. For Disembarrassing alone, not at Chu Cheng said that evil! two very old, will lose purpose rumors have been cut of phase. if the intention had not been, there can be more clear decision youth who laid off to "(" Ji Jin Shuxuan Emperor "). Gongsun Yuan Wei sijung also sent forward to set the date of the request sent to the hostages. Sima Yi Wei speech on: "playing with five major military can fight when the war, not war when to defend, can not observe when walking, I do only two ears down and die. Ru refused Mianfu, this is the decision to die, no need to send any "(" Ji Jin Shuxuan Emperor ").
  Some of that time Sima Yi Jun Yi Shan soldiers in the cold, begging him to Ru Yi, Sima Yi not to. Some people said: "Fortunately, more so jacket can give to." Sima Yi said: "Ru are official property, and the ministers also selfless Shi" ("Ji Jin Shuxuan Emperor"). So Throne court, the six-year-old over more than a thousand soldiers to lift military service, sent their hometowns. Then, in the original one-year period, the victory triumphant return.
  Zhengshi years (241 years) in April, four Gong Wei Wu Emperor Sun Quan divide our forces: General Quan Cong Wei tens of thousands of his troops out of Huainan Shaobei decision (now South Shou County, Anhui) of water, Wei attack 6 North, General Zhuge Ke Security (now Luan in the Northeast), a former general attack Fancheng Zhu Ran (now Hubei Xiangfan), a large attack ancestors in general Zhuge Jin (now Hubei Nanchangosaurus Man River).
  Then, Cao Shuang, who stepped up the pace of usurped power. Zhengshi nine (248) March, Huang Zhang door only when the people in chambers without permission to quartz and other 11 people sent to Cao Shuang, Cao Shuang, He Yan and Zhang took the opportunity when the collusion, seek crisis Sajik. Cao Shuang and Sima Yi party is also worried that pretend to be sick. In the same year the winter, Yin Li Sheng Henan provincial governor to be appointed to Jingzhou, his line went to visit them. Sima Yi pretend ill, so that the two maids to support themselves and take away clothes, Nabu Wen, fell to the ground, also pointing to the mouth that thirst. Maids offer porridge to his mouth to pick up the soup stream stricken. Li Sheng said: "People love that old style of public launch tomorrow, He intended to respect the body of Cornell!" Sima Yi deliberately breathlessly said: "The old pillow illness, died overnight. Jun Qu and when the state, and state close to Hu, whom good preparation. fear that no longer meet in order to sub-division, Zhao brothers to care. "Li Sheng said:" When has the honor to state (Li Sheng is Jingzhou), the non-and the state. "Sima Yi deliberately confused the words:" Jun parties to and the state. "Li Sheng said:" When the honor of Jingzhou. "Sima Yi said:" The shortage of old Italy, Jun Yan understand. this is also for the state, Sidley heroic, good construction feats! "Sheng-back on Cao Shuang, said: "Sima public over gas corpse home, and spirit have left, worrying about carry on." a few days, he added: "Tutor no longer be economic, it is sad" ("Ji Jin Shuxuan Emperor"). Since then, such as Cao Shuang Sima Yi no longer defensive.
  Sima Yi Zhao Stuart line of high-soft fake section of the military generals, or managed by Cao Shuang barracks, he said: "The king Zhou Boyi" ("Ji Jin Shuxuan Emperor"). Zhao Tai Pu Wang and watch the leading military serve as an umbrella Cao Xi barracks. Sima Yi Qiu Jiang their rate of economic and other Lebing Out in Compliment to the emperor, stationed in the Lo pontoon. Sent the memorial to the emperor: "First Dizhao Majesty, the King of Qin and Chen Sheng Yu Yu bed, arm grip Chen said, 'something to read after dark'. Betray this great general Shuang Gu Ming, lost chaos States Code, which is unauthorized to be, outside the special authority. Qunguan playing staff, the parents are home; Old Guard the old one, and see exclusion dismiss. According to plate teeth, and even vertical unbridled day. Youyi Huang Chang when the door to all supervisors, specifically of diplomatic relations, wait on artifacts. world threat from human pregnant apprehensive. His Majesty will be to send sit Qide long security? this non-first Di Zhao and Chen Sheng Royal Majesty the bed of the original idea. Morrison though rotten step, the courage to forget the preamble. Xi-Zhao Gao very Italian, Qin is dead ; Lvhuo early break, Han Jo Yong-Yan. This is the lesson of His Majesty, Chen is also mandated to autumn. Shuang tailor or poor ministers whether the king of hearts, brothers not typical soldier Old Guard; played the Queen Mother, the Queen Mother as imperial played purposes. Chen Zhe Edict main door so stop by and Shuang Huang, Xi, training clerks to the official Hou soldiers on the first, if missed driving them to Junfacongshi. Lijijiangbing Yi Chen Zhe Luoshui pontoon, snooping into a very " ("Ji Jin Shuxuan Emperor").
  Cao Shuang want to believe their words, Heng Fan, who cited past and present, every means to remonstrate, from evening until dawn the next day advised. Advised to the last, Cao Shuang cast knife to the ground, said: "Sima just when allegedly attempted to grab my right ear. I can Hou also the first, after all wealthy Weng" ("Ji Jin Shuxuan Emperor"). Huan Fan cried and said: "Cao Zidan beautiful woman, health Ru brother, dolphin calves ears! He plans to sit Rudengzumie today also" ("Comprehensive Mirror Volume 75th")!
  In the same year, Cao Pi Tang emperor, appointed as the Book of Sima Yi, and soon turn military governor, Yu Shi Zhongcheng, sealing Yasukuni Xiang Hou.
  King first two years (238 years) the first month, rates of cattle Sima Yi Jin, Wu Zun, etc. Buji 40000 Gongsun Yuan Zheng, breaking Xiangping. Killing more than 7000 construction outlook in Beijing.
  Evaluation】 【History
  Tang Taizong Li Shimin who have "Ji Jin Shuxuan Emperor" for History, points out Sima Yi in character, military, political and other aspects of the conflict or say unbalanced. Reads as follows: husband world large, Li Yuan-oriented. Bangguo of you, heads of state first. Chaos impermanence, rise and fall of a transport. Therefore in the Five Emperors on top, the highest Wansheng worried; three kings have come, but for the sake of office of their worries. Intellectual competition, competition is at stake, the size of phase swallowing, strong or weak phase attack. Catch almost Wei room, three-Ding Shi Chun, arms rest, atmosphere fog flying cross. Xuan Huang Ting postures to-day should be on Zuoming, text to keep on governance, armed with Itsue. If the employer has, if and Seeking; Wife resistance and the unpredictable nature of lavish and energy content, and light with dust, with the roll back and forth, JI potential wing scales, thinking is a situation. Ornaments have been loyal to the heart of fraud, Yan'an was the danger of life. Concept within its Xionglue off, never outside the British initiative, exterminate Gongsun in the Hundred Days, capture Mengda late in surplus, in order to soldiers from moving if God, seek no further account carry on. West subsequently held public ownership, and Zhuge stalemate. Suppressing the hoplite, the non-fighting, leaving the women's government, party energies heart. Rod section when the door aggressively on Dayton Qu, battle assignment Trinidad, pretends like to protest. And the people of Qin Shu, Yong cowardly non-enemy, the Foreign insurance road, work and rest are different in this power struggle, its profits can be seen. The solid back closed military base, Mogan and Commander, but have not really scared of Health before the suspect died while still lodged in virtual and good will of the Road, lost in the Sri Lankan peace! Emperor Wen of the world, a supplementary weight, Xuchang Xiao He of the same committee, Chong Hua Huo Guang even the send. When that section dedicated to do, Iraq could Qi Fu. And the Emperor Ming to the end, the pillars are of, by the left two masters, Zuo Ming Dynasty, Ji Cheng Ren died of child care, health of the newspaper had no martyrdom. Son of Heaven outside, inside the hoplite, Tomb of soil is dry, suddenly with murder, Zhen Chen of the body, rather if this peace! Make good of the party, to Sri Lanka for the confusion. Policy for husband's crusade, not at the East and West Yu Chi? Adjuvant of the heart, then chaos before the loyalty? Jin Ming hide their faces so ashamed to deceive false to success; Shile wantonly made, evil laugh to set the industry back. The ancients had a saying: "charitable three years, and those who know little, evil day, heard in the world." However, from time that almost! Although over the year since the implicit, and eventually see deride future generations. Their ears are still ringing bell stolen, to everyone for the deaf; committed theft of gold, that the market for Mo see. Old friend who is greedy in recent far left, who were injured were being addicted to profits; if not Lose to benefit people, then when the bad people but has blessing. Shun Li and give an easy power, power back of the occasion and can not do anything. Unpaired base in the state of Jin, forcing more than the Wei Zuo? Although the complex area Doug Yu, Germany was the common people, and the days when no Kai, Po-bit still resistance, non-compete can be intellectual, not try, though, after Qing flow Queensland, and north of body finally carry on.
  Fang Xuanling: ① little odd section, smart and more rough, contact the press learned, V Ying Confucianism. Han Dynasty chaos, there are worries the world often generously heart. ② Timor avoid suits in width, suspicion and more contingent. ③ a break in the wolf care too.
  Yang Jun: This is the people.
  Poetry】 【related
  World opened up, sun, moon and light weight.
  】 【Doubt
  Zhuge Liang Sima Yi on the same nine Qishan in the Lite campaign, the "Book of Jin" with the "Three Kingdoms" Han Jin Chunqiu have different records, especially in the stalemate of war, are very different. The overall strategic situation in the two books written on the line, are Sima Yi Xie a Qishan of the circumference, and Zhuge Liang defeated the attempt to seize food Wei, Zhuge Liang finally to retreat because the food runs out. There is a difference between "Han Jin Chunqiu" said Zhuge Liang defeated Guo Huai, FEI Yao, rush in the harvest some food, "Book of Jin" record Zhuge Liang did not grab food, "Han Jin Chunqiu" battle of the record on this is contradictory , the fee Sima Yi Yao has been staying on command and Zhuge Liang Gui possible war with Guo Huai, "Book of Jin" in Sima Yi went on Gui Liang Qiang Liang prevent success, there is a major grain producing areas. Near defeat in Zhuge Liang Wei Qishan grab a small amount of food is possible, but Sima Yi did not affect the main force of the food supply, food shortages did not change the Shu Army. Historical records of Sima Yi's military is relying on Longxi food supply. The results of the two armies at war, with Zhuge Liang Sima Yi is fighting, two books of records are different, "Han Jin Chunqiu," said Jia Xu, Wei Ping was rescued and not as a war with Zhuge Liang, Sima Yi was forced to face the challenge of losing, Shu Army gains a first 3000, (a first, small leader, similar to the current squad, and the like. it could be projected over 10 000 soldiers off Sima Yi)
  Binh Dinh Cao Shuang Sima Yi Cao Wei saving the political chaos, keep Tuogu commitment to maintain Cao Fang's throne, not only for the individual group's power. First of all, he gave up power to recuperate the time to go home, Sima Shi, Sima Zhao brothers are middle-ranking officials of DPRK-China, Sima's group is weak. At this point let alone the right to establish special Sima, Sima Ka Ping division after the change in power in important positions and no brothers. Sima Yi actually until the group began to receive Cao Shuang key members of the marginalized against the time, Sima Yi is still content to, as he SUN Li said, to "tolerance is not tolerance." Also just to the right of first Cao Shuang, deprived of the political status of many despotic aristocracy, deprived of their sacrifice honor. Shu stubborn war waged on and so on, these chaotic political Sima Yi did not stop, that has no respect for Cao Shuang Sima Yi had, and was ready to usurp the throne. Cao Shuang to usurp the throne is significant, his food, clothing and ceremonial pomp and emperor almost the same as the palace of Queen is still the home side full of artifacts, from the palace itself before taking beware of people to their capitals, and even to false edict, to the palace before they were 57 people sent to Ye City, unauthorized access to too much music instruments, arsenal Jinbing. Empress Guo was moved to marginized Hai Ba imprisoned, sent to monitor the little emperor trusted, then the only threat to his usurpation only Sima Yi, he trusted to look side to send the movements of Sima Yi, Sima Yi side squeezed against the relatives, confidant, are preparing to seize the throne, Empress Dowager Guo, Liu Fang, Sun seniority in the past powerful, all have been deposed him, and Sima Yi because early on home rest and recuperation, so he is the latest hit. Only Sima Yi Cao Shuang last group also collapsed, emperor usurper can begin, SUN Li, Lu Yu, etc. have been excluded, finger pointing and even relatives of Sima Yi Du Shu, this is the end of orthodox nine, and later tried Lu Yu Cao Shuang gang members, aware of their rebellion usurper ready within three months of operation, Cao Shuang not "Three Kingdoms" in the weak, useless waste, cutting the armed forces under his command Shu, autocracy against SUN Li, is also ambitious, high-handedness of the elite. Sima Yi So there is the idea of pardon him, not because of Cao Shuang did not want to usurp the throne of the conspiracy evidence, largely unwilling to bear the expertise of the right to kill Tuogu Minister reputation, but also to understand the real Cao Shuang was Zhitaicaishu, see Cao Shuang small group established with the main factions have a conflict, nor the people support him, no threats, and Cao Shuang's usurpation scheme is not to the actual implementation, he has not yet Emperor Fei of independence, the change in the Ka-ping, when Cao Shuang did not provoke a civil war, finally the peaceful settlement of the conflict. Sima Yi has also vowed not to pursue Cao Shuang, so it pledged to pardon him, send him food. However, the list can be seen from the sacrifice, Cao Shuang dictatorship offend too many people during the final step into the court still killed him. Do not think that deposed Cao Shuang Sima Yi is his own to seize power, but Sima's and Cao power struggle that simple. Are involved in deposed Cao Shuang Sima Yi Group and most of the factions, Empress Dowager Guo, Jiang economy and high flexibility are all representatives of major factions, the DPRK also proposed joint participation of all factions, as the prime minister Cao Cao, Sima Yi, Wei Gong of power than that much more time still to be towards the proposed constraints, he wants to restore corporal punishment, but towards meeting most against Cao Cao also only temporarily abandoned. Sima Yi is not but accepted the court, Cao Shuang against and oppression of other factions, eventually killed by their demands, "Three Kingdoms" Cao Shuang Chuan, the detailed accounts of the political chaos Cao Shuang, ready to usurp the throne, and step into the court after he was executed.
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