| xìng： | liú | ||
| míng： | chè | ||
| zì： | tōng | ||
| wǎngbǐhào： | hàn xiào wǔ huáng dì | ||
| |||
汉武帝zhèng rú lì shǐ zhèng jù《 hàn wǔ dà dì》 suǒ yún： tā jiàn lì liǎo yī gè guó jiā qián suǒ wèi yòu de zūn yán ; tā gěi liǎo yī gè zú qún tǐng lì qiān qiū de zì xìn ; tā de guó hào chéng liǎo yī gè wěi dà mín zú yǒng yuǎn de míng zì .
chūn jié shǐ yú tài chū gǎi lì，
（ zhù：
【 míng chén míng jiāng】
chéngxiàng： dòu yīng xǔ chāng tián fén zhuāng qīng dí shí qìng gōng sūn hè liú qū lí tián qiān qiū
tài wèi dà sī mǎ： tián fén wèi qīng huò qù bìng huò guāng
yù shǐ dà fū： zhuāng qīng dí hán 'ān guó gōng sūn hóng zhāng tānɡ shí qìng bǔ shì 'ér kuān dù zhōu sāng hóng yáng
liè jiāng jūn： huò qù bìng jīn rì dī（ bi) shàng guān jié
fèng cháng tài cháng： wáng zāng kǒng zāng hán yán nián
láng zhōng lìng： wáng zāng lǐ guǎng lǐ gǎn
wèi wèi： lǐ guǎng hán 'ān guó zhāng qiān lù bó dé
tài pú： guàn fū gōng sūn hè gōng sūn jìng shēng
tíng wèi： zhāng tānɡ zhào yǔ dù zhōu guō jū
tài xíng lìng dà hóng lú： wáng huī lǐ xī zhāng qiān tián qiān qiū
zōng zhèng dà nóng lìng： hán 'ān guó zhèng dāng shí liú shòu yán yì sāng hóng yáng
zhōng wèi shàofǔ zhí jīn wú： hán 'ān guó zhào yǔ lǐ xī wáng wēn shū yǐn qí yán yì sāng hóng yáng
dū wèi： jí 'àn zhū mǎi chén jiāng chōng
nèi shǐ： shí qìng zhèng dāng shí gōng sūn hóng jí 'àn 'ér kuān jiǎn xuān
hái yòu dōng fāng shuò zhù fù yǎn sī mǎ qiān sū wǔ dǒng zhòng shū sī mǎ xiāng rú lǐ líng
wǎn nián shēng huó
zhī tiān mìng de
shǐ shū《 zuì jǐ zhào》 jìzǎi： 「 zhèn zì jí wèi yǐ lái， suǒ wéi kuáng bèi， shǐ tiān xià chóu kǔ， bù kě zhuī huǐ。 zì jīn shì yòu shāng hài bǎi xìng、 mí fèi tiān xià zhě， xī bà zhī。 」 qiáng diào「 dāng jīn wù zài jìn kē bào， zhǐ shàn fù， lì běn nóng。 xiū mǎ zhèng fù lìng yǐ bǔ quē， wú fá wǔ bèi 'ér yǐ。」
gōng yuán qián 88 nián，
【 xiāng guān yīn xiàng】
zhōng huá mín zú fā zhǎn shǐ shàng
yī dú zūn rú shù； tīng qǔ dǒng zhòng shū de jiàn yì，“ bà chù bǎi jiā， dú zūn rú shù” kāi chuàng zhōng guó chuán tǒng zhù liú wén huà zhī zhèng tǒng， zài zhōng huá chuán tǒng wén huà wǔ tái shàng dú lǐng fēng sāo liǎng qiān yú nián， shòu dào lì dài tǒng zhì zhě suǒ tuī chóng。 zhè lǐ yào shuō míng de shì，
èr shè lì zhōng cháo yì zhì wài cháo；
zài huì wén jǐng dì qī jiān， chéngxiàng dà duō zhù yào shì suí liú bāng dǎ tiān xià de gōng chén chéngxiàng shòu dào lǐ yù， wǔ dì hé chéngxiàng duō yòu bù hé， wéi guàn chè zì jǐ de mìng lìng， yú shì shè lì zhōng cháo， shàng shū tái yě shì zhè yī shí qī chū xiàn de。
sān jiàn lì nián hào；
zhōng guó lì shǐ shàng dì yī wèi shǐ yòng nián hào de huáng dì， gōng yuán qián 113 nián wǔ dì yǐ dāng nián wéi yuán dǐng sì nián， bìng zhuī gǎi yǐ qián wéi jiàn yuán， yuán guāng， yuán shuò yuán shòu， měi yī nián hào liù nián。
sì tài chū gǎi lì；
tài chū yuán nián（ qián 104） gǎi tài chū lì， yǐ zhēngyuè wéi suì shǒu， sè shàng huáng。
wǔ yán tiě guān yíng；
yán tiě guān yíng zì hàn dài yán xù zhì jīn， jīn tiān yán tiě chá zhù yào réng yóu zhèng fǔ jí guó qǐ kòng zhì。
liù tōng xī yù；
zhōng guó chuán chū liǎo yě tiě shù、 záo jǐng shù、 sī chóu zhì zào、 qī qì zhì zào děng jì shù， xī fāng（ yù） chuán rù hú（ huáng） guā hú luóbo pú táo hàn xuè mǎ hé táo tiān mǎ děng lì shǐ yì yì zhòng dà
qī kāi jiāng tuò tǔ。
xī běi： huò qù bìng、 wèi qīng、 lǐ guǎng lì zhāng qiān yǐ jí xì jūn jiě yōu děng rén de qián fù hòu jì de nǔ lì xī yù shǒu cì yǔ zhōng guó lián xì jǐn mì， wéi hòu lái bǎ xī yù bìng rù zhōng guó bǎn tú diàn dìng jī chǔ。
xī nán： shǐ zhě jūn duì de jiē lián chū xiàn shǐ xī nán biān chuí dì yī cì bìng rù zhōng guó bǎn tú
běi fāng： wèi qīng huò qù bìng de chū jī shǐ běi jiāng cháng shí jiān wěn dìng， bǎo hù liǎo jīng shī de wěn dìng。
【 dà yī tǒng cuò shī】
zhèng zhì： zài zhèng zhì fāng miàn， cǎi nà zhù fù yǎn de jiàn yì， bān bù“ tuī 'ēn lìng”， xuē ruò hàn chū fēn fēng de zhū hóu guó shì lì， jiā qiáng jiān chá zhì dù děng。
jūn shì， duì wài yǒu hǎo： zài jūn shì fāng miàn， zhù yào shì jí zhōng bīng quán， chōng shí liǎo zhōng yāng de jūn shì lì liàng； gǎi gé bīng zhì。 pài wèi qīng， huò qù bìng chū jī xiōng nú， shǐ běi bù biān jùn dé yǐ 'ān dìng， pài zhāng qiān chū shǐ xī yù， kāi kuò liǎo xī běi biān jiāng： kāi tōng liǎo xī hàn lián xì xī yù yǐ zhì zhōng yà gěi dì tōng dào
jīng jì： zài jīng jì fāng miàn， cǎi qǔ zhòng nóng qīng shāng， zhěng dùn cái zhèng， bān bù“ suàn mín”、“ gào mín” lìng， zhēng shōu shāng rén zī chǎn shuì， dà lì dǎ jī jiān shāng； yòu cǎi qǔ sāng hóng yáng jiàn yì， jiāng yě tiě、 zhǔ yán shōu guī guān yíng， jìn zhǐ jùn guó zhù qián， tǒng yī zhù zào wǔ zhū qián； shè zhì píng zhǔn guān、 jūn shū guān， yóu guān fǔ jīng yíng yùn shū hé mào yì， dà dà zēng qiáng liǎo guó jiā jīng jì shí lì。 tóng shí xīng xiū shuǐ lì， yí mín xī běi tún tián， shí xíng“ dài tián fǎ”， yòu lì yú nóng yè shēng chǎn de fā zhǎn。 zài jīng jì fāng miàn hái yòu yī tiáo zhòng yào de jǔ cuò， jiù shì jiāng dāng shí de huò bì jìn xíng tǒng yī。
sī xiǎng： zài sī xiǎng fāng miàn， cǎi nà dǒng zhòng shū de jiàn yì ． bà chù bǎi jiā， dú zūn rú shù de jiàn yì， shǐ rú xué chéng wèile zhōng guó shè huì de tǒng zhì sī xiǎng， dà lì tuī xíng rú xué， zài cháng 'ān shè tài xué。 rú jiā xué shuō chéng wéi zhōng guó fēng jiàn tǒng zhì zhèng tǒng sī xiǎng， yī zhí yán xù liǎo liǎng qiān duō nián， duì hòu shì zhōng guó zhèng zhì、 shè huì、 wén huà chǎn shēng liǎo shēn yuǎn de yǐng xiǎng。
rén shì：
yì yì： xī hàn jìn rù dǐng shèng shí qī， yě shì zhōng guó fēng jiàn shí dài de dì yī gè dǐng shèng jú miàn。
【 duì wài guān xì】
· fā dòng duì xiōng nú zhàn zhēng
· pài zhāng qiān chū shǐ xī yù
· duì dōng běi fāng hé nán fāng yòng bīng， kuò chōng jiāng tǔ
zài dōng běi fāng， tā pài bīng miè wèi shì cháo xiān（ jīn cháo xiān běi bù）， zhì lè làng、 xuán tù、 lín tún、 zhēn fān sì jùn， hàn dì guó de bǎn tú zhì cǐ jī běn chéng xíng。
tóng shí shǐ nán fāng de yè láng、 nán yuè zhèng quán guī fù hàn cháo， zài xī nán xiān hòu shè lì liǎo qī gè jùn， zuì nán duān chāo guò jīn tiān yuè nán hú zhì míng shì， zhè yě shǐ dé jīn tiān de liǎng guǎng dì qū zì qín cháo hòu zhòng guī zhōng guó bǎn tú。
· hòu guǒ
【 gè rén shēng huó】
hòu fēi zǐ nǚ
huáng hòu
chén huáng hòu chén 'ā jiāo， fù táng yì hóu chén wǔ， mǔ liú piáo jì guǎn táo dà cháng gōng zhù，“ jīn wū cáng jiāo” de diǎn gù yóu lái， wú zǐ， hòu bèi fèi chù。
wèi huáng hòu wèi zǐ fū， hòu yì bèi fèi chù， hàn xuān dì chóngxīn zhuī fēng wéi xiào wǔ wèi sī hòu， shēng liú jù、 wèi cháng gōng zhù、 shí yì gōng zhù、 zhū yì gōng zhù。
lǐ huáng hòu lǐ fū rén， yóu huò guāng zhuī fēng wéi xiào wǔ huáng hòu， lǐ yán nián de mèi mèi， shēng liú bó。
zhào tài hòu zhào jié yú（ gòu yì fū rén）， shēng hàn zhāo dì liú fú líng。
fēi pín
wáng fū rén shēng qí huái wáng liú hóng。
yǐn fū rén yǐn jié yú
xíng fū rén xíng xíng 'é
lǐ jī， shēng gài cháng gōng zhù、 liú dàn、 liú xū。
mǒu shì， shēng yí 'ān gōng zhù。
ér zǐ
zhǎngzǐ lì tài zǐ liú jù mǔ huáng hòu wèi zǐ fū
cì zǐ qí huái wáng liú hóng mǔ wáng fū rén yuán shòu liù nián lì， 18 suì jià hōng
sān zǐ yàn lá wáng liú dàn mǔ lǐ jī
sì zǐ guǎng líng lì wáng liú xū（ yǔ qí huái wáng liú hóng tóng shí lì）
wǔ zǐ chāng yì 'āi wáng liú bó mǔ lǐ fū rén， tiān hàn sì nián lì（ qí zǐ liú hè dāng guò 27 tiān huáng dì）
liù zǐ hàn zhāo dì liú fú líng mǔ gōu yì fū rén zhào jié yú， zài wèi shí sān nián， 21 suì jià bēng
nǚ 'ér
yóu yú lì shǐ jìzǎi bù xiáng，
gài cháng gōng zhù（ è yì cháng gōng zhù）
wèi cháng gōng zhù（ dāng lì gōng zhù）， shì
zhēng hé 'èr nián ( qián 91)， yòu rén jǔ bào chéngxiàng gōng sūn hè de 'ér zǐ gōng sūn jìng shēng yǔ yáng shí gōng zhù sī tōng， yòu pài rén yòng wū shù zǔ zhòu
shí yì gōng zhù sī mǎ zhēn《 suǒ yǐn》 rèn wéi shí yì gōng zhù shì wèi zǐ fū sān gè nǚ 'ér zhī yī， lìng wài liǎng wèi shì wèi cháng gōng zhù hé zhū yì gōng zhù。
yáng shí gōng zhù（ dé yì gōng zhù） wéi yī de jìzǎi shì“ wū gǔ zhī huò”，《 shǐ jì》 hé《 hàn shū》 zhǐ shuō qí shì dì nǚ， bìng wèi jiāo dài qí mǔ qīn shēn fèn。 yīn wéi hé zhū yì gōng zhù tóng shí yīn wū gǔ zuì bèi chǔsǐ， suǒ yǐ xiàn zài yī xiē zhù jiě bǎ tā dàngchéng liǎo wèi zǐ fū de nǚ 'ér。
zhū yì gōng zhù
yí 'ān gōng zhù jià
hàn dài zhǐ yòu huáng hòu de nǚ 'ér cái yòu zhuān mén de jìzǎi，
【 xiāng guān yīn xiàng】
zhōng guó dà lù：
diàn shì jù《
[
diàn shì jù《 hàn wǔ dà dì》， yóu chén bǎo guó shì yǎn
diàn shì jù《 sī mǎ qiān》， yóu xǔ hái shān shì yǎn
diàn shì jù《 dà hàn tiān zǐ》 xì liè， yóu huáng xiǎo míng shì yǎn
diàn shì jù《 fèng qiú huáng》， yóu liú xiǎo fēng shì yǎn
diàn shì jù《 dōng fāng shuò》， yóu jìn dōng shì yǎn
diàn shì jù《 jiàn xíng tiān xià》， yòu míng dà hàn yīng xióng， yóu zhèng guó lín shì yǎn
【 lì shǐ jìzǎi】
·《 shǐ jì》 zhī《 xiào wǔ běn jì》 ( jié xuǎn )
【 zhèng wén（ 1）】
[
xiào wǔ huáng dì zhě， ① xiào jǐng zhōng zǐ yě。 ② mǔ yuē wáng tài hòu。 xiào jǐng sì nián， yǐ huáng zǐ wéi jiāo dōng wáng。
xiào jǐng qī nián， lì tài zǐ（ liú róng） fèi wéi lín jiāng wáng， yǐ jiāo dōng wáng wéi tài zǐ。 xiào jǐng shí liù nián bēng， tài zǐ jí wèi， wéi xiào wǔ huáng dì。 ③ xiào wǔ huáng dì chū jí wèi， yóu jìng guǐ shén zhī sì。
【 zhù jiě】
zhù① jí jiě hàn shū yīn yì yuē：“ huì chè。” zhèng yì shì fǎ yún：“ kè dìng huò luàn yuē wǔ。” zhù② suǒ yǐn 'àn： jǐng shí sān wáng chuán guǎng chuān wáng yǐ shàng jiē shì wǔ dì xiōng， zì hé xián wáng dé yǐ zhì guǎng chuān， fán yòu bā rén， zé wǔ dì dì jiǔ yě。 zhù③ jí jiě zhāng yàn yuē：“ wǔ dì yǐ jǐng dì yuán nián shēng， qī suì wéi tài zǐ， wéi tài zǐ shí suì 'ér jǐng dì bēng， shí nián shí liù yǐ。”
【 zhèng wén（ 1）】
yuán nián， hàn xīng yǐ liù shí yú suì yǐ，① tiān xià yì 'ān，② jiàn shēn③ zhī shǔ jiē wàng tiān zǐ fēngshàn gǎi zhèng dù yě。 ér shàng xiāng rú shù， zhāo xián liáng， zhào wǎn ﹑ wáng zāng děng yǐ wén xué wéi gōng qīng， yù yì gǔ lì míng táng chéng nán， ④ yǐ cháo zhū hóu。 cǎo xún shòu fēngshàn gǎi lì fú sè shì wèi jiù。 huì dòu tài hòu zhì huáng lǎo yán， bù hǎo rú shù， shǐ rén wēi dé zhào wǎn děng jiān lì shì， ⑤ zhào 'àn wǎn﹑ zāng， wǎn﹑ zāng zì shā， ⑥ zhū suǒ xīng wéi zhě jiē fèi。
【 zhù jiě】
zhù① jí jiě xú guǎng yuē：“ liù shí qī nián， suì zài xīn chǒu。” zhù② zhèng yì yì yīn yú fèi fǎn。 zhù③ suǒ yǐn shàng yīn jìn。 jìn， tǐng yě。 yán tǐng hù yú shēn dài zhī xián， shì chū lǐ nèi zé。 jīn zuò“ jiàn” zhě， gǔ zì jiǎ jiè 'ěr。 hàn shū zuò“ jìn shēn”， chén zàn yún“ jìn， chì bái sè”， fēi yě。 zhù④ suǒ yǐn chéng nán， cháng 'ān chéng nán mén wài yě。 àn： guān zhōng jì yún míng táng zài cháng 'ān chéng mén wài， dù mén zhī xī yě。 zhù⑤ jí jiě xú guǎng yuē：“ xiān wēi sì chá zhī。” zhù⑥ zhèng yì hàn shū xiào wǔ dì 'èr nián， yù shǐ dà fū zhào wǎn zuò qǐng wú zòu shì tài huáng tài hòu， jí láng zhōng lìng wáng zāng jiē xià yù， zì shā。 yìng shào yún：“ wáng zāng rú zhě， yù lì míng táng﹑ bì yōng， tài hòu sù hǎo huáng lǎo shù， fēi bó wǔ jīng， yīn gù jué zòu shì tài hòu， tài hòu nù， gù lìng shā。”
【 zhèng wén（ 3）】
hòu liù nián， dòu tài hòu bēng。 qí míng nián， shàng zhēng wén xué zhī shì gōng sūn hóng děng。
míng nián， shàng chū zhì yōng， jiāo jiàn wǔ zhì。 hòu cháng sān suì yī jiāo。 shì shí shàng qiú shén jūn， shè zhī shàng lín zhōng gǎo shì guān。 shén jūn zhě， cháng líng nǚ zǐ， yǐ zǐ sǐ bēi 'āi， gù jiàn shén yú xiān hòu wǎn ruò。 wǎn ruò cí zhī qí shì， mín duō wǎng cí。
píng yuán jūn wǎng cí， qí hòu zǐ sūn yǐ zūn xiǎn。 jí wǔ dì jí wèi， zé hòu lǐ zhì cí zhī nèi zhōng， wén qí yán， bù jiàn qí rén yún。
shì shí 'ér lǐ shàojūn yì yǐ cí chǎn﹑ gǔ dào﹑ què lǎo fāng jiàn shàng， shàng zūn zhī。 shàojūn zhě， gù shēn zé hóu rù yǐ zhù fāng。 nì qí nián jí suǒ shēngzhǎng， cháng zì wèi qī shí， néng shǐ wù， què lǎo。 qí yóu yǐ fāng mèi zhū hóu。 wú qī zǐ。 rén wén qí néng shǐ wù jí bù sǐ， gèng kuì yí zhī， cháng yú jīn qián bó yī shí。 rén jiē yǐ wéi bù zhì chǎn yè 'ér ráo gěi， yòu bù zhī qí hé suǒ rén， yù xìn， zhēng shì zhī。 shàojūn zī hǎo fāng， shàn wéi qiǎo fā qí zhōng。 cháng cóng wǔ 'ān hóu yǐn， zuò zhōng yòu nián jiǔ shí yú lǎo rén， shàojūn nǎi yán yǔ qí dà fù yóu shè chù， lǎo rén wéi 'ér shí cóng qí dà fù xíng， shí qí chù， yī zuò jìn jīng。 shàojūn jiàn shàng， shàng yòu gù tóng qì， wèn shàojūn。 shàojūn yuē：“ cǐ qì qí huán gōng shí nián chén yú bǎi qǐn。” yǐ 'ér 'àn qí kè， guǒ qí huán gōng qì。 yī gōng jìn hài， yǐ shàojūn wéi shén， shù bǎi suì rén yě。
shàojūn yán yú shàng yuē：“ cí chǎn zé zhì wù， zhì wù 'ér dān shā kě huà wéi huáng jīn， huáng jīn chéng yǐ wéi yǐn shí qì zé yì shòu， yì shòu 'ér hǎi zhōng péng lāi xiān zhě kě jiàn， jiàn zhī yǐ fēngshàn zé bù sǐ， huáng dì shì yě。 chén cháng yóu hǎi shàng， jiàn 'ān qī shēng，① shí chén zǎo， dà rú guā。 ān qī shēng xiān zhě， tōng péng lāi zhōng， hé zé jiàn rén， bù hé zé yǐn。” yú shì tiān zǐ shǐ qīn cí chǎn， ér qiǎn fāng shì rù hǎi qiú péng lāi 'ān qī shēng zhī shǔ， ér shì huà dān shā zhū yào qí wéi huáng jīn② yǐ。
【 zhù jiě】
zhù① suǒ yǐn fú qián yuē：“ gǔ zhī zhēn rén。” àn： liè xiān chuán yún 'ān qī shēng， láng xié rén， mài yào dōng hǎi biān， shí rén jiē yán qiān suì yě。 zhèng yì liè xiān chuán yún：“ ān qī shēng， láng xié fù xiāng tíng rén yě。 mài yào hǎi biān。 qín shǐ huáng qǐng yǔ sān yè， cì jīn shù qiān wàn， chū， yú fù xiāng tíng， jiē zhì qù， liú shū， yǐ chì yù xì yī liàng wéi bào， yuē ‘ hòu qiān suì qiú wǒ yú péng lāi shān xià ’。” zhù② suǒ yǐn qí yīn jì。
【 zhèng wén（ 4）】
jū jiǔ zhī， lǐ shàojūn bìng sǐ。① tiān zǐ yǐ wéi huà qù bù sǐ yě， ér shǐ huáng chuí② shǐ kuān shū③ shòu qí fāng。 qiú péng lāi 'ān qī shēng mò néng dé， ér hǎi shàng yàn qí guài yū zhī fāng shì duō xiāng xiào， gèng yán shén shì yǐ。
【 zhù jiě】
zhù① zhèng yì hàn shū qǐ jū yún：“ lǐ shàojūn jiāng qù， wǔ dì mèng yǔ gòng dēng sōng gāo shān， bàn dào， yòu shǐ chéng lóng shí cóng yún zhōng yún‘ tài yī qǐng shàojūn’， dì wèi zuǒ yòu‘ jiāng shěwǒ qù yǐ’。 shù yuè 'ér shàojūn bìng sǐ。 yòu fā guān kàn， wéi yī guān zài yě。” zhù② jí jiě wéi zhāo yuē：“ rén xìng míng。” zhèng yì yīn zhí wěi fǎn。 zhù③ jí jiě hàn shū yīn yì yuē：“ èr rén jiē fāng shì。” zhèng yì xìng shǐ， míng kuān shū。
【 zhèng wén（ 5）】
bó rén bó yòu jì① zòu cí tài yī fāng， yuē：“ tiān shén guì zhě tài yī，② tài yī zuǒ yuē wǔ dì。③ gǔ zhě tiān zǐ yǐ chūn qiū jì tài yī dōng nán jiāo， yòng tài láo jù， qī rì，④ wéi tán kāi bā tōng zhī guǐ dào。” yú shì tiān zǐ lìng tài zhù lì qí cí cháng 'ān dōng nán jiāo， cháng fèng cí rú jì fāng。 qí hòu rén yòu shàng shū， yán“ gǔ zhě tiān zǐ sān nián yī yòng tài láo jù cí shén sān yī： tiān yī， dì yī， tài yī”。 tiān zǐ xǔ zhī， lìng tài zhù lǐng cí zhī jì tài yī tán shàng， rú qí fāng。 hòu rén fù yòu shàng shū， yán“ gǔ zhě tiān zǐ cháng yǐ chūn qiū jiě cí， cí huáng dì yòng yī xiāo pò jìng；⑤ míng yáng⑥ yòng yáng； cí mǎ xíng ⑦ yòng yī qīng mǔ mǎ； tài yī﹑ gāo shān shān jūn﹑ dì cháng ⑧ yòng niú； wǔ yí jūn ⑨ yòng gān yú； yīn yáng shǐ zhě ⑩ yǐ yī niú”。 lìng cí guān lǐng zhī rú qí fāng， ér cí yú jì tài yī tán bàng。
【 zhù jiě】
zhù① jí jiě xú guǎng yuē：“ yī yún bó rén miù jì yě。” suǒ yǐn bó， shān yáng xiàn míng。 xìng miù， míng jì， jū bó， gù xià chēng bó jì。 cǐ wén zé yǎn“ bó” zì， ér“ miù” yòu wù zuò“ yòu” yǐ。 zhù② suǒ yǐn tiān shén guì zhě tài yī。 àn： lè zhī wēi tú yún“ zǐ wēi gōng běi jí tiān yī tài yī”。 sòng jūn yǐ wéi tiān yī﹑ tài yī， běi jí zhī bié míng。 chūn qiū wěi“ zǐ gōng， tiān huáng yào bó bǎo zhī suǒ lǐ yě”。 zhù③ suǒ yǐn qí zuǒ yuē wǔ dì。 hé tú yún cāng dì shén míng líng wēi yǎng zhī shǔ yě。 zhèng yì wǔ dì， wǔ tiān dì yě。 guó yǔ yún“ cāng dì líng wēi yǎng， chì dì chì biāo nù， bái dì bái zhāo jǔ， hēi dì mà guāng jì， huáng dì hán shū niǔ”。 shàng shū dì mìng yàn yún“ cāng dì míng líng wēi yǎng， chì dì míng wén zǔ， huáng dì míng shén dǒu， bái dì míng xiǎn jì， hēi dì míng xuán jǔ”。 zuǒ zhě， wèi pèi jì yě。 zhù④ jí jiě xú guǎng yuē：“ yī yún rì yī tài láo jù， shí rì。” zhù⑤ jí jiě mèng kāng yuē：“ xiāo， niǎo míng， shí mǔ。 pò jìng， shòu míng， shí fù。 huáng dì yù jué qí lèi， shǐ bǎi wù cí jiē yòng zhī。 pò jìng rú chū 'ér hǔ yǎn。 huò yún zhí yòng pò jìng。” rú chún yuē：“ hàn shǐ dōng jùn sòng xiāo， wǔ yuè wǔ rì wéi xiāo gēng yǐ cì bǎi guān。 yǐ 'è niǎo， gù shí zhī。” zhù⑥ jí jiě fú qián yuē：“ shén míng yě。” zhù⑦ zhèng yì shén míng yě。 zhù⑧ zhèng yì dīng zhàng fǎn。 sān bìng shén míng。 zhù⑨ zhèng yì shén míng。 zhù⑩ jí jiě hàn shū yīn yì yuē：“ yīn yáng zhī shén yě。”
【 zhèng wén（ 6）】
qí hòu， tiān zǐ yuàn yòu bái lù， yǐ qí pí wéi bì，① yǐ fā ruì yìng， zào bái jīn yān。②
【 zhù jiě】
zhù① suǒ yǐn 'àn： shí huò zhì pí bì yǐ bái lù pí fāng chǐ， yuán yǐ huì， yǐ jiàn bì， dé yǐ huáng jīn yī jīn dài zhī。 yòu hàn lǜ pí bì shuài lù pí fāng chǐ， zhí huáng jīn yī jīn。 zhù② suǒ yǐn 'àn： shí huò zhì bái jīn sān pǐn， gè yòu chā yě。 zhèng yì bái jīn sān pǐn， wǔ dì suǒ zhù yě。 rú chún yuē：“ zá zhù yín xī wéi bái jīn yě。” píng zhǔn shū yún：“ zào yín xī wéi bái jīn。 yǐ wéi tiān yòng mò rú lóng， dì yòng mò rú mǎ， rén yòng mò rú guī， gù yuē bái jīn sān pǐn。 qí yī yuē zhòng bā liǎng， yuán zhī， qí wén lóng， míng yuē bái xuǎn， zhí sān qiān； èr yuē zhòng chā xiǎo， fāng zhī， qí wén mǎ， zhí wǔ bǎi； sān yuē fù xiǎo， suí zhī， qí wén guī， zhí sān bǎi。” qián pǔ yún：“ bái jīn dì yī， qí xíng yuán rú qián， ròu hǎo yuán， wén wéi yī lóng。 bái yín dì 'èr， qí xíng fāng xiǎo cháng， ròu hǎo yì xiǎo cháng， hǎo shàng xià wén wéi 'èr mǎ。 bái yín dì sān， qí xíng sì guī， ròu hǎo xiǎo， shì wén wéi guī jiá yě。”
【 zhèng wén（ 7）】
qí míng nián， jiāo yōng， huò yī jiǎo shòu， ruò biāo rán。① yòu sī yuē：“ bì xià sù zhī jiāo sì， shàng dì bào xiǎng， xī yī jiǎo shòu， gài lín yún。”② yú shì yǐ jiàn wǔ zhì， zhì jiā yī niú yǐ liáo。③ cì zhū hóu bái jīn， yǐ fēng fú yìng hé yú tiān dì。④
【 zhù jiě】
zhù① jí jiě wéi zhāo yuē：“ chǔ rén wèi mí wéi biāo。” suǒ yǐn biāo yīn bù jiāo fǎn。 wéi zhāo yuē“ tǐ ruò □ ér yī jiǎo， chūn qiū suǒ wèi‘ yòu□ ér jiǎo’ shì yě。 chǔ rén wèi mí wéi biāo”。 yòu zhōu shū wáng huì yún biāo zhě ruò lù。 ěr yǎ yún mí， dà lù yě， niú wěi yī jiǎo。 guō pú yún hàn wǔ huò yī jiǎo shòu ruò biāo， wèi zhī lín shì yě。 zhù② zhèng yì hàn shū zhōng jūn chuán yún“ cóng shàng yōng， huò bái lín”。 yī jiǎo dài ròu， shè wǔ bèi 'ér bù wéi hài， suǒ yǐ wéi rén。 zhù③ zhèng yì lì zhào fǎn， fén yě。 zhù④ jí jiě jìn zhuó yuē：“ fú ruì yě。” zàn yuē：“ fēng shì zhū hóu yǐ cǐ fú ruì zhī yìng。”
【 zhèng wén（ 8）】
yú shì jì běi wáng yǐ wéi tiān zǐ qiě fēngshàn， nǎi shàng shū xiàn tài shān jí qí bàng yì。 tiān zǐ shòu zhī， gèng yǐ tā xiàn cháng zhī。 cháng shān wáng yòu qiān， qiān， tiān zǐ fēng qí dì yú zhēn dìng， yǐ xù xiān wáng sì， ér yǐ cháng shān wéi jùn。 rán hòu wǔ yuè jiē zài tiān zǐ zhī jùn。
qí míng nián， qí rén shǎo wēng① yǐ guǐ shén fāng jiàn shàng。 shàng yòu suǒ xìng wáng fū rén，② fū rén zú， shǎo wēng yǐ fāng shù gài yè zhì wáng fū rén jí chǎn guǐ zhī mào yún， tiān zǐ zì wéi zhōng wàng jiàn yān。 yú shì nǎi bài shǎo wēng wéi wén chéng jiāng jūn， shǎng cì shèn duō， yǐ kè lǐ lǐ zhī。 wén chéng yán yuē：“ shàng jí yù yǔ shén tōng， gōng shì bèi fú bù xiàng shén， shén wù bù zhì。” nǎi zuò huà yún qì chē， jí gè yǐ shèng rì③ jià chē bì 'è guǐ。 yòu zuò gān quán gōng， zhōng wéi tái shì， huà tiān﹑ dì﹑ tài yī zhū shén， ér zhì jì jù yǐ zhì tiān shén。 jū suì yú， qí fāng yì shuāi， shén bù zhì。
nǎi wéi bó shū yǐ fàn niú，④ xiáng fú zhī yě， yán cǐ niú fù zhōng yòu qí。 shā 'ér shì zhī， dé shū， shū yán qí guài， tiān zǐ yí zhī。 yòu shí qí shǒu shū， wèn zhī rén， guǒ *( wéi )**[ wěi ]* shū。 yú shì zhū wén chéng jiāng jūn⑤ ér yǐn zhī。
【 zhù jiě】
zhù① zhèng yì hàn wǔ gù shì yún shǎo wēng nián 'èr bǎi suì， sè rú tóng zǐ。 zhù② jí jiě xú guǎng yuē：“ qí huái wáng hóng zhī mǔ yě。” yīn 'àn： huán tán xīn lùn yún wǔ dì yòu suǒ 'ài xìng jī wáng fū rén， yǎo tiǎo hǎo róng， zhì xìng huán nìng。 zhèng yì hàn shū zuò“ lǐ fū rén”。 zhù③ jí jiě hàn shū yīn yì yuē：“ rú huǒ shèng jīn， yòng bǐng yǔ dīng rì， bù yòng gēng xīn。” zhù④ zhèng yì fàn， fáng wǎn fǎn。 shū juàn bó shàng wéi guài yán yǔ， yǐ sì niú。 zhù⑤ zhèng yì hàn wǔ gù shì yún：“ wén chéng zhū yuè yú， yòu shǐ zhě jiè huò guān dōng hái， féng zhī yú cáo tíng， hái jiàn yán zhī， shàng nǎi yí， fā qí guān， wú suǒ jiàn， wéi yòu zhú tǒng yī méi， bǔ yàn xián wú zōng jì yě。”
【 wū gǔ zhī huò】
wū gǔ zhī huò shì
zhēng hé 'èr nián（ gōng yuán qián ９ １）， chéngxiàng gōng sūn hè zhī zǐ gōng sūn jìng shēng bèi rén gào fā wéi wū gǔ zhòu wǔ dì， yǔ yáng shí gōng zhù jiān， hè fù zǐ xià yù sǐ， zhū yì gōng zhù yǔ yáng shí gōng zhù、 wèi qīng zhī zǐ cháng píng hóu wèi kàng jiē zuò zhū。 wǔ dì mìng chǒng chén jiāng chōng wéi shǐ zhě zhì wū gǔ， jiāng chōng yǔ tài zǐ liú jù yòu xì， suì yǔ 'àn dào hóu hán shuō、 huàn guān sū wén děng rén wū xiàn tài zǐ， tài zǐ qǐ bīng dǐ kàng， yǔ tóng wéi huáng zú de chéngxiàng liú qū máo jī zhàn wǔ rì， zuì zhōng， tài zǐ shì gū lì ruò 'ér bīng bài， wéi yòu táo lí cháng 'ān。
jiǔ zhī， wū gǔ shì duō bù xìn。 tián qiān qiū děng shàng shū sòng tài zǐ yuān， wǔ dì dé zhī tài zǐ de yuān qū， nǎi zú miè jiāng chōng jiā， fén sū wén yú héng qiáo shàng， zhuī bǔ tài zǐ de guān lì bèi zú miè。 zhēng hé sān nián， liú qū máo yīn yǔ lǐ guǎng lì mì móu yōng lì lǐ guǎng lì wài shēng chāng yì 'āi wáng（ lǐ fū rén zhī zǐ liú bó） bèi shā， qí jiā rén yì bèi shā， jiā shàng bèi tài zǐ shā sǐ de hán shuō， cǐ shí wū gǔ zhī huò zhōng de zhù yào rén wù jiē yǐ wáng gù。 wǔ dì hòu lái xiū jiàn“ sī zǐ gōng”， yú tài zǐ bèi hài chù zuò“ guī lái wàng sī zhī tái”， yǐ zhì 'āi sī。 dàn shì yīn wū gǔ zhī huò qiān lián shòu sǐ de， qián hòu dá shù wàn rén。
【 nián hào liè biǎo】
jiàn yuán qián 140 nián héng qián 135 nián
yuán guāng qián 134 nián héng qián 129 nián
yuán shuò qián 128 nián héng qián 123 nián
yuán shòu qián 122 nián héng qián 117 nián
yuán dǐng qián 116 nián héng qián 111 nián
yuán fēng qián 110 nián héng qián 105 nián
tài chū qián 104 nián héng qián 101 nián
tiān hàn qián 100 nián héng qián 97 nián
tài shǐ qián 96 nián héng qián 93 nián
zhēng hé qián 92 nián héng qián 89 nián
hòu yuán qián 88 nián héng qián 87 nián
zhuànjì《 shǐ jì · xiào wǔ běn jì》
《 hàn shū · wǔ dì jì》
【 xiāng guān shī cí】
niàn nú jiāo hàn wǔ xún shuò fāng
sòng : lǐ gāng
mào líng xiān kè， suàn zhēn shì、 tiān yǔ xióng cái hóng lüè。
liè qǔ tiān jiāo chí wèi huò， rú shǐ yīng zhān qū què。
áo zhàn gāo lán， lí tíng lóng qì， yǐn zhì xíng xūn jué。
zhōng huá jiāng shèng， zuò lìng yí dí shuāi ruò。
zhuī xiǎng dāng rì xún xíng， lè bīng shí wàn qí， héng lín biān shuò。
qīn zǒng pí xiū tán xiào kàn， xiá lǔ xīn jīng dǎn luò。
jì yǔ chányú， liǎng jūn xiāng jiàn， hé kǔ táo shā mò。
yīng fēng rú zài， zhuó rán qiān gǔ gāo zhù。
qiū fēng cí（ liú chè）
qiū fēng qǐ xī bái yún fēi， cǎo mù huáng xī yàn nán guī。
lán yòu xiù xī jú yòu fāng， huái jiā rén xī bù néng wàng。
fàn lóu chuán xī jì fén hé， héng zhōng liú xī yáng sù bō。
xiāo gǔ míng xī fā zhào gē， huān lè jí xī 'āi qíng duō。
shàozhuàng jǐ shí xī nài lǎo hé！
【 jiàn shǎng】 qiū fēng chuī fú， bái yún fēi wǔ， cǎo mù kū huáng， yè piàn piāo luò， yàn niǎo dū fēi huí nán fāng qù liǎo。 liú chè： shì
jīn tóng xiān rén cí hàn gē táng lǐ hè
wèi míng dì qīng lóng jiǔ nián bā yuè，
zhào gōng guān qiān chē xī qǔ hàn xiào wǔ pěng lù pán xiān rén， yù lì zhì qián diàn。
gōng guān jì chāi pán， xiān rén lín zài nǎi shān rán lèi xià。
táng zhū wáng sūn lǐ cháng jí suì zuò《 jīn tóng xiān rén cí hàn gē》。
mào líng liú láng qiū fēng kè yè wén mǎ sī xiǎo wú jì huà lán guì shù xuán qiū xiāng sān shí liù gōng tǔ huā bì
wèi guān qiān chē zǒu qiān lǐ dōng guān suān fēng shè móu zǐ kōng jiāng hàn yuè chū gōng mén yì jūn qíng lèi rú qiān shuǐ
shuāi lán sòng kè xián yáng dào tiān ruò yòu qíng tiān yì lǎo xié pán dú chū yuè huāng liáng wèi chéng yǐ yuǎn shēng bō xiǎo
【 bèi jǐng】 shī rén yòu gǎn yú cǐ， yīn 'ér jiè jīn tóng xiān rén cí hàn de shǐ shì， lái shū fā xīng wáng zhī gǎn、 jiā guó zhī tòng hé shēn shì zhī bēi。 tā shè xiǎng qí tè， ér yòu shēn chén gǎn rén； xíng xiàng xiān míng， ér yòu biàn huàn duō zī； cí jù qí qiào， ér yòu tuǒ tiē mián mì： shì lǐ hè de dài biǎo zuò pǐn zhī yī。 tè bié shì“ tiān ruò yòu qíng tiān yì lǎo” yī jù， yǐ chéng wéi chuán sòng qiān gǔ de míng jù。
hù zǐ gē（ liú chè）
“ hù zǐ jué xī jiāng nài hé， hào hào yáng yáng xī lǜ dān wéi hé。
dān wéi hé xī dì bù dé níng， gōng wú yǐ shí xī wú shān píng。
wú shān píng xī jù yě yì， yú fú yù xī bǎi dōng rì。
zhèng dào chí xī lí cháng liú， jiāo lóng chěng xī fàng yuǎn yóu。
guī jiù chuān xī shén zāi pèi， bù fēngshàn xī 'ān zhī wài。
huáng wèi hé gōng xī hé bù rén， fàn làn bù zhǐ xī chóu wú rén。
niè sāng fú xī huái sì mǎn， jiǔ bù fǎn xī shuǐ wéi huǎn。”
【 qiān qiū gōng guò】
【 kuàng shì wǔ gōng】
[
qiān gǔ yī dì qín shǐ huáng tǒng yī liù guó， jiàn lì liǎo qín wáng cháo。 dàn shì， yǐ qín dì guó de bǎn tú zhī liáo kuò， bù guò shì
jiàn yuán yuán nián（ qián 140 nián）， wǔ dì zhí zhèng。 qí shí xiōng nú qì yàn 'áo zhāng， xī yù shén mì mò cè。
jí wèi dì bā nián（ yuán guāng 'èr nián， qián 133），
《 shǐ jì · wèi jiāng jūn piàoqí lièzhuàn》 jìzǎi
lùn jí
dāng nián，
yǔ cǐ tóng shí，
dàn 44 nián kuàng rì chí jiǔ de zhēng zhàn shā fá， bì jìng láo mín shāng cái。 duì yú
suī rán dāng shí de hàn dì guó， hái wú fǎ xíng chéng tǒng yī de duō mín zú bèi jǐng， liǎng gè mín zú zuì hǎo de bàn fǎ yě yīnggāi shì hé píng xiāng chù。 kě xī， dào liǎo
wèile chǒng xìng lǐ fū rén，
yù hóu chǒng jī lǐ shì， bài lǐ guǎng lì wéi 'èr shī jiāng jūn。 fā shǔ guó liù qiān qí， jí jùn guó 'èshào nián shù wàn rén， yǐ wǎng fá wǎn。 qī zhì 'èr shī chéng， qǔ shàn mǎ， gù hào 'èr shī jiāng jūn。
shí jiān shì fǔ píng chuāngtòng de liáng yào。 hé píng nián dài， rén xīn sī dìng， wǒ men zǎo yǐ wú fǎ tǐ chá zhàn zhēng dài lái de qièfū zhī tòng； suǒ yǐ， jīn rén de píng jià lǐ zhì duō yú gǎn qíng。 ér liǎng qiān duō nián qián， sī mǎ qiān yǔ tiān xià bǎi xìng yī dào， qīn lì jiā yuán biàn fèi xū， rěn kàn péng bèi chéng xīn guǐ； yī dài shǐ jiā de liáng xīn， shǐ sī mǎ qiān bù kě néng miàn duì zhàn zhēng zhī hài wú dòng yú zhōng， bì rán huì duì
【 qiān gǔ wén zhì】
yī tǒng jiāng shān róng yì， jù lǒng rén xīn kùn nán。 qín huáng hàn wǔ shēn jiě qí zhōng sān mèi。 qín shǐ huáng“ fén shū kēng rú”，
dòu tài hòu qù shì qián，
jù cǐ，
wén jǐng chóng huáng lǎo， kuān hòu wú wéi， chuí gǒng 'ér zhì；
rán 'ér， hòu shì bù fá duì《 tiān rén sān cè》， duì“ dú zūn rú shù” shēn 'è tòng jué zhě， tā men de pī píng bìng fēi háo wú dào lǐ。
rú jiā duì zhōng guó zhèng zhì： yǐ rén wéi běn， mín wéi zhòng， jūn wéi qīng， shè jì cì zhī。 shuǐ kě zài zhōu， yì kě fù zhōu。“ dú zūn rú shù” ràng rén mendōu dǒng dé lǐ yì jiào huà， jīng zhōng bào guó děng yī gè chén zǐ yīnggāi zuò de shì。 rú jiā duì rén cái sù zhì： qióng zé dú shàn qí shēn， dá zé jiān jì tiān xià。 rú jiā bǎ“ dào dé” zuò wéi héng liàng yī gè rén de pǐn zhì， jiāng“ cóng zhèng” zuò wéi shí xiàn rén shēng jià zhí de yī zhǒng tú jìng。
duì cǐ， sī mǎ qiān jī jié chēng dào！《 huái nán héng shān lièzhuàn》 zhōng， tài shǐ gōng yuē：
huái nán héng shān， qīn wéi gǔ ròu， jiāng tǔ qiān lǐ， liè wéi zhū hóu。 bù wù zūn fān chén zhí yǐ chéng fǔ tiān zǐ， ér zhuān xié xié pì zhī jì móu wéi pàn nì， réng fù zǐ zài wáng guó， gè bù zhōng qí shēn， wéi tiān xià xiào。
qín xíng jùn xiàn， bù wáng bù fān， shì zhēn zhèng shè huì zhèng zhì xué yì yì shàng de fēng jiàn tǐ zhì。 liú bāng jiàn hàn， shǒu fēng yì xìng zhū wáng， hòu fēng tóng xìng zhū wáng。 cóng zhèng zhì tǐ zhì de fā zhǎn zhuóyǎn， wú yí shì yī zhǒng shè huì de dàotuì。 jì 'ér， lǚ hòu dà fēng zhū lǚ， zhōng niàng huò luàn。 yīn cǐ， zhí dào jǐng dì cháo， nǎi yòu wú chǔ qī guó zhī luàn。
bù jǐn rú cǐ，
dǎ jī bù fǎ háo qiáng yǔ tān guān wū lì， shì zài bì xíng。 dàn shì， kù lì zhèng zhì zǒu dào jí duān， nán miǎn huì dài lái gè zhǒng hòu yí zhèng。
sī mǎ qiān duì cǐ zhí yán bù huì： qí hǎo shā fá xíng wēi bù 'ài rén rú cǐ， tiān zǐ wén zhī， yǐ wéi néng， qiān wéi zhōng wèi。
【 huǐ yù cān bàn】
zhēng hé sì nián（ qián 89 nián），
gǎn yú zuì jǐ， zhì zì jǐ guò shī yú tiān xià yú lùn zhōng xīn，
zhí yán gǎn jiàn de jí 'àn céng pī píng
jiù shì zhè yàng yī wèi shì rén cái rú cǎo jiè de
fēng jiàn zhuān zhì tǐ zhì xià， rén cái shǐ yòng yòu liǎng dà lòu xí： yī shì rénrén wéi qīn， zhǐ yòng zì jǐ shú xī qīn xìn de rén； èr shì lùn zī pái bèi， bì xū 'àn“ sān shí jiǔ jí tái jiē”， yī jí yī jí wǎng shàng pá， bù néng“ luàn” liǎo guīju。 ér
bù jǐn rú cǐ，
tā chū dú《 zǐ xū fù》， jí dà wéi qīng mù； dé jiàn zuò zhě sī mǎ xiāng rú， rú huò zhì bǎo， ràng tā xiǎng shòu yǔ zì jǐ tóng děng de xiě zuò dài yù。 néng shí rén、 néng róng rén、 néng yòng rén，
ér tā shēng píng zhōng de yī gè cuò wù， jiù shì yān gē liǎo zhōng guó lì shǐ shàng zuì wěi dà de shǐ jiā héng héng sī mǎ qiān。
sī mǎ qiān zài《 shǐ jì》 zhōng duì tā bāo yòu biǎn， bān gù de《 hàn shū · wǔ dì jì》 duì tā de wén zhì dà jiā zàn yáng：
bān gù zàn yuē： xiào wǔ chū lì， zhuó rán bà chù bǎi jiā， biǎo zhāng liù jīng， suì chóu zī hǎi nèi， jǔ qí jùn mào， yǔ zhī lì gōng。 xīng tài xué， xiū jiāo sì， gǎi zhèng shuò， dìng lìshǔ， xié yīn lǜ， zuò shī lè， jiàn fēngshàn， lǐ bǎi shén， shào zhōu hòu， hào lìng wén zhāng， huàn rán kě shù， hòu sì dé zūn hóng yè， ér yòu sān dài zhī fēng。 rú wǔ dì zhī xióng cái dà lüè， bù gǎi wén jǐng zhī gōng jiǎn yǐ jì sī mín， suī shī shū suǒ chēng， hé yòu jiā yān。
bān gù jué kǒu bù tí
dào liǎo sī mǎ guāng de《 zī zhì tōng jiàn》， yě shì biǎo yáng、 pī píng jiān 'ér yòu zhī：
chén guāng yuē： xiào wǔ qióng shē jí yù， fán xíng zhòng liǎn， nèi chǐ gōng shì， wài shì sì yí。 xìn huò shén guài， xún yóu wú dù。 shǐ bǎi xìng pí bì qǐ wéi dào zéi， qí suǒ yǐ yì yú qín shǐ huáng zhě wú jǐ yǐ。 rán qín yǐ zhī wáng， hàn yǐ zhī xīng zhě， xiào wǔ néng zūn xiān wáng zhī dào， zhī suǒ tǒng shǒu， shòu zhōng zhí zhī yán。 è rén qī bì， hǎo xián bù juàn， zhū shǎng yán míng。 wǎn 'ér gǎi guò， gù tuō dé rén。 cǐ qí suǒ yǐ yòu wáng qín zhī shī 'ér miǎn wáng qín zhī huò hū？
wèishénme rén men duì
shǒu xiān，
wǒ men wú fǎ shǐ yòng dān yī de biāo zhǔn píng jià rèn hé rén。 rén xìng běn jiù fù zá， gèng hé kuàng fēng jiàn dì wáng！ huò xǔ tā de hǎo fā zì běn xīn， yě kě néng shì lǒngluò rén xīn de shǒu duàn； huò xǔ tā de huài shì huáng quán shǐ rán， bù dé yǐ 'ér wéi zhī， yě kě néng shì tiān xìng rú cǐ， bó qíng guǎ 'ēn。 yīn cǐ， jì rán wǒ men wú fǎ bō lí tā shēn shàng de dì wáng jiā suǒ， wǒ men de píng jià， jiù zhǐ néng zài tā de dì wáng yǔ fán rén liǎng zhǒng shēn fèn zhī jiān yóu yí。 dāng nián tiān zhēn wú xié de“ zhì 'ér”， rú hé tuì biàn chéng yī gè jì kě 'ài yòu kě pà de huáng dì？ zěn me kě néng yī yán bì zhī、 yī shū jìn zhī？
zhèng suǒ wèi：
tiān fēng hào dàng， hàn hǎi lán gān， jīn gē tiě mǎ， wàn sǐ qiān shāng， jù wǎng yǐ；
cháng chéng wēi rán， sī lù yōu cháng， dà fù huáng huáng， měi rén qī liáng， jù wǎng yǐ；
chún qiāng shé jiàn， zòng héng bǎi hé， jūn chén xiāng qīng， qiān qiū jiā guó， jù wǎng yǐ；
wēi jiā sì hǎi， gōng zhèn bā huāng， qiānzǎi yǐ wǎng， yì qì fēi yáng， jù wǎng yǐ。
wéi yòu gū xīng lěng yuè， chén zhōng mù gǔ， qīng dēng huáng juàn， cūn shè xì chǎng， zài nián nián píng shuō， suì suì xīng tàn。
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5、 jǔ xián liáng fāng zhèng zhí yán jí jiàn zhī shì duì cè， wǔ dì qīn zì cè wèn， xuǎn bá rén cái zuò guān。 jiù shì suǒ wèi de chá jǔ zhēng zhào zhì dù。
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7、 yuán shuò wǔ nián wéi wǔ jīng bó shì zhì dì zǐ wǔ shí rén， fù qí shēn； dì fāng jùn guó kě 'àn yī dìng tiáo jiàn xuǎn sòng yī xiē rén， kě shòu yè rú dì zǐ。 jīng kǎo shì， néng tōng yī yì yǐ shàng， kě yòng zuò guān lì。 cóng guó lì tài xué shēng zhòngxuǎn bá guān lì shǐ yú cǐ。
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9、 yuán fēng 'èr nián ( qián 109 nián )，
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13、 zài lún tái、 qú lí tún tián， bìng zhì shǐ zhě、 xiào wèi。 zhè shì zhōng guó lì shǐ shàng shǒu cì zài jīn zhōng guó xīn jiāng dì qū tún tián。
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15、 cóng xī yù yǐn jìn pú táo、 mù xu zhòngzhí， cóng dàyuān yǐn jìn liǎo liáng zhǒng mǎ héng héng héng tiān mǎ， xī yù de yuèqǔ、 mó shù chuán zhì zhōng guó， zhōng guó de zhù tiě jì shù、 sī zhì pǐn、 jǐng qú fǎ、 qī qì chuán zhì dàyuān děng dì。
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17、 yuán fēng wǔ nián ( qián 106 nián )， wéi jiā qiáng duì zhū hóu wáng hé dì fāng gāo guān de jiān chá， zhì shí sān zhōu bù cì shǐ， lìng liù bǎi shí jí bié de cì shǐ dū chá 'èr qiān shí jí bié de jùn guó shǒu xiāng。
18、 wéi jiā qiáng huáng quán， gǎi gé chéngxiàng zhì dù， shè lì zhōng cháo ( nèi cháo )， duì hòu lái de chéngxiàng zhì dù yǎn biàn fā shēng liǎo zhòng dà yǐng xiǎng。
19、 yuán dǐng 'èr nián ( qián 115 nián ) jìn jùn guó zhù qián， zhuān lìng guó jiā suǒ shǔ shàng lín sān guān zhù qián， fēi sān guān qián bù dé liú tōng， jùn guó yǐ qián suǒ zhù qián jiē fèi xiāo。 duì hòu shì yǐng xiǎng zhòng dà。
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24、 lǐ guǎng lì fá dàyuān hòu， xī yù nán dào zhū guó duō chén fú yú hàn， xuān dì shén jué 'èr nián ( qián 60 nián )， xiōng nú rì zhú wáng jiàng hàn， xiōng nú bù gǎn zhēng xī yù， bà tóng pú dū wèi。 xuān dì rèn mìng zhèng jí wéi xī yù dū hù， guǎn lǐ xī yù nán、 běi dào zhū guó， xī yù zhū guó chén fú yú hàn。 zhì cǐ， xī biān zhí dá lǐ hǎi， dōuchéng wèile hàn cháo de jiāng yù， zhè zài zhōng guó lì shǐ shàng shì shǒu cì。
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【 wǔ dì nán chǒng】
shǐ jì juàn bǎi 'èr shí wǔ · nìng xìng lièzhuàn dì liù shí wǔ
jīn tiān zǐ zhōng chǒng chén， shì rén zé hán wáng sūn yān， huàn zhě zé lǐ yán nián。 yān zhě， gōng gāo hóu niè sūn yě。 jīn shàng wéi jiāo dōng wáng shí， yān yǔ shàng xué shū xiāng 'ài。 jí shàng wéi tài zǐ， yù yì qīn yān。 yān shàn qí shè， shàn nìng。 shàng jí wèi， yù shì fá xiōng nú， ér yān xiān xí hú bīng， yǐ gù yì zūn guì， guān zhì shàng dà fū， shǎng cì nǐ yú dèng tōng。 shí yān cháng yǔ shàng wò qǐ。 jiāng dū wáng rù cháo， yòu zhào dé cóng rù liè shàng lín zhōng。 tiān zǐ chē jià bì dào wèi xíng， ér xiān shǐ yān chéng fù chē， cóng shù shí bǎi qí， wù chí shì shòu。 jiāng dū wáng wàng jiàn， yǐ wéi tiān zǐ， bì cóng zhě， fú yè dào bàng。 yān qū bù jiàn。 jì guò， jiāng dū wáng nù， wéi huáng tài hòu qì yuē：「 qǐng dé guī guó rù sù wèi， bǐ hán yān。」 tài hòu yóu cǐ qiǎn yān。 yān shì shàng， chū rù yǒng xiàng bù jìn， yǐ jiān wén huáng tài hòu。 huáng tài hòu nù， shǐ shǐ cì yān sǐ。 shàng wéi xiè， zhōng bù néng dé， yān suì sǐ。 ér 'àn dào hóu hán shuō， qí dì yě， yì nìng xìng。
lǐ yán nián， zhōng shān rén yě。 fù mǔ jí shēn xiōng dì jí nǚ， jiē gù chàng yě。 yán nián zuò fǎ fǔ， gěi shì gǒu zhōng。 ér píng yáng gōng zhù yán yán nián nǚ dì shàn wǔ， shàng jiàn， xīn shuō zhī， jí rù yǒng xiàng， ér zhào guì yán nián。 yán nián shàn gē， wéi biàn xīn shēng， ér shàng fāng xīng tiān dì cí， yù zào lè shī gē xián zhī。 yán nián shàn chéng yì， xián cì chū shī。 qí nǚ dì yì xìng， yòu zǐ nán。 yán nián pèi 'èr qiān shí yìn， hào xié shēng lǜ。 yǔ shàng wò qǐ， shèn guì xìng， liè rú hán yān yě。 jiǔ zhī， jìn yǔ zhōng rén luàn， chū rù jiāo zì。 jí qí nǚ dì lǐ fū rén zú hòu， ài chí， zé qín zhū yán nián kūn dì yě。
zì shì zhī hòu， nèi chǒng bì chén dà dǐ wài qī zhī jiā， rán bù zú shù yě。 wèi qīng、 huò qù bìng yì yǐ wài qī guì xìng， rán pō yòng cái néng zì jìn。
《 shǐ jì · nìng xìng lièzhuàn》 zhè yī zhāng jí zhōng jiè shào liǎo yǐ sè shì jūn de nán rén（“ yàn yuē「 lì tián bù rú féng nián， shàn shì bù rú yù hé」， gù wú xū yán。 fēi dú nǚ yǐ sè mèi， ér shì huàn yì yòu zhī”）。 gēn jù yǐ shàng miáo shù， liú chè hái shì yī wèi shuāng xìng liàn zhě。 míng què jìzǎi yú shǐ shū shàng de nán chǒng yòu hán yān、 lǐ yán nián、 hán shuō， yǐ jí wéi wǔ dì nòng 'ér de jīn rì dī zhī zǐ。 zhè yī zhāng jié suī rán liè chū liǎo wèi qīng、 huò qù bìng， dàn shì sī mǎ qiān yě chéng rèn suī rán yī kāi shǐ wèi qīng、 huò qù bìng shì yīn wéi qún dài guān xì shòu dào chǒng xìn de， bù guò tā men píng jiè zì jǐ de cái néng jiàn gōng lì yè， chéng liǎo hàn cháo de míng jiāng， yǔ qián zhě shì bù tóng de。
【
gēn jù《 shǐ jì . wài qī lièzhuàn》 jìzǎi： nán fāng zài shēn shí， wáng měi rén mèng rì rù qí huái。 yǐ gào tài zǐ， tài zǐ yuē：“ cǐ guì zhǐ yě。” wèi shēng 'ér xiào wén dì bēng， xiào jǐng dì jí wèi， wáng fū rén shēng nán。 jí wǔ dì yě。 xiào jǐng dì jí wèi shì gōng yuán qián 157 nián 7 yuè 14 rì， suǒ yǐ
【 jīn wū cáng jiāo】
【 jiě shì】 jiāo： yuán zhǐ
【 chū chù】 hàn · bān gù《 hàn wǔ gù shì》：“ ruò dé 'ā jiāo zuò fù， dāng zuò jīn wū zhù zhī yě。”
【 diǎn gù】
· chén 'ā jiāo yǔ
zài
qí shí chén huáng hòu de bēi jù zāo yù hái yòu zhèng zhì de yīn sù。 dāng chū wǔ dì bèi lì wéi tài zǐ， kào de shì qí gū mǔ cháng gōng zhù liú piáo。 tiáo jiàn shì liú chè qǔ cháng gōng zhù dú nǚ chén 'ā jiāo wéi qī。 cháng gōng zhù zì shì yōng lì huáng dì yòu gōng， ér wǔ dì shēn huàn zhī。 ér chén huáng hòu yě jí wéi jiāo hàn， yú shì liú chè shū yuǎn 'ā jiāo。 ér liú chè de mǔ qīn wáng tài hòu lì jí jǐng gào tā shuō： nǐ xīn jí huáng wèi， dà chén wèi fú。 xiān wéi gǎi zhì， tài huáng tài hòu yǐ nù。 xiàn“ yòu wǔ nù cháng gōng zhù， bì zhòng dé zuì， yí shēn shèn zhī！” suǒ wèi“ dà chén wèi fú”， jí zhǐ gōng qīng quán guì zhōng fǎn duì liú chè de 'àn liú。 suǒ wèi“ bì zhòng dé zuì”， jiù shì huáng dì yào dāng bù chéng liǎo。 wǔ dì cǐ shí hái méi yòu lì liàng hé dòu shì jiào liàng， zài tā rèn mìng de zhòng chén zhào wǎn tí chū dòu shì bù yìng zài gān shè cháo zhèng shí， rě nǎo liǎo dòu shì。 dòu shì bī pò wǔ dì fèi chú liǎo gāng gāng shí xíng de yī xì liè de gǎi gé cuò shī， zì jǐ rèn mìng de chéngxiàng hé tài wèi yě bèi pò bà miǎn， yòu de dà chén bèi bī sǐ yù zhōng。 ér liú chè shì jí qí cōng míng zhī rén， mǎ shàng zhuǎn 'ér 'ēn lǐ cháng gōng zhù、 chén huáng hòu。 cóng jiàn yuán 'èr nián zhì jiàn yuán liù nián jiān， tā sì chù yóu làng shè liè， bù zài guò wèn dà zhèng fāng zhēn。 yóu yú cháng gōng zhù de bǎo hù yǔ liú chè de tāo guāng yǎng huì， cái shǐ tā de dì wèi dé yǐ bǎo quán。
【 miào hào shì hào】
miào hào“ shì zōng”， shì hào“ xiào wǔ”， zàng“ mào líng”（ qián 139 héng qián 87 nián jiān xiū jiàn）。
【 hòu rén píng jià】
bān gù（ 32 héng 92）
hàn chéng bǎi wáng zhī bì， gāo zǔ bō luàn fǎn zhèng， wén、 jǐng wù zài yǎng mín， zhì yú jī gǔ lǐ wén zhī shì， yóu duō jué yān。 xiào wǔ chū lì， zhuó rán bà chù bǎi jiā， biǎo zhāng《 liù jīng》。 suì zhì zī hǎi nèi， jǔ qí jùn mào， yǔ zhī lì gōng。 xīng tài xué， xiū jiāo sì， gǎi zhèng shuò， dìng lìshǔ， xié yīn lǜ， zuò shī lè， jiàn fēng shì dàn， lǐ bǎi shén， shào zhōu hòu， hào lìng wén zhāng， huàn yān kě shù。 hòu sì dé zūn hóng yè， ér yòu sān dài zhī fēng。 rú wǔ dì zhī xióng cái dà lüè， bù gǎi wén、 jǐng zhī gōng jiǎn yǐ jì sī mín， suī《 shī》、《 shū》 suǒ chēng， hé yòu jiā yān！
héng héng《 hàn shū · wǔ dì jì》
sī mǎ zhēn
xiào wǔ zuǎn jí， sì hǎi chéng píng。 zhì shàng shē lì， yóu jìng shén míng。 tán kāi bā dào， jiē tōng wǔ chéng。 cháo qīn wǔ lì， xī bài wén chéng。 jì fēi sì diǎn， xún guāi bǔ zhēng。 dēng sōng lè dài， wàng jǐng chuán shēng。 yíng nián sì rì， gǎi lì dìng zhèng。 pí hào zhōng tǔ， shì bǐ biān bīng。 rì bù xiá gěi， rén wú liáo shēng。 fǔ guān yíng zhèng， jǐ yù qí héng。
héng héng《 shǐ jì suǒ yǐn》
shí jiàn（ 1995 nián 5 yuè 20 rì héng， jiāng sū shěng nán jīng shì yǔ huā tái qū méi shān jiē dào rén）
lì shǐ xué jiā duì
He ordered the first census in recorded history of China to take place in his reign.
While establishing an autocratic and centralized state, Emperor Wu adopted the principles of Confucianism as the state philosophy and code of ethics for his empire and started a school to teach future administrators the Confucian classics. These reforms would have an enduring effect throughout the existence of imperial China and an enormous influence on neighboring civilizations. Emperor Wu's reign lasted 54 years — a record that would not be broken until the reign of the Kangxi Emperor more than 1800 years later.
Background, birth, and years as crown prince
Emperor Wu was the tenth child of Emperor Jing, and was born to one of Emperor Jing's favorite concubines, Consort Wang Zhi in 156 BC. His mother had initially been married once, to a commoner called Jin Wangsun (金王孫) and had a daughter from that marriage. However, her mother Zang Er (臧兒) (a granddaughter of one-time Prince of Yan, Zang Tu (臧荼), under Emperor Gao) was told by a fortuneteller that both Wang Zhi and her sister would one day become extremely honored. Zang got the idea to offer them to Crown Prince Liu Qi (later Emperor Jing) and forcibly divorced Wang Zhi from her husband in the process. A son was born shortly after Prince Qi succeeded the throne from his deceased father Emperor Wen.
When Consort Wang was pregnant, she claimed that she dreamed of a sun falling into her womb. It was also said that Emperor Jing dreamed of a crimson boar descending from the cloud into the palace. The young, newly born prince was therefore named Liu Zhi (劉彘), with Zhi literally meaning "boar", but also implying the dragon — a mystical sign of nobility and fortune. In 153 BC, Prince Zhi was made the Prince of Jiaodong.
As Emperor Jing's formal wife Empress Bo had no children, his oldest son Liu Rong (劉榮), born to his another favorite concubine Consort Li (栗姬), was created crown prince in 153 BC. Consort Li was arrogant and easily jealous, and she hoped to become empress after Empress Bo was deposed in 151 BC. However, her lack of tact and bad personality would give Consort Wang a break. When Consort Li, out of a grudge to Emperor Jing's sister Princess Piao (劉嫖), refused to let her son marry Princess Piao's daughter Chen Jiao, Consort Wang took the opportunity and had Chen Jiao betrothed to Prince Zhi. Princess Piao then began incessantly criticize Consort Li for her jealousy — pointing out that if Consort Li became empress dowager, many concubines might suffer the fates of Consort Qi, Emperor Gao's favorite concubine who was tortured, mutilated and killed by Emperor Gao's wife Empress Dowager Lü (呂后) after Emperor Gao's death. Emperor Jing was shocked upon the suggestion, and decided that such risk must be prevented. He deposed Prince Rong from the successor position in 150 BC. Consort Li, enraged and humiliated with the turn of event, died very soon after. Prince Rong later was charged with committing misconducts, and committed suicide in custody.
That year, Consort Wang was created empress, and Prince Zhi became the crown prince, with his name changed to Liu Che. Given his young age, there was not much record of any accomplishments by him while being the Crown Prince. When Emperor Jing died in 141 BC, Crown Prince Che succeeded to the throne as Emperor Wu at age 15.
Early reign: the young years
After Emperor Wu ascended the throne, his grandmother Empress Dowager Dou became the Grand Empress Dowager, and his mother Empress Wang became the Empress Dowager. He made his wife (and cousin, with Empress Chen being the daughter of his aunt) Chen Jiao empress.
In 140 BC, Emperor Ju of Szak conducted an imperial examination of over 100 young scholars recommended by officials, most of them commoners with no noble background. This event would prove to have a major impact on Chinese history, as it was the official start of the establishment of Confucianism as official imperial doctrine. This came about because a young Confucian scholar, Dong Zhongshu, was evaluated to have submitted the best essay, in which he advocated the establishment of Confucianism. It is unclear whether Emperor Wu, in his young age, actually determined this, or whether this was the result of machinations of the prime minister Wei Wan (衛綰), who was himself a Confucian. However, the fact that several other young scholars who scored highly on the examination (but interestingly enough, not Dong) later became trusted advisors for Emperor Wu would appear to suggest that Emperor Wu himself at least had some actual participation.
The first few years of Emperor Wu's reign saw the administration dominated by three figures — his grandmother Grand Empress Dowager Dou, his mother Empress Dowager Wang, and her half-brother Tian Fen (田蚡), who was created Marquess of Wu'an and made the commander of the armed forces after Emperor Wu became emperor. However, even during these years, Emperor Wu found chances to assert himself at times but found himself occasionally curbed by them. For example, in 139 BC, when Confucian officials Zhao Wan (趙綰) and Wang Zang (王臧), who were disliked by the grand empress dowager because she was an adherent to Taoism rather than Confucianism, advised the emperor to no longer consult the grand empress dowager, she had them tried for corruption, and resulting them committing suicide in prison. Emperor Wu was forced to submit to his grandmother, with his throne under jeopardy for years, sustained only by mediation through his aunt/mother-in-law, Princess Piao.
However, Emperor Wu was far from giving up. Disappointed totally over the lack of foresight displayed by older, conservative generations of nobles, he decided to create his own thinktanks. He was constantly on the look out for young, capable officials around his age, whose suggestions for governing the state that he agreed with, and he took them into a close circle and promoted them out of normal seniority rotations. Unlike some other emperors in history who carried out these techniques, he was also not hesitant to remind these advisors that he was their overlord — including punishing them severely or even executing them if they were found to have been corrupt or have hidden petty, ugly secrets from him. On the other hand, he respected those officials who did not flatter him and would honestly rebuke him when they saw fit, the most famous of whom was Ji An (汲黯), whose offensive and brutal comments often gave Emperor Wu fears of staying in front of him, but he respected Ji's integrity sincerely. He also showed typical young male rebelliousness at times, often sneaking out of the capital disguised as an ordinary marquess, for hunting and sightseeing.
Emperor Wu's marriage to Empress Chen was initially a happy one — so much so that he once boasted to her mother, Princess Piao, that he would build a golden house for Empress Chen. (This led to the Chinese idiom "putting Jiao in a golden house" (金屋藏嬌), which, however, became a term for keeping a mistress rather than a wife.) However, this did not last, at least partly because Empress Chen never bore him a son, even after she was treated by physicians. Later, while visiting his sister Princess Pingyang, he was entertained by a female singer/dancer Wei Zifu, the daughter of one of the princess' lowly lady servants, and Princess Pingyang offered Wei to become one of Emperor Wu's consorts. She became his favorite. Empress Chen was so jealous that she attempted suicide several times, but each time she failed; each attempt made Emperor Wu more angry at her. Princess Piao, in order to avenge her daughter, tried to have Consort Wei's brother Wei Qing kidnapped and secretly executed, but Wei Qing was saved just in time by his friends. Emperor Wu promoted both Consort Wei and Wei Qing in front of the Empress and her mother, initially out of protest, but later he discovered qualities in Wei Qing and made him one of his closest attendants, and later a general.
In 135 BC, after Grand Empress Dowager Dou died, Emperor Wu began to assert himself even more. While Empress Dowager Wang and Tian Fen were still influential, they found that they no longer had as much control over the emperor as they formerly did.
Around the same time, Emperor Wu started to show will and aptitude for territorial expansion. The first example came in 138 BC, when Minyue (modern Fujian) attacked Donghai (modern Zhejiang) and Donghai sought help from Han, Emperor Wu acted quickly to try to relieve Donghai, over Tian's opposition. Upon hearing news of Han's expedition force being dispatched, Minyue withdrew. Fearful of another Minyue attack, Luo Wang (駱望), the King of Donghai, purportedly requested that his people be allowed to relocate into China proper, and Emperor Wu relocated them to the region between the Yangtze and Huai Rivers. In 135 BC, when Minyue attacked Nanyue, Nanyue also sought assistance from Han even though it probably had enough strength to defend itself — a sign of submission to the emperor's authority. Emperor Wu was greatly pleased by this gesture, and he dispatched an expedition force to attack Minyue, over the objection of one of his key advisors, Liu An, a royal relative and the Prince of Huainan. Minyue nobles, fearful of the massive Chinese force, assassinated their king Luo Ying (駱郢) and sought peace. In a stroke of genius, Emperor Wu imposed a dual-monarchy system on Minyue by creating kings out of Luo Ying's brother Luo Yushan (駱餘善) and grandson Luo Chou (駱丑), thus ensuring internal discord in Minyue. As to Xiongnu, he maintained heqin for sometime.
Maturity in reign and territorial expansion
The peace with Xiongnu would not last, however, because Emperor Wu was not satisfied with what he saw as appeasement of the Xiongnu. In 133 BC, at the suggestion of Wang Hui (王恢), the minister of vassal affairs, he had his generals set a trap for the Xiongnu Chanyu Junchen (軍臣). Under the plan, a power local gentleman, Nie Yi (聶壹) from Mayi (馬邑, in modern Shuozhou, Shanxi) falsely claimed to offer Mayi to Xiongnu after killing the county magistrate to try to entice Chanyu Junchen into advancing on Mayi, while Han forces hid around Mayi to be ready to surprise the chanyu. The plan failed when a soldier captured by Xiongnu disclosed the entire plan to Chanyu Junchen, who then withdrew quickly before the Han forces could ambush him. This ended the peace between Han and Xiongnu, and for years there were continued border skirmishes even though, oddly, the states remained trade partners.
Emperor Wu dispatching Zhang Qian to Central Asia from 138 to 126 BCE, Mogao Caves mural, 618-712 CE.Another major battle was pitched in 129 BC when Xiongnu attacked the Commandery of Shanggu (上谷, roughly modern Zhangjiakou, Hebei), Emperor Wu dispatched four generals, Li Guang, Gongsun Ao (公孫敖), Gongsun He (公孫賀) and Wei Qing, each leading a 10,000-strong cavalry against Xiongnu. Both Li Guang and Gongsun Ao suffered major losses at Xiongnu's hands, and Gongsun He failed to find and engage the enemy, but Wei Qing distinguished himself with a long-distance raid on a Xiongnu holy site and was promoted to a larger command. In 127 BC, a force commanded by Wei defeated a substantial Xiongnu force and allowed Han to occupy the Shuofang (朔方) region (modern western central Inner Mongolia centering Ordos), the region was immediately settled with 100,000 Chinese colonists. The city of Shuofang (朔方) was built, and would later become a key post from which offensives against Xiongnu would be launched. When Xiongnu tried to attack Shuofang in 124 BC, Wei surprised them by attacking them from the rear and took about 15,000 captives — and at this battle, his nephew Huo Qubing (霍去病) distinguished himself in battle and was given his own command. In 121 BC, Huo had a major victory over the Xiongnu Princes of Hunxie (渾邪王) and Xiutu (休屠王) — which had unforeseen good results for Han. When Chanyu Yizhixie (伊稚邪) heard of the loss, he wanted to punish those princes harshly. The Prince of Hunxie, fearful of such punishment, after being unable to persuade the Prince of Xiutu, killed the Prince of Xiutu and surrendered his forces, which then controlled the Gansu region, to Han, and this turned out to be a major blow to Xiongnu, robbing Xiongnu of a major grazing region and other natural resources. Emperor Wu established five commanderies over the region and encouraged Chinese to relocate to the Gansu region, which has remained in Chinese hands ever since. The region would also become important staging grounds for the subjugation of Xiyu (西域, modern Xinjiang and former Soviet central Asia).
The exploration into Xiyu was first started in 139 BC, that Emperor Wu commissioned Zhang Qian to seek out the Kingdom of Yuezhi, which had been expelled by Xiongnu from the modern Gansu region, to entice it to return to its ancestral lands with promises of Han military assistance, in order to fight against Xiongnu together. Zhang was immediately captured by Xiongnu once he ventured into the desert, but was able to escape around 129 BC and eventually made it to Yuezhi, which by then had relocated to Samarkand. While Yuezhi refused to return, it and several other kingdoms in the area, including Dayuan (Kokand) and Kangju, established diplomatic relationships with Han. Zhang was able to deliver his report to Emperor Wu when he arrived back in the capital Chang'an in 126 BC after a second and shorter captivity by Xiongnu. After the Prince of Hunxie surrendered the Gansu region, the path to Xiyu became clear, and regular embassies between Han and the Xiyu kingdoms commenced.
Han Wudi sent ambassadors to the Dian Kingdom in Yunnan. Bronze sculpture depicting Dian people, 3rd century BCE.Another expansion plan, this one aimed at the southwest, was soon initiated as well. The impetus for this expansion was aimed at eventual conquest of Nanyue, which was viewed as an unreliable vassal, by first obtaining the submission the southwestern tribal kingdoms — the largest of which was Yelang (modern Zunyi, Guizhou) — so that a route for a potential back-stabbing attack on Nanyue could be made. The Han ambassador Tang Meng (唐蒙) was able to secure the submission of these tribal kingdoms by giving their kings gifts, and Emperor Wu established the Commandery of Jianwei (犍為, headquarters in modern Yibin, Sichuan) to govern over the tribes, but eventually abandoned it after being unable to cope with native revolts. Later, after Zhang Qian returned from the western region, part of his report indicated that by going through the southwestern kingdoms, embassies could reach Shendu (India) and Anxi (Parthia) easier. Encouraged by the report, in 122 BC, Emperor Wu sent ambassadors to try to again persuade Yelang and Dian (滇, modern eastern Yunnan) into submission.
Emperor Wu also made an aborted expansion into the Korean Peninsula by establishing the Commandery of Canghai (蒼海), but abandoned it in 126 BC.
It was also during this time that Emperor Wu began to show a fascination with immortality, and he began to associate with magicians who claimed to be able to, if they could find the proper ingredients, create divine pills that would confer immortality. However, he himself punished others' use of magic severely. In 130 BC, for example, when Empress Chen was found to have retained witches to curse Consort Wei and to try to regain Emperor Wu's affections, he had her deposed and the witches executed.
In 128 BC, Consort Wei bore Emperor Wu his first-born son, Liu Ju. She was created empress later that year, and he was created crown prince in 122 BC.
In 122 BC, Liu An, the Prince of Huainan (a previously trusted advisor of Emperor Wu), and his brother Liu Ci (劉賜), the Prince of Hengshan, were accused of plotting treason. Both of them committed suicide, and their families and alleged coconspirators were executed.
Emperor Wu worshipping two statues of Golden Man (or Buddha) in 120 BC, Mogao Caves, Dunhuang, ca. 8th century CE. (However, note that there is no historical record of Emperor Wu actually being aware of Buddhism. The first confirmed contact between a Chinese emperor and Buddhist doctrines would not happen until a century later, during the reign of Emperor Ming.)In 119 BC, Emperor Wu broke the normal pattern of reacting against Xiongnu attacks, by making a major excursion against Xiongnu's headquarters. Wei and Huo's forces were able to make a direct assault on Chanyu Yizhixie's forces, nearly capturing him and annihilating his army. It was at this battle, however, that the famous general Li Guang, whose fortunes had been effectively sabotaged by Wei's strategic plan (who, as the supreme commander, had ordered Li to take a flanking route through a region without Xiongnu forces but which lacked food and water, resulting in Li's forces becoming lost and unable to join the main forces), committed suicide after being told that he would be court-martialed for his failures. Even though both Wei and Huo were successful, Emperor Wu particularly praised Huo and rewarded him with many others; it was from this point on that Huo began to receive primacy over the forces over his uncle Wei. After Xiongnu suffered these heavy losses, the Chanyu sought heqin peace with Han again, but broke off peace talks after Han made it clear that it wanted Xiongnu to become a vassal instead.
Around the same time, perhaps as a sign of what would be to come, Emperor Wu began to trust governing officials who were harsh in their punishments. For example, one of those officials, Yi Zong (義縱), when he became the governor of the Commandery of Dingxiang (part of modern Hohhot, Inner Mongolia), executed 200 prisoners even though they had not committed capital crimes — and then executed their friends who happened to be visiting as well. Emperor Wu came to believe that this would be the most effective method to maintain social order and so put these officials in power. A famous wrongful execution happened in 117 BC, the victim of which was the minister of agriculture Yan Yi (顏異). Yan had previously offended the emperor by opposing a plan to effectively extort double tributes out of princes and marquesses — by requiring them to place their tributes on white deer skin, which the central government would sell them at an exorbitantly high price. Later, Yan was falsely accused of committing a crime, and during the investigation, it became known that once, when a friend of Yan's criticized a law promulgated by the emperor, Yan, while not saying anything, moved his lips. Yan was executed for "internal defamation" of the emperor, and this caused the officials to be fearful and willing to flatter the emperor.
Further territorial expansion, old age, and paranoia
Starting about 113 BC, Emperor Wu appeared to begin to display further signs of abusing his power. He began to incessantly tour the commanderies, initially nearby Chang'an, but later extending to much farther places, worshipping the various gods on the way, perhaps again in the search of immortality. He also had a succession of magicians whom he honored with great things, even, in one case, making one a marquess and marrying a daughter to him. (That magician, Luan Da (欒大), after he was exposed to be a fraud, however, was executed.) Emperor Wu's expenditures on these tours and magical adventures put a great strain on the national treasury and caused difficulties on the locales that he visited, twice causing the governors of commanderies to commit suicide after they were unable to supply the emperor's entire train.
In 112 BC, a crisis in the Kingdom of Nanyue (modern Guangdong, Guangxi, and northern Vietnam) would erupt that would lead to military intervention by Emperor Wu. At that time, the King Zhao Xing (趙興) and his mother Queen Dowager Jiu (樛太后) — a Chinese woman whom Zhao Xing's father Zhao Yingqi (趙嬰齊) had married while he served as an ambassador to Han — were both in favor of becoming incorporated into Han. This was opposed by the senior prime minister Lü Jia (呂嘉), who wanted to maintain the kingdom's independence. Queen Dowager Jiu tried to goad the Chinese ambassadors into killing Lü, but the Chinese ambassadors were hesitant to do so. When Emperor Wu sent a 2,000-men force, led by Han Qianqiu (韓千秋) and Queen Dowager Jiu's brother Jiu Le (樛樂), to try to assist the king and the queen dowager, Lü staged a coup d'etat and had the king and the queen dowager killed. He made another son of Zhao Yingqi, Zhao Jiande (趙建德), king. He then annihilated the Han forces under Han and Jiu. Several months later, Emperor Wu commissioned a five-pronged attack against Nanyue. In 111 BC, the Han forces captured the Nanyue capital Panyu (番禺, modern Guangzhou) and annexed the entire Nanyue territory into Han, establishing nine commanderies.
Later that year, one of the co-kings of Minyue (modern Fujian), Luo Yushan, fearful that Han would next attack his kingdom, made a preemptive attack against Han, capturing a number of towns in the former Nanyue and in the other border commanderies. In 110 BC, under Han military pressure, his co-king Luo Jugu (駱居古) assassinated Luo Yushan and surrendered the kingdom to Han. However, Emperor Wu did not establish commanderies in Minyue's former territory, but moved its people to the region between Yangtze and Huai Rivers.
Later that year, Emperor Wu, at great expense, carried out the ancient ceremony of fengshan (封禪) at Mount Tai — ceremonies to worship heaven and earth, and to offer a secret petition to the gods of heaven and earth, presumably seeking immortality. (He decreed that he would return to Mount Tai every five years to repeat the ceremony, but only did once, in 98 BC; still, many palaces were built for him and the princes to accommodate the anticipated cycles of the ceremony.)
It was around this time that, in reaction to the large expenditures by Emperor Wu that had exhausted the national treasury, his agricultural minister Sang Hongyang (桑弘羊) conceived of a plan that many dynasties would repeat later, by creating national monopolies for salt and iron. The national treasury would further purchase other consumer goods when the prices were low and sell them when the prices were high at profit, thus replenishing the treasury while at the same time making sure the price fluctuation would not be too great.
In 109 BC, Emperor Wu would start yet another territorial expansion campaign. Nearly a century ago, a Chinese general Wei Man had established a kingdom, which he named Chaoxian or Joseon at Wangxian (王險, modern Pyongyang), which became a nominal Han vassal. A conflict would erupt in 109 BC, when Wei Man's grandson Wei Youqu (衛右渠, 위우거) refused to permit Jin's ambassadors to reach China through his territories. When Emperor Wei sent an ambassador She He (涉何) to Wangxian to negotiate right of passage with King Youqu, King Youqu refused and had a general escort She back to Han territory — but when they got close to Han borders, She assassinated the general and claimed to Emperor Wu that he had defeated Joseon in battle, and Emperor Wu, unaware of his deception, made him the military commander of the Commandery of Liaodong (modern central Liaoning). King Youqu, offended, made a raid on Liaodong and killed She. In response, Emperor Wu commissioned a two-pronged attack, one by land and one by sea, against Joseon. Initially, Joseon offered to become a vassal, but peace negotiations broke down by the Chinese forces' refusal to let a Joseon force escort its crown prince to Chang'an to pay tribute to Emperor Wu. The two forces attacking Joseon were unable to coordinate well with each other and eventually suffered large losses. Eventually the commands were merged, and Wangxian fell. Han took over the Joseon lands and established four commanderies.
Also in 109 BC, Emperor Wu sent an expeditionary force against the Kingdom of Dian (modern eastern Yunnan), planning on conquering it, but when the King of Dian surrendered, Dian was incorporated into Han territory with the King of Dian being permitted to keep his traditional authority and title. Emperor Wu established five commanderies over Dian and the other nearby kingdoms.
In 108 BC, Emperor Wu sent general Zhao Ponu (趙破奴) on a campaign to Xiyu, and he forced the Kingdoms of Loulan (on northeast border of the Taklamakan Desert and Cheshi (modern Turpan, Xinjiang) into submission. In 105 BC, Emperor Wu gave a princess from a remote collateral imperial line to Kunmo (昆莫), the King of Wusun (Issyk Kol basin) in marriage, and she later married his grandson and successor Qinqu (芩娶), creating a strong and stable alliance between Han and Wusun. The various Xiyu kingdoms would also strengthen their relationships with Han, in general. An infamous Han war against the nearby Kingdom of Dayuan (Kokand) would soon erupt in 104 BC. Dayuan refused to give in to Emperor Wu's commands to surrender its best horses, Emperor Wu's ambassadors were then executed when they insulted the King of Dayuan after his refusal. Emperor Wu commissioned Li Guangli (李廣利), the brother of a favorite concubine Consort Li, as a general against Dayuan. In 103 BC, Li Guangli's army of 26,000 men (20,000 Chinese & 6,000 steppe cavalry), without adequate supplies, suffered a humiliating loss against Dayuan, but in 102 BC, Li with a new army of 60,000 men, was able to put a devastating siege on its capital by cutting off water supplies to the city, forcing Dayuan's surrender 3,000 of its prized horses. This Han victory further intimidated the Xiyu kingdoms into submission.
Emperor Wu also made attempts to try to intimidate Xiongnu into submission, but even though peace negotiations were ongoing, Xiongnu would never actually submit to becoming a Han vassal during Emperor Wu's reign. In 103 BC, indeed, Chanyu Er would surround Zhao Ponu and capture his entire army — the first major Xiongnu victory since Wei Qing and Huo Qubing nearly captured the chanyu in 119 BC. Following Han's victory over Dayuan in 102 BC, however, Xiongnu became concerned that Han could then concentrate against it, and made peace overtures, but peace negotiations would be destroyed when the Han deputy ambassador Zhang Sheng (張勝) was discovered to have conspired to assassinate Chanyu Qiedihou (且鞮侯). The ambassador, the later-famed Su Wu would be detained for two decades. In 99 BC, Emperor Wu commissioned another expedition force aimed at crushing Xiongnu, but both prongs of the expedition force would fail — Li Guangli's forces became trapped but was able to free itself and withdraw, while Li Ling (李陵), Li Guang's grandson, surrendered at the end after being surrounded and inflicting large losses on Xiongnu forces. One year later, receiving an inaccurate report that Li Ling was training Xiongnu soldiers, Emperor Wu had Li's clan executed. Li's friend, the famed historian Sima Qian (whom Emperor Wu already bore a grudge against because Sima's Shiji was not as flattering to Emperor Wu and his father Emperor Jing as Emperor Wu wanted), who tried to defend Li's actions, was castrated.
In 106 BC, in order the further better organize the territories, including both the previously-existing empire and the newly conquered territories, Emperor Wu divided the empire into 13 Regions (zhou, 州), but without governors or prefectural governments at this time — that would come later. Rather, he assigned a supervisor to each prefecture, who would visit the commanderies and principalities in the prefecture on a rotating basis to investigate corruption and disobedience with imperial edicts.
In 104 BC, Emperor Wu built the luxurious Jianzhang Palace (建章宮) — a massive structure that was intended to make him closer to the gods. He would later reside at that palace exclusively rather than the traditional Weiyang Palace (未央宮), which Xiao He had built during the reign of Emperor Gao.
About 100 BC, due to the heavy taxation and military burdens imposed by Emperor Wu's incessant military campaigns and luxury spending, there were many peasant revolts throughout the empire. Emperor Wu issued an edict that was intended at suppressing the peasant revolts, by making officials whose commanderies saw unsuppressed peasant revolts liable with their lives — but which had the exact opposite effect, since it became impossible to suppress all of the revolts, and the officials would merely cover up the existence of the revolts.
In 96 BC, a series of witchcraft persecutions would begin. Emperor Wu, who was paranoid over a nightmare of being whipped by tiny stick-wielding puppets and a sighting of a traceless assassin (possibly a hallucination), ordered extensive investigations with harsh punishments. Large numbers of people, many of whom were high officials, were accused of witchcraft and executed, usually with their entire clans. The first trial began with Empress Wei's elder brother-in-law Gongsun He (公孫賀, the Prime Minister at the time) and his son Gongsun Jingsheng (公孫敬聲, also an imperial official, but under corruption charges), quickly leading to the execution of their entire clan. Also caught in this disaster were Crown Prince Ju's two elder sisters Princess Yangshi (陽石公主, who was said to have a romantic relationship with her cousin Gongsun Jingsheng) and Princess Zhuyi (諸邑公主), as well as his cousin Wei Kang (衛伉, the eldest son of the deceased general Wei Qing), who were all accused of witchcraft and executed in 91 BC. Soon, these witchcraft persecutions would become intertwined in the succession struggles and erupt into a major catastrophe.
The Crown Prince Ju revolt
In 94 BC, Emperor Wu's youngest son Liu Fuling was born to a favorite concubine of his, Consort Zhao. Emperor Wu was ecstatic in having a child at such an advanced age (62 years old), and because Consort Zhao purportedly had a post-term pregnancy that lasted 14 months long — same as the mythical Emperor Yao — he named Consort Zhao's palace gate "Gate of Yao's mother". This led to speculations that the Emperor, due to his favor for Consort Zhao and Prince Fuling, wanted to make Liu Fuling the crown prince instead. While there was no evidence that he actually intended to do anything as such, over the next few years, there began to be conspirators against Crown Prince Ju and Empress Wei under the inspiration of such rumors.
Up to this point, there had been a cordial but somehow fragile relationship between Emperor Wu and his crown prince. Even though Emperor Wu, as he grew older, had less and less attraction to Empress Wei, he continued to respect her. Whenever Emperor Wu was outside the capital, he would leave important affairs for Crown Prince Ju to handle, and when he got back to the capital, Emperor Wu usually had no disagreements with Prince Ju's decisions and would not overrule them. However, as Emperor Wu grew older and became more trusting of harsh (sometimes corrupt) officials, Prince Ju, who favored more lenient policies, often advised his father to consider changes to the way he ran the country. This created some annoyance for Emperor Wu as he was disappointed that his son were not as ambitious as he was. Further, after Wei Qing's death in 106 BC and Gongsun He's execution, Prince Ju had no strong allies left in the government, and the officials who disagreed with his lenient attitudes began to publicly defame him and plot against him. Also around this time, Emperor Wu was becoming more and more isolated, spending time mostly with young concubines, away from his sons and Empress Wei, who were often unable to reach him.
One of the conspirators against Prince Ju would be Jiang Chong (江充), the newly appointed head of secret intelligence, who once had a run-in with Prince Ju after arresting one of Prince Ju's assistants for improper use of an imperial right of way. It appears likely that Jiang was behind many of the witchcraft accusations and persecutions against important persons in the Han court. One other conspirator was Su Wen (蘇文), a chief eunuch in charge of caring for imperial concubines. He had previously made false accusations against Prince Ju, that he joyed over the Emperor Wu's illness and committed adultery with the Emperor's junior concubines.
Jiang and Su decided on using witchcraft as the excuse to move against Prince Ju. Jiang, with approval from Emperor Wu, who was then at his summer palace in Ganquan (甘泉, in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi), searched through various palaces, ostensibly for witchcraft items, eventually reaching Prince Ju's and Empress Wei's palace. While completely trashing up the palaces with intensive digging, he secretly planted witchery dolls and pieces of cloth with mysterious writings, and then announced that he found them there during the search. Prince Ju was shocked, knowing that he was framed. He considered his options, and his teacher Shi De (石德), invoking the story of Ying Fusu and raising the possibility that Emperor Wu might already be deceased, suggested that Prince Ju start an uprising to fight the conspirators. Prince Ju initially hesitated, and wanted to speedily proceed to Ganquan Palace so he could defend himself in front of his father. When he found out that Jiang's messengers were already ahead on their way, he decided to accept Shi's suggestion.
Prince Ju then sent an individual to impersonate a messenger from Emperor Wu to lure and arrest Jiang and his coconspirators — except for Su, who escaped. After they were arrested, Prince Ju accused Jiang of sabotaging the relationship between him and his father, and killed Jiang personally. He then went to Empress Wei's palaces, and with the support of his mother, led his guards and enlisted civilians and prisoners in preparation to defend himself.
Su fled to Ganquan Palace and accused Prince Ju of treason. Emperor Wu, not believing it to be true and correctly (at this point) believing that Prince Ju had merely been angry at Jiang, sent a messenger back to Chang'an to summon Prince Ju. The messenger did not dare to proceed to Chang'an, but instead returned and gave Emperor Wu the false report that Prince Ju was conducting a coup. By now enraged, Emperor Wu ordered his nephew, Prime Minister Liu Qumao (劉屈犛), to put down the rebellion.
The two sides battled in the streets of Chang'an for five days, but Liu Qumao's forces prevailed after it became clear that Prince Ju did not have his father's authorization. Prince Ju was forced to flee the capital following the defeat, accompanied only by two of his sons and some personal guards. Apart from a grandson Liu Bingyi, who was barely a month old and thrown into prison, all other members of his family were left behind and killed, and his mother Empress Wei committed suicide when Emperor Wu sent officials to depose her. Their bodies were carelessly buried in suburban fields without proper tomb markings. Prince Ju's supporters were brutally cracked down, and civilians aiding the Crown Prince were exiled. Even Tian Ren (田仁), an official City Gatekeeper who did not stop Prince Ju's escape, and Ren An (任安), an army commander who chose not to actively participate in the crackdown, were accused of being sympathizers and executed.
Emperor Wu continued to be enraged and ordered that Prince Ju be tracked down, but after a junior official Linghu Mao (令狐茂) risked his life and spoke on Prince Ju's behalf, Emperor Wu's anger began to subside, but he had not yet issued a pardon for Prince Ju. This would later be proven to cost the Crown Prince's life.
Prince Ju fled to Hu County (湖縣, in modern Sanmenxia, Henan) and took refuge in the home of a poor peasant family. Knowing that their good-hearted hosts could never afford the daily expenditure of so many people, the Prince decided to seek help from an old friend who lived nearby. However, this move exposed their whereabouts, and was soon tracked down by local officials eager for rewards. Surrounded by troops and see no chance of escape, the Prince committed suicide by hanging. His two sons and the family housing them died with him after the government soldiers eventually broke into the yard and killed everyone. The two local officials who led the raid, Zhang Fuchang (張富昌) and Li Shou (李寿), wasted no time to take the Prince's body to Chang'an and claim rewards from Emperor Wu. Emperor Wu, although greatly saddened to hear the death of his son, had to keep his promise and rewarded the officials contributed in the crackdown.
Late reign and death
Even after Jiang Chong and Prince Ju both died, however, the witchcraft affairs would continue. One final prominent victim was the general Li Guangli, who was Consort Li's brother and had prior victories over Dayuan and Xiongnu despite causing unnecessary losses with his military incompetence. In 90 BC, while Li was assigned to a campaign against Xiongnu, a eunuch named Guo Rang (郭穰) exposed that Li and his political ally, Prime Minister Liu Qumao, conspired to use witchcraft on Emperor Wu. Liu and his family were immediately arrested and later executed, and Li's family was also under custody. Li, after knowing the news, realised that going home is no longer an option, so he used risky tactics to attempt a major victory against Xiongnu in order to build up a future standoff against Emperor Wu, but failed when some of his senior officers mutinied. On his retreat, he was ambushed by Xiongnu forces, and he defected to Xiongnu. His clan was executed by Emperor Wu not long after. Li himself later fell victim to the infighting with older Han traitors in Xiongnu, especially one named Wei Lü (衛律), who was extremely jealous of the amount of Chanyu's favor Li gained as a new, high-profile defector.
By this time, however, Emperor Wu had begun to realize that the witchcraft accusations were often false accusations, especially in relation to the Crown Prince rebellion. In 89 BC, when Tian Qianqiu (田千秋), then the superintendent of Emperor Gao's temple, wrote a report claiming that Emperor Gao told him in a dream that Prince Ju should have only been whipped at most, not killed, Emperor Wu had a revelation about what happened, and he had Su burned and Jiang's family executed. He also made Tian prime minister. However, although he claimed to miss Prince Ju greatly (he even built a palace and an altar for his deceased son as a sign of grief and regret), he did not at this time rectify the situation where Prince Ju's only surviving progeny, Liu Bingyi, languished in prison as a child.
The political scene now greatly changed. Emperor Wu publicly self-criticized and apologized to the whole nation about his past policy mistakes, a gesture known to history as the Repenting Edict of Luntai (輪台悔詔). The Prime Minister Tian he appointed was in favor of resting the troops and the people and promoting agriculture, and under his recommendation, several agricultural experts were made important members of the administration. Wars and territorial expansion generally ceased. These policies and ideals were those supported by Crown Prince Ju, and was finally realised years after he was dead.
By 88 BC, Emperor Wu was terminally ill, but with Prince Ju dead, there was no clear successor. Liu Dan, the Prince of Yan, was Emperor Wu's oldest surviving son, but Emperor Wu considered both him and his younger brother Liu Xu, the Prince of Guangling, to be unsuitable, since neither respected laws. He decided that the only one suitable was his youngest son, Liu Fuling, who was only six at that time. He therefore also chose a potential regent in Huo Guang, whom he considered to be capable and faithful, and entrusted Huo with the regency of Fuling. He also ordered the execution of Prince Fuling's mother Consort Zhao, in fear that being at her prime age she would become an uncontrollable empress dowager like the previous Empress Lü. At Huo's suggestion, he also made ethnic Xiongnu official Jin Midi and general Shangguang Jie co-regents. He died in 87 BC, shortly after creating Prince Fuling crown prince. Crown Prince Fuling then succeeded to the throne as Emperor Zhao for the next 13 years.
Because Emperor Wu did not create anyone empress after Empress Wei committed suicide, and left no instruction on who should be enshrined in his temple with him, Huo, after Emperor Wu's death, considered what his wishes would have been, chose to enshrine Consort Li with Emperor Wu. They lie buried in the Maoling mound, the most famous of the so-called Chinese pyramids.
Legacy
Historians generally treated Emperor Wu with ambivalence. On the one hand, he is recognized for neutralizing the Xiongnu threat and expanding the Chinese territory. During his reign, China roughly doubled her size, and most of the territories he annexed became part of China proper permanently. The empire that Emperor Wu created surpassed in size the contemporaneous Roman Empire, and was the greatest in the world, both militarily and economically. His other, perhaps greater, legacy was the promotion of Confucianism. For the first time in history, Confucianism became the dominant thought in the Chinese government, and it remained so until the overthrow of the monarchy in 1911.
On the other hand, many historians criticize Emperor Wu for his extravagance, superstition, and the burdens his policies forced on the population. As such he is often compared to Qin Shi Huang. Just like Qin Shi Huang he used a legalist system of rewards and punishments to govern his empire. The punishment for perceived failures and disloyalty was often exceedingly harsh. Out of the twelve prime ministers appointed by Emperor Wu, three were executed and two committed suicide while holding the post; another was executed in retirement. Castration as a way of punishment was also applied relatively frequently during Emperor Wu's reign.
Emperor Wu's political reform resulted in the strengthening of the Emperor's power at expense of the prime minister's authority. Also, the post of Shangshu (court secretaries) was elevated from merely managing documents to that of the Emperor's close advisor, and it stayed this way until the end of monarchy era.
TV and Film
Emperor Wu, one of the most famous emperors of ancient China, has made appearances in quite a lot of Chinese TV dramas, like:
Da Han Tian Zi
Han Wu Da Di
Possible Bisexuality
Early in his reign, Emperor Wu greatly favored Han Yan (韓嫣) for no apparent reason, and he gave Han much wealth (although no official position at court). This, coupled with later references by officials trying to persuade Emperor Ai against giving his male lover Dong Xian too much authority — during which those officials analogized Han's position to Dong's — has led to speculation that Emperor Wu had a homosexual relationship with Han. It is quite possible, but also hardly proven based on available evidence. It should be noted that this relationship could have led to Han's death. As part of his favors on Han, Emperor Wu permitted him to ride in imperial wagons even when he was not with Han. On one occasion, Han was riding such a wagon when Emperor Wu's brother, Liu Pengzu (劉彭祖), the Prince of Zhao, encountered the wagon and, believing that Emperor Wu was inside, prostrated himself. Later, when he found out that Han, not Emperor Wu, was inside, he was greatly humiliated and complained to Empress Dowager Wang, who then had Han executed.
Poetry
Although Emperor Wu wasn't known as a poet to many historians, he wrote many wonderful pieces. The following work is on the death of Li Fu-ren, one of his favorite concubines.
The sound of her silk skirt has stopped.
On the marble pavement dust grows.
Her empty room is cold and still.
Fallen leaves are piled against the doors.
How can I bring my aching heart to rest?
Personal information
Father
Emperor Jing of Han (10th son of)
Mother
Empress Wang Zhi
Wives:
Empress Chen Jiao, deposed 130 BC for witchcraft
Empress Wei Zifu, mother of Crown Prince Li and Princesses Wei the Eldest, Yangshi and Zhuyi
Concubines:
Consort Li Furen, mother of Prince Bo
Consort Wang, mother of Prince Hong
Consort Li Ji, mother of Princes Dan and Xu
Consort Zhao, mother of Emperor Zhao
Children
Princess Wei the Eldest (衛長公主)
Princess Yangshi (陽石公主, executed 91 BC)
Princess Zhuyi (諸邑公主, executed 91 BC)
Liu Ju (劉據), initially Crown Prince Li (戾太子, b. 128 BC, created 122 BC, committed suicide 91 BC after failed uprising)
Liu Bo (劉髆), Prince Ai of Changyi (created 97 BC, d. 86 BC)
Liu Hong (劉閎), Prince Huai of Qi (created 117 BC, d. 109 BC)
Liu Dan (劉旦), Prince La of Yan (created 117 BC, committed suicide 80 BC)
Liu Xu (劉胥), Prince Li of Guangling (created 117 BC, committed suicide 53 BC)
Liu Fuling (劉弗陵), later Emperor Zhao of Han (b. 94 BC, d. 74 BC)
Grandchildren
Liu Jin (劉進) (killed 91 BC), son to Liu Ju initially Crown Prince Li and father to Liu Bingyi, later Emperor Xuan of Han
Liu He (劉賀), Prince He of Changyi (d. 59 BC), son to Liu Bo, ascension for throne 74 BC and deposed 27 days later for committing 1127 misconducts
Great Grandchildren
Liu Bingyi (劉病已), later Emperor Xuan of Han (b. 91 BC, d. 49 BC), son to Liu Jin, son of Liu Ju (劉據), initially Crown Prince Li mommy
Era names
Jianyuan (建元 py. jiàn yuán) 140 BC-135 BC
Yuanguang (元光 py. yuán guāng) 134 BC-129 BC
Yuanshuo (元朔 py. yuán shuò) 128 BC-123 BC
Yuanshou (元狩 py. yuán shòu) 122 BC-117 BC
Yuanding (元鼎 py. yuán dĭng) 116 BC-111 BC
Yuanfeng (元封 py. yuán fēng) 110 BC-105 BC
Taichu (太初 py. tài chū) 104 BC-101 BC
Tianhan (天漢 py. tiān hàn) 100 BC-97 BC
Taishi (太始 py. tài shĭ) 96 BC-93 BC
Zhenghe (征和 py. zhēng hé) 92 BC-89 BC
Houyuan (後元 py. hòu yuán) 88 BC-87 BC
References
Zizhi Tongjian by Sima Guang, Modern Chinese Edition edited by Bo Yang (Taipei, 1982-1989).
Shi Ji by Sima Qian: Biography of Han Wudi.
Han Shu by Ban Gu: Biography of Han Wudi.
Han Ji by Xun Yue
Morton, W. Scott. China: "Its History and Culture". ISBN 0-07-043424-7.
Notes
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Emperor Wu of Han^ His date of birth is sometimes noted as being August 27.
^ Bo Yang's commentary in the Modern Chinese edition of Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 7, and Zhao Yi (趙翼)'s commentary included therein.
^ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 17.
^ C. Peers, Imperial Chinese Armies: 200 BC - 589 AD, 7
^ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 45.
^ C. Peers, Imperial Chinese Armies: 200 BC - 589 AD, 7
^ C. Peers, Imperial Chinese Armies: 200 BC - 589 AD, 8
^ C. Peers, Imperial Chinese Armies: 200 BC - 589 AD, 8
^ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 22.
^ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 35.
^ Morton, W. Scott. China: "Its History and Culture", 54. ISBN 0-07-043424-7.
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