| 姓： | 姬 | |||||||||
| 名： | 旦 | |||||||||
| 网笔号： | 文公 | |||||||||
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周公旦，姬姓，氏号为周，爵位为公，名旦，字不详（根据先秦的实际情况，男子不称姓，女子不称氏，故而不能将姓名连读）。出生年月不详，卒年不详，享年大约六十多岁。文王之子，排行第四，亦称叔旦，史称周公旦。他在文王时期受封周原，他是第一位周公，其后裔世袭周公之爵称。他是西周时期的政治家、军事家、思想家、教育家，被尊为“元圣”，儒学先驱。周文王的第四子，周武王的同母弟，母亲是太姒。因采邑在周，称为周公。武王死后，其子成王诵年幼，由他摄政当国。武王死后又平定“三监”叛乱，大行封建，营建东都，制礼作乐，还政成王，在巩固和发展周王朝的统治上起了关键性的作用，对中国历史的发展产生了深远影响。周公在当时不仅是卓越的政治家、军事家，而且还是个多才多艺的诗人、学者。其兄弟管叔、蔡叔和霍叔等人（学界也有观点认为仅仅只有管蔡二人）勾结商纣的儿子武庚禄父和徐、奄等东方夷族反叛。他奉命出师，三年后平叛，并将势力扩展至海。后建成周洛邑，作为东都。相传他制礼作乐，建立典章制度。其言论见于《尚书》周书诸篇，被尊为儒学奠基人，孔子最崇敬的古代圣人，《论语》中子曰：“甚矣吾衰也！久矣吾不复梦见周公。”
2、辅助武王 翦灭殷商
周人本是活动于今陕甘一带以农业见长的部族。太王、王季时开始兴盛。文王断虞、芮之讼，征伐犬戎、密须，巩固了后方，又越过大河，攻克黎国(今山西长治西南)，进攻商王经常打猎的邗(今河南沁阳西北)。灭掉商的同姓国崇之后，在丰水西岸建立了丰邑(今陕西长安西北)，以便东进。武王和周公帮助他们的父亲——文王成了西方的共主，奠定了灭掉商朝的基础。
殷纣王并没有深刻认识到西方姬姓势力发展的严重性，他对外征东夷，对内拒谏饰非，醇酒妇人，酒池肉林，把国内政治搞得一片混乱。文王死后，武王即位，以周公为最主要的得力助手，在召公、毕公等帮助下，在盟(孟)津观兵，大会天下诸侯。这是一种进攻前的总演习，也是一种试探。观兵后的第二年十二月，武王在周公等人的帮助下，统率战车三百辆，虎贲三千人，甲士四万五千人，渡过盟津。二月甲子(约前 1027年)凌晨，武王在商郊牧野集众誓师，誓词就是《尚书》中的《牧誓》。
《牧誓》是周公所作。全文分作两段。第一段痛斥商纣王只听妇人(妲己)的话，不祭祀祖先天地之神；连自己同祖兄弟都不进用，反而重用四方逃亡的罪人，让他们暴虐百姓，导致天怒人怨，招致殷纣王灭亡；第二段申明自己是躬行天罚，宣布作战纪律，鼓励战士勇猛杀敌。
纣王发兵抵挡，结果纣军掉转矛头，往回冲杀，纣军溃败。纣王登上鹿台，自焚而死。第二天，周公把大钺，召公把小钺，在武王左右，向上天和殷民宣布纣王罪状，正式宣布殷朝灭亡，周朝取而代之，武王为天子。其他人不过负责仪仗、保卫、布置祭天地的用具。两相比较，我们可以看出周公的地位仅次于武王，周公把的大钺是一种权力的象征。
纣王是死掉了，可是对如何处置殷商遗民和上层贵族的问题，武王一时拿不定主意。他首先问太公望 ——姜尚。太公说：“我听说过，爱屋及乌。如果相反，人不值一爱，那么村落里的篱笆、围墙也不必保留。”意思是不光杀掉殷纣，连敌对的殷人也不能保留，而要统统杀掉。周武王不同意。又找来召公商量。召公说：“有罪的杀，没罪的留下。”武王说：“不行。”于是又找来周公。周公说：“让殷人在他们原来的住处安居，耕种原来的土地。争取殷人当中有影响有仁德的人。”周公这种给以生路，就地安置，分化瓦解的政策，深得武王的赞许。武王命令召公释放被囚禁的箕子和被关押的贵族；修整商容故居，并且设立了标志；让闳夭培高王子比干的坟墓；命令南宫括散发了鹿台的钱财，打开钜桥的粮仓，赈济饥饿的殷民。这一切措施都表明要反殷纣之道而行之，给受殷纣残害的人平反昭雪，大力争取殷人。
武王为了“屏藩周室”，拱卫周王朝，进行了封建。被封的兄弟之国有十五人，姬姓之国有四十人；又向参加牧野之战的诸侯分发了商朝宗庙彝器和宝物。
3、东征叛国 平定三监
原来商王朝直接统治的地方，武王把它分成三部分，邶由纣王之子武庚禄父掌管，卫由蔡叔度掌管，庸S由管叔鲜掌管，史称“三监”。(也有的说管叔、蔡叔、霍叔称为“三监”。但说霍叔为“三监”之一，《史记》、《汉书》等都不载。)管叔的封地在管(今河南郑州一带)，蔡叔的封地在蔡(今河南上蔡一带)。封叔旦于鲁(今山东曲阜)，为周公。封太公望于营丘(今山东临淄北)。封召公爽于燕。(今北京西南，一说在北京。)
灭商归来，在镐京武王同周公谈起在洛水和伊水之间的平原地带建立新都，以便控制东方。由于日夜操劳，武王身染重病，周公虔诚地向祖先太王、王季、文王祈祷。他说：你们的元孙某得了危暴重病，如果你们欠了上天一个孩子，那就让我去代替他。我有仁德，又多才多艺。你们的元孙某不如我多才多艺，不能侍奉鬼神。今天我们看来，觉得这种祈祷是好笑的，可是对三千多年前相信天命鬼神的周人来说，那是十分真诚无私的。祈祷以后，武王的病虽然有所好转，但不久还是病故了。武王在临终前愿意把王位传给有德有才的叔旦——周公，并且说这事不须占卜，可以当面决定。周公涕泣不止，不肯接受。武王死后，太子诵继位，是为成王。成王不过是个十多岁的孩子。面对国家初立，尚未稳固，内忧外患接踵而来的复杂形势，成王是绝对应付不了的。《尚书·大诰》说：“有大艰于西土，西土人亦不静。”《史记·周本记》也说：“群公惧，穆卜。”武王之死使整个国家失去了重心，形势迫切需要一位既有才干又有威望的能及时处理问题的人来收拾这种局面，这个责任便落到了周公肩上。周公执政称王，发挥了王的作用。这在当时是自然的事情。古书中有不少周公称王的记载，只是到了汉代，大一统和君权至上局面形成之后，周公称王变成不可思议，于是才有周公是“摄政”、“假王”等等说法。
文王的父亲季历并非长子，他上边有两位哥哥——太伯、仲雍；武王上面有文王的长子伯邑（伯邑考是追记之名，“考”是指死去的父亲）。周公以冢宰的身份摄行王事，未曾称王，管叔有意争权，于是散布流言：“周公将不利于孺子(成王)”。灭殷后的第三年，(前1024年)，管叔、蔡叔鼓动起武庚禄父一起叛周。起来响应的有东方的徐、奄、淮夷等几十个原来同殷商关系密切的大小方国。这对刚刚建立三年多的周朝来说，是个异常沉重的打击。如果叛乱不加以克服，周王朝就会面临极大困难，周文王惨淡经营几十年建立起来的功业就会毁掉。周王室处在风雨飘摇之中。在王室内部也有人对周公称王持怀疑态度。这种内外夹攻的局面，使周公处境十分困难。他首先稳定内部，保持团结，说服太公望和召公爽。他说：“我之所以不回避困难形势而称王，是担心天下背叛周朝。否则我无颜回报太王、王季、文王。三王忧劳天下已经很久了，而今才有所成就。武王过早地离开了我们，成王又如此年幼，我是为了成就周王朝，才这么做。”周公统一了内部意见之后，第二年(前1023年)举行东征，讨伐管、蔡、武庚。事前进行了占卜，发布了《大诰》。
公元前1022年顺利地讨平了三监的叛乱，杀掉了首恶管叔鲜，擒回并杀掉了北逃的武庚，流放了罪过较轻的蔡叔度。蔡叔死了以后，他的儿子胡“率德驯善”，和他的父亲大不一样。周公听到之后，便提拔他作鲁国卿士，胡把鲁国治理得很好，周公又把胡封到新蔡。
周公讨平管蔡之后，乘胜向东方进军，灭掉了奄(今山东曲阜)等五十多个国家，把飞廉赶到海边杀掉。从此周的势力延伸到海边。
4、大行封建 以屏周室
如何统治被征服的地区，是战争胜利之后的大问题，武庚和奄国、淮夷的叛乱，表明重要地区不能再用旧的氏族首领，必须分封周族中最可信赖的成员，这和武王分封已经有所不同。周公把弟弟康叔封到原来商王统治的中心地区，以朝歌为都(今河南淇县)，分给他殷民七族：陶氏；施氏、繁氏、锖氏、樊氏、饥氏、终葵氏，多是些有某种手工艺专长的氏族。康叔封地不仅面积大，而且统有八师兵力，以防止殷民的再度反抗。
为了使康叔顺利地进行统治，周公先后给康叔《康诰》、《酒诰》、《梓材》三篇文告。这在众多受封人中间是绝无仅有的。推测其原因，一则是康叔统治的为殷人腹心地带，问题最尖锐最复杂；二则是周公首先征服的，也是三监反周所据的殷人集中的地方，而战争胜利之后，康叔受封也比较早。《康诰》、《酒诰》、《梓材》可以看作是周公对新征服地区的施政纲领。三篇的主旨是“敬天保民”、“明德慎罚”，为的是使殷民在连续两次大动荡之后安定下来，使殷民从事正常的农业生产和商业活动。但又不是一味迁就，对饮酒成风，不孝不友是毫不客气的。
奄是东方较大的方国，管、蔡散布流言以后，奄君曾对武庚禄父说：“武王已经死了，成王年幼，周公被怀疑，这样天下要乱了，请举事(叛周)。”周公被封到奄，长子伯禽就封，建立鲁国(今山东曲阜)。分给伯禽殷民六族：徐氏、条氏、萧氏、索氏、长勺氏、尾勺氏。这些也都是具有某种专长的手工艺氏族，作为鲁公的奴隶。
薄姑等国也曾参与反周，师尚父——姜太公原被封为齐侯，都营丘(今山东临溜北)。太公是位智勇双全的将领。武王伐纣时他率先冲入敌阵，这次周公东征，他又立下大功，封地相当大。周公让召公封给太公的土地是“东至海，西至河，南至穆陵，北至无棣。” 同时还具有专征专伐的特权，“五侯九伯，实得征之。”营丘附近还有许多小国，太公就封时东夷族莱人就和他争地。齐国先后灭掉这些小国，而成为东方大国。
周的同姓召公奭被封到燕，召公长子在平叛之后才就封，建都于蓟(今北京一带)。燕是周王朝东北方的屏障。它的设立可以切断殷商旧族和他的北方同姓孤竹国的联系，又可以和松花江、黑龙江、辽河一带的肃慎族靠近。肃慎原是周的远方属国。近年北京和辽南都发现不少商、周铜器。证实周初的燕确实统治北方广大领土。
周武王伐纣，微子手持祭器来到军门，脱去上衣，露出臂膀，反缚着双手，跪着前行，向武王投降。武王亲自给他解了绑，仍然让他管理当初的封国。三监之乱，微子没有参加。周公平叛之后命他代表殷人后代，奉祀殷的先公先王，立国于宋(今河南商丘)。后来宋成为有名的大国。宋的西面有姒姓杞国(今河南杞县)，西南有妫姓的陈(今河南淮阳)，北面还有一些小国。宋处在诸国包围之中。
除去上述国家之外，周公还分封了大量的同姓国和异姓国。据《苟子·爪效》记载，周公“立七十一国，姬姓独居五十三人。《左传》僖公二十四年，富良说：“周公弟二叔之不咸，故封建亲戚以蕃屏周。管、蔡、成、霍、鲁、卫、毛、聃、郜、雍、曹、滕、毕、原、酆、郇，文之昭也。邗、晋、应、韩，武之穆也。凡、蒋、邢、茅、胙、祭，周公之胤也。”可见周公封的大大小小的国家，数不在少。
武王克商只是打击了商王朝的核心部分，直到周公东征才扫清了它的外围势力。三年的东征灭国尽管有五十个左右，而占领地的巩固和扩大还是在分封同姓之后。东征以后，周人再也不是西方的“小邦周”，而成为东至海，南至淮河流域，北至辽东的泱泱大国了。
周公东征象疾风骤雨席卷了大河下游，搅动了原有民族部落的格局。徐国一部分逃到江南(今江西)；一部分东夷被赶到淮河流域；嬴姓西迁；楚国逃到丹水流域。这造成了民族大迁徙大融合。
东征的战斗是残酷而激烈的，《诗经·豳风·破斧》：“既破我斧，又缺我斯。周公东征，四国是皇。哀我人斯，亦孔之将。”战士们跟着周公东征，斧子砍出了缺口，纵使饱经战斗的苦楚，能够生还是很幸运的了。东征的战士思念家乡，一旦解甲归田，心中充满了种种遐想，《诗经·豳风·东山》，就是这种心理的生动写照。再也不是内外交困，战斗之前的那种“风雨所飘摇，予唯音噍噍”的局面了。
5、营建洛邑 制礼作乐
东方辽阔疆域的开拓，要求统治重心的东移。周公东征班师之后，便着手营建东都洛邑。建城的主要劳力是“殷顽民”，即殷人当中的上层分子。“顽民”西迁，一则使他们脱离了原来住地，失去了社会影响；二则集中起来，便于看管。为了看管殷顽民，周公曾经派了八师兵力驻守。
东都洛邑位于伊水和洛水流经的伊洛盆地中心，地势平坦，土壤肥沃，南望龙门山，北倚邙山，群山环抱，地势险要。伊、洛、湛、涧四小汇流其间。东有虎牢关，西有函谷关，据东西交通的咽喉要道。顺大河而下，可达殷人故地。顺洛水，可达齐、鲁。南有汝、颍二水，可达徐夷、淮夷。伊、洛盆地确实是定都的好地方。
周公称王的第五年(前1020年)，正式营建洛邑。三月初五，召公先来到洛邑，经过占卜，把城址确定在涧水和洛水的交汇处，并进而规划城廓、宗庙、朝、市的具体位置，五月十一日规划成功。第二天，周公来到洛邑，全面视察了新邑规划，重新占卜。卜兆表明湛水西和湛水东，洛水之滨营建新都大吉。经过一年左右的时间建成。城方一千七百二十丈，外城方七十里。城内宫殿富丽堂皇，新都叫“新邑’’或“新洛邑 ”；因此地原有鄂邑，北有郏山，故又称“郏郫”。新都为周王所居，又叫“王城”。新邑东郊，湛水以东殷民住地叫“成周”，意思是成就周道。原来的镐京就称作“宗周”了。
东都洛邑建成之后，周公召集天下诸侯举行盛大庆典。在这里正式册封天下诸侯，并且宣布各种典章制度。也就是所谓“制礼作乐”。
为了巩固周的统治，周公先后发布了各种文告，从这里可以窥见周公总结夏殷的统治经验，制定下来的各种政策。周公曾先后给卫康叔《康诰》、《酒诰》、《梓材》三篇文告。
《康诰》的目的是安定殷民，全篇内容不外是“明德慎罚”。周文王因为“明德慎罚，不敢侮鳏寡” 才有天下。殷代“先哲王”也是安民，保民。“明德”的具体内容之一就是“保殷民”。“慎罚”，是依法行事，其中包括殷法的合理成分。刑罚不可滥用，有的案情要考虑五、六天，十来天，才能判定。至于杀人越货，“不孝不友”的，要“刑兹无赦”。文告中反复强调“康民”、“保民”、“裕民”、“庶民”。告诫康叔要勤勉从事，不可贪图安逸。“天命”不是固定不变的，能“明德慎罚”才有天命。“明德慎罚’’也不是一切照旧，而是参酌殷法，推行周法，使殷人“作新民 ”。
《酒诰》是针对殷民饮酒成风而发的。酿酒要用去大量粮食，这种饮酒风习在以农业起家的周人看来，简直无法容忍。周公并非完全禁酒，在有祭祀庆典的时候还是可以喝一点。群饮是不行的，不可放过，要通统捉来“以归于周”，“予其杀”。“予其杀”是我将要杀，未必杀。所以“归于周”，是不要给殷人以象“小子封刑人杀人”的印象。这同“保民”、“安民”是一致的。应该引导殷民去“艺黍稷”即种庄稼，也可 “肇牵牛，远服贾”，去经商养父母。殷代先王，从成汤至帝乙都不敢“自暇自逸”，更何况敢聚会饮酒了。至于工匠饮酒，另当别论，不要杀，姑且先进行教育。在政策上区别对待是十分鲜明的。
《梓材》也还是提倡“明德”，反对“后王杀人”。至于民人之间，也不要相残害，相虐待，乃“至于敬寡，至于属妇，合由以容”。上上下下不虐杀而“敬寡”，而“合由以容”，自然会出现安定的局面。这种局面的形成不是轻易可以得到的，要象农民那样勤除草，整地，惰整田界水沟；象维修居处那样，勤修垣墙，壁上涂泥，顶上盖草；又如同匠人治器，勤事修斯，再涂上黑漆和红漆。总之，勤用明德、保民，才能“万年惟(为)王”。
三篇贯穿一个基本思想是安定殷民，不给殷民一个虐杀的形象，处罚要慎重，要依法从事。至于改造陋习——酗酒，一是限制，二是引导，三是区别对待。做为统治者，要勤勉从事。
《康诰》、《酒诰》、《梓材》是周公对被征服地区的政治方略，而《多士》是对待迁到洛邑的殷顽民的政策。洛邑建成之后，这批建城的殷顽民如何发落。自是摆在日程上的问题。《多士》是周公向殷顽民发布的文告。全文分作两大段。第一段是攻心，让殷顽民服从周人统治。理由是你们这些殷士不好，上天把大命给了我小“邦周”，决不是我“敢弋殷命”、“敢求位”。这如同你先祖成汤取代不道的夏桀一样，也是“上帝不保”夏桀。我现在把你们从“天(大)邑商”迁到西土，不要怨我，我是矜怜你们的，这也是天命所在。第二段内容是宣布给以生活出路，让他们就地安居，有你们的田地，有你们的住宅，“尔乃尚有尔土，尔乃尚宁干止。”如果你们能顺从听命，有德，还被任用。上天会可怜你们，否则，你们不但会失去土地，而且我还会把上天的处罚加在你们身上。
对俘虏进行攻心战术，使之自食其力，恩威并施。这是一整套改造政策。周公反复申明的“天命”不是他的创造，而是从远古继承下来的。《墨子·兼爱下》引《禹誓》：“用天之罚”，是禹征三苗时发表的誓词。汤在征服夏桀时誓师词说：“有夏多罪，天命殛之。”“天”已经不是单纯反映自然力量的神，天神已经干预人间事务。周公在《牧誓》中也提到“恭行天之罚”。对敌人多讲天命的周公，对“天”的观念已经有所发展。“天命”是否转移，怎样才能保住“天命”，取决于有没有“德”，桀纣失掉天命是因为失“德”，周人要保住“天命”则必须有“德”，因此周公在教导周人时就多讲“明德”。“天命”变成可以保持和争取的了。人不再是盲目地服从“天命”，而有了主观努力的可能了，这是积极的。天子是天的代理人，一方面他具有无上的权威，但不是无条件的，他必须有“德”，不然天命就要转移，因而君主、天子不可以为所欲为的，是有条件、受约束的。纣在灭亡前夕还说“我不是有命在天乎？”周公的思想比他，比殷人要大大前进一步。保住天命的条件之一是“保民”，民的状况不能不成为君主认真考虑的问题。
参与建新都的除去殷遗之外，还有“侯，甸、男、邦、伯”，这些多是殷的旧有属国。东都建成，周公除去对殷顽民训诫之外，还对这些“多方”训诫。《多士》强调天革殷命，《多方》则突出殷代夏，周革殷，是由于“不肯戚言于民”、“不克明保享于民”，于是成汤用“尔多方简代夏作民主。”周“克堪用德”，天才让周“简畀殷命，尹尔多方”。对“多方’’则反复强调“保民”。针对“多方”怀念旧殷，不爱周邦，一方面让他们有田宅；另一方面，如果不听周的号令，则“我乃其大罚殛之”。假如内部和睦，努力种田，“克勤乃事”，天要矜怜你们，我有周还要大大地赏赐。有德者，还可以在王廷作官。为期五年为善，你们仍可以回到本土。
周公在扫平叛乱，营建成周之后的问题是，周王朝的长治久安的谋划，也就是“制礼作乐”。这在周公称王的第六年。“礼”强调的是“别”，即所谓“尊尊”；“乐”的作用是“和”，即所谓“亲亲”。有别有和，是巩固周人内部团结的两方面。
礼所要解决的中心问题是尊卑贵贱的区分，即宗法制，进一步讲是继承制的确立。由于没有严密的继承制，周公固然可以称“咸王”，管、蔡也可以因争王位而背叛王室。小邦周不能不考虑大邦殷的经验教训，何况周公对夏殷历史是了如指掌的。殷代从先妣特祭和兄终弟及的人数有限看，是分了嫡庶的，是子以母贵的。殷是传弟和传子的并存，曾导致了“九世之乱”。传弟终究还要传子，这本来是生物的规律。传子和传弟有传长、传幼和传贤的矛盾。传弟更有个传弟之子和传兄之子的矛盾。这些矛盾的存在，往往导致王室纷争，王室纷争又会导致王权衰落，国祚不久。殷代从康丁以后，历经武乙、文丁、帝乙、帝辛(纣)，明显地废除了传弟制而确立了传子制。周在周公之前也没确立嫡长制，继太王的不是泰伯和仲雍，而是季历。武王有兄名伯邑考，文王却以武王姬发为太子。自周公以后，历“成王、康王、昭王，穆王、共王、懿王”，除去孝王外直到幽王都是传子的，这不是偶然的，这种制度即嫡长子继承制的确立应归功于周公。嫡长子继承制确立以后，只有嫡长子有继承权，这样就经法律上免除了支庶兄弟争夺王位，起到稳定和巩固统治阶级秩序的作用。嫡长子继承制是宗法制的核心内容。周公把宗法制和政治制度结合起来，创立了一套完备的服务于奴隶制的上层建筑。周天子是天下大宗，而姬姓诸侯对周天子说来是小宗。而这些诸侯在自己封国内是大宗，同姓卿大夫又是小宗，这样组成一个宝塔形结构，它的顶端是周天子。周代大封同姓诸侯，目的之一是要组成这个以血缘纽带结合起来的政权结构，它比殷代的联盟形式前进了一大步。周代同姓不婚，周天子对异姓诸侯则视为甥舅关系。血缘婚姻关系组成了周人的统治系统。到春秋战国时代暴露了它的弱点，郡县制代替了分封制，但在当时的具体条件下，无疑形成了一种以华夏族为主体的层次分明的政权机构，一种远较殷人的统治为进步的机构。由宗法制必然推演出维护父尊子卑，兄尊弟卑，天子尊，诸侯卑的等级森严的礼法。这种礼法是隶属关系的外在化。反过来，它又起到巩固宗法制的作用，其目的是维护父权制，维护周天子S6统治，谁要是违反了礼仪、居室、服饰、用具等等的具体规定，便视为非礼、僭越。
周天子能授民授疆土，则必以土地国有为前提。“普天之下，莫非王土，率土之滨，莫非王臣。 ”(《诗经·小雅·北山》)在周公文治武功盛极一时的时代，并非虚构。由此引申出来的“田里不鬻”；土地不许买卖，恐怕也出自周公。周公能授给姜太公以专征专伐的特权，那么，“礼乐征伐自天子出”恐怕是周公时代或更早确立而为周公所法定下来的。为了加强中央王朝对地方的统治，册封、巡狩、朝觐、贡纳等制度，也很可能是周公在总结前代经验的基础上确定下来的。
周公的制礼作乐，一方面是在总结前人经验的基础上加以系统化，另一方面也是周人具体实践的总结。
6、让位成王 有始有终
周公制礼作乐第二年，也就是周公称王的第七年，周公把王位彻底交给了成王。《尚书·召诰、洛诰》中周公和成王的对话，大概是在举行周公退位，成王视事的仪式上、史官记下的。在国家危难的时候，不避艰辛挺身而出，担当起王的重任；当国家转危为安，走上顺利发展的时候，毅然让出了王位，这种无畏无私的精神，始终被后代称颂。但是，周公并没有因退位而放手不管，成王固然对他挽留，而他也不断向成王提出告诫，最有名的是《尚书·无逸》。
《无逸》，不要贪图安逸，不错，是周公告诫成王的，就是在今天读起来，我们还觉得它是新鲜的。《无逸》开头就讲，知道种地务农的辛劳，才懂得“小人”——农民的隐情。父母辛勤务农，而他们的子弟不知道种地的艰辛，就会贪图安逸乃至妄诞，甚至侮辱他的父母说：“老年人，什么也不懂。”这种不孝的话在当时是决不许讲的。《康诰》中还提到，对不孝不友的人要处以刑罚。作一个最高统治者要知道下边的隐情疾苦，否则就会做出荒诞的事情来。周公接着举了殷代名君中宗太戊、高宗武丁、商汤之孙祖甲，不是庄严威惧，勤自约束，“不敢荒宁”，就是久为小人，能保惠小民，不敢侮鳏寡，他们享国都能长久。尔后的殷王，生下来就安逸，不知道务农的辛劳，只是贪图享乐，因而他们享国也都不长久。周公接下去又举有周的太王、王季的谦抑谨畏，特别提到文王穿不好的衣服，自奉节俭，参加农业劳动，能“怀保小民，惠鲜鳏寡”，从早到过午有时连饭都来不及吃，为的是团结万民。他不敢盘桓逸乐游猎，不索取分外的东西，因而享国也比较长久。周公告诫后代，不许放纵“于观、于逸、于游、于田(田猎)”，不能宽容自己说：姑且现在享乐一下，不能象商纣那样迷乱于酒。如果不听，就会变乱先王正法，招致民人的怨恨诅咒。有人告诉说：“小人恨你、骂你。”要说自己有错误，深自省察，不许含怒，不许乱杀无辜，乱罚无罪。不然，相同的怨忿集中到你一个人身上，那后果是不堪设想的。
周公所说的深入底层，关心民间疾苦，以“无逸”自警或用来教育后代是对的，但是“逸”与不“逸”往往受阶级条件和生活环境所左右，存在决定意识，在没有外界强大压力的情况下，王室成员“生则逸”是必然的，由“逸”而失国也是必然的。
周公致政三年之后，在丰京养老，不久得了重病，死前说：“我死之后一定葬在成周，示意给天要臣服于成王。”死后葬于文王墓地毕，成王说；“这表示我不敢以周公为臣。”
有诗曰：周朝初建大分封，成王幼聪靠周公。
礼贤下士三吐哺，天下归心百业兴。
Yanzhou Wang did not deeply understand the seriousness of the development of the West surnamed forces, who imposed Dongyi outside, non-domestic refuse remonstrance decorated wine, woman, Jiuchiroulin, the domestic political Gaode chaos. After the death of King Wen, King Wu came to the throne to the Duke of Zhou was the most right-hand man, in response the public, such as completion of public help, in the League (Bangladesh) Tianjin view soldiers, the General Assembly the world princes. This is a general exercise before the attack, but also a test. View of the second year in December after soldiers, King Wu, the Duke of Zhou, who with the help of command tanks 300, Huben 3000 people, Jiashi 45,000 people, through the AU-chun. February Jiazi (about pre-1027) morning, King Wu Makino set in rural public oath-taking business, oath is "Book of History" in the "Mushi."
King Zhou was dead, but on how to dispose of the Shang Dynasty and the upper nobility of the problem, King Wu 1:00 undecided. He first asked the grandfather Wang - Jiang Shang. Grandfather said: "I've heard, he is in love. If the contrary, the person is not worth loving, then the village fence, wall do not have to keep." Meant not only to kill Yan Zhou, Yin people can not even hostile preserved, to kill all. King Wu did not agree. And got called to discuss the public. Zhao Gong said: "The guilt of the killing, not guilty of leaving." King Wu said: "No way." So he got the Duke of Zhou. Duke said: "Let the people of Yin live in their original residence, the original cultivated land. For people of Yin which affect a truly virtuous person." Gong give way out of this, local integration policy of disintegrating, won King Wu of praise. King Wu ordered the public release of imprisoned Zhao Ji Zi and imprisoned nobles; repair business volume residence, and the establishment of a flag; to Hong Pei-yao higher than dry tomb of the Prince; command Shadows distributed Lutai including money, to open a huge bridge granary, hunger relief Yin people. All these measures show the opposite direction to the anti-Yan Zhou, Yan Zhou mutilation to be to rehabilitate, to lobby for people of Yin.
The original direct rule of the local business dynasty, King Wu, divide it into three parts, the son of King Zhou Wu Geng Bei Lu by the parent in charge, Wei Cai Shu by the degree of control, Yong S by the Guan Shu fresh charge, known to history as the "three supervisors." (And some said Guan Shu and Cai Shu, Huo-tert-called "three supervisors." Uncle Howard, but said "three supervisors," one of the "Historical Records", "Han" and not set.) Guanshu the manor in tube (now the area in Zhengzhou, Henan), Uncle's manor in Cai Cai (Henan shangcai this area). Uncle Dan on Lu Feng (now Qufu, Shandong Province), the Duke of Zhou. Look at the Camp Hill closed grandfather (now Shandong Linzi North). Public Shuang Feng Zhao Yan. (Southwest of Beijing today, a say in Beijing.)
Eliminate commercial return, with the Duke of Zhou King Wu in Gaojing about Iraq in the Lo and the establishment of water the plains between the new capital in order to control the East. As worked hard day and night, King Wu is ill, and the duke to ancestors too pious king, Wang Ji, King Wen prayer. He said: meta Sunmou you got violent crisis seriously ill, if you owe God a child, let me to replace him. I have Rende, but also versatile. Meta Sunmou you as I am versatile, can not serve spirits. Today we see it and I think this prayer is funny, but to three thousand years ago, the Zhou people who believe the spirits of heaven, it was very sincere and unselfish. After the prayer, King Wu of the disease although has improved, but soon, or a visit. Before his death, King Wu in the virtuous talent willing to pass the throne to the uncle once - the Duke of Zhou, and said the matter did not need telling, you can personally decide. Duke Tiqi more than, refused to accept. King Wu's death, succeeded to the throne Prince chanting is to become king. Cheng Wang, but was more than 10 years old. The face of the early state legislation, is not solid, internal and external incoming complex situation, as the king is absolutely unable to meet. "Big Book of Letters Patent," said: "The big storm in the western territories, the West natives are not static." "Historical Records Zhou Ji" also said: "The group of public fear, Mu Bo." King Wu's death, the country lost its focus the situation is urgent need for a prestige both talent there who deal with the problem in time to clean up the situation, the responsibility will fall on the shoulders of the Duke of Zhou. Duke ruling king, the king played a role. This was natural. Many ancient books Zhougong records, only to the Han Dynasty, the situation of the unified and after the formation of monarchical supremacy, Zhougong become inconceivable, then Duke is the only "Regent", "false king," and so saying.
King Wen's father, not the calendar quarter, the eldest son of two on top brother - Tai Bo, to flourish; the eldest son of King Wu King Wen Bo above a eup (Uncle Yap examination is sent back by the name "test" refers to the dead father). Duke of Zhou in his capacity as Chief Minister, photo line Wangshi, not kings, Guanshu intends fighting for power, then spread the rumor: "Duke will not help Ruzi (as King)." Yin destroyed after the third year (before 1024), Guan Shu and Cai Shu Wu Geng Lu father preached the week with the rebels. Up the response with the East Xu, suddenly, dozens Huaiyi close to the size of the original square with the Shang state. This is just the establishment of the Zhou dynasty for more than three years, is an extremely heavy blow. If the rebels do not be overcome, it will face great difficulties in Zhou Dynasty, Emperor Wen of all dropped a few years to build exploits will ruin. Among the royal family in a precarious week. Within the royal family was also skeptical of the Duke of Zhou kings. This attack from within and outside the situation, to make Duke a very difficult position. He first internal stability, to maintain unity, hope and call to convince the public cool grandfather. He said: "I did not avoid difficult situations and king, is worried that the world betrayed the Zhou Dynasty. Otherwise, I discredited in the return of the king too, Wang Ji, King Wen. Three Kings sayings the world has been a long time, and now have the achievement. King Wu left us prematurely, as the king is so young, I was to achievements of the Zhou Dynasty, only do. "unified internal views of the Duke of Zhou, the second year (before 1023) at the Eastern Campaign, crusade tube, Cai , Wu Geng. Prior to the divination, issued the "Great Patent."
BC in 1022 successfully tied the three supervisors to discuss the rebellion, killing the principal culprits Guanshu fresh, Qin Hui and killed the North fled to Wu Geng, banished the sin Uncle Cai less degree. Tsai Shu died, his son Juan "rate de tame good", and his father a big difference. After hearing the Duke of Zhou, then promoted him as Lu Guoqing Shi, Lu Hu to good governance, Duke closed to new Cai Hu again.
How to rule the conquered areas, is a big problem after the victory, Wu Geng, and suddenly the country, Huaiyi insurgency, key areas that can not be reused old chiefs, feudal Zhou Dynasty to be the most reliable member of this and King Wu packet has been different. Duke closed the brother Kangshu to the center of the original king of Shang rule to Chaoge to have (Qi County, Henan Province today), points to his family of seven people Yin: Dow; Shi's, Fan's, Qiang's, Fan's, Hunger's finally Kwai's, mostly those with some kind of handicraft expertise of the clan. Kangshu feud not only large area, and eight division force system to prevent people re-Yin resistance.
Bo Gu and other countries also participated in anti-weeks, the division Shangfu - Jiang Taigong originally been called Qi Hou, Metropolitan Hill (now Shandong Pro slipped North). Great-grandfather was a wise and brave generals. King Wu took the lead when he broke into enemy positions, and Evolution of this, he set a great service, great fiefs. Duke closed to the public response to the grandfather's land was "the east sea, west river, south Mu Ling, north to Wudi." Also has a special levy special privilege of cutting, "five Houjiu Bo, may levy the real." Camp There are many small hill nearby, great-grandfather on the seal when the Yi nationality Levin and his people to fight to. Qi successively eliminating these small countries, and become East.
Remove the above-mentioned countries, the Duke of Zhou feudal also a large number of countries and different surname surname country. According to "claw effect Xunzi" records, the Duke of Zhou "Li 71 countries, surnamed persons living alone 50." Zuo Zhuan "Xi public twenty-four years, Fu-liang said:" Zhougong Di di s not salty, so Ping Zhou feudal relative to Fan. Tube, Cai, Cheng Huo, Lu, Wei Mao, Dan, Gao, Yong, Cao, Teng, complete, original, Feng, Xun, Zhao Wen s also. Han River, Jin, Ying, Han, Wu of Mu also. Fan, Jiang, Xing, Mao, confer, sacrifice, the Duke of Zhou of Yin also. "Shows the Duke of Zhou countries large and small letters, numbers not less.
Eastern Campaign battle is brutal and intense, "Book Bin Feng break Axe": "Jipo my ax, and destitute I Williams. And Evolution of the four countries is the Emperor. Compassion for us people, also pores will. "followed and Evolution of the soldiers, out of the gap ax, even if the sufferings ridden battle, can students still very fortunate. Eastern Campaign homesick soldiers, demobilize once the heart is full of all sorts of treatments, "Book Bin Feng Tung Shan" is a vivid reflection of this psychological. No longer the downturn, before fighting the kind of "wind and rain are hovering to the CD audio Jiao Jiao" picture.
East are Luoyi in Iraq and the Lo flowing through the Illo water basin center, flat, fertile soil, its south Mountains, north is Mang mountain, mountains, difficult terrain. Iraq, Luo, Zhan, Jian-clock during convergence. Hulao Pass east, west, Hangu Pass, according to what the traffic choke points. Down along rivers, up to people of Yin old haunt. Shun Luoshui, up Qi and Lu. South Ru, Ying dihydrate, up to Xu Yi, Huaiyi. Iraq, Los basin is really a good place for its capital.
In order to consolidate the rule of week, Duke has released a variety of message, from here you can glimpse the rule of Duke summed up the experience of summer Yin, developed on the various policies. Duke has had to Wei Kangshu "Kang", "Wine Patent," "Zi-cai" 3 statement.
"Zi material" also is promoting "Matilda", against "the King murder." As among the people, nor with harm, with abuse, is "The King widowed, as are women, together with content from the." Up and down is not murder but "Respect few," and "cooperation with content from the" stable situation will naturally arise. The formation of such a situation can not easily get to do as farmers weeded, the land, idle the entire field boundary ditches; as the maintenance of the Home Office as Qin-xiu Yuanqiang, walls painted mud, on top of Gallant; Also Like craftsmen treatment device, handling things Matthews, and then painted black and red paint. In short, the ground with Matilda, protect the people, to "years except (for) the king."
"Kang", "Wine Patent," "Zi-cai," the Duke of Zhou of the conquered region's political strategy, and the "toast" is a treat to move to Los Yap Yin stubborn public policy. Luoyi built, these people built the city of Yin stubborn how pleasure. Naturally put the issue on the agenda. "Toast" is the Duke of Zhou Yin stubborn people to the statement issued. Text divided into two section. The first was hearts and minds, so that people obey Zhou Yin stubborn rule. The reason is you have these carbon was not good, God gave me the injunction of small "State Week", not me, "Yi Yin life dare" "dare to seek position." It's like your ancestors did not replace the Road Xia Jie Cheng Tang, as is, "God does not guarantee" Xia Jie. I brought you from the "days (large) Yap Commercial" to move to Western soil, do not blame me, I pity pity you, this is also the host of heaven. Give the second paragraph of content is that way of life so that they live locally, there is your land, with your house, "Seoul Seoul is still soil, Seoul is still rather dry only." Obey orders if you can have Germany, was also appointed. God would have mercy on you, otherwise you will not only lose their land, and I would add to God's punishment upon you.
Psychological tactics on prisoners to make it self-reliant, incentives and penalties. This is a set of reform policies. Duke repeatedly affirmed the "fate" is not his creation, but rather inherited from the ancient times. "Mo universal love, under the" primer "Yu oath": "with the days of punishment" is issued Miao Yu Zheng three oaths. When Tom swearing words in the conquest of Xia Jie said: "There is more crime in summer, bearing in mind the mandate of heaven." "Heaven" is not simply reflect the natural forces of God, God has intervened in human affairs. Duke in the "Mushi," also referred to "Christine days, a fine line." The enemy more about fate of the Duke of Zhou, the "day" concept has been developed. "Destiny" is the transfer, how to keep "Fate", depending on there, "Germany", Jie Zhou lost because of loss of heaven, "Germany", Zhou to keep "fate" must have "moral", so the Duke of Zhou in the teaching week when many people say, "Matilda." "Fate" can be kept and turned into a fight. People no longer blindly obey "heaven", but also has the possibility of subjective efforts, which is positive. Son of Heaven is a day's agent, on the one hand he has the supreme authority, but not unconditional, he must have "moral", or fate would transfer, so the sovereign, the emperor can not do whatever they want, is conditional, subject to constraints . Zhou also said the destruction on the eve of "I am not a life almost in the day?" Duke than he thought, than the people of Yin to be a big step. To keep one of the conditions of heaven is "protecting people", people must be sovereign status seriously consider.
Gift central issue to be addressed is the distinction between the respectable and humble, that were the rule of law, and further stresses that the establishment of the system of succession. In the absence of strict inheritance system, and the duke of course be called "king salt", pipe, CAI can also be a result of war and betrayal of the royal throne. Little Bang Bang Yin Zhou has to consider the lessons learned from large, not to mention the summer by Duke Yin history is well known. Special offerings and the Yin from Xianbi brother to younger brother and a limited number of view, is divided Di Shu, and is the son of a mother expensive. Chuan Yin is the brother and son of co-exist, has led to a "IX Rebellion." Brother eventually have to pass to son, which was originally physiology. Son and brother have mass transfer length, mass of young and Successfully Passes Throngh Longhai conflicts. Communication is more a brother's son, brother and Mass Communication brother's son conflict. The existence of these conflicts, disputes often lead to the royal family, royal family disputes will lead to the decline of royal power, the country Zuo soon. After the Yin from Kangding, after Wu B, Wen Ding, Di Yi, Di Xin (Zhou), significantly abolished the transmission system and the brother of the system established to son. Weeks before the Duke did not establish long-entropy system, following the not too Talbot and Zhong Yong Wang, but the calendar quarter. King Wu a brother name Peter Yap test, King Wen to King Wu Ji Fa is the crown prince. Since the Duke of Zhou after the calendar, "Cheng Wang, Kang, King Zhao, Mu, a total of Wang, Yi Wang", remove the outside until You Wang Xiao Wang is the son of, this is not accidental, this system is the establishment of primogeniture should be attributed to Duke. After the establishment of primogeniture, the eldest son inherit only entropy, thus eliminating the branch by law Shu brothers compete for the throne, stabilize and consolidate the role of the order of the ruling class. Primogeniture is the core of legal cases. Duke of the legal and political systems were combined, created a comprehensive service in slavery superstructure. Bet the king is a large world, but surnamed princes of the Zhou to say that careen. The closure of these princes in their own country is large, and Autumn is 小宗 surname, so the formation of a pagoda-shaped structure, which is the top of the Zhou. Zhou Tai Feng surname princes, one of the aims is to form the blood ties to the regime that combines the structure of the alliance than the form of the Yin a big step forward. Zhou surname not married, are regarded as the Zhou Sheng Jiu princes of the relationship between different surnames. Kinship marriage system composed of the Zhou Dynasty's rule. To the Warring States period, it exposes the weakness of the system of prefectures and counties to replace the feudal system, but under specific conditions at the time, no doubt formed a kind of Huaxia structured as the main political institutions, a much Yin people rule for the progress of the organization. Deduce from the cases in the legal system must respect the parent child maintenance base, base brother brother respect, respect for the emperor, princes base of the hierarchical etiquette. This etiquette is the externalization of affiliation. Conversely, it also played the role of the legal system to consolidate cases, the purpose is to maintain the patriarchal, maintaining rule of the Zhou S6, anyone who violated the protocol, room, clothing, appliances, etc. The specific requirements will be regarded as indecent assault, and overstepped.
6, to make way into the king beginning and an end
"No Yi", do not seek comfort, yes, the Duke of Zhou Cheng Wang warned, that is read today, we also feel that it is fresh. "No Yi" at the beginning of the talk, to know the hard work farmers farming, and understand "bad people" - farmers hidden reason. Hard farming parents, and their children do not know the hard work the land, it will ease and even jump to birth, or even insult his parents said: "The elderly, they know nothing." Such words of filial piety is no promise at the time say of. "Kang" also mentioned that the Friends of the lack of filial piety is not the person to be sentenced. As a supreme ruler of the hidden secrets beneath the weal and woe to know, otherwise you will make ridiculous things to. Duke went on to cite the name of Jun in the cases of the Yin Tai Wu, Gao Zongwu Ding, Zu-Shang Dynasty A, not solemn fear Wei, Qin self restraint, "rather not waste" is a long time for the villains, to ensure benefit little people, not dare to insult widowed, they can enjoy the country a long time. Later, Yin Wang, born on the ease and comfort, do not know hard work of farming, but pleasure-seeking, so they do not have long to enjoy the country. Duke went on a week so they give the king of Wang Ji's modest and restrained like fear, particularly in reference to King Wen to wear good clothes, Zifeng thrift, in agricultural work, to "protect pregnant Sham, Wai fresh widowed," from too early to have lunch sometimes too late to eat dinner, to the unity of all people. He did not dare linger pleasures hunting, do not obtain exceptionally things, so enjoy the country is relatively long. Duke warned future generations, and not to indulge, "on view at the Plaza, on the tour, Oda (hunting)" and can not let it be said: no harm to what is now pleasure, not as confused as Shangzhou in wine. If you do not listen, they will confound kings Fa, incurred the resentment the people who curse. Some people told us: "Villains hate you, call you." Say they have an error, deep self-introspection, and not to Hannu, and not to kill innocent people indiscriminately, Luanfa innocence. Otherwise, the same Yuanfen concentrated in you alone, that the consequences will be disastrous.
Duke said the hood, care about the weal and woe, "no fleeing" from police or to educate future generations is, but the "ease" and not "Yi" is often subject to conditions and living environment class about being determines consciousness, the situation without outside pressure, the royal family, "sang Yi" is inevitable, from the "Yi" and loss of the country is inevitable.
Courteous triazole feeding, the world's hearts 100 Yip Hing.