| 姓： | 姬 | |||||||||
| 名： | 旦 | |||||||||
| 網筆號： | 文公 | |||||||||
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周公旦，姬姓，氏號為周，爵位為公，名旦，字不詳（根據先秦的實際情況，男子不稱姓，女子不稱氏，故而不能將姓名連讀）。出生年月不詳，卒年不詳，享年大約六十多歲。文王之子，排行第四，亦稱叔旦，史稱周公旦。他在文王時期受封周原，他是第一位周公，其後裔世襲周公之爵稱。他是西周時期的政治傢、軍事傢、思想傢、教育傢，被尊為“元聖”，儒學先驅。周文王的第四子，周武王的同母弟，母親是太姒。因采邑在周，稱為周公。武王死後，其子成王誦年幼，由他攝政當國。武王死後又平定“三監”叛亂，大行封建，營建東都，製禮作樂，還政成王，在鞏固和發展周王朝的統治上起了關鍵性的作用，對中國歷史的發展産生了深遠影響。周公在當時不僅是卓越的政治傢、軍事傢，而且還是個多才多藝的詩人、學者。其兄弟管叔、蔡叔和霍叔等人（學界也有觀點認為僅僅衹有管蔡二人）勾結商紂的兒子武庚祿父和徐、奄等東方夷族反叛。他奉命出師，三年後平叛，並將勢力擴展至海。後建成周洛邑，作為東都。相傳他製禮作樂，建立典章制度。其言論見於《尚書》周書諸篇，被尊為儒學奠基人，孔子最崇敬的古代聖人，《論語》中子曰：“甚矣吾衰也！久矣吾不復夢見周公。”
2、輔助武王 翦滅殷商
周人本是活動於今陝甘一帶以農業見長的部族。太王、王季時開始興盛。文王斷虞、芮之訟，徵伐犬戎、密須，鞏固了後方，又越過大河，攻剋黎國(今山西長治西南)，進攻商王經常打獵的邗(今河南沁陽西北)。滅掉商的同姓國崇之後，在豐水西岸建立了豐邑(今陝西長安西北)，以便東進。武王和周公幫助他們的父親——文王成了西方的共主，奠定了滅掉商朝的基礎。
殷紂王並沒有深刻認識到西方姬姓勢力發展的嚴重性，他對外徵東夷，對內拒諫飾非，醇酒婦人，酒池肉林，把國內政治搞得一片混亂。文王死後，武王即位，以周公為最主要的得力助手，在召公、畢公等幫助下，在盟(孟)津觀兵，大會天下諸侯。這是一種進攻前的總演習，也是一種試探。觀兵後的第二年十二月，武王在周公等人的幫助下，統率戰車三百輛，虎賁三千人，甲士四萬五千人，渡過盟津。二月甲子(約前 1027年)凌晨，武王在商郊牧野集衆誓師，誓詞就是《尚書》中的《牧誓》。
《牧誓》是周公所作。全文分作兩段。第一段痛斥商紂王衹聽婦人(妲己)的話，不祭祀祖先天地之神；連自己同祖兄弟都不進用，反而重用四方逃亡的罪人，讓他們暴虐百姓，導致天怒人怨，招致殷紂王滅亡；第二段申明自己是躬行天罰，宣佈作戰紀律，鼓勵戰士勇猛殺敵。
紂王發兵抵擋，結果紂軍掉轉矛頭，往回衝殺，紂軍潰敗。紂王登上鹿臺，自焚而死。第二天，周公把大鉞，召公把小鉞，在武王左右，嚮上天和殷民宣佈紂王罪狀，正式宣佈殷朝滅亡，周朝取而代之，武王為天子。其他人不過負責儀仗、保衛、佈置祭天地的用具。兩相比較，我們可以看出周公的地位僅次於武王，周公把的大鉞是一種權力的象徵。
紂王是死掉了，可是對如何處置殷商遺民和上層貴族的問題，武王一時拿不定主意。他首先問太公望 ——姜尚。太公說：“我聽說過，愛屋及烏。如果相反，人不值一愛，那麽村落裏的籬笆、圍墻也不必保留。”意思是不光殺掉殷紂，連敵對的殷人也不能保留，而要統統殺掉。周武王不同意。又找來召公商量。召公說：“有罪的殺，沒罪的留下。”武王說：“不行。”於是又找來周公。周公說：“讓殷人在他們原來的住處安居，耕種原來的土地。爭取殷人當中有影響有仁德的人。”周公這種給以生路，就地安置，分化瓦解的政策，深得武王的贊許。武王命令召公釋放被囚禁的箕子和被關押的貴族；修整商容故居，並且設立了標志；讓閎夭培高王子比幹的墳墓；命令南宮括散發了鹿臺的錢財，打開鉅橋的糧倉，賑濟饑餓的殷民。這一切措施都表明要反殷紂之道而行之，給受殷紂殘害的人平反昭雪，大力爭取殷人。
武王為了“屏藩周室”，拱衛周王朝，進行了封建。被封的兄弟之國有十五人，姬姓之國有四十人；又嚮參加牧野之戰的諸侯分發了商朝宗廟彝器和寶物。
3、東徵叛國 平定三監
原來商王朝直接統治的地方，武王把它分成三部分，邶由紂王之子武庚祿父掌管，衛由蔡叔度掌管，庸S由管叔鮮掌管，史稱“三監”。(也有的說管叔、蔡叔、霍叔稱為“三監”。但說霍叔為“三監”之一，《史記》、《漢書》等都不載。)管叔的封地在管(今河南鄭州一帶)，蔡叔的封地在蔡(今河南上蔡一帶)。封叔旦於魯(今山東麯阜)，為周公。封太公望於營丘(今山東臨淄北)。封召公爽於燕。(今北京西南，一說在北京。)
滅商歸來，在鎬京武王同周公談起在洛水和伊水之間的平原地帶建立新都，以便控製東方。由於日夜操勞，武王身染重病，周公虔誠地嚮祖先太王、王季、文王祈禱。他說：你們的元孫某得了危暴重病，如果你們欠了上天一個孩子，那就讓我去代替他。我有仁德，又多才多藝。你們的元孫某不如我多才多藝，不能侍奉鬼神。今天我們看來，覺得這種祈禱是好笑的，可是對三千多年前相信天命鬼神的周人來說，那是十分真誠無私的。祈禱以後，武王的病雖然有所好轉，但不久還是病故了。武王在臨終前願意把王位傳給有德有纔的叔旦——周公，並且說這事不須占卜，可以當面决定。周公涕泣不止，不肯接受。武王死後，太子誦繼位，是為成王。成王不過是個十多歲的孩子。面對國傢初立，尚未穩固，內憂外患接踵而來的復雜形勢，成王是絶對應付不了的。《尚書·大誥》說：“有大艱於西土，西土人亦不靜。”《史記·周本記》也說：“群公懼，穆卜。”武王之死使整個國傢失去了重心，形勢迫切需要一位既有才幹又有威望的能及時處理問題的人來收拾這種局面，這個責任便落到了周公肩上。周公執政稱王，發揮了王的作用。這在當時是自然的事情。古書中有不少周公稱王的記載，衹是到了漢代，大一統和君權至上局面形成之後，周公稱王變成不可思議，於是纔有周公是“攝政”、“假王”等等說法。
文王的父親季歷並非長子，他上邊有兩位哥哥——太伯、仲雍；武王上面有文王的長子伯邑（伯邑考是追記之名，“考”是指死去的父親）。周公以塚宰的身份攝行王事，未曾稱王，管叔有意爭權，於是散布流言：“周公將不利於孺子(成王)”。滅殷後的第三年，(前1024年)，管叔、蔡叔鼓動起武庚祿父一起叛周。起來響應的有東方的徐、奄、淮夷等幾十個原來同殷商關係密切的大小方國。這對剛剛建立三年多的周朝來說，是個異常沉重的打擊。如果叛亂不加以剋服，周王朝就會面臨極大睏難，周文王慘淡經營幾十年建立起來的功業就會毀掉。周王室處在風雨飄搖之中。在王室內部也有人對周公稱王持懷疑態度。這種內外夾攻的局面，使周公處境十分睏難。他首先穩定內部，保持團结，說服太公望和召公爽。他說：“我之所以不回避睏難形勢而稱王，是擔心天下背叛周朝。否則我無顔回報太王、王季、文王。三王憂勞天下已經很久了，而今纔有所成就。武王過早地離開了我們，成王又如此年幼，我是為了成就周王朝，纔這麽做。”周公統一了內部意見之後，第二年(前1023年)舉行東徵，討伐管、蔡、武庚。事前進行了占卜，發佈了《大誥》。
公元前1022年順利地討平了三監的叛亂，殺掉了首惡管叔鮮，擒回並殺掉了北逃的武庚，流放了罪過較輕的蔡叔度。蔡叔死了以後，他的兒子鬍“率德馴善”，和他的父親大不一樣。周公聽到之後，便提拔他作魯國卿士，鬍把魯國治理得很好，周公又把鬍封到新蔡。
周公討平管蔡之後，乘勝嚮東方進軍，滅掉了奄(今山東麯阜)等五十多個國傢，把飛廉趕到海邊殺掉。從此周的勢力延伸到海邊。
4、大行封建 以屏周室
如何統治被徵服的地區，是戰爭勝利之後的大問題，武庚和奄國、淮夷的叛亂，表明重要地區不能再用舊的氏族首領，必須分封周族中最可信賴的成員，這和武王分封已經有所不同。周公把弟弟康叔封到原來商王統治的中心地區，以朝歌為都(今河南淇縣)，分給他殷民七族：陶氏；施氏、繁氏、錆氏、樊氏、饑氏、終葵氏，多是些有某種手工藝專長的氏族。康叔封地不僅面積大，而且統有八師兵力，以防止殷民的再度反抗。
為了使康叔順利地進行統治，周公先後給康叔《康誥》、《酒誥》、《梓材》三篇文告。這在衆多受封人中間是絶無僅有的。推測其原因，一則是康叔統治的為殷人腹心地帶，問題最尖銳最復雜；二則是周公首先徵服的，也是三監反周所據的殷人集中的地方，而戰爭勝利之後，康叔受封也比較早。《康誥》、《酒誥》、《梓材》可以看作是周公對新徵服地區的施政綱領。三篇的主旨是“敬天保民”、“明德慎罰”，為的是使殷民在連續兩次大動蕩之後安定下來，使殷民從事正常的農業生産和商業活動。但又不是一味遷就，對飲酒成風，不孝不友是毫不客氣的。
奄是東方較大的方國，管、蔡散布流言以後，奄君曾對武庚祿父說：“武王已經死了，成王年幼，周公被懷疑，這樣天下要亂了，請舉事(叛周)。”周公被封到奄，長子伯禽就封，建立魯國(今山東麯阜)。分給伯禽殷民六族：徐氏、條氏、蕭氏、索氏、長勺氏、尾勺氏。這些也都是具有某種專長的手工藝氏族，作為魯公的奴隸。
薄姑等國也曾參與反周，師尚父——姜太公原被封為齊侯，都營丘(今山東臨溜北)。太公是位智勇雙全的將領。武王伐紂時他率先衝入敵陣，這次周公東徵，他又立下大功，封地相當大。周公讓召公封給太公的土地是“東至海，西至河，南至穆陵，北至無棣。” 同時還具有專徵專伐的特權，“五侯九伯，實得徵之。”營丘附近還有許多小國，太公就封時東夷族萊人就和他爭地。齊國先後滅掉這些小國，而成為東方大國。
周的同姓召公奭被封到燕，召公長子在平叛之後纔就封，建都於薊(今北京一帶)。燕是周王朝東北方的屏障。它的設立可以切斷殷商舊族和他的北方同姓孤竹國的聯繫，又可以和鬆花江、黑竜江、遼河一帶的肅慎族靠近。肅慎原是周的遠方屬國。近年北京和遼南都發現不少商、周銅器。證實周初的燕確實統治北方廣大領土。
周武王伐紂，微子手持祭器來到軍門，脫去上衣，露出臂膀，反縛着雙手，跪着前行，嚮武王投降。武王親自給他解了綁，仍然讓他管理當初的封國。三監之亂，微子沒有參加。周公平叛之後命他代表殷人後代，奉祀殷的先公先王，立國於宋(今河南商丘)。後來宋成為有名的大國。宋的西面有姒姓杞國(今河南杞縣)，西南有媯姓的陳(今河南淮陽)，北面還有一些小國。宋處在諸國包圍之中。
除去上述國傢之外，周公還分封了大量的同姓國和異姓國。據《苟子·爪效》記載，周公“立七十一國，姬姓獨居五十三人。《左傳》僖公二十四年，富良說：“周公弟二叔之不鹹，故封建親戚以蕃屏周。管、蔡、成、霍、魯、衛、毛、聃、郜、雍、曹、滕、畢、原、酆、郇，文之昭也。邗、晉、應、韓，武之穆也。凡、蔣、邢、茅、胙、祭，周公之胤也。”可見周公封的大大小小的國傢，數不在少。
武王剋商衹是打擊了商王朝的核心部分，直到周公東徵纔掃清了它的外圍勢力。三年的東徵滅國儘管有五十個左右，而占領地的鞏固和擴大還是在分封同姓之後。東徵以後，周人再也不是西方的“小邦周”，而成為東至海，南至淮河流域，北至遼東的泱泱大國了。
周公東徵象疾風驟雨席捲了大河下遊，攪動了原有民族部落的格局。徐國一部分逃到江南(今江西)；一部分東夷被趕到淮河流域；嬴姓西遷；楚國逃到丹水流域。這造成了民族大遷徙大融合。
東徵的戰鬥是殘酷而激烈的，《詩經·豳風·破斧》：“既破我斧，又缺我斯。周公東徵，四國是皇。哀我人斯，亦孔之將。”戰士們跟着周公東徵，斧子砍出了缺口，縱使飽經戰鬥的苦楚，能夠生還是很幸運的了。東徵的戰士思念家乡，一旦解甲歸田，心中充滿了種種遐想，《詩經·豳風·東山》，就是這種心理的生動寫照。再也不是內外交睏，戰鬥之前的那種“風雨所飄搖，予唯音噍噍”的局面了。
5、營建洛邑 製禮作樂
東方遼闊疆域的開拓，要求統治重心的東移。周公東徵班師之後，便着手營建東都洛邑。建城的主要勞力是“殷頑民”，即殷人當中的上層分子。“頑民”西遷，一則使他們脫離了原來住地，失去了社會影響；二則集中起來，便於看管。為了看管殷頑民，周公曾經派了八師兵力駐守。
東都洛邑位於伊水和洛水流經的伊洛盆地中心，地勢平坦，土壤肥沃，南望竜門山，北倚邙山，群山環抱，地勢險要。伊、洛、湛、澗四小匯流其間。東有虎牢關，西有函𠔌關，據東西交通的咽喉要道。順大河而下，可達殷人故地。順洛水，可達齊、魯。南有汝、潁二水，可達徐夷、淮夷。伊、洛盆地確實是定都的好地方。
周公稱王的第五年(前1020年)，正式營建洛邑。三月初五，召公先來到洛邑，經過占卜，把城址確定在澗水和洛水的交匯處，並進而規劃城廓、宗廟、朝、市的具體位置，五月十一日規劃成功。第二天，周公來到洛邑，全面視察了新邑規劃，重新占卜。卜兆表明湛水西和湛水東，洛水之濱營建新都大吉。經過一年左右的時間建成。城方一千七百二十丈，外城方七十裏。城內宮殿富麗堂皇，新都叫“新邑’’或“新洛邑 ”；因此地原有鄂邑，北有郟山，故又稱“郟郫”。新都為周王所居，又叫“王城”。新邑東郊，湛水以東殷民住地叫“成周”，意思是成就周道。原來的鎬京就稱作“宗周”了。
東都洛邑建成之後，周公召集天下諸侯舉行盛大慶典。在這裏正式册封天下諸侯，並且宣佈各種典章制度。也就是所謂“製禮作樂”。
為了鞏固周的統治，周公先後發佈了各種文告，從這裏可以窺見周公總結夏殷的統治經驗，製定下來的各種政策。周公曾先後給衛康叔《康誥》、《酒誥》、《梓材》三篇文告。
《康誥》的目的是安定殷民，全篇內容不外是“明德慎罰”。周文王因為“明德慎罰，不敢侮鰥寡” 纔有天下。殷代“先哲王”也是安民，保民。“明德”的具體內容之一就是“保殷民”。“慎罰”，是依法行事，其中包括殷法的合理成分。刑罰不可濫用，有的案情要考慮五、六天，十來天，才能判定。至於殺人越貨，“不孝不友”的，要“刑茲無赦”。文告中反復強調“康民”、“保民”、“裕民”、“庶民”。告誡康叔要勤勉從事，不可貪圖安逸。“天命”不是固定不變的，能“明德慎罰”纔有天命。“明德慎罰’’也不是一切照舊，而是參酌殷法，推行周法，使殷人“作新民 ”。
《酒誥》是針對殷民飲酒成風而發的。釀酒要用去大量糧食，這種飲酒風習在以農業起傢的周人看來，簡直無法容忍。周公並非完全禁酒，在有祭祀慶典的時候還是可以喝一點。群飲是不行的，不可放過，要通統捉來“以歸於周”，“予其殺”。“予其殺”是我將要殺，未必殺。所以“歸於周”，是不要給殷人以象“小子封刑人殺人”的印象。這同“保民”、“安民”是一致的。應該引導殷民去“藝黍稷”即種莊稼，也可 “肇牽牛，遠服賈”，去經商養父母。殷代先王，從成湯至帝乙都不敢“自暇自逸”，更何況敢聚會飲酒了。至於工匠飲酒，另當別論，不要殺，姑且先進行教育。在政策上區別對待是十分鮮明的。
《梓材》也還是提倡“明德”，反對“後王殺人”。至於民人之間，也不要相殘害，相虐待，乃“至於敬寡，至於屬婦，合由以容”。上上下下不虐殺而“敬寡”，而“合由以容”，自然會出現安定的局面。這種局面的形成不是輕易可以得到的，要象農民那樣勤除草，整地，惰整田界水溝；象維修居處那樣，勤修垣墻，壁上塗泥，頂上蓋草；又如同匠人治器，勤事修斯，再塗上黑漆和紅漆。總之，勤用明德、保民，才能“萬年惟(為)王”。
三篇貫穿一個基本思想是安定殷民，不給殷民一個虐殺的形象，處罰要慎重，要依法從事。至於改造陋習——酗酒，一是限製，二是引導，三是區別對待。做為統治者，要勤勉從事。
《康誥》、《酒誥》、《梓材》是周公對被徵服地區的政治方略，而《多士》是對待遷到洛邑的殷頑民的政策。洛邑建成之後，這批建城的殷頑民如何發落。自是擺在日程上的問題。《多士》是周公嚮殷頑民發佈的文告。全文分作兩大段。第一段是攻心，讓殷頑民服從周人統治。理由是你們這些殷士不好，上天把大命給了我小“邦周”，决不是我“敢弋殷命”、“敢求位”。這如同你先祖成湯取代不道的夏桀一樣，也是“上帝不保”夏桀。我現在把你們從“天(大)邑商”遷到西土，不要怨我，我是矜憐你們的，這也是天命所在。第二段內容是宣佈給以生活出路，讓他們就地安居，有你們的田地，有你們的住宅，“爾乃尚有爾土，爾乃尚寧幹止。”如果你們能順從聽命，有德，還被任用。上天會可憐你們，否則，你們不但會失去土地，而且我還會把上天的處罰加在你們身上。
對俘虜進行攻心戰術，使之自食其力，恩威並施。這是一整套改造政策。周公反復申明的“天命”不是他的創造，而是從遠古繼承下來的。《墨子·兼愛下》引《禹誓》：“用天之罰”，是禹徵三苗時發表的誓詞。湯在徵服夏桀時誓師詞說：“有夏多罪，天命殛之。”“天”已經不是單純反映自然力量的神，天神已經幹預人間事務。周公在《牧誓》中也提到“恭行天之罰”。對敵人多講天命的周公，對“天”的觀念已經有所發展。“天命”是否轉移，怎樣才能保住“天命”，取决於有沒有“德”，桀紂失掉天命是因為失“德”，周人要保住“天命”則必須有“德”，因此周公在教導周人時就多講“明德”。“天命”變成可以保持和爭取的了。人不再是盲目地服從“天命”，而有了主觀努力的可能了，這是積極的。天子是天的代理人，一方面他具有無上的權威，但不是無條件的，他必須有“德”，不然天命就要轉移，因而君主、天子不可以為所欲為的，是有條件、受約束的。紂在滅亡前夕還說“我不是有命在天乎？”周公的思想比他，比殷人要大大前進一步。保住天命的條件之一是“保民”，民的狀況不能不成為君主認真考慮的問題。
參與建新都的除去殷遺之外，還有“侯，甸、男、邦、伯”，這些多是殷的舊有屬國。東都建成，周公除去對殷頑民訓誡之外，還對這些“多方”訓誡。《多士》強調天革殷命，《多方》則突出殷代夏，周革殷，是由於“不肯戚言於民”、“不剋明保享於民”，於是成湯用“爾多方簡代夏作民主。”周“剋堪用德”，天才讓周“簡畀殷命，尹爾多方”。對“多方’’則反復強調“保民”。針對“多方”懷念舊殷，不愛周邦，一方面讓他們有田宅；另一方面，如果不聽周的號令，則“我乃其大罰殛之”。假如內部和睦，努力種田，“剋勤乃事”，天要矜憐你們，我有周還要大大地賞賜。有德者，還可以在王廷作官。為期五年為善，你們仍可以回到本土。
周公在掃平叛亂，營建成周之後的問題是，周王朝的長治久安的謀劃，也就是“製禮作樂”。這在周公稱王的第六年。“禮”強調的是“別”，即所謂“尊尊”；“樂”的作用是“和”，即所謂“親親”。有別有和，是鞏固周人內部團结的兩方面。
禮所要解决的中心問題是尊卑貴賤的區分，即宗法製，進一步講是繼承製的確立。由於沒有嚴密的繼承製，周公固然可以稱“鹹王”，管、蔡也可以因爭王位而背叛王室。小邦周不能不考慮大邦殷的經驗教訓，何況周公對夏殷歷史是了如指掌的。殷代從先妣特祭和兄終弟及的人數有限看，是分了嫡庶的，是子以母貴的。殷是傳弟和傳子的並存，曾導致了“九世之亂”。傳弟終究還要傳子，這本來是生物的規律。傳子和傳弟有傳長、傳幼和傳賢的矛盾。傳弟更有個傳弟之子和傳兄之子的矛盾。這些矛盾的存在，往往導致王室紛爭，王室紛爭又會導致王權衰落，國祚不久。殷代從康丁以後，歷經武乙、文丁、帝乙、帝辛(紂)，明顯地廢除了傳弟製而確立了傳子製。周在周公之前也沒確立嫡長製，繼太王的不是泰伯和仲雍，而是季歷。武王有兄名伯邑考，文王卻以武王姬發為太子。自周公以後，歷“成王、康王、昭王，穆王、共王、懿王”，除去孝王外直到幽王都是傳子的，這不是偶然的，這種制度即嫡長子繼承製的確立應歸功於周公。嫡長子繼承製確立以後，衹有嫡長子有繼承權，這樣就經法律上免除了支庶兄弟爭奪王位，起到穩定和鞏固統治階級秩序的作用。嫡長子繼承製是宗法製的核心內容。周公把宗法製和政治制度結合起來，創立了一套完備的服務於奴隸製的上層建築。周天子是天下大宗，而姬姓諸侯對周天子說來是小宗。而這些諸侯在自己封國內是大宗，同姓卿大夫又是小宗，這樣組成一個寶塔形結構，它的頂端是周天子。周代大封同姓諸侯，目的之一是要組成這個以血緣紐帶結合起來的政權結構，它比殷代的聯盟形式前進了一大步。周代同姓不婚，周天子對異姓諸侯則視為甥舅關係。血緣婚姻關係組成了周人的統治係統。到春秋戰國時代暴露了它的弱點，郡縣製代替了分封製，但在當時的具體條件下，無疑形成了一種以華夏族為主體的層次分明的政權機構，一種遠較殷人的統治為進步的機構。由宗法製必然推演出維護父尊子卑，兄尊弟卑，天子尊，諸侯卑的等級森嚴的禮法。這種禮法是隸屬關係的外在化。反過來，它又起到鞏固宗法製的作用，其目的是維護父權製，維護周天子S6統治，誰要是違反了禮儀、居室、服飾、用具等等的具體規定，便視為非禮、僭越。
周天子能授民授疆土，則必以土地國有為前提。“普天之下，莫非王土，率土之濱，莫非王臣。 ”(《詩經·小雅·北山》)在周公文治武功盛極一時的時代，並非虛構。由此引申出來的“田裏不鬻”；土地不許買賣，恐怕也出自周公。周公能授給姜太公以專徵專伐的特權，那麽，“禮樂徵伐自天子出”恐怕是周公時代或更早確立而為周公所法定下來的。為了加強中央王朝對地方的統治，册封、巡狩、朝覲、貢納等制度，也很可能是周公在總結前代經驗的基礎上確定下來的。
周公的製禮作樂，一方面是在總結前人經驗的基礎上加以係統化，另一方面也是周人具體實踐的總結。
6、讓位成王 有始有終
周公製禮作樂第二年，也就是周公稱王的第七年，周公把王位徹底交給了成王。《尚書·召誥、洛誥》中周公和成王的對話，大概是在舉行周公退位，成王視事的儀式上、史官記下的。在國傢危難的時候，不避艱辛挺身而出，擔當起王的重任；當國傢轉危為安，走上順利發展的時候，毅然讓出了王位，這種無畏無私的精神，始終被後代稱頌。但是，周公並沒有因退位而放手不管，成王固然對他輓留，而他也不斷嚮成王提出告誡，最有名的是《尚書·無逸》。
《無逸》，不要貪圖安逸，不錯，是周公告誡成王的，就是在今天讀起來，我們還覺得它是新鮮的。《無逸》開頭就講，知道種地務農的辛勞，纔懂得“小人”——農民的隱情。父母辛勤務農，而他們的子弟不知道種地的艱辛，就會貪圖安逸乃至妄誕，甚至侮辱他的父母說：“老年人，什麽也不懂。”這種不孝的話在當時是决不許講的。《康誥》中還提到，對不孝不友的人要處以刑罰。作一個最高統治者要知道下邊的隱情疾苦，否則就會做出荒誕的事情來。周公接着舉了殷代名君中宗太戊、高宗武丁、商湯之孫祖甲，不是莊嚴威懼，勤自約束，“不敢荒寧”，就是久為小人，能保惠小民，不敢侮鰥寡，他們享國都能長久。爾後的殷王，生下來就安逸，不知道務農的辛勞，衹是貪圖享樂，因而他們享國也都不長久。周公接下去又舉有周的太王、王季的謙抑謹畏，特別提到文王穿不好的衣服，自奉節儉，參加農業勞動，能“懷保小民，惠鮮鰥寡”，從早到過午有時連飯都來不及吃，為的是團结萬民。他不敢盤桓逸樂遊獵，不索取分外的東西，因而享國也比較長久。周公告誡後代，不許放縱“於觀、於逸、於遊、於田(田獵)”，不能寬容自己說：姑且現在享樂一下，不能象商紂那樣迷亂於酒。如果不聽，就會變亂先王正法，招致民人的怨恨詛咒。有人告訴說：“小人恨你、駡你。”要說自己有錯誤，深自省察，不許含怒，不許亂殺無辜，亂罰無罪。不然，相同的怨忿集中到你一個人身上，那後果是不堪設想的。
周公所說的深入底層，關心民間疾苦，以“無逸”自警或用來教育後代是對的，但是“逸”與不“逸”往往受階級條件和生活環境所左右，存在决定意識，在沒有外界強大壓力的情況下，王室成員“生則逸”是必然的，由“逸”而失國也是必然的。
周公緻政三年之後，在豐京養老，不久得了重病，死前說：“我死之後一定葬在成周，示意給天要臣服於成王。”死後葬於文王墓地畢，成王說；“這表示我不敢以周公為臣。”
有詩曰：周朝初建大分封，成王幼聰靠周公。
禮賢下士三吐哺，天下歸心百業興。
Yanzhou Wang did not deeply understand the seriousness of the development of the West surnamed forces, who imposed Dongyi outside, non-domestic refuse remonstrance decorated wine, woman, Jiuchiroulin, the domestic political Gaode chaos. After the death of King Wen, King Wu came to the throne to the Duke of Zhou was the most right-hand man, in response the public, such as completion of public help, in the League (Bangladesh) Tianjin view soldiers, the General Assembly the world princes. This is a general exercise before the attack, but also a test. View of the second year in December after soldiers, King Wu, the Duke of Zhou, who with the help of command tanks 300, Huben 3000 people, Jiashi 45,000 people, through the AU-chun. February Jiazi (about pre-1027) morning, King Wu Makino set in rural public oath-taking business, oath is "Book of History" in the "Mushi."
King Zhou was dead, but on how to dispose of the Shang Dynasty and the upper nobility of the problem, King Wu 1:00 undecided. He first asked the grandfather Wang - Jiang Shang. Grandfather said: "I've heard, he is in love. If the contrary, the person is not worth loving, then the village fence, wall do not have to keep." Meant not only to kill Yan Zhou, Yin people can not even hostile preserved, to kill all. King Wu did not agree. And got called to discuss the public. Zhao Gong said: "The guilt of the killing, not guilty of leaving." King Wu said: "No way." So he got the Duke of Zhou. Duke said: "Let the people of Yin live in their original residence, the original cultivated land. For people of Yin which affect a truly virtuous person." Gong give way out of this, local integration policy of disintegrating, won King Wu of praise. King Wu ordered the public release of imprisoned Zhao Ji Zi and imprisoned nobles; repair business volume residence, and the establishment of a flag; to Hong Pei-yao higher than dry tomb of the Prince; command Shadows distributed Lutai including money, to open a huge bridge granary, hunger relief Yin people. All these measures show the opposite direction to the anti-Yan Zhou, Yan Zhou mutilation to be to rehabilitate, to lobby for people of Yin.
The original direct rule of the local business dynasty, King Wu, divide it into three parts, the son of King Zhou Wu Geng Bei Lu by the parent in charge, Wei Cai Shu by the degree of control, Yong S by the Guan Shu fresh charge, known to history as the "three supervisors." (And some said Guan Shu and Cai Shu, Huo-tert-called "three supervisors." Uncle Howard, but said "three supervisors," one of the "Historical Records", "Han" and not set.) Guanshu the manor in tube (now the area in Zhengzhou, Henan), Uncle's manor in Cai Cai (Henan shangcai this area). Uncle Dan on Lu Feng (now Qufu, Shandong Province), the Duke of Zhou. Look at the Camp Hill closed grandfather (now Shandong Linzi North). Public Shuang Feng Zhao Yan. (Southwest of Beijing today, a say in Beijing.)
Eliminate commercial return, with the Duke of Zhou King Wu in Gaojing about Iraq in the Lo and the establishment of water the plains between the new capital in order to control the East. As worked hard day and night, King Wu is ill, and the duke to ancestors too pious king, Wang Ji, King Wen prayer. He said: meta Sunmou you got violent crisis seriously ill, if you owe God a child, let me to replace him. I have Rende, but also versatile. Meta Sunmou you as I am versatile, can not serve spirits. Today we see it and I think this prayer is funny, but to three thousand years ago, the Zhou people who believe the spirits of heaven, it was very sincere and unselfish. After the prayer, King Wu of the disease although has improved, but soon, or a visit. Before his death, King Wu in the virtuous talent willing to pass the throne to the uncle once - the Duke of Zhou, and said the matter did not need telling, you can personally decide. Duke Tiqi more than, refused to accept. King Wu's death, succeeded to the throne Prince chanting is to become king. Cheng Wang, but was more than 10 years old. The face of the early state legislation, is not solid, internal and external incoming complex situation, as the king is absolutely unable to meet. "Big Book of Letters Patent," said: "The big storm in the western territories, the West natives are not static." "Historical Records Zhou Ji" also said: "The group of public fear, Mu Bo." King Wu's death, the country lost its focus the situation is urgent need for a prestige both talent there who deal with the problem in time to clean up the situation, the responsibility will fall on the shoulders of the Duke of Zhou. Duke ruling king, the king played a role. This was natural. Many ancient books Zhougong records, only to the Han Dynasty, the situation of the unified and after the formation of monarchical supremacy, Zhougong become inconceivable, then Duke is the only "Regent", "false king," and so saying.
King Wen's father, not the calendar quarter, the eldest son of two on top brother - Tai Bo, to flourish; the eldest son of King Wu King Wen Bo above a eup (Uncle Yap examination is sent back by the name "test" refers to the dead father). Duke of Zhou in his capacity as Chief Minister, photo line Wangshi, not kings, Guanshu intends fighting for power, then spread the rumor: "Duke will not help Ruzi (as King)." Yin destroyed after the third year (before 1024), Guan Shu and Cai Shu Wu Geng Lu father preached the week with the rebels. Up the response with the East Xu, suddenly, dozens Huaiyi close to the size of the original square with the Shang state. This is just the establishment of the Zhou dynasty for more than three years, is an extremely heavy blow. If the rebels do not be overcome, it will face great difficulties in Zhou Dynasty, Emperor Wen of all dropped a few years to build exploits will ruin. Among the royal family in a precarious week. Within the royal family was also skeptical of the Duke of Zhou kings. This attack from within and outside the situation, to make Duke a very difficult position. He first internal stability, to maintain unity, hope and call to convince the public cool grandfather. He said: "I did not avoid difficult situations and king, is worried that the world betrayed the Zhou Dynasty. Otherwise, I discredited in the return of the king too, Wang Ji, King Wen. Three Kings sayings the world has been a long time, and now have the achievement. King Wu left us prematurely, as the king is so young, I was to achievements of the Zhou Dynasty, only do. "unified internal views of the Duke of Zhou, the second year (before 1023) at the Eastern Campaign, crusade tube, Cai , Wu Geng. Prior to the divination, issued the "Great Patent."
BC in 1022 successfully tied the three supervisors to discuss the rebellion, killing the principal culprits Guanshu fresh, Qin Hui and killed the North fled to Wu Geng, banished the sin Uncle Cai less degree. Tsai Shu died, his son Juan "rate de tame good", and his father a big difference. After hearing the Duke of Zhou, then promoted him as Lu Guoqing Shi, Lu Hu to good governance, Duke closed to new Cai Hu again.
How to rule the conquered areas, is a big problem after the victory, Wu Geng, and suddenly the country, Huaiyi insurgency, key areas that can not be reused old chiefs, feudal Zhou Dynasty to be the most reliable member of this and King Wu packet has been different. Duke closed the brother Kangshu to the center of the original king of Shang rule to Chaoge to have (Qi County, Henan Province today), points to his family of seven people Yin: Dow; Shi's, Fan's, Qiang's, Fan's, Hunger's finally Kwai's, mostly those with some kind of handicraft expertise of the clan. Kangshu feud not only large area, and eight division force system to prevent people re-Yin resistance.
Bo Gu and other countries also participated in anti-weeks, the division Shangfu - Jiang Taigong originally been called Qi Hou, Metropolitan Hill (now Shandong Pro slipped North). Great-grandfather was a wise and brave generals. King Wu took the lead when he broke into enemy positions, and Evolution of this, he set a great service, great fiefs. Duke closed to the public response to the grandfather's land was "the east sea, west river, south Mu Ling, north to Wudi." Also has a special levy special privilege of cutting, "five Houjiu Bo, may levy the real." Camp There are many small hill nearby, great-grandfather on the seal when the Yi nationality Levin and his people to fight to. Qi successively eliminating these small countries, and become East.
Remove the above-mentioned countries, the Duke of Zhou feudal also a large number of countries and different surname surname country. According to "claw effect Xunzi" records, the Duke of Zhou "Li 71 countries, surnamed persons living alone 50." Zuo Zhuan "Xi public twenty-four years, Fu-liang said:" Zhougong Di di s not salty, so Ping Zhou feudal relative to Fan. Tube, Cai, Cheng Huo, Lu, Wei Mao, Dan, Gao, Yong, Cao, Teng, complete, original, Feng, Xun, Zhao Wen s also. Han River, Jin, Ying, Han, Wu of Mu also. Fan, Jiang, Xing, Mao, confer, sacrifice, the Duke of Zhou of Yin also. "Shows the Duke of Zhou countries large and small letters, numbers not less.
Eastern Campaign battle is brutal and intense, "Book Bin Feng break Axe": "Jipo my ax, and destitute I Williams. And Evolution of the four countries is the Emperor. Compassion for us people, also pores will. "followed and Evolution of the soldiers, out of the gap ax, even if the sufferings ridden battle, can students still very fortunate. Eastern Campaign homesick soldiers, demobilize once the heart is full of all sorts of treatments, "Book Bin Feng Tung Shan" is a vivid reflection of this psychological. No longer the downturn, before fighting the kind of "wind and rain are hovering to the CD audio Jiao Jiao" picture.
East are Luoyi in Iraq and the Lo flowing through the Illo water basin center, flat, fertile soil, its south Mountains, north is Mang mountain, mountains, difficult terrain. Iraq, Luo, Zhan, Jian-clock during convergence. Hulao Pass east, west, Hangu Pass, according to what the traffic choke points. Down along rivers, up to people of Yin old haunt. Shun Luoshui, up Qi and Lu. South Ru, Ying dihydrate, up to Xu Yi, Huaiyi. Iraq, Los basin is really a good place for its capital.
In order to consolidate the rule of week, Duke has released a variety of message, from here you can glimpse the rule of Duke summed up the experience of summer Yin, developed on the various policies. Duke has had to Wei Kangshu "Kang", "Wine Patent," "Zi-cai" 3 statement.
"Zi material" also is promoting "Matilda", against "the King murder." As among the people, nor with harm, with abuse, is "The King widowed, as are women, together with content from the." Up and down is not murder but "Respect few," and "cooperation with content from the" stable situation will naturally arise. The formation of such a situation can not easily get to do as farmers weeded, the land, idle the entire field boundary ditches; as the maintenance of the Home Office as Qin-xiu Yuanqiang, walls painted mud, on top of Gallant; Also Like craftsmen treatment device, handling things Matthews, and then painted black and red paint. In short, the ground with Matilda, protect the people, to "years except (for) the king."
"Kang", "Wine Patent," "Zi-cai," the Duke of Zhou of the conquered region's political strategy, and the "toast" is a treat to move to Los Yap Yin stubborn public policy. Luoyi built, these people built the city of Yin stubborn how pleasure. Naturally put the issue on the agenda. "Toast" is the Duke of Zhou Yin stubborn people to the statement issued. Text divided into two section. The first was hearts and minds, so that people obey Zhou Yin stubborn rule. The reason is you have these carbon was not good, God gave me the injunction of small "State Week", not me, "Yi Yin life dare" "dare to seek position." It's like your ancestors did not replace the Road Xia Jie Cheng Tang, as is, "God does not guarantee" Xia Jie. I brought you from the "days (large) Yap Commercial" to move to Western soil, do not blame me, I pity pity you, this is also the host of heaven. Give the second paragraph of content is that way of life so that they live locally, there is your land, with your house, "Seoul Seoul is still soil, Seoul is still rather dry only." Obey orders if you can have Germany, was also appointed. God would have mercy on you, otherwise you will not only lose their land, and I would add to God's punishment upon you.
Psychological tactics on prisoners to make it self-reliant, incentives and penalties. This is a set of reform policies. Duke repeatedly affirmed the "fate" is not his creation, but rather inherited from the ancient times. "Mo universal love, under the" primer "Yu oath": "with the days of punishment" is issued Miao Yu Zheng three oaths. When Tom swearing words in the conquest of Xia Jie said: "There is more crime in summer, bearing in mind the mandate of heaven." "Heaven" is not simply reflect the natural forces of God, God has intervened in human affairs. Duke in the "Mushi," also referred to "Christine days, a fine line." The enemy more about fate of the Duke of Zhou, the "day" concept has been developed. "Destiny" is the transfer, how to keep "Fate", depending on there, "Germany", Jie Zhou lost because of loss of heaven, "Germany", Zhou to keep "fate" must have "moral", so the Duke of Zhou in the teaching week when many people say, "Matilda." "Fate" can be kept and turned into a fight. People no longer blindly obey "heaven", but also has the possibility of subjective efforts, which is positive. Son of Heaven is a day's agent, on the one hand he has the supreme authority, but not unconditional, he must have "moral", or fate would transfer, so the sovereign, the emperor can not do whatever they want, is conditional, subject to constraints . Zhou also said the destruction on the eve of "I am not a life almost in the day?" Duke than he thought, than the people of Yin to be a big step. To keep one of the conditions of heaven is "protecting people", people must be sovereign status seriously consider.
Gift central issue to be addressed is the distinction between the respectable and humble, that were the rule of law, and further stresses that the establishment of the system of succession. In the absence of strict inheritance system, and the duke of course be called "king salt", pipe, CAI can also be a result of war and betrayal of the royal throne. Little Bang Bang Yin Zhou has to consider the lessons learned from large, not to mention the summer by Duke Yin history is well known. Special offerings and the Yin from Xianbi brother to younger brother and a limited number of view, is divided Di Shu, and is the son of a mother expensive. Chuan Yin is the brother and son of co-exist, has led to a "IX Rebellion." Brother eventually have to pass to son, which was originally physiology. Son and brother have mass transfer length, mass of young and Successfully Passes Throngh Longhai conflicts. Communication is more a brother's son, brother and Mass Communication brother's son conflict. The existence of these conflicts, disputes often lead to the royal family, royal family disputes will lead to the decline of royal power, the country Zuo soon. After the Yin from Kangding, after Wu B, Wen Ding, Di Yi, Di Xin (Zhou), significantly abolished the transmission system and the brother of the system established to son. Weeks before the Duke did not establish long-entropy system, following the not too Talbot and Zhong Yong Wang, but the calendar quarter. King Wu a brother name Peter Yap test, King Wen to King Wu Ji Fa is the crown prince. Since the Duke of Zhou after the calendar, "Cheng Wang, Kang, King Zhao, Mu, a total of Wang, Yi Wang", remove the outside until You Wang Xiao Wang is the son of, this is not accidental, this system is the establishment of primogeniture should be attributed to Duke. After the establishment of primogeniture, the eldest son inherit only entropy, thus eliminating the branch by law Shu brothers compete for the throne, stabilize and consolidate the role of the order of the ruling class. Primogeniture is the core of legal cases. Duke of the legal and political systems were combined, created a comprehensive service in slavery superstructure. Bet the king is a large world, but surnamed princes of the Zhou to say that careen. The closure of these princes in their own country is large, and Autumn is 小宗 surname, so the formation of a pagoda-shaped structure, which is the top of the Zhou. Zhou Tai Feng surname princes, one of the aims is to form the blood ties to the regime that combines the structure of the alliance than the form of the Yin a big step forward. Zhou surname not married, are regarded as the Zhou Sheng Jiu princes of the relationship between different surnames. Kinship marriage system composed of the Zhou Dynasty's rule. To the Warring States period, it exposes the weakness of the system of prefectures and counties to replace the feudal system, but under specific conditions at the time, no doubt formed a kind of Huaxia structured as the main political institutions, a much Yin people rule for the progress of the organization. Deduce from the cases in the legal system must respect the parent child maintenance base, base brother brother respect, respect for the emperor, princes base of the hierarchical etiquette. This etiquette is the externalization of affiliation. Conversely, it also played the role of the legal system to consolidate cases, the purpose is to maintain the patriarchal, maintaining rule of the Zhou S6, anyone who violated the protocol, room, clothing, appliances, etc. The specific requirements will be regarded as indecent assault, and overstepped.
6, to make way into the king beginning and an end
"No Yi", do not seek comfort, yes, the Duke of Zhou Cheng Wang warned, that is read today, we also feel that it is fresh. "No Yi" at the beginning of the talk, to know the hard work farmers farming, and understand "bad people" - farmers hidden reason. Hard farming parents, and their children do not know the hard work the land, it will ease and even jump to birth, or even insult his parents said: "The elderly, they know nothing." Such words of filial piety is no promise at the time say of. "Kang" also mentioned that the Friends of the lack of filial piety is not the person to be sentenced. As a supreme ruler of the hidden secrets beneath the weal and woe to know, otherwise you will make ridiculous things to. Duke went on to cite the name of Jun in the cases of the Yin Tai Wu, Gao Zongwu Ding, Zu-Shang Dynasty A, not solemn fear Wei, Qin self restraint, "rather not waste" is a long time for the villains, to ensure benefit little people, not dare to insult widowed, they can enjoy the country a long time. Later, Yin Wang, born on the ease and comfort, do not know hard work of farming, but pleasure-seeking, so they do not have long to enjoy the country. Duke went on a week so they give the king of Wang Ji's modest and restrained like fear, particularly in reference to King Wen to wear good clothes, Zifeng thrift, in agricultural work, to "protect pregnant Sham, Wai fresh widowed," from too early to have lunch sometimes too late to eat dinner, to the unity of all people. He did not dare linger pleasures hunting, do not obtain exceptionally things, so enjoy the country is relatively long. Duke warned future generations, and not to indulge, "on view at the Plaza, on the tour, Oda (hunting)" and can not let it be said: no harm to what is now pleasure, not as confused as Shangzhou in wine. If you do not listen, they will confound kings Fa, incurred the resentment the people who curse. Some people told us: "Villains hate you, call you." Say they have an error, deep self-introspection, and not to Hannu, and not to kill innocent people indiscriminately, Luanfa innocence. Otherwise, the same Yuanfen concentrated in you alone, that the consequences will be disastrous.
Duke said the hood, care about the weal and woe, "no fleeing" from police or to educate future generations is, but the "ease" and not "Yi" is often subject to conditions and living environment class about being determines consciousness, the situation without outside pressure, the royal family, "sang Yi" is inevitable, from the "Yi" and loss of the country is inevitable.
Courteous triazole feeding, the world's hearts 100 Yip Hing.