| 姓： | 姬 | |||||||||
| 名： | 发 | |||||||||
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先周是活动与中原西部黄土高原的一个古老部落。周人的始祖传说是帝喾元妃姜嫄的儿子弃。弃在帝舜时担任农师，号称后稷，教民耕稼有功，分封于邰。商朝初年，他的后代公刘率族人迁到磁。到古公亶父时，又迁到岐山南边的周原（今陕西岐山县）定居下来，逐渐发展成一个新兴的西部势力，自称为周。古公的幼子季历继位后，修行道义，发展生产，驱逐夷狄，力量更为强大，与商发生矛盾。商王文丁派人将季历杀死，季历的儿子姬昌继位。昌号称西伯，仁慈爱民，礼贤下士，天下士人都来投奔。周的发展，使商纣感到威胁，于是将西伯昌囚禁于羑里七年。周人以珍宝和美女将西伯赎出，此后，在吕尚的辅佐下，西伯昌表面上耽于游乐，对殷纣十分驯服，实际上却更为积善修德，和悦百姓，大力发展生产，使更多的诸侯前来归附，进而征讨不驯服的诸侯和商的盟国，终于三分天下有其二，成为所谓的受命之主，而自称王，即周文王，并将都城迁到丰邑（今陕西长安西南沣水西岸）。九年，周文王逝世。其子姬发继位，称周武王。他继续以吕尚为师，周公旦为辅，召公、毕公等人为主要助手，继续文王未尽的事业。将都城扩至沣水以东的镐京（今陕西长安县境），积极作灭商的准备。两年后，武王在盟津召集八百诸侯会师盟誓。周文王受命第十一年十二月，武王兵出潼关，联合各方国诸侯，挥师东向，于次年二月甲子日在牧野打败商朝的军队，杀死殷纣王，史称“武王灭商”，建立了中国历史上最长的一个朝代——周朝。周朝经历了37代天子，800多年，到公元前256年，才被秦国灭掉。公元前770年， 平王迁都洛邑（今河南洛阳）。丰镐二京在西，洛邑在东，习惯上称公元前770年以前的周朝为西周，以后的为东周。
商朝在暴君纣王统治下，政治上已十分腐败，但军事上仍有较强实力。武王审时度势，积极为灭商准备条件，等待时机。他即位9年后，为便于进攻商都朝歌(今河南淇县)，将都城由丰(今陕西西安西南沣水西岸)迁至镐(今陕西西安西南沣水东岸)，举行了历史上有名的“孟津观兵”。
这次观兵实际上是一次为灭商做准备的军事演习和检阅。他率大军先西行至毕原(今陕西长安县内) 文王陵墓祭奠，然后转而东行向朝歌前进。在中军竖起写有父亲西伯昌名字的大木牌，自己只称太子发，意为仍由文王任统帅。大军抵达黄河南岸的盂津(今河南孟津县东北)，有800诸侯闻讯赶来参加。人心向周，商纣王孤立无援的形势已形成，诸侯均力劝武王立即向朝歌进军。武王和姜太公则认为时机还不成熟，在军队渡过黄河后又下令全军返回，并以“诸位不知天命”告诫大家不要操之过急
商朝形势图
又二年，武王探知纣王更加昏庸暴虐。良臣比干、箕子忠言进谏，一个被杀，一个被囚。太师疵、少师强见纣王已不可救药，抱着商朝宗庙祭器出逃。百姓皆侧目而视，缄口不言。武王同姜尚研究，认为灭商条件已完全成熟，遵照文王“时至而勿疑”的遗嘱，果断决定发兵伐商，通告各诸侯国向朝歌进军。出发前，太史卜了一卦，得兆象大凶。见此不吉之兆，百官大惊失色。武王决心已定，不迷信鬼神，毅然率兵车300 乘、近卫武士3000人、甲士4.5万人向朝歌进发。大军到达朝歌郊外70里处的牧野(今河南汲县南)，各诸侯率兵车4000乘会合。纣王闻知周兵已到，调集都中士兵，再加把囚犯、奴隶、战俘武装起来，共起兵17万(一说70万)相迎。双方开始了历史上著名的牧野之战。武王在战前向全军发表誓词，历数商纣的罪恶，说明伐纣的正义性，动员将士们英勇杀敌。决战开始后，周军士气高涨，奋勇冲杀。商纣的军队在周军凌厉攻势下一触即溃。那些被迫参战的奴隶、囚徒不愿为纣王卖命，反把武王看作救星，倒转矛头引导周军杀入朝歌。纣王见大势已去，登上鹿台，自焚身死。商朝由此灭亡。
周武王建周后，进行大规模的分封功臣谋士，如将吕尚封于齐，周公旦封于鲁，召公奭封于燕，叔鲜封于管，叔度封于蔡。据说，周初总计分封了71个诸侯国，其中兄弟之国15个，同姓之国40余个。封邦建国的目的，是加强对各地的统治，并作为周王室的屏藩。诸侯再在自己的封地里分封卿大夫，卿大夫又在自己的封地里分封士，这样自上而下统治人民。武王死后，其子姬诵继位，为成王。成王年少，天下初定，周公旦恐怕诸侯不服，以王叔摄政。管叔、蔡叔不服，与殷纣之子武庚，带领淮夷，发动叛乱。周公毅然率兵东征，平定了叛乱，诛杀了武庚和管叔，放逐了蔡叔，收伏了殷的余民。为了加强对东方的统治，周公奉成王之命负责营建洛邑的工作。洛邑建成后，成王亲自来到洛邑王城，大会天下诸侯和四夷君长，并将跟随武庚叛乱的殷遗民迁进成周，以便控制。周公还制礼作乐，建立了周朝的各项典章制度和礼乐制度，确立了以宗法制度为中心的政治体制。成王曾亲自讨伐东夷，使东部得以安定。成王死后，继位的康王继承先王的事业，勤于政事，平易近民，刑罚几十年不用，社会更加安定。
武王灭商后，为了收服人心，巩固新建的政权，在政治上采取了许多政策和措施。首先，采取了以殷治殷，分而治之的办法，安抚殷商遗民。他封纣王之子武庚为殷侯，继续治理殷民。同时，将殷商王畿(京城周围千里)内之地分为卫、庸、邶三个小国，封自己的三个弟弟分别治理，负责监视武庚，号称“三监”。他下令释放被纣王囚禁的百姓，修整商朝贤臣比干的坟墓，放出贤臣箕子并恢复其原职。又散发供纣王淫乐奢侈之用的财物、粮食，赈济饥民和贫弱的百姓。通过采取这些措施，商地很快稳定下来。
其次，采取封邦建国的方略，实行对全国的统治。为了吸取商朝灭亡的教训，治理好国家，武王专门把箕子接来镐京，虚心请教安邦治国之道。根据箕子讲述的道理，他同姜太公、周公旦等商议，决定将古时已有但还未完全形成的宗法制度进一步完善和确定下来。即把全国分成若干个侯国，由周天子分封给在灭商大业中做出了贡献的姬姓亲族和有功之臣；各诸侯可以拥兵，但必须随时听从天子调遣，定期向天子纳贡、朝贺；允许封侯世代承袭，并可在封国内分封卿、大夫；天子对诸侯有赏罚予夺之权，对封国中分封卿、大夫也有权过问。毫无疑问，武王实行的封邦建国方略，相对于商朝那种原始小邦林立的现象来说，显然是一个进步。它确有统天下于一尊的意义，在当时起到了巩固和加强全国统治的作用。
武王为了巩固全国政权，日夜思虑，睡不好觉。他还同公旦讨论过在当时被认为地处天下之中的洛邑(今河南洛阳市内)营建东都，以便于加强对东方的控制。可惜他未能实现这个计划，在灭商后不久逝世。
据说在今河南省郑州市齐礼闫村。闫氏是其后人。
武王伐纣
周的发展，使商纣感到威胁，于是将西伯昌囚禁于羑里七年。周人以珍宝和美女将西伯赎出，此后，在吕尚的辅佐下，西伯昌表面上耽于游乐，对殷纣十分驯服，实际上却更为积善修德，和悦百姓，大力发展生产，使更多的诸侯前来归附，进而征讨不驯服的诸侯和商的盟国，终于三分天下有其二，成为所谓的受命之主，而自称王，即周文王，并将都城迁到丰邑（今陕西长安西南沣水西岸）。
九年，周文王逝世。其子姬发继位， 称
牧野之战
周武王。他继续以吕尚为师，周公旦为辅，召公、毕公等人为主要助手，继续文王未尽的事业。将都城扩至沣水以东的镐京（今陕西长安县境），积极作灭商的准备。两年后，武王在盟津召集八百诸侯会师盟誓。周文王受命第十一年十二月，武王兵出潼关，联合各方国诸侯，挥师东向，于次年二月甲子日在牧野打败商朝的军队，杀死殷纣王，史称“武王灭商”，建立了中国历史上最长的一个朝代——周朝。周朝经历了37代天子，800多年，到公元前256 年，才被秦国灭掉。公元前770年， 平王迁都洛邑（今河南洛阳）。丰镐二京在西，洛邑在东，习惯上称公元前770年以前的周朝为西周，以后的为东周。
商朝在暴君纣王统治下，政治上已十分腐败，但军事上仍有较强实力。武王审时度势，积极为灭商准备条件，等待时机。他即位9年后，为便于进攻商都朝歌(今河南淇县)，将都城由丰(今陕西西安西南沣水西岸)迁至镐(今陕西西安西南沣水东岸)，举行了历史上有名的“孟津观兵”。
这次观兵实际上是一次为灭商做准备的军事演习和检阅。他率大军先西行至毕原(今陕西长安县内)文王陵墓祭奠，然后转而东行向朝歌前进。在中军竖起写有父亲西伯昌名字的大木牌，自己只称太子发，意为仍由文王任统帅。大军抵达黄河南岸的孟津(今河南孟津县东北)，有800诸侯闻讯赶来参加。人心向周，商纣王孤立无援的形势已形成，诸侯均力劝武王立即向朝歌进军。武王和姜太公则认为时机还不成熟，在军队渡过黄河后又下令全军返回，并以“诸位不知天命”告诫大家不要操之过急。
又二年，武王探知纣王更加昏庸暴虐。良臣比干、箕子忠言进谏，一个被杀，一个被囚。太师疵、少师强见纣王已不可救药，抱着商朝宗庙祭器出逃。百姓皆侧目而视，缄口不言。武王同姜尚研究，认为灭商条件已完全成熟，遵照文王“时至而勿疑”的遗嘱，果断决定发兵伐商，通告各诸侯国向朝歌进军。出发前，太史卜了一卦，得兆象大凶。见此不吉之兆，百官大惊失色。武王决心已定，不迷信鬼神，毅然率兵车300乘、近卫武士3000人、甲士4.5万人向朝歌进发。大军到达朝歌郊外70里处的牧野(今河南汲县南)，各诸侯率兵车4000乘会合。纣王闻知周兵已到，调集都中士兵，再加把囚犯、奴隶、战俘武装起来，共起兵17万(一说70万)相迎。双方开始了历史上著名的牧野之战。武王在战前向全军发表誓词，历数商纣的罪恶，说明伐纣的正义性，动员将士们英勇杀敌。决战开始后，周军士气高涨，奋勇冲杀。商纣的军队在周军凌厉攻势下一触即溃。那些被迫参战的奴隶、囚徒不愿为纣王卖命，反把武王看作救星，倒转矛头引导周军杀入朝歌。纣王见大势已去，登上鹿台，自焚身死。商朝由此灭亡。
建国措施
周武王建周后，进行大规模的分封功臣谋士，如将吕尚封于齐，周公旦封于鲁，召公奭封于燕，叔鲜封于管，叔度封于蔡。据说，周初总计分封了71个诸侯国，其中兄弟之国15个，同姓之国40余个。封邦建国的目的，是加强对各地的统治，并作为周王室的屏藩。诸侯再在自己的封地里分封卿大夫，卿大夫又在自己的封地里分封士，这样自上而下统治人民。武王死后，其子姬诵继位，为成王。成王年少，天下初定，周公旦恐怕诸侯不服，以王叔摄政。管叔、蔡叔不服，与殷纣之子武庚，带领淮夷，发动叛乱。周公毅然率兵东征，平定了叛乱，诛杀了武庚和管叔，放逐了蔡叔，收伏了殷的余民。为了加强对东方的统治，周公奉成王之命负责营建洛邑的工作。洛邑建成后，成王亲自来到洛邑王城，大会天下诸侯和四夷君长，并将跟随武庚叛乱的殷遗民迁进成周，以便控制。周公还制礼作乐，建立了周朝的各项典章制度和礼乐制度，确立了以宗法制度为中心的政治体制。成王曾亲自讨伐东夷，使东部得以安定。成王死后，继位的康王继承先王的事业，勤于政事，平易近民，刑罚几十年不用，社会更加安定。
武王灭商后，为了收服人心，巩固新建的政权，在政治上采取了许多政策和措施。首先，采取了以殷治殷，分而治之的办法，安抚殷商遗民。他封纣王之子武庚为殷侯，继续治理殷民。同时，将殷商王畿(京城周围千里)内之地分为卫、庸、邶三个小国，封自己的三个弟弟分别治理，负责监视武庚，号称“三监”。他下令释放被纣王囚禁的百姓，修整商朝贤臣比干的坟墓，放出贤臣箕子并恢复其原职。又散发供纣王淫乐奢侈之用的财物、粮食，赈济饥民和贫弱的百姓。通过采取这些措施，商地很快稳定下来。
其次，采取封邦建国的方略，实行对全国的统治。为了吸取商朝灭亡的教训，治理好国家，武王专门把箕子接来镐京，虚心请教安邦治国之道。根据箕子讲述的道理，他同姜太公、周公旦等商议，决定将古时已有但还未完全形成的宗法制度进一步完善和确定下来。即把全国分成若干个侯国，由周天子分封给在灭商大业中做出了贡献的姬姓亲族和有功之臣；各诸侯可以拥兵，但必须随时听从天子调遣，定期向天子纳贡、朝贺；允许封侯世代承袭，并可在封国内分封卿、大夫；天子对诸侯有赏罚予夺之权，对封国中分封卿、大夫也有权过问。毫无疑问，武王实行的封邦建国方略，相对于商朝那种原始小邦林立的现象来说，显然是一个进步。它确有统天下于一尊的意义，在当时起到了巩固和加强全国统治的作用。
武王为了巩固全国政权，日夜思虑，睡不好觉。他还同公旦讨论过在当时被认为地处天下之中的洛邑(今河南洛阳市内)营建东都，以便于加强对东方的控制。可惜他未能实现这个计划，在灭商后不久逝世。
人物评价
周武王有着广阔的心胸和长远的眼光，同时有着果断地处事能力，在看到商朝的无道，他打出了为民请命，替天行道的旗号来获得广大人民群众的拥护，从而大大的扩大了自己的实力和影响力，在伐纣的过程中，他以大无畏的精神亲自带领兵马直捣朝歌，打了纣王一个措手不及。同时周武王有着很杰出的个人魅力，他也因此受到人们的爱戴，这也是他获得人们支持的一个重要原因。
Shang situation map
Another two years, more stupid tyrannical King Zhou of Shang King Wu Discovery. Yoshiomi Bi Gan, Jizi advice in plain speaking, one killed, one jailed. Grand Preceptor defect, less hopeless division has strong see King Zhou, the Shang ancestral ceremonial vessels holding flee. Eyebrows and the people are visual, mouth shut. Jiang Shang King Wu of the same, that business conditions have been ripe off, follow the King Wen "to not freeze when the suspect" and will resolutely decided to send army attack commercial, notice to enter the feudal country to Chaoge. Before departure, a hexagram Tai Shi Pu, Zhao-Johnson was fierce. Seeing Ominous signs, the King was stunned. King Wu is determined, not superstition ghosts, resolutely shuaibing 300 by car, Konoe warrior 3000, 4.5 million people to Chaoge Jiashi embarked. Army 70 miles to reach the outskirts of Chaoge Makino (today ji xian South), 4000 by the princes shuaibing car meet. King Zhou of Shang Bing has heard about weeks to mobilize all the soldiers, together with the prisoners, slaves, prisoners of war, armed, were dispatched troops 170,000 (some say 700,000) snowflake. The two sides began the history of the famous Battle of Makino. Delivered to the army before the war, King Wu oath, listing the evil Shang Zhou, shows the justice of cutting Zhou, mobilizing soldiers who's fighting. Battle began, Zhou Junshi gas rising courageously rush ahead. Shang Zhou Li Zhou Junling military offensive in the next Yichujikui. Slaves who were forced to war, prisoners do not want to sacrifice their lives for the King Zhou, King Wu as against the savior, turn the tables and Zhou Jun Sharu Chaoge guide. King Zhou saw the hopeless situation, boarded Lu Tai, self-immolation in his death. Shang thus perish.
King Wu of Zhou Jian weeks later, large-scale feudal hero advisers, such as the Shang Feng Yu Qi, Zhou Gong Dan Lu Feng Yu, call letters on public shi Yan, Shu few letters in the tube, sealed at the Tsai Shu degree. It is said that the 71 weekly total of feudal vassal state, including fraternal country of 15, more than 40 country of the same clan. Letters state the purpose of founding, is to strengthen the rule over and First Half of the royal family as a week. Princes in their own fiefdoms in another packet Bureaucrats, Bureaucrats in their fiefdoms where they Packet disabilities, such top-down rule of the people. King Wu's death, his son ji song to the throne, to become king. Into the young king, the world is initially for the Duke dissatisfied nobility once afraid to Wangshu She governance. Guan Shu and Cai Shu dissatisfied, and Yan Zhou's son, Wu Geng, led Huaiyi, rebellion. Zhou Gongyi natural shuaibing Eastern Campaign, put down the rebellion, Heaven's a Wu Geng and Guan Shu, Cai Shu was exiled, the remnant of Shoufu the Yin. In order to strengthen the rule of the East, the Duke of Zhou Cheng Wang Zhiming Feng Luoyi responsible for construction work. Luoyi completed, as the king himself came to Luoyi King City, the General Assembly and the Shii world vassal ruler length, and will follow the Wu Geng of Yin Dynasty move into the insurgency into a week in order to control. Duke also ritual music of the Zhou dynasty established laws and institutions and the music system, established the patriarchal system as the center of the political system. Dong Yi Cheng Wang has personally crusade to the east to stability. Into the king's death, the succession of the kings of the cause of Kang Ji-Cheng Wang, diligent in political affairs, plain near the people, not the penalty for several decades, society more stable.
Zhengzhou, Henan Province today said that Qi Li Yan village. Yan's is the later one.
Nine years, King Wen of Zhou's death. His son Ji Fa to the throne, saying
Under the rule of the tyrant King Zhou of Shang Shang, politically very corrupt, but still has a strong military power. King Wu assess the situation and prepare to make positive conditions for the destruction, waiting for an opportunity. 9 years after he ascended the throne in order to facilitate business are offensive Chaoge (Qi County, Henan Province today), the capital provided by HSBC (now Xi'an Feng Shui Southwest West Bank) moved to Ho (now Xi'an east coast of Southwest Feng Shui), held a historic the famous "Mengjin View soldier."
Another two years, more stupid tyrannical King Zhou of Shang King Wu Discovery. Yoshiomi Bi Gan, Jizi advice in plain speaking, one killed, one jailed. Grand Preceptor defect, less hopeless division has strong see King Zhou, the Shang ancestral ceremonial vessels holding flee. Eyebrows and the people are visual, mouth shut. Jiang Shang King Wu of the same, that business conditions have been ripe off, follow the King Wen "to not freeze when the suspect" and will resolutely decided to send army attack commercial, notice to enter the feudal country to Chaoge. Before departure, a hexagram Tai Shi Pu, Zhao-Johnson was fierce. Seeing Ominous signs, the King was stunned. King Wu is determined, not superstition ghosts, resolutely shuaibing 300 by car, Konoe warrior 3000, 4.5 million people to Chaoge Jiashi embarked. Army 70 miles to reach the outskirts of Chaoge Makino (today ji xian South), 4000 by the princes shuaibing car meet. King Zhou of Shang Bing has heard about weeks to mobilize all the soldiers, together with the prisoners, slaves, prisoners of war, armed, were dispatched troops 170,000 (some say 700,000) snowflake. The two sides began the history of the famous Battle of Makino. Delivered to the army before the war, King Wu oath, listing the evil Shang Zhou, shows the justice of cutting Zhou, mobilizing soldiers who's fighting. Battle began, Zhou Junshi gas rising courageously rush ahead. Shang Zhou Li Zhou Junling military offensive in the next Yichujikui. Slaves who were forced to war, prisoners do not want to sacrifice their lives for the King Zhou, King Wu as against the savior, turn the tables and Zhou Jun Sharu Chaoge guide. King Zhou saw the hopeless situation, boarded Lu Tai, self-immolation in his death. Shang thus perish.
Nation-building measures
King Wu of Zhou Jian weeks later, large-scale feudal hero advisers, such as the Shang Feng Yu Qi, Zhou Gong Dan Lu Feng Yu, call letters on public shi Yan, Shu few letters in the tube, sealed at the Tsai Shu degree. It is said that the 71 weekly total of feudal vassal state, including fraternal country of 15, more than 40 country of the same clan. Letters state the purpose of founding, is to strengthen the rule over and First Half of the royal family as a week. Princes in their own fiefdoms in another packet Bureaucrats, Bureaucrats in their fiefdoms where they Packet disabilities, such top-down rule of the people. King Wu's death, his son ji song to the throne, to become king. Into the young king, the world is initially for the Duke dissatisfied nobility once afraid to Wangshu She governance. Guan Shu and Cai Shu dissatisfied, and Yan Zhou's son, Wu Geng, led Huaiyi, rebellion. Zhou Gongyi natural shuaibing Eastern Campaign, put down the rebellion, Heaven's a Wu Geng and Guan Shu, Cai Shu was exiled, the remnant of Shoufu the Yin. In order to strengthen the rule of the East, the Duke of Zhou Cheng Wang Zhiming Feng Luoyi responsible for construction work. Luoyi completed, as the king himself came to Luoyi King City, the General Assembly and the Shii world vassal ruler length, and will follow the Wu Geng of Yin Dynasty move into the insurgency into a week in order to control. Duke also ritual music of the Zhou dynasty established laws and institutions and the music system, established the patriarchal system as the center of the political system. Dong Yi Cheng Wang has personally crusade to the east to stability. Into the king's death, the succession of the kings of the cause of Kang Ji-Cheng Wang, diligent in political affairs, plain near the people, not the penalty for several decades, society more stable.
King Wu of broad mind and long-term vision, and ability to have a decisive matter is located in the Shang Dynasty's no way that he shot a pleading, for good of the flag to get the support of the masses, thereby greatly expanded its power and influence, in the process of cutting Zhou, he personally led the dauntless spirit of soldiers and horses destroy Chaoge, beat King Zhou of a surprise. While King Wu's personal charm has a very distinguished, he is also loved by people, and this is he was an important reason that people support.