| 姓： | 姬 | |||||||||
| 名： | 發 | |||||||||
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先周是活動與中原西部黃土高原的一個古老部落。周人的始祖傳說是帝嚳元妃姜嫄的兒子棄。棄在帝舜時擔任農師，號稱後稷，教民耕稼有功，分封於邰。商朝初年，他的後代公劉率族人遷到磁。到古公亶父時，又遷到岐山南邊的周原（今陝西岐山縣）定居下來，逐漸發展成一個新興的西部勢力，自稱為周。古公的幼子季歷繼位後，修行道義，發展生産，驅逐夷狄，力量更為強大，與商發生矛盾。商王文丁派人將季歷殺死，季歷的兒子姬昌繼位。昌號稱西伯，仁慈愛民，禮賢下士，天下士人都來投奔。周的發展，使商紂感到威脅，於是將西伯昌囚禁於羑裏七年。周人以珍寶和美女將西伯贖出，此後，在呂尚的輔佐下，西伯昌表面上耽於遊樂，對殷紂十分馴服，實際上卻更為積善修德，和悅百姓，大力發展生産，使更多的諸侯前來歸附，進而徵討不馴服的諸侯和商的盟國，終於三分天下有其二，成為所謂的受命之主，而自稱王，即周文王，並將都城遷到豐邑（今陝西長安西南灃水西岸）。九年，周文王逝世。其子姬發繼位，稱周武王。他繼續以呂尚為師，周公旦為輔，召公、畢公等人為主要助手，繼續文王未盡的事業。將都城擴至灃水以東的鎬京（今陝西長安縣境），積極作滅商的準備。兩年後，武王在盟津召集八百諸侯會師盟誓。周文王受命第十一年十二月，武王兵出潼關，聯合各方國諸侯，揮師東嚮，於次年二月甲子日在牧野打敗商朝的軍隊，殺死殷紂王，史稱“武王滅商”，建立了中國歷史上最長的一個朝代——周朝。周朝經歷了37代天子，800多年，到公元前256年，纔被秦國滅掉。公元前770年， 平王遷都洛邑（今河南洛陽）。豐鎬二京在西，洛邑在東，習慣上稱公元前770年以前的周朝為西周，以後的為東周。
商朝在暴君紂王統治下，政治上已十分腐敗，但軍事上仍有較強實力。武王審時度勢，積極為滅商準備條件，等待時機。他即位9年後，為便於進攻商都朝歌(今河南淇縣)，將都城由豐(今陝西西安西南灃水西岸)遷至鎬(今陝西西安西南灃水東岸)，舉行了歷史上有名的“孟津觀兵”。
這次觀兵實際上是一次為滅商做準備的軍事演習和檢閱。他率大軍先西行至畢原(今陝西長安縣內) 文王陵墓祭奠，然後轉而東行嚮朝歌前進。在中軍竪起寫有父親西伯昌名字的大木牌，自己衹稱太子發，意為仍由文王任統帥。大軍抵達黃河南岸的盂津(今河南孟津縣東北)，有800諸侯聞訊趕來參加。人心嚮周，商紂王孤立無援的形勢已形成，諸侯均力勸武王立即嚮朝歌進軍。武王和姜太公則認為時機還不成熟，在軍隊渡過黃河後又下令全軍返回，並以“諸位不知天命”告誡大傢不要操之過急
商朝形勢圖
又二年，武王探知紂王更加昏庸暴虐。良臣比幹、箕子忠言進諫，一個被殺，一個被囚。太師疵、少師強見紂王已不可救藥，抱着商朝宗廟祭器出逃。百姓皆側目而視，緘口不言。武王同姜尚研究，認為滅商條件已完全成熟，遵照文王“時至而勿疑”的遺囑，果斷决定發兵伐商，通告各諸侯國嚮朝歌進軍。出發前，太史卜了一卦，得兆象大兇。見此不吉之兆，百官大驚失色。武王决心已定，不迷信鬼神，毅然率兵車300 乘、近衛武士3000人、甲士4.5萬人嚮朝歌進發。大軍到達朝歌郊外70裏處的牧野(今河南汲縣南)，各諸侯率兵車4000乘會合。紂王聞知周兵已到，調集都中士兵，再加把囚犯、奴隸、戰俘武裝起來，共起兵17萬(一說70萬)相迎。雙方開始了歷史上著名的牧野之戰。武王在戰前嚮全軍發表誓詞，歷數商紂的罪惡，說明伐紂的正義性，動員將士們英勇殺敵。决戰開始後，周軍士氣高漲，奮勇衝殺。商紂的軍隊在周軍凌厲攻勢下一觸即潰。那些被迫參戰的奴隸、囚徒不願為紂王賣命，反把武王看作救星，倒轉矛頭引導周軍殺入朝歌。紂王見大勢已去，登上鹿臺，自焚身死。商朝由此滅亡。
周武王建周後，進行大規模的分封功臣謀士，如將呂尚封於齊，周公旦封於魯，召公奭封於燕，叔鮮封於管，叔度封於蔡。據說，周初總計分封了71個諸侯國，其中兄弟之國15個，同姓之國40餘個。封邦建國的目的，是加強對各地的統治，並作為周王室的屏藩。諸侯再在自己的封地裏分封卿大夫，卿大夫又在自己的封地裏分封士，這樣自上而下統治人民。武王死後，其子姬誦繼位，為成王。成王年少，天下初定，周公旦恐怕諸侯不服，以王叔攝政。管叔、蔡叔不服，與殷紂之子武庚，帶領淮夷，發動叛亂。周公毅然率兵東徵，平定了叛亂，誅殺了武庚和管叔，放逐了蔡叔，收伏了殷的餘民。為了加強對東方的統治，周公奉成王之命負責營建洛邑的工作。洛邑建成後，成王親自來到洛邑王城，大會天下諸侯和四夷君長，並將跟隨武庚叛亂的殷遺民遷進成周，以便控製。周公還製禮作樂，建立了周朝的各項典章制度和禮樂制度，確立了以宗法制度為中心的政治體製。成王曾親自討伐東夷，使東部得以安定。成王死後，繼位的康王繼承先王的事業，勤於政事，平易近民，刑罰幾十年不用，社會更加安定。
武王滅商後，為了收服人心，鞏固新建的政權，在政治上采取了許多政策和措施。首先，采取了以殷治殷，分而治之的辦法，安撫殷商遺民。他封紂王之子武庚為殷侯，繼續治理殷民。同時，將殷商王畿(京城周圍千裏)內之地分為衛、庸、邶三個小國，封自己的三個弟弟分別治理，負責監視武庚，號稱“三監”。他下令釋放被紂王囚禁的百姓，修整商朝賢臣比幹的墳墓，放出賢臣箕子並恢復其原職。又散發供紂王淫樂奢侈之用的財物、糧食，賑濟饑民和貧弱的百姓。通過采取這些措施，商地很快穩定下來。
其次，采取封邦建國的方略，實行對全國的統治。為了吸取商朝滅亡的教訓，治理好國傢，武王專門把箕子接來鎬京，虛心請教安邦治國之道。根據箕子講述的道理，他同姜太公、周公旦等商議，决定將古時已有但還未完全形成的宗法制度進一步完善和確定下來。即把全國分成若幹個侯國，由周天子分封給在滅商大業中做出了貢獻的姬姓親族和有功之臣；各諸侯可以擁兵，但必須隨時聽從天子調遣，定期嚮天子納貢、朝賀；允許封侯世代承襲，並可在封國內分封卿、大夫；天子對諸侯有賞罰予奪之權，對封國中分封卿、大夫也有權過問。毫無疑問，武王實行的封邦建國方略，相對於商朝那種原始小邦林立的現象來說，顯然是一個進步。它確有統天下於一尊的意義，在當時起到了鞏固和加強全國統治的作用。
武王為了鞏固全國政權，日夜思慮，睡不好覺。他還同公旦討論過在當時被認為地處天下之中的洛邑(今河南洛陽市內)營建東都，以便於加強對東方的控製。可惜他未能實現這個計劃，在滅商後不久逝世。
據說在今河南省鄭州市齊禮閆村。閆氏是其後人。
武王伐紂
周的發展，使商紂感到威脅，於是將西伯昌囚禁於羑裏七年。周人以珍寶和美女將西伯贖出，此後，在呂尚的輔佐下，西伯昌表面上耽於遊樂，對殷紂十分馴服，實際上卻更為積善修德，和悅百姓，大力發展生産，使更多的諸侯前來歸附，進而徵討不馴服的諸侯和商的盟國，終於三分天下有其二，成為所謂的受命之主，而自稱王，即周文王，並將都城遷到豐邑（今陝西長安西南灃水西岸）。
九年，周文王逝世。其子姬發繼位， 稱
牧野之戰
周武王。他繼續以呂尚為師，周公旦為輔，召公、畢公等人為主要助手，繼續文王未盡的事業。將都城擴至灃水以東的鎬京（今陝西長安縣境），積極作滅商的準備。兩年後，武王在盟津召集八百諸侯會師盟誓。周文王受命第十一年十二月，武王兵出潼關，聯合各方國諸侯，揮師東嚮，於次年二月甲子日在牧野打敗商朝的軍隊，殺死殷紂王，史稱“武王滅商”，建立了中國歷史上最長的一個朝代——周朝。周朝經歷了37代天子，800多年，到公元前256 年，纔被秦國滅掉。公元前770年， 平王遷都洛邑（今河南洛陽）。豐鎬二京在西，洛邑在東，習慣上稱公元前770年以前的周朝為西周，以後的為東周。
商朝在暴君紂王統治下，政治上已十分腐敗，但軍事上仍有較強實力。武王審時度勢，積極為滅商準備條件，等待時機。他即位9年後，為便於進攻商都朝歌(今河南淇縣)，將都城由豐(今陝西西安西南灃水西岸)遷至鎬(今陝西西安西南灃水東岸)，舉行了歷史上有名的“孟津觀兵”。
這次觀兵實際上是一次為滅商做準備的軍事演習和檢閱。他率大軍先西行至畢原(今陝西長安縣內)文王陵墓祭奠，然後轉而東行嚮朝歌前進。在中軍竪起寫有父親西伯昌名字的大木牌，自己衹稱太子發，意為仍由文王任統帥。大軍抵達黃河南岸的孟津(今河南孟津縣東北)，有800諸侯聞訊趕來參加。人心嚮周，商紂王孤立無援的形勢已形成，諸侯均力勸武王立即嚮朝歌進軍。武王和姜太公則認為時機還不成熟，在軍隊渡過黃河後又下令全軍返回，並以“諸位不知天命”告誡大傢不要操之過急。
又二年，武王探知紂王更加昏庸暴虐。良臣比幹、箕子忠言進諫，一個被殺，一個被囚。太師疵、少師強見紂王已不可救藥，抱着商朝宗廟祭器出逃。百姓皆側目而視，緘口不言。武王同姜尚研究，認為滅商條件已完全成熟，遵照文王“時至而勿疑”的遺囑，果斷决定發兵伐商，通告各諸侯國嚮朝歌進軍。出發前，太史卜了一卦，得兆象大兇。見此不吉之兆，百官大驚失色。武王决心已定，不迷信鬼神，毅然率兵車300乘、近衛武士3000人、甲士4.5萬人嚮朝歌進發。大軍到達朝歌郊外70裏處的牧野(今河南汲縣南)，各諸侯率兵車4000乘會合。紂王聞知周兵已到，調集都中士兵，再加把囚犯、奴隸、戰俘武裝起來，共起兵17萬(一說70萬)相迎。雙方開始了歷史上著名的牧野之戰。武王在戰前嚮全軍發表誓詞，歷數商紂的罪惡，說明伐紂的正義性，動員將士們英勇殺敵。决戰開始後，周軍士氣高漲，奮勇衝殺。商紂的軍隊在周軍凌厲攻勢下一觸即潰。那些被迫參戰的奴隸、囚徒不願為紂王賣命，反把武王看作救星，倒轉矛頭引導周軍殺入朝歌。紂王見大勢已去，登上鹿臺，自焚身死。商朝由此滅亡。
建國措施
周武王建周後，進行大規模的分封功臣謀士，如將呂尚封於齊，周公旦封於魯，召公奭封於燕，叔鮮封於管，叔度封於蔡。據說，周初總計分封了71個諸侯國，其中兄弟之國15個，同姓之國40餘個。封邦建國的目的，是加強對各地的統治，並作為周王室的屏藩。諸侯再在自己的封地裏分封卿大夫，卿大夫又在自己的封地裏分封士，這樣自上而下統治人民。武王死後，其子姬誦繼位，為成王。成王年少，天下初定，周公旦恐怕諸侯不服，以王叔攝政。管叔、蔡叔不服，與殷紂之子武庚，帶領淮夷，發動叛亂。周公毅然率兵東徵，平定了叛亂，誅殺了武庚和管叔，放逐了蔡叔，收伏了殷的餘民。為了加強對東方的統治，周公奉成王之命負責營建洛邑的工作。洛邑建成後，成王親自來到洛邑王城，大會天下諸侯和四夷君長，並將跟隨武庚叛亂的殷遺民遷進成周，以便控製。周公還製禮作樂，建立了周朝的各項典章制度和禮樂制度，確立了以宗法制度為中心的政治體製。成王曾親自討伐東夷，使東部得以安定。成王死後，繼位的康王繼承先王的事業，勤於政事，平易近民，刑罰幾十年不用，社會更加安定。
武王滅商後，為了收服人心，鞏固新建的政權，在政治上采取了許多政策和措施。首先，采取了以殷治殷，分而治之的辦法，安撫殷商遺民。他封紂王之子武庚為殷侯，繼續治理殷民。同時，將殷商王畿(京城周圍千裏)內之地分為衛、庸、邶三個小國，封自己的三個弟弟分別治理，負責監視武庚，號稱“三監”。他下令釋放被紂王囚禁的百姓，修整商朝賢臣比幹的墳墓，放出賢臣箕子並恢復其原職。又散發供紂王淫樂奢侈之用的財物、糧食，賑濟饑民和貧弱的百姓。通過采取這些措施，商地很快穩定下來。
其次，采取封邦建國的方略，實行對全國的統治。為了吸取商朝滅亡的教訓，治理好國傢，武王專門把箕子接來鎬京，虛心請教安邦治國之道。根據箕子講述的道理，他同姜太公、周公旦等商議，决定將古時已有但還未完全形成的宗法制度進一步完善和確定下來。即把全國分成若幹個侯國，由周天子分封給在滅商大業中做出了貢獻的姬姓親族和有功之臣；各諸侯可以擁兵，但必須隨時聽從天子調遣，定期嚮天子納貢、朝賀；允許封侯世代承襲，並可在封國內分封卿、大夫；天子對諸侯有賞罰予奪之權，對封國中分封卿、大夫也有權過問。毫無疑問，武王實行的封邦建國方略，相對於商朝那種原始小邦林立的現象來說，顯然是一個進步。它確有統天下於一尊的意義，在當時起到了鞏固和加強全國統治的作用。
武王為了鞏固全國政權，日夜思慮，睡不好覺。他還同公旦討論過在當時被認為地處天下之中的洛邑(今河南洛陽市內)營建東都，以便於加強對東方的控製。可惜他未能實現這個計劃，在滅商後不久逝世。
人物評價
周武王有着廣阔的心胸和長遠的眼光，同時有着果斷地處事能力，在看到商朝的無道，他打出了為民請命，替天行道的旗號來獲得廣大人民群衆的擁護，從而大大的擴大了自己的實力和影響力，在伐紂的過程中，他以大無畏的精神親自帶領兵馬直搗朝歌，打了紂王一個措手不及。同時周武王有着很傑出的個人魅力，他也因此受到人們的愛戴，這也是他獲得人們支持的一個重要原因。
Shang situation map
Another two years, more stupid tyrannical King Zhou of Shang King Wu Discovery. Yoshiomi Bi Gan, Jizi advice in plain speaking, one killed, one jailed. Grand Preceptor defect, less hopeless division has strong see King Zhou, the Shang ancestral ceremonial vessels holding flee. Eyebrows and the people are visual, mouth shut. Jiang Shang King Wu of the same, that business conditions have been ripe off, follow the King Wen "to not freeze when the suspect" and will resolutely decided to send army attack commercial, notice to enter the feudal country to Chaoge. Before departure, a hexagram Tai Shi Pu, Zhao-Johnson was fierce. Seeing Ominous signs, the King was stunned. King Wu is determined, not superstition ghosts, resolutely shuaibing 300 by car, Konoe warrior 3000, 4.5 million people to Chaoge Jiashi embarked. Army 70 miles to reach the outskirts of Chaoge Makino (today ji xian South), 4000 by the princes shuaibing car meet. King Zhou of Shang Bing has heard about weeks to mobilize all the soldiers, together with the prisoners, slaves, prisoners of war, armed, were dispatched troops 170,000 (some say 700,000) snowflake. The two sides began the history of the famous Battle of Makino. Delivered to the army before the war, King Wu oath, listing the evil Shang Zhou, shows the justice of cutting Zhou, mobilizing soldiers who's fighting. Battle began, Zhou Junshi gas rising courageously rush ahead. Shang Zhou Li Zhou Junling military offensive in the next Yichujikui. Slaves who were forced to war, prisoners do not want to sacrifice their lives for the King Zhou, King Wu as against the savior, turn the tables and Zhou Jun Sharu Chaoge guide. King Zhou saw the hopeless situation, boarded Lu Tai, self-immolation in his death. Shang thus perish.
King Wu of Zhou Jian weeks later, large-scale feudal hero advisers, such as the Shang Feng Yu Qi, Zhou Gong Dan Lu Feng Yu, call letters on public shi Yan, Shu few letters in the tube, sealed at the Tsai Shu degree. It is said that the 71 weekly total of feudal vassal state, including fraternal country of 15, more than 40 country of the same clan. Letters state the purpose of founding, is to strengthen the rule over and First Half of the royal family as a week. Princes in their own fiefdoms in another packet Bureaucrats, Bureaucrats in their fiefdoms where they Packet disabilities, such top-down rule of the people. King Wu's death, his son ji song to the throne, to become king. Into the young king, the world is initially for the Duke dissatisfied nobility once afraid to Wangshu She governance. Guan Shu and Cai Shu dissatisfied, and Yan Zhou's son, Wu Geng, led Huaiyi, rebellion. Zhou Gongyi natural shuaibing Eastern Campaign, put down the rebellion, Heaven's a Wu Geng and Guan Shu, Cai Shu was exiled, the remnant of Shoufu the Yin. In order to strengthen the rule of the East, the Duke of Zhou Cheng Wang Zhiming Feng Luoyi responsible for construction work. Luoyi completed, as the king himself came to Luoyi King City, the General Assembly and the Shii world vassal ruler length, and will follow the Wu Geng of Yin Dynasty move into the insurgency into a week in order to control. Duke also ritual music of the Zhou dynasty established laws and institutions and the music system, established the patriarchal system as the center of the political system. Dong Yi Cheng Wang has personally crusade to the east to stability. Into the king's death, the succession of the kings of the cause of Kang Ji-Cheng Wang, diligent in political affairs, plain near the people, not the penalty for several decades, society more stable.
Zhengzhou, Henan Province today said that Qi Li Yan village. Yan's is the later one.
Nine years, King Wen of Zhou's death. His son Ji Fa to the throne, saying
Under the rule of the tyrant King Zhou of Shang Shang, politically very corrupt, but still has a strong military power. King Wu assess the situation and prepare to make positive conditions for the destruction, waiting for an opportunity. 9 years after he ascended the throne in order to facilitate business are offensive Chaoge (Qi County, Henan Province today), the capital provided by HSBC (now Xi'an Feng Shui Southwest West Bank) moved to Ho (now Xi'an east coast of Southwest Feng Shui), held a historic the famous "Mengjin View soldier."
Another two years, more stupid tyrannical King Zhou of Shang King Wu Discovery. Yoshiomi Bi Gan, Jizi advice in plain speaking, one killed, one jailed. Grand Preceptor defect, less hopeless division has strong see King Zhou, the Shang ancestral ceremonial vessels holding flee. Eyebrows and the people are visual, mouth shut. Jiang Shang King Wu of the same, that business conditions have been ripe off, follow the King Wen "to not freeze when the suspect" and will resolutely decided to send army attack commercial, notice to enter the feudal country to Chaoge. Before departure, a hexagram Tai Shi Pu, Zhao-Johnson was fierce. Seeing Ominous signs, the King was stunned. King Wu is determined, not superstition ghosts, resolutely shuaibing 300 by car, Konoe warrior 3000, 4.5 million people to Chaoge Jiashi embarked. Army 70 miles to reach the outskirts of Chaoge Makino (today ji xian South), 4000 by the princes shuaibing car meet. King Zhou of Shang Bing has heard about weeks to mobilize all the soldiers, together with the prisoners, slaves, prisoners of war, armed, were dispatched troops 170,000 (some say 700,000) snowflake. The two sides began the history of the famous Battle of Makino. Delivered to the army before the war, King Wu oath, listing the evil Shang Zhou, shows the justice of cutting Zhou, mobilizing soldiers who's fighting. Battle began, Zhou Junshi gas rising courageously rush ahead. Shang Zhou Li Zhou Junling military offensive in the next Yichujikui. Slaves who were forced to war, prisoners do not want to sacrifice their lives for the King Zhou, King Wu as against the savior, turn the tables and Zhou Jun Sharu Chaoge guide. King Zhou saw the hopeless situation, boarded Lu Tai, self-immolation in his death. Shang thus perish.
Nation-building measures
King Wu of Zhou Jian weeks later, large-scale feudal hero advisers, such as the Shang Feng Yu Qi, Zhou Gong Dan Lu Feng Yu, call letters on public shi Yan, Shu few letters in the tube, sealed at the Tsai Shu degree. It is said that the 71 weekly total of feudal vassal state, including fraternal country of 15, more than 40 country of the same clan. Letters state the purpose of founding, is to strengthen the rule over and First Half of the royal family as a week. Princes in their own fiefdoms in another packet Bureaucrats, Bureaucrats in their fiefdoms where they Packet disabilities, such top-down rule of the people. King Wu's death, his son ji song to the throne, to become king. Into the young king, the world is initially for the Duke dissatisfied nobility once afraid to Wangshu She governance. Guan Shu and Cai Shu dissatisfied, and Yan Zhou's son, Wu Geng, led Huaiyi, rebellion. Zhou Gongyi natural shuaibing Eastern Campaign, put down the rebellion, Heaven's a Wu Geng and Guan Shu, Cai Shu was exiled, the remnant of Shoufu the Yin. In order to strengthen the rule of the East, the Duke of Zhou Cheng Wang Zhiming Feng Luoyi responsible for construction work. Luoyi completed, as the king himself came to Luoyi King City, the General Assembly and the Shii world vassal ruler length, and will follow the Wu Geng of Yin Dynasty move into the insurgency into a week in order to control. Duke also ritual music of the Zhou dynasty established laws and institutions and the music system, established the patriarchal system as the center of the political system. Dong Yi Cheng Wang has personally crusade to the east to stability. Into the king's death, the succession of the kings of the cause of Kang Ji-Cheng Wang, diligent in political affairs, plain near the people, not the penalty for several decades, society more stable.
King Wu of broad mind and long-term vision, and ability to have a decisive matter is located in the Shang Dynasty's no way that he shot a pleading, for good of the flag to get the support of the masses, thereby greatly expanded its power and influence, in the process of cutting Zhou, he personally led the dauntless spirit of soldiers and horses destroy Chaoge, beat King Zhou of a surprise. While King Wu's personal charm has a very distinguished, he is also loved by people, and this is he was an important reason that people support.