gōng yuán qián ２２
１ nián，
qín shǐ huáng wán chéng gǔ zhōng yuán de tǒng yī dà yè bìng jiàn lì liǎo zhōng guó lì shǐ shàng dì yī gè tǒng yī de fēng jiàn wáng cháo。
“ qín wáng sǎo liù hé，
hǔ shì hé xióng zāi !
” qín wáng zhào zhèng jiàn dū xián yáng，
chéng wéi zhōng guó fēng jiàn wáng cháo zhōng dì yī gè huáng dì。
qín cháo chū lì biàn běi jī xiōng nú；
nán xià bǎi yuè。
jiāng yù xùn sù kuò zhǎn bìng jìn yī bù wán shàn yán huáng dì tú，
dàn yīn wéi qín '
èr shì '
ér wán，
suǒ yǐ méi néng duì běi fāng yóu mù mín zú jìn xíng shōu fù tǒng yī。
rán qí dāng shí jiāng yù xī bù yǐ dá dào jīn gān sù、
sì chuān；
xī nán dào yún nán、
guǎng xī；
běi dào yīn shān。
zuò wéi yī gè fēng jiàn dà dì guó，
zài fú yuán guǎng dà de tǒng zhì qū yù nèi，
chuàng lì liǎo gāo dù jí zhōng de zhōng yāng jí quán de zhèng zhì zhì dù。
jù tǐ wéi： 1.
zhèng zhì fāng miàn :
què lì zhì gāo wú shàng de huáng quán .
huáng dì yōng yòu zhì gāo wú shàng de quán lì ,
fán xíng zhèng、
jūn shì、
jīng jì děng yī qiē dà quán ,
jūn yóu huáng dì zǒng lǎn ;
jiàn lì cóng zhōng yāng dào dì fāng de guān zhì hé xíng zhèng jī gòu jí sān gōng jiǔ qīng zhì。
sān gōng fēn bié wéi chéngxiàng (
bāng zhù huáng dì chǔlǐ quán guó de zhèng shì )、
tài wèi (
fù zé guǎn lǐ jūn shì )、
yù shǐ dà fū (
zhí zhǎng qún chén zòu zhāng，
xià dá huáng dì zhào lìng ,
jiān lǐ guó jiā jiān chá shì wù )，
hù xiāng méi yòu tǒng shǔ guān xì，
yóu huáng dì zhǎng wò zuì zhōng jué duàn quán。
dì fāng shí xíng jùn xiàn zhì，
huáng shì rèn miǎn jùn xiàn de zhù yào guān lì ;2
jīng jì fāng miàn :
shí xíng tǔ dì sī yòu zhì ,
àn mǔ nà shuì ;
tǒng yī dù liàng héng，
tǒng yī huò bì ;
tǒng yī chē guǐ ,
xiū chí dào .3
wén huà fāng miàn :
shū tóng wén ,
jiāng xiǎo zhuàn zuò wéi biāo zhǔn wén zì ;
fén shū kēng rú ,
jiā qiáng sī xiǎng kòng zhì ;
yǐ lì wéi shī ,
yán jìn sī xué .
qín cháo chuàng xià de yī tào fēng jiàn guó jiā zhèng zhì zhì dù zài yǐ hòu zhōng guó fēng jiàn shè huì de lì shǐ zhōng，
zhǐ yòu xiū xiū bǔ bǔ，
jī běn kuàng jià bù biàn。
wèile gǒng gù tǒng zhì，
qín shǐ huáng xià lìng bǎ yuán lái liù guó de bīng qì shōu jiǎo xiāo huǐ，
rán hòu zhù chéng１２
gè tóng rén。
wèile jiā qiáng kòng zhì，
yuán liù guó de guì zú bèi qiáng xíng qiān dào xián yáng fù jìn jū zhù。
qín cháo hái bān bù liǎo yán kē de fǎ lǜ，
duì nóng mín shí xíng shí wǔ biān zhì。
tǒng yī huò bì，
tǒng yī dù liàng héng，
tǒng yī wén zì，
duì yú hòu shì yǐng xiǎng jí dà。
tā jiē shòu chéngxiàng lǐ sī de zhù yì，
chú shǎo shù jǐ zhǒng shū jí zhī wài，
dà liàng shī shū、
diǎn jí、
zhū zǐ bǎi jiā zhù shù yī lǜ shāo diào，
bìng jiāng ４ ６ ０ duō míng rú shēng、
fāng shì huó mái，
liú xià liǎo yī gè hài rén tīng wén de“
fén shū kēng rú”
de lì shǐ shì jiàn。
qín shǐ huáng hái zài quán guó xiū zhù dào lù，
yóu qí shì kāi tōng liǎo tōng wǎng dōng fāng hé dōng nán de chí dào。
qín shǐ huáng zì hào“
shǐ huáng dì”
de shí hòu，
yī xīn xiǎng ràng qín cháo de tiān xià qiān qiū wàn dài yán shēn bù xiū，
dàn tā jué méi xiǎng dào，
jǐn jǐn１
５ nián zhī hòu，
cái chuán dào dì '
èr gè huáng dì shí qín cháo jiù miè wáng liǎo。
jìn guǎn tā cǎi qǔ liǎo zhǒng zhǒng gǒng gù tǒng zhì de cuò shī，
dàn tā de dú cái zhuān zhì、
héng zhēng bào liǎn，
zǎo yǐ mái xià liǎo huò gēn。
tā zhēng fā liǎo ７０
duō wàn rén xiū zào '
ēpáng gōng，
dòng yòng dà liàng rén lì cái lì xiū zào lí shān líng，“
mèng jiāng nǚ kū cháng chéng”
de gù shì jiù shì duì tā cán kù fù yì de kòng sù。
pín fán de zhàn zhēng、
páng dà de guān liáo jī gòu、
lián xù de dà xīng tǔ mù，
dòng yáo liǎo tǒng zhì jī chǔ，
rén mín bù kān zhòng fù，
tòng kǔ dào liǎo jí diǎn。
qián 209
nián chén shèng wú guǎng nóng mín qǐ yì bào fā，
qián 207
nián 11
yuè zuǒ yòu，
qín cháo bèi tuī fān。
qín cháo shì yóu zhàn guó shí dài hòu qī de qín guó fā zhǎn qǐ lái de tǒng yī wáng cháo，
shì zhōng guó lì shǐ shàng dì yī gè duō mín zú de tǒng yī de zhōng yāng jí quán de dì guó。
qín shǐ huáng zài lì dài qín guó de guó wáng cán shí qí tā zhū hóu guó zhī shàng，
wán chéng liǎo tǒng yī liù dà zhū hóu guó de shì yè，
shí xiàn liǎo cóng fēn fēng zhì dào jùn xiàn zhì de zhuǎn biàn。
tā suǒ jiàn lì de zhōng yāng jí quán zhì dù，
jí qí suǒ cǎi qǔ de zhǐ zài gǒng gù tǒng yī de cuò shī，
wéi hòu shì dì wáng suǒ qǔ yòng。
qín cháo jí zhēng bào nüè，
dǎo zhì sù wáng。
mò nián chén shèng、
wú guǎng lǐng dǎo de nóng mín qǐ yì，
shì zhōng guó lì shǐ shàng de dì yī cì nóng mín qǐ yì，
yǐng xiǎng jí wéi shēn yuǎn。
yóu yú guò qù de gē jù jú miàn suǒ zào chéng de yǐng xiǎng，
fǎn qín guò chéng zhōng chóngxīn chū xiàn liǎo fēn liè de qīng xiàng。
zài jiē zhǒng '
ér lái de zhēng duó tǒng zhì quán de chǔ hàn zhī zhēng (
qián 206
～ qián 202
nián )
zhōng，
hàn shèng chǔ bài，
shǐ fēn liè xíng shì dé dào kòng zhì，
tǒng yī liǎo guó jiā，
yī gè zhōng yāng jí quán de wáng cháo jiù zhè yàng jiàn lì liǎo。
guó hào shì yì jù《
shǐ jì》
jìzǎi，
qín，
běn wéi gǔ bù luò，
qí shǒu lǐng fēi zǐ wéi zhōu xiào wáng mù mǎ yòu gōng，
bèi zhōu xiào wáng cì xìng wéi“
yíng”，
bìng cì gěi liǎo yī xiǎo kuài tǔ dì qín（
jīn tiān shuǐ lǒng xī xiàn qín tíng，
yī shuō qín zhōu qīng shuǐ xiàn gǔ míng）。
hòu lái qín xiāng gōng yòu jiù zhōu yòu gōng，
bèi fēng wéi zhū hóu，
qín shǐ huáng tǒng yī liù guó，
shǐ jiàn“
qín”
cháo。
qín miè liù guó nián biǎo qín wáng zhèng shí qī nián（
qián 230
nián），
hán guó jiàng jiāng nèi shǐ téng shuài qín jūn miè hán guó，
fú hán wáng '
ān，
hán wáng。
suǒ dé hán dì zhì yǐng chuān jùn。
qín wáng zhèng shí jiǔ nián（
qián 228
nián），
qín jūn wáng jiǎn gōng rù zhào guó guó dū hán dān，
zhào wáng qiān bèi pò jiàng qín，
zhào pò。
zhì hán dān jùn、
jù lù jùn、
tài yuán jùn gōng zǐ jiā shuài zōng zú bǎi rén táo wáng dài chéng。
qín wáng zhèng '
èr shí nián（
qián 227
nián），
yàn guó tài zǐ dān pài jīng kē cì shā qín wáng wèi suì，
qín wáng lì jí pài wáng jiǎn lǐng bīng gōng yàn。
qín wáng zhèng '
èr shí yī nián（
qián 226
nián），
wáng jiǎn gōng pò yàn dū jì，
yàn wáng xǐ tuì shǒu liáo dōng，
shā tài zǐ dān yǐ qiú hé。
qín wáng zhèng '
èr shí '
èr nián（
qián 225
nián），
qín jūn wáng bēn shuài lǐng 10
wàn dà jūn gōng dǎ wèi guó，
bāo wéi wèi dū dà liáng，
yǐn huáng hé hóng gōu shuǐ guàn dà liáng， 3
gè yuè hòu dà liáng chéng pò，
wèi wáng jiǎ tóu jiàng，
wèi wáng。
tóng nián，
wáng jiǎn shuài lǐng 60
wàn dà jūn gōng dǎ chǔ guó，
tún bīng liàn wǔ、
jiān bì bù zhàn、
yǐ yì dài láo。
qín wáng zhèng '
èr shí sān nián（
qián 224
nián），
wáng jiǎn shuài lǐng 60
wàn dà jūn dù guò huái shuǐ，
wéi gōng chǔ guó chǔ dū shòu chūn。
qín wáng zhèng '
èr shí sì nián（
qián 223
nián），
chǔ jūn dǒu zhì huàn sàn、
liáng cǎo bù zú，
suì cóng qián xiàn chè jūn。
wáng jiǎn chéng jī zhuī jī，
xiāo miè chǔ jūn zhù lì，
zhàn lǐng chǔ dū shòu chūn，
fú lǔ chǔ wáng fù chú，
chǔ rén fù lì chāng píng jūn wéi wáng。
wáng jiǎn yòu shuài jūn dù guò cháng jiāng，
píng dìng liǎo jiāng nán，
zhì kuàijī jùn，
chǔ wáng。
qín wáng zhèng '
èr shí wǔ nián（
qián 222
nián），
wáng bēn dǎ xià liáo dōng，
fú yàn wáng xǐ；
jiē zhe dǎ xià dài chéng，
fú dài wáng jiā。
yàn、
zhào chè dǐ miè wáng，
qín shǐ huáng yú dài dì shè zhì yàn mén jùn qín wáng zhèng '
èr shí liù nián（
qián 221
nián），
wáng bēn shuài jūn nán xià gōng dǎ qí guó，
qí wáng jiàn bù zhàn '
ér jiàng，
qí wáng。
zhì cǐ qín miè liù guó，
yī tǒng tiān xià。
zhuān zhì zhù yì zhōng yāng jí quán zhì dù de jiàn lì gōng yuán qián 221
nián，
qín wáng zhào zhèng（
qián 247
héng qián 210
nián zài wèi）
tǒng yī liù guó，
jié shù liǎo cháng qī de zhū hóu gē jù jú miàn，
jiàn lì liǎo yī gè yǐ xián yáng wéi shǒu dū de fú yuán liáo kuò de guó jiā。
zhè gè guó jiā de jiāng yù，
dōng qǐ liáo dōng，
xī zhì yù mén guān、
lǒng xī，
běi dǐ cháng chéng，
nán dá yuè nán běi bù jí zhōng bù yī dài，
miàn jī chāo guò 500
wàn píng fāng gōng lǐ。
qín wáng zhèng jiān cǎi chuán shuō zhōng sān huáng wǔ dì de zūn hào，
xuān bù zì jǐ wéi zhè gè guó jiā de dì yī gè huáng dì，
jí shǐ huáng dì，
hòu shì zǐ sūn dài dài xiāng chéng，
dì chēng '
èr shì、
sān shì huáng dì。
tā rèn wéi dì wáng sǐ hòu yǐ qí xíng wéi wéi shì de zhì dù，
shì“
zǐ yì fù，
chén yì jūn”，
yòu sǔn yú dì wáng de zūn yán ,
suǒ yǐ xuān bù qǔ xiāo。
tā guī dìng huáng dì zì chēng yuē“
zhèn”，
bìng zhì dìng liǎo yī tào zūn jūn yì chén de cháo yí hé wén shū zhì dù。
zhè xiē dōushì wèile xiǎn shì huáng dì de wú shàng quán wēi，
biǎo shì qín de tǒng zhì jiāng wàn shì yī xì，
cháng zhì jiǔ '
ān。
[
qín cháo (
qián 221
héng qián 206)]
qín cháo (
qián 221
héng qián 206)
zhōu cháo yǐ lái jiàn fān jiàn guó de fēng jiàn zhì dù，
yǔ huáng quán zhuān zhì hé tǒng yī guó jiā shì bù xiāng róng de，
suǒ yǐ bì xū jiā yǐ gǎi biàn。
shǐ huáng '
èr shí liù nián（
qián 221
nián），
chéngxiàng wáng wǎn qǐng fēng zhū huáng zǐ wéi yàn、
qí、
chǔ wáng，
dé dào qún chén de zàn tóng。
tíng wèi lǐ sī lì pái zhòng yì，
zhù zhāng fèi chú fēn fēng zhū hóu de zhì dù，
quán miàn tuī xíng jùn xiàn zhì dù。
qín shǐ huáng jiē shòu liǎo lǐ sī de jiàn yì，
bǎ quán guó fēn chéng sān shí liù jùn，
yǐ hòu yòu lù xù zēng shè zhì sì shí yú jùn。
zhè xiē jùn wán quán yóu zhōng yāng hé huáng dì kòng zhì，
shì zhōng yāng zhèng fǔ xiá xià de dì fāng xíng zhèng dān wèi。
zhōng yāng jí quán de zhì dù cóng cǐ què lì。
shǐ huáng '
èr shí bā nián（
qián 219
nián）
de yì shān kè shí cí shuō：“
zhuī niàn luàn shì，
fēn tǔ jiàn bāng，
yǐ kāi zhēng lǐ”；“
nǎi jīn huáng jiā，
yī jiā tiān xià，
bīng bù fù qǐ”。
zhè shuō míng qín shǐ huáng rèn wéi fèi fēn fēng xíng jùn xiàn shì xiāo chú gè dì bīng zhēng suǒ bì xū de。
qín shǐ huáng yǐ zhàn guó shí qī qín guó guān zhì wéi jī chǔ，
bǎ guān zhì jiā yǐ tiáozhěng hé kuò chōng，
jiàn chéng yī tào shì yìng tǒng yī guó jiā xū yào de xīn de zhèng fǔ jī gòu。
zài zhè gè jī gòu zhōng，
zhōng yāng shè chéngxiàng、
tài wèi、
yù shǐ dà fū。
chéngxiàng yòu zuǒ yòu '
èr yuán，
zhǎng zhèng shì。
tài wèi zhǎng jūn shì，
bù cháng zhì。
yù shǐ dà fū shì chéng xiāng de fù '
èr，
zhǎng tú jí mì shū，
jiān chá bǎi guān。
chéngxiàng、
tài wèi、
yù shǐ dà fū yǐ xià，
shì fēn zhǎng jù tǐ zhèng wù de zhū qīng，
qí zhōng yòu zhǎng gōng diàn yè mén hù de láng zhōng lìng，
zhǎng gōng mén wèi tún bīng de wèi wèi，
zhǎng jīng jī jǐng wèi de zhōng wèi，
zhǎng xíng bì de tíng wèi，
zhǎng gǔ huò de zhì sù nèi shǐ，
zhǎng shān hǎi chí zé zhī shuì hé guān fǔ shǒu gōng yè zhì zào yǐ gōng yìng huáng shì de shàofǔ，
zhǎng zhì gōng shì de jiāng zuò shàofǔ，
zhǎng guó nèi mín zú shì wù hé wài shì de diǎn kè，
zhǎng zōng miào lǐ yí de fèng cháng，
zhǎng huáng shì shǔ jí de zōng zhèng，
zhǎng yú mǎ de tài pú děng。
chéngxiàng、
tài wèi、
yù shǐ dà fū yǔ zhū qīng yì lùn zhèng wù，
huáng dì zuò cái jué。
dì fāng xíng zhèng jī gòu fēn jùn、
xiàn liǎng jí。
jùn shè shǒu、
wèi、
jiān（
jiān yù shǐ）。
jùn shǒu zhǎng zhì qí jùn。
jùn wèi fǔ zuǒ jùn shǒu，
bìng diǎn bīng shì。
jùn jiān sī jiān chá。
xiàn，
wàn hù yǐ shàng zhě shè lìng，
wàn hù yǐ xià zhě shè cháng。
xiàn lìng、
cháng lǐng yòu chéng、
wèi jí qí tā shǔ yuán。
jùn、
xiàn zhù yào guān lì yóu zhōng yāng rèn miǎn。
xiàn yǐ xià yòu xiāng，
xiāng shè sān lǎo zhǎng jiào huà，
sè fū zhǎng sù sòng hé fù shuì，
yóu jiào zhǎng zhì '
ān。
xiāng xià yòu lǐ，
shì zuì jī céng de xíng zhèng dān wèi。
lǐ yòu lǐ diǎn，
hòu dài chēng lǐ zhèng、
lǐ kuí，
yǐ "
háo shuài "
jí qiáng yòu lì zhě wéi zhī。
cǐ wài hái yòu sī zhì '
ān、
jìn dào zéi de zhuān mén jī gòu，
jiào zuò tíng，
tíng yòu cháng。
liǎng tíng zhī jiān，
xiāng jù dà yuē shí lǐ。
zǎo zài qín xiàn gōng shí nián（
qián 375
nián），
qín guó jiù jiàn lì liǎo yǐ“
gào jiān”
wéi mù de de“
hù jí xiāng wǔ”
zhì dù。
hòu lái shāng yàng guī dìng，
bù lùn nán nǚ，
chū shēng hòu dōuyào liè míng hù jí，
sǐ hòu chú míng；
hái“
lìng mín wéi shí wǔ”，
yòu zuì lián zuò。
qín lǜ zài míng qiān xǐ zhě dāng yè lì zhuǎn yí hù jí，
jiào zuò“
gèng jí”。
qín wáng zhèng tǒng zhì shí qī ,
hù jí zhì dù qū yú wán bèi。
qín wáng zhèng shí liù nián（
qián 231
nián）
lìng nán zǐ shēn bào nián líng，
jiào zuò“
shū nián”。
jù yún mèng qín jiǎn tuī dìng，
qín zhì nán nián shí wǔ（
lìng yī tuī suàn shì shí qī）
zài míng hù jí ,
yǐ gěi gōng jiā yáo yì，
jiào zuò“
fù jí”。
shū nián、
fù jí，
shì guó jiā zhēng fā lì yì de yǐ jù。
shǐ huáng sān shí yī nián“
shǐ qián shǒu zì shí tián”，
jí lìng bǎi xìng zì jǐ shēn bào tǔ dì。
tǔ dì zài yú hù jí，
shǐ guó jiā zhēng fā zū shuì yòu liǎo zhù yào yǐ jù。
hù jí zhōng yòu nián jì、
tǔ dì děng xiàng nèi róng，
hù jí zhì dù yě jiù yuǎn yuǎn chāo guò "
gào jiān "
de xū yào，
chéng wéi guó jiā tǒng zhì rén mín de yī xiàng gēn běn zhì dù。
qín zhì '
èr shí jí jué，
yǐ shǎng jūn gōng。
guó jiā '
àn rén men de jué jí cì gěi tián zhái ,
gāo jué zhě hái kě yǐ dé dào shí yì hé qí tā tè quán (
jiàn jué zhì )。
jué jí zài zài hù jí，
suǒ yǐ hù jí yě shì rén men shēn fèn de píng zhèng。
tǒng zhì yī gè dà guó，
xū yào quán guó yī zhì '
ér yòu bǐ jiào wán bèi de fǎ lǜ zhì dù。
chū tǔ de yún mèng qín jiǎn tí gōng liǎo zì qín xiào gōng zhì qín shǐ huáng shí qī lù xù xiū chéng de qín lǜ de bù fēn nèi róng ,
qí zhōng yòu xíng lǜ de lǜ wén hé jiě shì，
yòu míng mù fán duō de qí tā lǜ wén，
hái yòu '
àn lì hé guān yú zhì yù de fǎ lǜ wén shū（
jiàn yún mèng qín lǜ）。
qín shǐ huáng tǒng yī liù guó yǐ hòu，
yǐ qín lǜ wéi jī chǔ，
cān zhào liù guó lǜ，
zhì dìng liǎo quán jìng tōng xíng de fǎ lǜ。
qín lǜ jīng guò hàn cháo de sǔn yì，
chéng wéi táng yǐ qián lì dài fǎ lǜ de lán běn。
wéi chí yī gè dà guó de tǒng yī，
hái xū yào qiáng dà de jūn duì。
qín jūn yǐ miè liù guó de yú wēi，
zhù shǒu quán guó，
nán běi biān sài，
shì tún bīng de zhòng diǎn dì qū。
qín zhì yǐ tóng hǔ fú fā bīng，
hǔ fú pōu bàn，
yòu bàn yóu huáng dì zhǎng wò，
zuǒ bàn zài lǐng bīng zhě zhī shǒu，
zuǒ yòu hé fú，
cái néng diào dòng jūn duì。
zhè shì bǎo zhèng bīng quán zài huáng dì shǒu zhōng de zhòng yào zhì dù。
qín jūn shì yī zhī qián suǒ wèi yòu de jù dà de zhèn shè lì liàng。
jìn nián fā jué de qín shǐ huáng líng cè de bīng mǎ yǒng kēng，
gū jì qí zhōng liǎng kēng yòu wǔ shì yǒng qī qiān jiàn，
zhàn chē bǎishèng，
zhàn qí bǎi pǐ。
wǔ shì yǒng tóng zhēn rén yī yàng gāo dà，
suǒ chí wǔ qì dōushì shí wù '
ér fēi míng qì。
zhè zhǒng chē、
bù、
qí bīng hùn hé biān zǔ de dà xíng jūn zhèn，
qí guī mó zhī dà，
jūn róng zhī shèng，
shì qín jūn qiáng dà de biǎo zhēng。
qín shǐ huáng bù dàn jiàn lì liǎo yī tào zhuān zhì zhù yì zhōng yāng jí quán de tǒng zhì jī gòu hé zhì dù，
ér qiě hái cǎi yòng liǎo zhàn guó shí qī yīn yáng jiā de zhōng shǐ wǔ dé shuō，
yǐ biàn hù qín cháo de fǎ tǒng。
zhōng shǐ wǔ dé shuō rèn wéi，
gè gè xiāng xí de cháo dài yǐ tǔ、
mù、
jīn、
huǒ、
shuǐ děng wǔ dé de shùn xù jìn xíng tǒng zhì，
zhōu '
ér fù shǐ。
qín dé shuǐ dé，
shuǐ dé shàng hēi，
suǒ yǐ qín de lǐ fú jīng qí děng dū yòng hēi sè；
yǔ shuǐ dé xiāng yìng de shù shì liù，
suǒ yǐ fú chuán cháng dù、
fǎ guān gāo dù gè wéi liù cùn，
chē guǐ kuān liù chǐ；
shuǐ dé zhù xíng shā，
suǒ yǐ zhèng zhì tǒng zhì lì qiú yán kù，
bù jiǎng jiū "
rén '
ēn hé yì "；
yǔ shuǐ dé xiāng yìng，
lì fǎ yǐ hài yuè jí shí yuè wéi suì shǒu，
děng děng。
qín shǐ huáng hái què dìng liǎo yī tào yǔ huáng dì dì wèi xiāng shì yìng de fù zá de jì diǎn yǐ jí fēngshàn dà diǎn，
zé shí jìn xíng huó dòng。
qín shǐ huáng zài xián yáng fù jìn fǎng zhào guān dōng zhū guó gōng diàn shì yàng yíng jiàn liǎo xǔ duō gōng diàn，
bìng yú wèi shuǐ zhī nán xiū zào fù lì hóng wěi de '
ēpáng gōng。
xián yáng gōng diàn bù jú qǔ fǎ yú tiān shàng de zǐ wēi gōng，
yǎn rán shì rén jiān shàng dì de jū chù，
tiān xià yī tǒng de xiàng zhēng。
qín shǐ huáng hái zài lí shān yù jiàn líng qǐn，
mù shì zhōng yǐ shuǐ yín wéi bǎi chuān、
jiāng hé、
dà hǎi，
jī xiāng guàn shū，
shàng jù tiān wén，
xià jù dì lǐ。
tā cǎi qǔ zhè xiē cuò shī，
hé tā cǎi yòng huáng dì de míng hào yī yàng，
shì yào biǎo shì tā zài rén jiān de quán lì yǔ shàng dì zài tiān shàng de quán lì xiāng dāng，
cóng '
ér xiàng chén mín guàn shū huáng quán shén mì de guān niàn。
huáng quán shén mì guān niàn，
shì zhuān zhì zhù yì zhōng yāng jí quán zhì dù de sī xiǎng jī chǔ。
huáng quán de jiā qiáng hé shén huà，
jùn xiàn zhì de quán miàn tuī xíng，
tǐ xiàn zhuān zhì huáng quán de guān liáo jī gòu hé gè zhǒng zhì dù de jiàn lì，
fǎ lǜ de wán bèi hé tǒng yī，
huáng dì duì jūn duì kòng zhì de jiā qiáng děng děng，
zhè xiē jiù shì zhuān zhì zhù yì zhōng yāng jí quán zhì dù de zhù yào nèi róng。
zhuān zhì zhù yì zhōng yāng jí quán zhì dù，
zài dāng shí de tiáo jiàn xià shì wéi chí fēng jiàn tǒng yī suǒ bù kě shǎo de tiáo jiàn。
dàn shì zhè zhǒng zhèng zhì zhì dù duì bǎi xìng de shù fù jí dà；
ér qiě tā duì jīng jì wén huà fā zhǎn de cù jìn zuò yòng yě kě yǐ zhuǎn biàn wéi zǔ zhì zuò yòng，
zhè zài fēng jiàn shè huì hòu qī gèng wéi xiǎn zhù。
fáng zhǐ fēng jiàn gē jù de cuò shī fén shū kēng rú cháng qī fēn liè jú miàn zào chéng de yǐng xiǎng ,
shǐ qín shǐ huáng fēi cháng guān xīn liù guó jiù dì de dòng jìng ,
dān xīn liù guó jiù guì zú tú móu fù bì。
wèile fáng zhǐ gē jù de zài xiàn，
qín shǐ huáng bǎ liù guó fù háo hé qiáng zōng shí '
èr wàn hù qiān dào xián yáng，
lìng yī bù fēn qiān dào bā shǔ、
nán yáng、
sān chuān hé zhào dì，
shǐ tā men tuō lí xiāng tǔ，
yǐ biàn jiān shì。
tā bǎ jiǎo huò de hé mòshōu de wǔ qì jiā yǐ xiāo huǐ，
zài xián yáng zhù chéng shí '
èr gè gè zhòng qiān shí de zhōng tóng rén。
yòu xià lìng“
duò huài chéng guō，
jué tōng chuān fáng，
yí qù xiǎn zǔ”，
jìn kě néng xiāo miè fēng jiàn guì zú yǐ yǐ gē jù de shǒu duàn。
wèile kòng zhì guǎng kuò de guó tǔ，
tè bié shì liù guó jiù jìng，
qín shǐ huáng hái xiū jiàn yóu shǒu dū xián yáng tōng dào quán guó gè dì de chí dào，
dōng qióng yàn qí，
nán jí wú chǔ。
tā zì jǐ duō cì shùn zhe chí dào xún yóu jùn xiàn，
zài hěn duō dì fāng kè shí jì gōng，
yǐ shì wēi qiáng。
wèile jiā qiáng běi fāng de fáng wù，
qín shǐ huáng sān shí wǔ nián（
qián 212
nián），
yòu xiū zhù yóu xián yáng jīng guò yún yáng（
jīn shǎn xī chún huà xī běi），
zhí dá jiǔ yuán（
jīn nèimēng gǔ bāo tóu xī）
de zhí dào，
qiàn shān yīn gǔ qiān bā bǎi lǐ。
zài xī nán dì qū，
hái xiū zhù liǎo jīn sì chuān yí bīn yǐ nán zhì yún nán zhāo tōng de wǔ chǐ dào，
yú jìn bàng shè guān jìn xíng tǒng zhì。
qín shǐ huáng duì fēn liè gē jù de sī xiǎng hé zhèng zhì qīng xiàng，
yě jìn xíng liǎo dǒu zhēng。
dāng shí de yī xiē rú shēng、
yóu shì ,
xī wàng fù bì guì zú gē jù jú miàn ,
tā men“
rù zé xīn fēi，
chū zé xiàng yì”，
yǐn zhèng《
shī》、《
shū》、
bǎi jiā yǔ ,
yǐ gǔ fēi jīn。
shǐ huáng sān shí sì nián，
chéngxiàng lǐ sī qǐng qiú fén huǐ《
shī》、《
shū》，
xiāo miè sī xué。
tā jiàn yì“
shǐ guān fēi qín jì jiē shāo zhī。
fēi bó shì guān suǒ zhí，
tiān xià gǎn yòu cáng《
shī》、《
shū》、
bǎi jiā yǔ zhě ,
xī yì shǒu、
wèi zá shāo zhī。
yòu gǎn '
ǒu yǔ《
shī》、《
shū》
zhě qì shì。
yǐ gǔ fēi jīn zhě zú。
lì jiàn zhī bù jǔ zhě yǔ tóng zuì。
lìng xià sān shí rì bù shāo，
qíng wéi chéng dàn。
suǒ bù qù zhě，
yī yào bǔ shì zhǒng shù zhī shū。
ruò yù yòu xué fǎ lìng，
yǐ lì wéi shī”。
qín shǐ huáng jiē shòu liǎo zhè yī jiàn yì，
yú shì jiù fā shēng liǎo fén shū shì jiàn。
dì '
èr nián，
wéi qín shǐ huáng qiú xiān yào de fāng shì yòu fěi bàng zhī yán ,
yòu xiāng yāo táo wáng，
qín shǐ huáng pài yù shǐ zhēn chá xián yáng de rú shēng fāng shì，
bǎ qí zhōng bèi rèn wéi fàn jìn zhě sì bǎi liù shí duō rén kēng sǐ。
zài zǎo qī fēng jiàn shè huì de lì shǐ tiáo jiàn xià，
zài tǒng yī yǔ fēn liè jī liè dǒu zhēng de nián dài，
qín shǐ huáng yòng fén shū kēng rú shǒu duàn lái dǎ jī guì zú zhèng zhì de sī xiǎng shì kě yǐ lǐ jiě de。
dàn shì，
fén shū kēng rú cuī cán wén huà，
shì jí qí yě mán cán bào de shì，
duì yú gǔ wén xiàn de bǎo cún hé xué shù de chuán shòu，
zào chéng liǎo jí dà de sǔn shī。
[
lìng yòu shuō fǎ，
dāng shí qín cháo pò yú xiōng nú rù qīn de yā lì，
bì xū jìn kuài '
ān dìng guó nèi，
rú shēng、
yóu shì yào qiú fù bì guì zú gē jù jú miàn，
wú yì yú gěi xiōng nú chèn nèi luàn rù qīn de jī huì，
gù dǎ yā rú shēng sī xué ]
qín shǐ huáng shī zhèng dìng zhì suī yǐ jiān cǎi yīn yáng děng jiā sī xiǎng，
dàn gēn běn shàng shì yǐ fǎ jiā sī xiǎng wéi yǐ jù。
fén shū kēng rú yǐ jí "
yǐ fǎ wéi jiào ","
yǐ lì wéi shī "
děng，
gèng tū chū dì fǎn yìng liǎo tā de fǎ jiā sī xiǎng。
qín shǐ huáng yǐ yuán lái qín guó de zhì dù wéi biāo zhǔn，
zhěng qí huàyī quán guó zhèng zhì、
jīng jì、
wén huà fāng miàn de yī xiē zhì dù，
qǐ tú jìn kě néng xiāo chú yóu yú cháng qī fēn liè gē jù zào chéng de dì qū chā yì，
yǐ lì tǒng yī。
zhàn guó shí qī，
gè guó wén zì de jī běn jié gòu suī rán xiāng tóng，
dàn zì tǐ fán jiǎn hé piān bàng wèi zhì què yòu chā yì。
lǐ sī shòu mìng tǒng yī wén zì，
tā yǐ qín guó de wén zì wéi jī chǔ，
cān zhào liù guó wén zì，
zhì dìng xiǎo zhuàn，
bìng xiě chéng fàn běn，
zài quán guó tuī xíng。
dāng shí hái liú xíng yī zhǒng shū fǎ，
jiào zuò lì shū，
bǐ xiǎo zhuàn gèng jiǎn biàn。
qín shǐ huáng fèi zhǐ zhàn guó shí gè guó xíng zhì hé qīng zhòng dà xiǎo gè bù xiāng tóng de huò bì，
gǎi yǐ huáng jīn wéi shàng bì，
yǐ yì（
èr shí liǎng）
wéi dān wèi；
yǐ qín guó jiù xíng de yuán xíng fāng kǒng tóng qián wéi xià bì，
wén yuē bàn liǎng，
zhòng rú qí wén。
qín shǐ huáng yòng shāng yàng shí zhì dìng de dù liàng héng biāo zhǔn qì，
lái tǒng yī quán guó de dù liàng héng。
jīn jiàn qín cháo quán liàng ,
dū kè yòu shǐ huáng '
èr shí liù nián (
qián 211
nián )
bān bù de tǒng yī dù liàng héng de zhào shū。
zhè zhǒng quán liàng chū tǔ duō，
fēn bù guǎng，
cháng chéng yǐ wài yě yòu fā xiàn，
kě jiàn tǒng yī dù liàng héng shì rèn zhēn yòu xiào de。
qín shǐ huáng hái yòng fǎ lǜ guī dìng liǎo dù liàng héng qì wù chā de yǔn xǔ xiàn dù。
tā guī dìng liù chǐ wéi bù，
èr bǎi sì shí bù wéi mǔ。
bù guò '
èr bǎi sì shí bù wéi mǔ de zhì dù shí jì shàng zhǐ xíng yú jiù qín，
kě néng hái yòu jiù zhào jìng nèi，
dōng fāng xǔ duō dì qū réng yǐ bǎi bù wéi mǔ，
zhí dào hàn wǔ dì shí qī wéi zhǐ。
wén zì、
huò bì、
dù liàng héng de tǒng yī，
wéi jīng jì、
wén huà de fā zhǎn tí gōng liǎo biàn lì tiáo jiàn，
cù jìn liǎo tǒng yī guó jiā de fā zhǎn。
duì xiōng nú hé duì yuè rén de zhàn zhēng xiōng nú rén fēn bù zài měnggǔ gāo yuán shàng，
zhàn guó mò nián yǐ lái，
cháng xiàng nán fāng qīn fàn。
quán guó tǒng yī yǐ hòu，
qín shǐ huáng pài méng tián shuài jūn sān shí wàn kàng jī xiōng nú。
méng tián yú shǐ huáng sān shí '
èr nián（
qián 215
nián）
shōu fù hé tào yǐ nán dì，
jí dāng shí suǒ wèi“
hé nán dì”，
dì '
èr nián jìn yī bù chì zhú xiōng nú。
qín zì yú zhōng（
zài jīn gān sù lán zhōu yǐ dōng，
dàn yòu yì shuō）
xiàng běi，
zài huáng hé yǐ dōng、
yīn shān yǐ nán de dì qū nèi shè zhì sān shí sì xiàn，
bìng zài huáng hé de yī duàn dì qū yīn hé zhù sài。
qín hái bǎ zhàn guó shí yàn、
zhào、
qín sān guó cháng chéng xiū fù bìng lián jiē qǐ lái ,
zhù chéng xī qǐ lín táo（
jīn gān sù mín xiàn）、
dōng qì liáo dōng de gǔ dài shì jiè wěi dà gōng chéng zhī yī de wàn lǐ cháng chéng，
yòng lái bǎo hù běi fāng nóng yè qū yù。
jiē zhe，
qín yòu xǐ mín jǐ wàn jiā yú hé tào。
zhè duì yú biān dì de kāi kěn hé biān fáng de jiā qiáng，
qǐ liǎo jī jí zuò yòng。
zhōng guó jìng nèi de yuè rén fēn bù zài huá dōng、
huá nán dì qū，
fēn wéi mǐn yuè、
、
xī '
ōu děng bù fēn。
mǐn yuè zài jīn zhè jiāng、
fú jiàn yī dài，
nán yuè zài jīn guǎng dōng hé guǎng xī dōng bù，
xī '
ōu zài jīn guǎng dōng xī nán bù、
guǎng xī nán bù yǐ zhì yú yún nán dōng nán bù。
yuè rén“
duàn fā wén shēn，
cuò bì zuǒ rèn”
yǐ shān bàng hǎi，
cóng shì yú liè hé nóng yè。
xī '
ōu rén zhù yào cóng shì nóng yè shēng chǎn。
qín wáng zhèng '
èr shí sì nián（
qián 223
nián），
wáng jiǎn shuài qín jūn miè chǔ，
jì xù nán jìn，
duó dé yuè rén yī bù fēn tǔ dì，
zhì kuàijī jùn (
jīn jiāng sū sū zhōu )。
èr shí liù nián，
qín shǐ huáng pài wèi tú huī fā zú wǔ shí wàn，
fēn wéi wǔ jūn，
jìn gōng xín chéng（
jīn hú nán jìng xiàn jìng）、
jiǔ yí（
jīn hú nán níng yuǎn nán）、
fān yú（
jīn guǎng dōng guǎng zhōu）、
nán yě（
jīn jiāng xī nán kāng jìng）、
yú gān（
jīn jiāng xī yú gān jìng） ,
jìn xíng liǎo sān nián bù jiě jiá、
bù chí nǔ de jiān jù zhàn dǒu。
qín jūn jī bài liǎo mǐn yuè de dǐ kàng ,
yǐ qí dì zhì mǐn zhōng jùn (
jīn fú jiàn fú zhōu )。
gōng nán yuè de qín jūn，
yě zhàn lǐng liǎo fān yú。
zhǐ yòu xī xiàn de qín jūn yù dào xī '
ōu rén wán qiáng de dǐ kàng。
wèile jiě jué qín jūn zhuǎn xiǎng de kùn nán，
jiān lù shuài zú zài xiāng shuǐ、
lí shuǐ jiān kāi záo líng qú（
zài jīn guǎng xī xīng '
ān），
gōu tōng liǎo cháng jiāng hé zhū jiāng shuǐ xì de jiāo tōng。
zài qín jūn hé xī '
ōu rén de zhàn dǒu zhōng，
xī '
ōu jūn yì xū sòng hé qín jūn tǒng shuài wèi tú huī xiāng jì zhàn sǐ。
sān shí sān nián，
qín shǐ huáng yòu zhé fā nèi jùn céng jīng táo wáng de rén、
zhuì xù、
shāng rén zēng yuán，
zhēng fú liǎo xī '
ōu ,
zài nán yuè、
xī '
ōu gù dì jí qí xiāng lín dì qū jiàn zhì liǎo nán hǎi jùn（
jīn guǎng dōng guǎng zhōu），
xiàng jùn（
jīn guǎng xī chóng zuǒ jìng）
hé guì lín jùn（
jīn guǎng xī guì píng），
bìng jì xù zhēng fā rén mín qián wǎng shù shǒu。
zhè yàng，
jǐ shí wàn běi fāng nóng mín jiù liú zài nà lǐ yǔ yuè rén zá jū，
gòng tóng kāi fā zhū jiāng liú yù。
qín dài de jí zhèng qín shǐ huáng de shì yè，
shì zài cán kù dì bō xuē yā pò rén mín de tiáo jiàn xià，
zài duǎn duǎn de shí jǐ nián zhōng wán chéng de，
zhè shǐ qín de tǒng zhì jù yòu jí zhèng bào nüè de tè zhēng。
qín tǒng yī yǐ hòu de shí jǐ nián zhōng，
qín shǐ huáng wéi chí liǎo yī zhī páng dà de jūn duì，
jiàn lì liǎo yī gè páng dà de guān liáo jī gòu，
jìn xíng liǎo duō cì de dà guī mó zhàn zhēng，
wán chéng liǎo jù dà de guó fáng jiàn shè hé tǔ mù jiàn zhù。
qín shǐ huáng dà dà zēng jiā liǎo duì rén mín de zhēng liǎn。
jù gū jì，
dāng shí quán guó de rén kǒu yuē wéi yī qiān duō wàn，
ér dāng bīng fú yì de rén chāo guò '
èr bǎi wàn，
zhàn zhuàng nián nán zǐ sān fēn zhī yī yǐ shàng。
dāng bīng fú yì de rén tuō lí liǎo nóng yè shēng chǎn，
kào nóng mín yǎng huó，
zhè jiù chū xiàn liǎo nán zǐ lì gēng，
bù zú yǐ gōng liáng xiǎng，
nǚ zǐ fǎng jì，
bù zú yǐ gōng yī fú de yán zhòng jú miàn ,
dà dà dòng yáo liǎo qín de tǒng zhì jī chǔ。
wèile qiáng huà dì zhù jiē jí de tǒng zhì，
qín cháo yòu tuī xíng yán xíng jùn fǎ yǐ zhèn yā rén mín，
bìng qiě bǎ shù shí wàn rén mín biàn wéi fēng jiàn guó jiā de qiú tú。
qín shǐ huáng shǐ qián shǒu zì shí tián，
zài quán guó fàn wéi nèi zhèng shì chéng rèn tǔ dì sī yòu zhì。
dì zhù jiē jí píng jiè zhè gè mìng lìng，
bù jǐn dé yǐ hé fǎ zhàn yòu tǔ dì，
ér qiě kě yǐ yòng gè zhǒng shǒu duàn jiān bìng nóng mín de tǔ dì。
tǔ dì bèi jiān bìng de nóng mín，
bù dé bù yǐ“
jiàn shuì shí wǔ”
de kē kè tiáo jiàn gēngzhòng háo mín zhī tián。
nóng mín shēng huó bēi cǎn，
chuān niú mǎ zhī yī，
chī quǎn zhì zhī shí，
wǎng wǎng zài bào lì kù xíng de bī pò xià táo wáng shān lín，
jǔ xíng bào dòng。
zhè zhǒng zhǒng qíng kuàng shuō míng，
jí zhèng bào nüè jī huà liǎo shè huì máo dùn，
qín shǐ huáng zài wán chéng tǒng yī shì yè de tóng shí，
yě zào chéng liǎo qín wáng cháo qīng fù de tiáo jiàn。
suǒ yǐ xī hàn shí de jiǎ shān tán dào qín dài "
qún dào mǎn shān "
de qíng kuàng shí shuō：
qín shǐ huáng zài shì shí，
tā de tǒng zhì yǐ jīng zài bēng kuì，
suī rán tā zì jǐ bìng bù zhī dào。
qín cháo de zhèng qū yī ． dū chéng xián yáng fù jìn guān zhōng píng yuán yóu nèi shǐ zhí jiē guǎn lǐ èr．
lì guó zhī chū，
shè lì 36
jùn。
qí hòu nán bìng wǔ lǐng yǐ nán nán yuè dì，
zhì nán hǎi guì lín xiàng jùn，
běi qǔ yīn shān yǐ nán dì zhì jiǔ yuán jùn。
yòu lù xù fēn xī nèi jùn：
dōng hǎi cháng shān jì běi jiāo dōng hé nèi héng shān děng。
qín cháo méi yòu cǎi yòng fēn fēng zhì，
ér shì cǎi yòng jùn xiàn zhì，
zuì chū jiāng quán guó fēn wéi sān shí liù gè jùn，
hòu lái zēng jiā zhì sì shí liù gè。
bù fēn jùn dà tǐ wèi zhì rú xià tú：
[
qín cháo zhū jùn tú ]
qín cháo zhū jùn tú qín cháo zhū jùn liáo dōng jùn、
jiǔ yuán jùn、
yún zhōng jùn、
liáo xī jùn、
shàng jùn、
tài yuán jùn、
jù lù jùn、
jiāo dōng jùn、
hán dān jùn、
láng yá jùn、
běi dì jùn、
dōng hǎi jùn、
lǒng xī jùn、
xián yáng、
nán yáng jùn、
hàn zhōng jùn、
jiǔ jiāng jùn、
kuàijī jùn、
nán jùn、
héng shān jùn、
shǔ jùn、
bā jùn、
qián zhōng jùn、
cháng shā jùn、
mǐn zhōng jùn、
nán hǎi jùn、
guì lín jùn、
xiàng jùn、
yòu běi píng jùn、
yú yáng jùn、
guǎng yáng jùn、
shàng gǔ jùn、
dài jùn、
yàn mén jùn、
cháng shān jùn、
jì běi jùn、
lín zī jùn、
hé dōng jùn、
hé nèi jùn、
dōng jùn、
xuē jùn、
sān chuān jùn、
dàng jùn、
yíng chuān jùn、
chén jùn、
sì shuǐ jùn。
qín cháo miè wáng gōng yuán qián 210
nián qín '
èr shì hú hài jí wèi。
tā jìn yī bù jiā zhòng duì nóng mín de bō xuē hé yā pò，
yǐ“
shuì mín shēn zhě wéi míng lì”，
yǐ“
shā rén zhòng zhě wéi zhōng chén”。
tā lìng nóng mín zēng jiāo shū sù chú gǎo，
zì bèi liáng shí，
zhuǎn shū zhì xián yáng，
gōng guān lì、
jūn duì yǐ zhì yú gǒu mǎ qín shòu de xū yào。
tā jì xù xiū jiàn '
ēpáng gōng，
jì xù fā mín yuǎn shù。
yáo yì zhēng fā de duì xiàng jìn yī bù kuò dà，
nóng mín de kùn kǔ dá yú jí diǎn，
dà guī mó de nóng mín qǐ yì yǐ jīng dào yī chù jí fā de dì bù。
zài nóng mín yùn niàng fǎn qín de shí hòu，
qián fú zhe de liù guó jiù guì zú cán yú shì lì yě zài sì jī jìn xíng fēn liè huó dòng。
shǐ huáng dì sān shí liù nián（
qián 211
nián），
dōng jùn chū xiàn“
shǐ huáng dì sǐ '
ér dì fēn”
de kè cí，
jiù shì zhè zhǒng fēn liè huó dòng de zhēng zhào。
chén shèng、
wú guǎng lǐng dǎo de nóng mín zhàn zhēng qín '
èr shì yuán nián（
qián 209
nián）
qī yuè，
yī duì kāi fù yú yáng（
jīn běi jīng mì yún）
de lǘ zuǒ shù zú jiǔ bǎi rén，
yù yǔ tíng liú zài dà zé xiāng（
jīn '
ān huī sù xiàn jìng），
bù néng rú qī gǎn dào yú yáng shù dì。
qín fǎ guī dìng“
shī qī dāng zhǎn”，
shù zú men miàn lín zhe sǐ xíng de wēi xié。
yú shì，
zài chén shèng、
wú guǎng de lǐng dǎo xià，
zài dà zé xiāng jǔ qǐ liǎo zhōng guó lì shǐ shàng dì yī cì dà guī mó nóng mín qǐ yì de qí zhì。
chén shèng，
jí chén shè，
yáng chéng（
jīn dì yòu yì shuō，
zài hé nán jìng nèi）
rén，
gù nóng chū shēn；
wú guǎng，
yáng xià（
jīn hé nán tài kāng）
rén，
yě shì nóng mín。
tā mendōu shì shù zú de tún cháng。
wèile fā dòng qǐ yì，
tā men zài bó shàng shū xiě“
chén shèng wáng”
sān zì，
zhì yú fù zhōng，
shù zú mǎi yú dé shū，
chuán wéi guài yì。
wú guǎng yòu yú yè wǎn zài zhù dì bàng cóng cí zhōng rán gōu huǒ，
zuò hú míng，
fā chū“
dà chǔ xīng，
chén shèng wáng”
de hū shēng。
jiē zhe，
chén shèng、
wú guǎng shā yā sòng tā men de qín wèi，
shuài lǐng shù zú，
yòng yǐ bèi cì sǐ de qín gōng zǐ fú sū hé yǐ gù chǔ jiāng xiàng yàn de míng yì，
hào zhào nóng mín fǎn qín。
fù jìn nóng mín zhǎn mù jiē gān fēn fēn cān jiā qǐ yì。
qǐ yì jūn fēn bīng dōng jìn ,
zhù lì zé xiàng xī jìn gōng，
lián xià jīn yù dōng、
wǎn běi de zhì、
cuó、
kǔ、
zhè、
qiáo（
fēn bié zài jīn '
ān huī sù xiàn，
hé nán yǒng chéng、
lù yì、
zhè chéng，
ān huī bó xiàn jìng）
zhū xiàn。
dāng tā men tuī jìn dào chén（
jīn hé nán huái yáng）
de shí hòu，
yǐ shì yī zhī shù wàn rén de shēng shì hào dà de duì wǔ liǎo。
zài qǐ yì jūn de yǐng xiǎng xià，
xǔ duō jùn xiàn de nóng mín shā diào shǒu lìng，
xiǎng yìng chén shèng；
tè bié shì zài jiù chǔ guó jìng zhōng，
shù qiān rén wéi jù zhě dào chù kě jiàn。
yī xiē qián cáng mín jiān de liù guó jiù guì zú、
yóu shì、
rú shēng，
yědōu chéng jī lái guī，
píng jiè jiù rì de dì wèi，
zài nóng mín jūn zhōng fā huī yǐng xiǎng。
yóu shì zhāng '
ěr、
chén yú shèn zhì quàn chén shèng pài rén“
lì liù guó hòu”，
bèi chén shèng duàn rán jù jué。
chén shèng zì lì wéi“
zhāng chǔ wáng”，
fēn bīng sān lù gōng qín：
wú guǎng wéi“
jiǎ wáng”，
xī jī xíng yáng；
wǔ chén běi jìn zhào dì；
wèi rén zhōu shì gōng wèi dì。
wú guǎng jūn zài xíng yáng bèi zǔ，
chén shèng jiā pài zhōu wén xī jī qín。
zhōu wén jūn hěn kuài fā zhǎn dào chē qiānshèng，
zú shù shí wàn rén，
jìn dǐ guān zhōng de xì（
jīn shǎn xī lín tóng jìng），
bī jìn xián yáng。
qín '
èr shì huāng máng fā xiū lí shān líng mù de xíng tú wéi bīng，
yǐ shàofǔ zhāng hán shuài bīng yìng zhàn，
dǎ bài zhōu wén jūn。
wǔ chén zhàn lǐng liǎo jiù zhào dū chéng hán dān hòu，
zài zhāng '
ěr、
chén yú sǒng yǒng xià zì lì wéi zhào wáng，
chén shèng miǎnqiǎng yú yǐ chéng rèn。
wǔ chén kàng mìng bù jiù zhōu wén，
què pài hán guǎng lüè qǔ yàn dì。
hán guǎng zài yàn dì guì zú de sǒng yǒng xià，
yě zì lì wéi yàn wáng。
zhōu shì jìn dào jiù wèi nán bù hé jiù qí jìng nèi。
jiù qí guì zú tián dàn zì lì wéi qí wáng，
fǎn jī zhōu shì。
zhōu shì zài wèi dì lì jiù wèi guì zú wèi jiù wéi wèi wáng，
zì wéi wèi chéngxiàng，
bìng pài rén dào chén shèng nà lǐ yíng jiē wèi jiù。
jiù guì zú de shì lì hěn huó yuè，
huàn sàn liǎo nóng mín qǐ yì duì wǔ。
chén shèng quē fá jīng yàn，
jué xīn bù gòu，
yǎn kàn zhe fēn liè jú miàn de xíng chéng。
chén shèng zhōu wéi yě chū xiàn liǎo bù tuán jié de xiàn xiàng。
qín jiāng zhāng hán jūn lián bài zhōu wén，
zhōu wén zì shā。
zhāng hán yòu dōng bī xíng yáng，
wú guǎng bù jiāng tián zāng shā wú guǎng，
yíng jī zhāng hán，
yī zhàn bài sǐ。
zhāng hán jìn dào chén，
chén shèng bài tuì dào xià chéng fù（
jīn '
ān huī wō yáng dōng nán），
bèi pàn tú zhuāng jiǎ shā sǐ，
chén xiàn shī shǒu。
chén shèng bù jiāng lǚ chén shuài lǐng yī zhī“
cāng tóu jūn”
yīng yǒng jiē zhàn，
shōu fù chén xiàn，
chǔjué liǎo zhuāng jiǎ。
chén shèng zuò wéi fǎn qín de xiān qū zhě，
lǐng dǎo qǐ yì zhǐ yòu bàn nián jiù shī bài liǎo，
dàn shì fǎn qín de làng cháo què bèi tā jī qǐ，
jì xù bù duàn dì chōng jī qín de tǒng zhì (
jiàn chén shèng、
wú guǎng qǐ yì )。
chǔ hàn zhī zhàn chén shèng qǐ yì hòu，
jiù chǔ míng jiāng xiàng yàn zhī zǐ xiàng liáng hé xiàng liáng zhí xiàng yǔ zài wú（
jīn jiāng sū sū zhōu）
shā diào qín kuàijī jùn shǒu，
qǐ bīng xiǎng yìng。
bù jiǔ xiàng liáng shuài lǐng bā qiān zǐ dì bīng dù jiāng běi shàng，
duì wǔ kuò dà dào liù qī wàn rén，
lián zhàn huò shèng。
mǐn yuè guì zú wú zhū hé yáo yě shuài lǐng zú rén，
gēn zhe qín fān yáng lìng wú ruì fǎn qín。
yuán pèi xiàn tíng cháng liú bāng hé yī bù fēn xíng tú táo wáng shān zé，
yě xí jī pèi lìng qǐ shì，
guī rù xiàng liáng jūn zhōng。
xiàng liáng lì chǔ huái wáng zhī sūn wéi chǔ wáng。
yǐ hòu，
xiàng liáng zài dìng táo bài sǐ，
qín zhāng hán jūn zhuǎn gē běi shàng，
dù hé jī zhào。
zhè shí，
dài tì méng tián shù shǒu shuò fāng biān sài de wáng lí，
yě shuài dà jūn yóu shàng jùn（
zhì jīn shǎn xī yú lín dōng nán）
dōng chū，
bāo wéi liǎo zhāng '
ěr hé zhào wáng xiē zhù shǒu de jù lù chéng（
jīn hé běi píng xiāng jìng）。
chǔ wáng pài sòng yì、
xiàng yǔ jiù zhào，
pài liú bāng xī rù guān zhōng。
sòng yì běi zhì '
ān yáng，
dòu liú bù jìn。
xiàng yǔ shā sòng yì，
yǐn bīng dù zhāng hé，
jīng guò jī zhàn，
jiě jù lù zhī wéi，
bèi tuī wéi zhū hóu shàngjiàng jūn。
yǐ hòu，
qín jiāng zhāng hán shuài '
èr shí wàn rén xiàng tā tóu jiàng。
liú bāng yū huí jìn rù wǔ guān，
dào dá xián yáng fù jìn。
nà shí qín '
èr shì yǐ bèi zhào gāo shā sǐ，
jì lì de zǐ yīng biǎn qù dì hào，
chēng qín wáng，
hàn gāo zǔ yuán nián shí yuè（
gōng yuán qián 207
nián）
xiàng liú bāng tóu jiàng。
liú bāng gōng zhàn xián yáng，
qín wáng。
liú bāng fèi chú qín de kē fǎ，
zhǐ yuē fǎ sān zhāng：“
shā rén zhě sǐ，
shāng rén jí dào dǐ zuì”，
shēn dé qín rén yōng hù。
liú bāng rù xián yáng hòu，
xiàng yǔ yě lì jí shuài jūn rù guān，
zhù hóng mén，
rán hòu jìn rù xián yáng，
dà sì shāo shā lüè duó。
tā zài zhū wáng bìng lì de jì chéng jú miàn xià，
zì lì wéi xī chǔ bà wáng，
dū péng chéng。
bìng tiáozhěng zhū gù wáng tǔ dì，
xǐ zhì tā men yú qí yuán jù dì de biān yuán，
ér bǎ zì jǐ de qīn xìn fēng yú gè guó de shàn dì wéi wáng。
zhè yàng jiù bìng lì zhe shí bā gè wáng guó，
shòu zhì yú xī chǔ bà wáng。
xiàng yǔ de zhè yī cuò shī fǎn '
ér '
è huà liǎo gē jù xíng shì。
bù jiǔ qí guó shǒu xiān fānàn，
zhū hóu hùn zhàn zài cì bào fā。
bèi xiàng yǔ bī chù bā shǔ hàn zhōng yī yú wéi hàn wáng de liú bāng，
yú hàn gāo zǔ yuán nián wǔ yuè（
gōng yuán qián 206
nián），
chéng jī jìn rù guān zhōng，
bài xiàng yǔ suǒ fēng guān zhōng sān wáng。
jiē zhe lǐng jūn dōng chū，
yuǎn xí péng chéng，
tuì shǒu yú xíng yáng、
chéng gāo zhī jiān，
yǔ xiàng yǔ xiāng chí。
liú bāng gǒng gù liǎo guān zhōng hòu fāng，
yòu lián luò fǎn duì xiàng yǔ de lì liàng，
zhuǎn bài wéi shèng。
hàn gāo zǔ wǔ nián（
qián 202
nián）
shí '
èr yuè，
yǔ hán xìn、
péng yuè děng huì gōng xiàng yǔ，
xiàng yǔ bīng bài gāi xià（
jīn '
ān huī líng bì jìng），
tuì zhì wū jiāng（
jīn '
ān huī shěng hé xiàn）
zì wěn，
nián jǐn 31
suì。
tóng nián '
èr yuè，
liú bāng zài dìng táo jí huáng dì wèi（
jiàn hàn gāo dì liú bāng）。
chǔ hàn zhī zhàn shì yóu qín mò nóng mín zhàn zhēng zhí jiē yǎn biàn '
ér lái de。
nóng mín zhàn zhēng suī rán shèng lì dì tuī fān liǎo qín cháo，
dàn céng jīng shì nóng mín zhàn zhēng lǐng xiù de liú bāng hé xiàng yǔ，
què bù dé bù zhú bù zhuǎn huà wéi fēng jiàn tǒng zhì quán de juézhú zhě。
liú bāng zhī rén shàn rèn，
yīn shì lì dǎo，
zhōng yú zhàn shèng xiàng yǔ，
dēng shàng liǎo xī hàn tǒng yī wáng cháo de huáng dì bǎo zuò。
qín shì xì 1、
qín zhòng héng héng 2、
zhuāng gōng héng héng 3、
xiāng gōng héng héng 4、
wén gōng héng héng 5、
níng gōng héng héng 6、
chū gōng héng héng 7、
wǔ gōng héng héng 8、
dé gōng héng héng 9、
xuān gōng héng héng 10、
chéng gōng héng héng 11、
mù gōng héng héng 12、
kāng gōng héng héng 13、
gòng gōng héng héng 14、
huán gōng héng héng 15、
jǐng gōng héng héng 16、
āi gōng héng héng 17、
huì gōng héng héng 18、
dào gōng（
yǐ shàng jù《
shǐ jì .
shí '
èr zhū hóu nián biǎo》）
héng héng 19、
lì gōng héng héng 20、
zào gōng héng héng 21、
huái gōng héng héng 22、
líng gōng héng héng 23、
jiǎn gōng héng héng 24、
huì gōng héng héng 25、
chū zǐ héng héng 26、
xiàn gōng héng héng 27、
xiào gōng héng héng 28、
huì wén wáng héng héng 29、
wǔ wáng héng héng 30、
zhāo wáng héng héng 31、
xiào wén wáng héng héng 32、
zhuāng xiāng wáng héng héng 33、
qín shǐ huáng héng héng 34、
hú hài －－ 35、
zǐ yīng shǐ huáng dì：
qín shǐ huáng '
èr shí liù 221~
qín shǐ huáng sān shí qī gōng yuán qián 210
nián èr shì：
qín shǐ huáng sān shí qī（
qī yuè） 210
nián ~
èr shì sān nián gōng yuán qián 207
nián zǐ yīng：
èr shì sān nián（
bā yuè） 207
nián ~
èr shì sān nián（
shí yuè）
gōng yuán qián 207
nián qín cháo jūn duì gòu chéng qín cháo de jūn duì fēn sān gè bù fēn，
jí jīng shī bīng、
jùn xiàn bīng、
biān fáng bīng。
jīng shī bīng，
yóu yú rèn wù bù tóng，
fēn sān gè xì tǒng：
láng zhōng lìng guǎn xiá de shì wèi guān，
bāo kuò bèi (
qián cái )
xuǎn、
yìn rèn、
jūn gōng tè bài '
ér chǎn shēng de chuán zhōng、
zhōng láng děng，
yòu fèng lù，
zhù yào fù zé diàn nèi zhí qín、
cóng huáng dì：
wèi wèi guǎn xiá de huáng gōng jǐng wèi bīng，
yóu jùn xiàn lún fān fú yì de zhèng zú chōng dāng，
chēng wèi shì，
zhù yào zhí zé shì shǒu wèi gōng mén；
zhōng wèi guǎn xiá de jīng dū chéng wèi bīng，
chéng yuán shì lún fān fú tóu de nèi shǐ dì qū zhèng zú，
zhù yào zhí zé shì bǎo wèi dū chéng de '
ān quán。
yù tè shū qíng kuàng，
jīng shī lìng shè tún bīng。
jùn xiàn bīng，
zhǐ zài dāng dì lún liú fú yī nián bīng yì de zhèng zú。
yóu jùn wèi xiàn wèi guǎn xiá。
píng shí xùn liàn，
bìng jiān guǎn dì fāng '
ān quán，
zhàn shí fèng diào chū zhēng、
yīn suǒ chù dì lǐ huán jìng de bù tóng，
yòu fēn wéi cái guān (
bù bīng )、
qí shì (
qí bīng )、
lóu chuán shì (
shuǐ jūn )
sān lèi。
dà tǐ běi fāng、
xī běi fāng duō qí shì，
shān qiū líng dì dài duō cái guān，
jiāng shuí jí yán hǎi duō lóu chuán shì。
yòu de jùn jì yòu cái guān，
yòu yòu qí shì。
biān fáng bīng，
zhǐ biān jùn qí shì、
cái guān、
biān jùn tún bīng hé biān sài pí zú。
biān jùn qí shì huò cái guān，
shì běn dì fú bīng yì de zhèng zú。
tún bīng shì jí zhōng zhù zhā de jī dòng zuò zhàn bù duì，
yóu cháo tíng pài qiǎn de jiāng jūn tǒng shuài，
rú méng tián céng cháng qī lǐng bīng tún yú shàng jùn。
wù zú bāo kuò lún fān fú yì de gè jùn zhèng zú hé dí fā de guān lì、
shāng rén jí nóng mín。
chú fēn sàn dān rèn jǐng jiè、
hòu wàng rèn wù wài，
hái gòu zhù wéi xiū jūn shì gōng chéng。
bīng zhǒng qū fēn qín jūn fēn wéi bù bīng（
hán nǔ bīng）
chē bīng qí bīng hé shuǐ bīng zhǒng。
bù bīng chēng cái guān，
yòu qīng zhuāng yǔ zhòng zhuāng zhī fēn，
qián zhě wú jiá，
chí gōng、
nǔ yuǎn shè bīng qì；
hòu zhě shàng tǐ zhe jiá，
chí gē、
máo、
jǐ zhī lèi cháng bīng qì。
zhe jiá chí gōng、
nǔ zhě chēng jià bīng，
shì bù bīng de zhù lì。
chē bīng réng rán zhuāng bèi dān yuán shuāng lún sì mǎ mù zhì chē，
měi chē 3
rén，
jiē zhe kuī jiá，
yù zhě jū zhōng，
jiá shì 2
rén fēn lì liǎng cè，
chí gē máo lèi cháng bīng qì。
qí bīng chēng qí shàng，
zhe duǎn jiá，
zhí gōng jiàn，
suǒ chéng zhī mǎ yòu '
ān，
wú '
ān dèng。
shuǐ jūn chēng lóu chuán shì，
jù yòu yī dìng guī mó。
qín shǐ huáng líng bīng mǎ dī kēng de bù zhèn biǎo míng，
bù bīng shù liàng jiào duō，
shì zhù yào bīng zhǒng，
chē bīng réng shì zhòng yào zuò zhàn lì liàng，
qí bīng shàng chù yú cóng shǔ dì wèi，
wān bīng qiě zhì jiào dà cí róng。
zuò zhàn zhōng，
chē、
qí、
bù、
jià dà xiū hùn biān liè zhèn，
pèi hé '
ér xíng。
shè huì qíng kuàng qín de shè huì zǔ zhì xiāng dāng yán mì，
shāng yàng biàn fǎ jiàn lì liǎo“
shí wǔ lián zuò zhì”
jìn zhǐ fù zǐ xiōng dì tóng shì '
ér jū，
fán mín yòu '
èr nán láo lì yǐ shàng dedōu bì xū fēn jū，
dú lì biān hù，
tóng shí '
àn jūn shì zǔ zhì bǎ quán guó lì mín biān zhì qǐ lái，
wǔ jiā wéi wǔ，
shí jiā wéi shí，
bù zhǔn shàn zì qiān jū，
xiāng hù jiān dū，
xiāng hù jiǎn jǔ，
ruò bù jiē fā，
shí jiā lián zuò。
zhè zhǒng yán kē de fǎ lǜ bǎ nóng mín láo láo shù fù zài tǔ dì shàng，
guó jiā zhí jiē kòng zhì liǎo quán guó de láo dòng lì，
bǎo zhèng liǎo fù shuì shōu rù。
tǒng yī hòu qín guó jiāng cǐ tuī guǎng zhì quán guó。
lèi sì de bǎo jiá zhì dù hé hù kǒu zhì dù yī zhí dào zhōng huá mín guó hé zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó shí qī réng bèi dāng jú cǎi yòng。
qín cháo de xíng fá qín cháo zhì dìng liǎo xǔ duō kù xíng。
jù wén xiàn jìzǎi，
xíng fá yòu bìn（
wān qù xī gài），
yuè（
jù jiǎo），
gōng，
bǎng lüè，
yāo zhǎn，
xiāo shǒu，
qì shì，
chuō shī，
kēng sǐ，
záo diān，
chōu xié，
huò pēng，
chē liè，
yí sān zú děng。
dāng shí de zhōng yuán dì qū gǔ rén duō rú yǎ rén yì，
shè huì shì zōng zú xíng shì jié gòu，
bù jù bèi fǎ zhì tǒng zhì de jī chǔ。
qín zūn hán fēi de yǐ fǎ zhì guó，
zhè jiù zào chéng liǎo zuò jiān fàn kē de rén dà zēng，
miàn duì tiáo tiáo kù xíng，
rén men yuàn shēng zài dào，
zhè yě shì jiā jù qín cháo miè wáng de lìng yī gè bù kě hū shì de zhòng yào yuán yīn。
guān lì zhì dù zhōng yāng guān zhì sān gōng：
chéngxiàng、
tài wèi、
yù shǐ dà fū jiǔ qīng：
wèi wèi（
huáng gōng bǎo wèi）、
láng zhōng lìng（
jǐng wèi）、
tài pú（
gōng tíng chē mǎ）、
tíng wèi（
sī fǎ）、
diǎn kè（
wài jiāo）、
fèng cháng（
zōng miào lǐ yí）、
zōng zhèng（
huáng shì nèi bù shì wù）、
shàofǔ（
shān hé hú hǎi shuì shōu hé zhì zào yè）、
zhì sù nèi shǐ（
cái zhèng shuì shōu）
yù shǐ dà fū：
zhǎng tú jí zhāng zòu，
jiān chá、
tánhé bǎi guān，
fǔ zuǒ chéngxiàng chǔlǐ shì wù dì fāng guān zhì jùn：
jùn shǒu jùn wèi jùn jiān xiàn：
xiàn lìng xiàn wèi xiàn chéng xiāng：
sān lǎo yóu jiào sè fū（
xiǎo xiāng）
yòu zhì（
dà xiāng）
tíng：
tíng cháng lǐ：
lǐ zhèng jīng jì zhuàng kuàng shāng yàng biàn fǎ yǐ hòu，
qín guó de jīng jì tǐ zhì jiù quán miàn zhuǎn rù“
gēng zhàn”。
jí zhòng shì nóng yè shēng chǎn hé duì wài zhàn zhēng，
yǐ nóng yè shēng chǎn zhī chí duì wài zhàn zhēng，
yǐ jūn gōng shòu jué cì yú tǔ dì。
tóng shí yóu guó jiā fǎ lìng jù tǐ zhǐ dǎo nóng yè shēng chǎn。
dàn tǒng yī quán guó hòu lèi shìde zhì dù sì hū bìng wèi qǔ dé xiǎn zhù xiào guǒ。
wén huà yǔ kē xué [
qín '
èr shì kè yú qīng tóng shàng de bù gào shǐ yòng xiǎo zhuàn ]
qín '
èr shì kè yú qīng tóng shàng de bù gào shǐ yòng xiǎo zhuàn qín '
èr shì kè yú qīng tóng shàng de bù gào shǐ yòng xiǎo zhuàn yī bān rèn wéi，
zhàn guó shí qī de qín guó wén huà luò hòu yú shān dōng liù guó，
yòu“
qín，
hǔ láng yě”
de shuō fǎ。
qín guó tǒng yī zhōng guó hòu，
cǎi qǔ liǎo yī xì liè cuò shī gǒng gù qí tǒng zhì，
qí zhōng bāo kuò zhù míng de“
shū tóng wén”，
jí jiāng zhàn guó shí qī gè guó shǐ yòng de bù tóng de shū xiě tǐ tǒng yī wéi hòu shì suǒ chēng de xiǎo zhuàn，
xiāng chuán gāi zì tǐ wéi qín guó chéngxiàng lǐ sī fā míng。
qián 213
nián，
qín tǒng yī bā nián，
tài zǐ shī bó shì qí rén chún yú yuè zài yī cì cháo tíng huì yì shàng tí chū huī bì zhōu cháo de fēn fēng zhì，“
wú fǔ fú，
hé yǐ xiāng jiù zāi？”
chéngxiàng lǐ sī fǎn duì，
bìng tí chū cuò shī：“
……
tiān xià gǎn yòu cáng《
shī》、《
shū》
zhě qì shì。
yǐ gǔ fēi jīn zhě zú。
lì jiàn zhī bù jǔ zhě yǔ tóng zuì。
lìng xià sān shí rì bù shāo，
qíng wéi chéng dàn。
suǒ bù qù zhě，
yī yào bǔ shì zhǒng shù zhī shū。
ruò yòu xué (
fǎ lìng） [
zhě ]，
yǐ lì wéi shī”。
qín shǐ huáng cǎi nà zhī，
xià lìng gè jùn、
xiàn lì jí chá jìn suǒ yòu《
shī》、《
shū》
hé zhū zǐ bǎi jiā de shū jí， 30
tiān nèi quán bù fén shāo。
cǐ jí“
fén shū”。
chún yú yuè jiàn zǔ fén shū，
bèi shā。
cì nián，
fāng shì lú shēng děng rén qiú xiān zài cì bù dé，
jù pà chǔfá '
ér chū táo，
yòu yòu fāng shì rú shēng yì lùn cháo zhèng。
qín shǐ huáng dà nù，
xià lìng sōu bǔ xián yáng chéng nèi de fāng shì rú shēng，
hòu lái de shěn wèn guò chéng zhōng，
fāng shì rú shēng hù xiāng gào fā，
gòng yòu 460
yú rén shòu dào zhū lián，
qín shǐ huáng xià lìng jiāng cǐ 460
yú rén quán bù kēng shā。
cǐ jí“
kēng rú”。
cǐ hòu yòu fā shēng liǎo liǎng cì kēng rú shì jiàn。
“
fén shū kēng rú”
shì qín cháo wèile guó jiā zhèng quán '
ān dìng tǒng yī de suǒ zhí xíng de zhèng cè ,
yě shì duì dāng shí zhōng guó wén huà de yī cì cuī cán。“
fén shū”
zhèng cè zhēn duì dāng shí de shū cè wén wù，
zhǐ bǎo liú duì mín shēng yǐ jí zhí zhèng suǒ xū de，
dà liàng duì qín zhèng quán wú yì de zhēn guì wén xiàn cóng cǐ shī chuán，
chūn qiū zhàn guó de bǎi jiā yán lùn zài zhè duàn shí qī shòu dào yán zhòng de cuī cán；“
kēng rú”
zhèng cè yě shì dì yī gè bèi zhōng guó lì shǐ suǒ jì lù de guó jiā zhèng quán duì zhī shí fènzǐ dà guī mó de dài bǔ xíng wéi（
rú jiā chēng zhī wéi“
pò hài”）。
dàn tóng shí yě yòu guān diǎn rèn wéi“
fén shū kēng rú”
duì wén huà de yǐng xiǎng bìng bù shì hěn dà，
zhù yào yuán yīn rú xià：
.
suǒ wèi fén shū，
mùdì shì wéi jìn“
yǐ gǔ fēi jīn zhě”，
duì sī cáng shū jí de chéng fá cuò shī bìng bù yán lì。
.
suǒ fén shū jí wèimín jiān cáng shū，
bó shì guān de cáng shū bù bāo kuò zài nèi，
ér dāng shí mín jiān de《
shī》、《
shū》
qí shí bìng bù duō。
ér zài xiàng yǔ jī bài qín jūn zhù lì jìn rù xián yáng hòu huǒ shāo '
ēpáng gōng què shǐ qín guó guān fāng zhēn cáng de dà pī zhēn guì diǎn jí bèi fén huǐ。
.
qín zhì qín '
èr shì '
ér wáng，
zhēn zhèng zhí xíng de shí jiān bù chāo guò shí nián，
yǐng xiǎng bù huì tài dà。“
fén shū kēng rú”
wèihé rú cǐ chū míng，
guān jiàn zài hòu shì de“
dú zūn rú shù”
shǐ rú jiā sī xiǎng zhàn jù liǎo cǐ hòu jìn liǎng qiān nián zhōng guó guó jiā yì shí xíng tài de tǒng zhì dì wèi。
lú shēng zhě，
fāng shì yě，
yě bù shì wǒ men tōng cháng suǒ shuō de rú shēng。
dāng rán zài dāng shí de qíng kuàng xià，
kě néng huì yòu yī xiē rú shēng shòu dào qiān lián，
dàn shì“
fén shū kēng rú”
shì bù zhǔn què de，
yòu kuā zhāng de chéng fèn zài lǐ miàn。
hěn duō rén yòu zhè zuò wéi qín shǐ huáng de zuì míng，
shì bù chéng lì de。
jiù xiàng shàng miàn yòu rén shuō de，
zhēn zhèng duì zhōng guó de wén huà qǐ dào pò huài de fén liǎo shū de，
bù shì qín shǐ huáng，
shì nà gè méi yòu nǎo zǐ de xiàng yǔ。
fāng shì，
zài dāng shí yě jiù shì dào jiào de xiān qū bā，
nà xiē liàn dān，
qiú xiān zhè liú，
zhè xiē rén，
shì rú zhě yě kàn bù qǐ de，
dàn shì wèishénme rú jiā yào wéi zhè xiē rén shuō hǎo huà，
nà shì hòu shì de xuān chuán liǎo，
wèile tǒng zhì jiē jí yìng yòng。
yòu guān qín cháo de jīng diǎn 1.
qín shǐ huáng qín shǐ huáng（
gōng yuán qián 259～
qián 210
nián），
shǒu wèi wán chéng zhōng guó tǒng yī de qín wáng cháo de kāi guó huáng dì。
hòu rén chēng zhī wéi“
qiān gǔ yī dì”。
xìng zhào shì，
míng zhèng。
hàn zú，
qín zhuāng xiāng wáng zhī zǐ。 13
suì jí wáng wèi， 22
suì zài gù dū yōng chéng jǔ xíng liǎo chéng rén jiā miǎn yí shì，
cóng cǐ zhèng shì dēng jī“
qīn lǐ cháo zhèng”， 39
suì wán chéng liǎo tǒng yī zhōng guó de lì shǐ dà yè，
chēng dì。
qián 247
nián，
qín wáng zhào zhèng jí wèi，
yīn nián yòu cháo zhèng yóu tài hòu hé xiàngguó lǚ bù wéi jí lào '
ǎi zhǎng guǎn。
qián 238
nián（
qín wáng zhèng jiǔ nián）， 22
suì de qín wáng zhèng qīn lǐ cháo zhèng，
chú diào lǚ、
lào děng rén，
zhòng yòng lǐ sī、
wèi liáo，
zì gōng yuán qián 230
nián zhì qián 221
nián，
xiān hòu miè hán、
zhào、
wèi、
chǔ、
yàn、
qí liù guó，
wán chéng liǎo tǒng yī quán guó de dà yè，
jiàn lì liǎo zhōng guó lì shǐ shàng dì yī gè tǒng yī de、
duō mín zú de、
zhuān zhì zhù yì zhōng yāng jí quán zhì guó jiā héng héng qín cháo。
qín wáng zhào zhèng zì rèn wéi zì jǐ de gōng láo shèng guò zhī qián de sān huáng wǔ dì，
gěi zì jǐ qǐ míng“
huáng dì”。
yī shēng zhōng yòu gōng yě yòu guò，
yǔ hàn wǔ dì bìng chēng wéi“
qín huáng hàn wǔ”。
2.
qín bīng mǎ yǒng qín shǐ huáng shì dì yī gè tǒng yī zhōng guó de huáng dì，
tā de líng mù zài xī '
ān chéng dōng 30
gōng lǐ chù。 1974
nián 2
yuè，
dāng dì nóng mín zài qín shǐ huáng líng dōng cè 1.5
gōng lǐ chù dǎ jǐng shí '
ǒu rán fā xiàn liǎo yǔ zhēn rén zhēn mǎ yī yàng dà xiǎo de bīng mǎ yǒng。
cóng cǐ，
yī gè mái cáng liǎo liǎng qiān duō nián de dì xià jūn zhèn bèi wā jué chū lái，
bìng jiàn chéng bó wù guǎn。
qín bīng mǎ yǒng kēng shì qín shǐ huáng de péi zàng kēng，
yóu yī hào、
èr hào、
sān hào kēng hé bīng mǎ yǒng kēng zǔ chéng。
zhǎn chū de táo zhì péi zàng wǔ shì yǒng hé bīng mǎ yǒng gòng jì 8000
gè，
pái liè chéng zhèn，
qì shì zhuàng guān。
yǒng fēn jiāng jūn yǒng、
kǎi jiá yǒng、
guì shè yǒng、
qí bīng yǒng、
wǔ shì yǒng、
chē bīng yǒng、 (
yù shǒu，
bīng shì )
gōng nǔ yǒng、
mǎ yǒng děng。
kēng nèi hái chū tǔ yòu shù wàn jiàn shí zhàn bīng qì，
guǎn nèi zhǎn chū qín shǐ huáng dà xíng cǎi huì tóng chē mǎ。
bèi chēng wéi "
shì jiè dì bā dà qí jì "
de qín bīng mǎ yǒng zhǎn shì liǎo gǔ cháng '
ān wǎng rì de huī huáng，
yě shì cháng '
ān hé yǐ huì chéng wéi sī lù qǐ diǎn de yī gè xiě zhào。
3.
guò qín lùn 《
guò qín lùn》，
lùn qín zhī guò yě。
yuán wén fēn wéi shàng、
zhōng、
xià sān piān。
zài yú《
xīn shū》
dì yī juàn，《
wén xuǎn》
juàn wǔ shí yī，
lìng jiàn yú《
shǐ jì ·
qín běn jì》、《
shǐ jì ·
chén shè shì jiā》
jí《
hàn shū》。
quán wén zhuózhòng cóng gè gè fāng miàn fēn xī qín wáng cháo de guò shī，
gù míng wéi《
guò qín lùn》。
běn wén zhǐ zài zǒng jié qín sù wáng de lì shǐ jīng yàn，
yǐ zuò wéi hàn wáng cháo jiàn lì zhì dù，
gǒng gù tǒng zhì de jiè jiàn。
zuò zhě jiǎ yì（
qián 200-
qián 168），
shì chēng jiǎ tài fù、
jiǎ cháng shā、
jiǎ shēng。
luò yáng（
jīn hé nán luò yáng dōng）
rén。
xī hàn chū qī de zhèng lùn jiā、
wén xué jiā。
4.
qín fēng qín fēng：
shī jīng guó fēng zhōng de nèi róng。
qín shī chǎn shēng de shí dài，
dà zhì shuō lái shì zì chūn qiū chū zhì qín mù gōng (
sǐ yú qián 622
nián )
zhè yī bǎi wǔ、
liù shí nián jiān de shī。
qín fēng gòng yòu shí shǒu shī。
bāo kuò：
chē lín sì tiě xiǎo róng jiān jiā zhōng nán huáng niǎo chén fēng wú yī wèi yáng quán yú 5.
qín shí míng yuè dé yuán yú wáng chāng líng de qī jué“
qín shí míng yuè hàn shí guān”。
qín shí míng yuè hàn shí guān，
wàn lǐ cháng zhēng rén wèi hái。
dàn shǐ lóng chéng fēi jiāng zài，
bù jiào hú mǎ dù yīn shān。
cǐ shī shì wáng chāng líng de qī jué zhōng，
zuì wéi rén zhǔ mùdì yī shǒu。
xǔ duō rén shuō zhè shī shì shén pǐn。
kāi tóu dì yī jù，
jiù fēi tóng fán xiǎng。“
qín shí míng yuè hàn shí guān”
sì hū nán yǐ wéi rén lǐ jiě，
zěn me qín shí de míng yuè，“
guān”
què shì hàn shí de ní？
dàn cǐ jù，
miào jiù miào zài zhè lǐ，
yù yì shēn yuǎn jiù zài zhè lǐ。
zhè yī jù shì shuō，
bǎ shǒu hàn shí de guān kǒu de jūn rén，
ér kàn dào de shì hé qín shí xiāng tóng de míng yuè，
ér shí jiān yǐ jīng fēi shì qù liǎo。
jiē xià lái chéng jiē shàng jù de shì“
wàn lǐ cháng zhēng rén wèi hái”，
jiù yán shēn liǎo dì yī jù de yì sī。
6.《
dà qín dì guó》
sūn hào huī zhù chóngxiàn jīn gē tiě mǎ zhàn guó qī xióng de fēng zī，
kāi chuàng qiān gǔ fēng liú dà qín dì guó de bà yè zhàn guó sān bǎi duō nián de fēn zhēng，
dǎ pò liǎo gǔ diǎn lián bāng wáng guó shí dài de zhì xī fēng bì，
zhè shì yī gè míng jiāng bèi chū，
dà cái rú yún，
yīng zhù dié qǐ de shí dài。
dà qín dì guó zhèng shì chǎn shēng yú zhè gè shí dài，
yī bù yī bù，
tǒng yī liǎo zhōng guó……
zài zhěng lǐ zhè pī cóng hǎi wài huí dào zǔ guó de qín jiǎn de guò chéng zhōng，
wǒ men fā xiàn liǎo liǎng gè qì jīn lì shǐ zī liào shàng cóng wèi jìzǎi guò de xīn jùn míng chēng，
zhè gè fā xiàn jiāng kě néng gǎi xiě mù qián ‘ qín cháo４
８ jùn ’ de kǎo zhèng。”
hú nán dà xué yuè lù shū yuàn fù yuàn cháng chén sōng cháng xīng fèn dì shuō。
zhè liǎng gè xīn fā xiàn de jùn，
yī gè jiào zhōu líng jùn，
yī gè jiào qīng hé jùn。
qín cháo shì zhōng guó lì shǐ shàng què lì“
jùn xiàn zhì”
zuì zǎo de cháo dài，“
jùn xiàn zhì”
duì zhōng guó zài２０００
duō nián de fēng jiàn shè huì zhōng xíng chéng zhōng yāng jí quán zhì guó jiā qǐ dào zhòng yào zuò yòng。
jì zhě kàn dào，
zài yǐ jīng qīng lǐ wán bì de qín jiǎn dāng zhōng，
yòu yī méi bǎo cún wán hǎo de qín jiǎn zhōng qīng xī dì chū xiàn liǎo“
bǐng chén shuò jǐ mǎo nán jùn jiǎ shǒu jiǎ bào zhōu líng jùn”
děng zì yǎn。
“
zài mù qián zhěng lǐ de bù fēn qín jiǎn lǐ miàn，‘
zhōu líng shǒu，
zhōu líng jiǎ shǒu’
zhì shǎo chū xiàn guò sān cì。‘
shǒu’
yī bān dōushì jùn shǒu yī jí de，
zhè shuō míng zhōu líng zài qín dài shì yī gè jùn míng。”
chén sōng cháng jiào shòu jiè shào shuō。
lìng wài yī méi qín jiǎn dāng zhōng，
zé qīng xī dì xiě zhe“
qīng hé jiǎ shǒu”
de zì yǎn。
chén sōng cháng shuō：“
suī rán méi yòu qīng hé jùn de míng zì，
dàn shì yòu qīng hé jiǎ shǒu，‘
shǒu’
shì jùn yī jí de guān，
nà me，
qīng hé yě yìng gāi shì jùn míng。”
hú nán dà xué yuè lù shū yuàn de zhuān jiā chá kǎo hòu fā xiàn，
shàng shù liǎng chù jùn míng bìng bù zài mù qián lì shǐ xué jiè què dìng de“
qín cháo４８
jùn”
míng dān zhī nèi。
lì shǐ zī liào jìzǎi，
qīng hé、
zhōu líng liǎng jùn chū xiàn zài hàn cháo。
yī gè yí wèn chū xiàn liǎo：
zhè cì qiǎng jiù huí lái de dào dǐ shì qín jiǎn hái shì hàn jiǎn？
zhuān jiā men tōng guò liǎng gè zhèng jù què dìng liǎo zhè xiē jiǎn chū zì qín cháo。
yī gè zhèng jù shì cóng jiǎn de zhì dì shàng hé shū xiě fēng gé shàng fēn xī，
yīnggāi shì qín jiǎn；
lìng wài yī gè zhòng yào de zhèng jù shì jì nián，
bǎo cún wán hǎo de jiǎn dāng zhōng qīng xī de kè yòu“
èr shí wǔ nián，
liù yuè shuò，
liù yuè，
bǐng chén”
děng wén zì，
zhè gè jìzǎi zhǐ hé qín cháo gān zhī jì nián fǎ shì xiāng duì yìng de，
yīn cǐ zhè shì qín jiǎn，
bù shì hàn jiǎn。
yuè lù shū yuàn qiǎng jiù xìng huí gòu de zhè pī qín jiǎn，
bù dàn xīn fā xiàn liǎo zhōu líng jùn hé qīng hé jùn，
jiǎn wén zhōng hái fā xiàn liǎo“
cāng wú”“
dòng tíng”
děng lǐ yé qín jiǎn zhōng chū xiàn guò de qín dài jùn míng。
duì yú qín hàn shǐ yán jiū '
ér yán，
zhè pī qín jiǎn hé lǐ yé qín jiǎn jiāng hù xiāng bǔ chōng，
hù xiāng jiě shì，
hù xiāng yìn zhèng，
chéng wéi zhēn guì de shí wù zī liào。
hú nán dà xué dǎng wěi xuān chuán bù gànbù lǐ cuǐ jiè shào shuō，
mù qián，
yuè lù shū yuàn de zhòng duō zhuān jiā réng rán zài jìn xíng qín jiǎn de chū bù zhěng lǐ gōng zuò，
zhè xiē wén wù hái jiāng lù xù xiàng shì rén jiē shì xīn de lì shǐ xìn xī。
xiāng gǎng diàn yǐng《
qín cháo》
piàn míng：
qín cháo dì qū：
zhōng guó xiāng gǎng (ATV)
lèi xíng：
qíng jǐng xǐ jù piàn cháng： 60
jí shǒu bō： 2000
nián jiān zhì：
zhāng jiān tíng yǎn yuán：
jiāng dà wèi tián niū zhāng tóng zǔ sūn jiā jūn jù qíng jiè shào yóu yà zhōu diàn shì hào zī '
èr qiān wàn yuán ,
yīng huáng diàn yǐng jí tuán fù zé zhì zuò de liù shí jí dà xíng chǔjìng xǐ jù《
qín cháo》，
yóu jiān zhì zhāng jiān tíng shuāi lǐng de tái qián mù hòu bān dǐ，
zhèn róng qiángjìng，
yún jí gǎng tái hóng xīng dà huì yǎn de chuàng yì xǐ jù，
dān bǎo dài gěi guān zhòng wú jìn jīng xǐ。
yóu yú ＜ qín cháo ＞ jù qíng shì wéi rào jīng yíng jiǔ bā de yī jiā rén hé lái zì bù tóng jiē céng de jiǔ kè，
rì cháng zāo yù dào de xǐ、
nù、
āi、
lè qù shì wéi tí，
zhù jǐng chǎng dì yì yí shī dào páo mǎ dì yī jiān zhēn shí jiǔ bā pāi shè，
yī bān yǎn yuán yǎn chū tóu rù，
duì bái jīng jǐng，
bào xiào lián chǎng。
qín cháo dù liàng héng jì suàn wù pǐn cháng duǎn de qì jù jiào dù，
cèliáng wù pǐn róng jī de qì jù jiào liàng，
cèliáng wù tǐ qīng zhòng de qì jù jiào héng。
tōng guò duì qín dài duō zhǒng dù liàng héng qì de fǎn fù cèliáng jì suàn，
dé zhī qín de yī chǐ cháng 23.1
lí mǐ，
qín de yī shēng wéi 202
háo shēng，
qín de yī jīn xiāng dāng yú jīn tiān de 250
kè。
The Qin Dynasty (Chinese: 秦朝; pinyin: Qín Cháo; Wade–Giles: Ch'in Ch'ao; IPA: [tɕʰǐn tʂʰɑ̌ʊ̯]) was the first ruling dynasty of Imperial China, lasting from 221 to 206 BC. The Qin state derived its name from its heartland of Qin, in modern-day Shaanxi. The Qin's strength had been consolidated by Lord Shang Yang in the 4th century BC, during the Warring States Period. In the early third century BC, the Qin accomplished a series of swift conquests; the state subjugated the Chu, remnants of the Zhou Dynasty, and various other states to gain undisputed control of China.
During its reign over China, the Qin Dynasty achieved increased trade, improved agriculture, and military security. This was due to the abolition of landowning lords, to whom peasants had formerly held allegiance. The central government now had direct control of the masses, giving it access to a much larger workforce. This allowed for the construction of ambitious projects, such as a wall on the northern border, now known as the Great Wall of China. The Qin Dynasty also introduced several reforms: currency, weights and measures were standardized, and a better system of writing was established. An attempt to purge all traces of the old dynasties led to the infamous burning of books and burying of scholars incident, which has been criticized greatly by subsequent scholars. The Qin's military was also revolutionary in that it used the most recently developed weaponry, transportation, and tactics, though the government was heavy-handed and bureaucratic.
Despite its military strength, the Qin Dynasty did not last long. When the first emperor died in 210 BC, his son was placed on the throne by two of the previous emperor's advisers, in an attempt to influence and control the administration of the entire country through him. The advisors squabbled among themselves, however, which resulted in both their deaths and that of the second Qin emperor. Popular revolt broke out a few years later, and the weakened empire soon fell to a Chu lieutenant, who went on to found the Han Dynasty.[note 1] Despite its rapid end, the Qin Dynasty influenced future Chinese regimes, particularly the Han, and from it is derived the European name for China.
History
Origins and early development
Feizi, a descendant of the ancient political advisor Gao Yao, was granted rule over Qin City.[note 2] During the rule of King Xiao of Zhou, the eighth king of the Zhou Dynasty, this area became known as the state of Qin. In 897 BC, under the regency of Gonghe, the area became a dependency allotted for the purpose of raising and breeding horses. One of Feizi's descendants, Duke Zhuang, became favoured by King Ping of Zhou, the thirteenth king in that line. As a reward, Zhuang's son, Duke Xiang, was sent eastward as the leader of a war expedition, during which he formally established the Qin.
Qin state first sent a military expedition into central China in 672 BC, though it did not engage in any serious incursions due to the threat from neighbouring tribesmen. By the dawn of the fourth century BC, however, the neighbouring tribes had all been either subdued or conquered, and the stage was set for the rise of Qin expansionism.
Growth of power
Lord Shang Yang, a Qin statesman, introduced a number of militarily advantageous reforms from 361 BC until his death in 338 BC, and also helped construct the Qin capital, Xianyang. This latter accomplishment commenced in the mid-fourth century BC; the resulting city greatly resembled the capitals of other Warring States.
Marble bust of statesman Shang Yang
Of Shang Yang's reforms, the most notable one was advocating the philosophy of Legalism, which encouraged practical and ruthless warfare. In contrast, during the Zhou Dynasty and the ensuing Warring States Period, the prevalent philosophy had dictated war as a gentleman's activity; military commanders were instructed to respect what they perceived to be Heaven's laws in battle. For example, during the Warring States Period, Duke Xiang of Song[note 3] was at war with the state of Chu, and had an opportunity to attack the enemy force, commanded by Zhu, while they were crossing a river. Instead, however, he waited for them to finish crossing, and allowed them to marshal their forces. He was decisively defeated in the ensuing battle, and when, later, his advisors admonished him for such excessive courtesy to the enemy, he retorted, "The sage does not crush the feeble, nor give the order for attack until the enemy have formed their ranks." The Qin disregarded this military tradition, taking advantage of their enemy's weaknesses. A nobleman in the state of Wei accused the Qin state of being "avaricious, perverse, eager for profit, and without sincerity. It knows nothing about etiquette, proper relationships, and virtuous conduct, and if there be an opportunity for material gain, it will disregard its relatives as if they were animals." It was this Legalist thought combined with strong leadership from long-lived rulers, openness to employ talented men from other states, and little internal opposition that gave the Qin such a strong political base.
Map of the Warring States. Qin is shown in pink
Another advantage of the Qin was that they had a large, efficient army[note 4] and capable generals. They utilised the newest developments in weaponry and transportation as well, which many of their enemies lacked. These latter developments allowed greater mobility over several different terrain types[note 5] which were most common in many regions of China. Thus, in both ideology and practice, the Qin were militarily superior.
Finally, the Qin empire had a geographical advantage due to its fertility and strategic situation, protected by mountains that made the state a natural stronghold.[note 6] Its expanded agricultural output helped sustain Qin's large army with food and natural resources; the Wei River canal built in 246 BC was particularly significant in this respect.
Conquest of other state
During the Warring States Period preceding the Qin Dynasty, the major states vying for dominance were Yan, Zhao, Qi, Chu, Han, Wei and Qin. The rulers of these states styled themselves as kings, rather than using the titles of lower nobility they had previously held. However, none elevated himself to believe that he had the "Mandate of Heaven," as the Zhou emperors had claimed, nor that he had the right to offer sacrifices—they left this to the Zhou rulers.
A Chinese lacquerware box with the "Panyu" name on its surface, one piece of evidence that the Qin Dynasty governed the area of Guangzhou before the Nanyue Kingdom did.
Before their conquest in the fourth and third centuries BC, the Qin suffered several setbacks. Shang Yang was executed in 338 BC due to a grudge by the leader King Wu over a student who had been executed because of Shang Yang's insistence that law applied even to nobility. There was also internal strife over the Qin succession in 307 BC, which decentralised Qin authority somewhat. Qin was defeated by an alliance of the other states in 295 BC, and shortly after suffered another defeat by the state of Zhao, due to the fact that the majority of their army was then defending against the Qi. The aggressive statesman Fan Sui, however, soon came to power as prime minister even as the problem of the succession was resolved, and he began an expansionist policy that had originated in Jin and Qi, which prompted the Qin to attempt to conquer the other states.
The Qin were swift in their assault on the other states. They first attacked the Han, directly east, and took the city of Yangdi in 230 BC. They then struck northward; the state of Zhao surrendered in 228 BC, and the northernmost state of Yan followed, falling in 226 BC. Next, Qin armies launched assaults to the east, and later the south as well; they took the Wei city of Daliang (now called Kaifeng) in 225 BC and forced the Chu to surrender by 223 BC. Lastly, they deposed the Zhou Dynasty's remnants in Luoyang and conquered the Qi, taking the city of Linzi in 221 BCE.
Dominion of China
Marble statue of Qin Shihuang located near his burial place
When the conquests were complete in 221 BC, the leader of the Qin, King Zheng,[note 7] who had first assumed the throne of the Qin state at age 13, became the effective ruler of China. He assumed his position as king with the abdication of his prime minister, Lu Buwei. He took on the name Qin Shihuang Di (Chinese: 秦始皇帝), meaning "First Emperor of the Qin".[note 8] The newly declared emperor ordered all weapons not in the possession of the Qin to be confiscated and melted down. The resulting metal was sufficient to build twelve large ornamental statues at the Qin's newly declared capital, Xianyang.
In 214 BC Qin Shihuang secured his boundaries to the north with a fraction (100,000 men) of his large army, and sent the majority (500,000 men) south to seize still more land. Prior to the events leading to Qin dominance over China, they had gained possession of much of Sichuan to the southwest. The Qin army was unfamiliar with the jungle terrain, and it was defeated by the southern tribes' guerrilla warfare tactics with over 100,000 men lost. However, in the defeat Qin was successful in building a canal to the south, which they used heavily for supplying and reinforcing their troops during their second attack to the south. Building on these gains, the Qin armies conquered the coastal lands surrounding Guangzhou,[note 9] and took the provinces of Fuzhou and Guilin. They struck as far south as Hanoi. After these victories in the south, Qin Shihuang moved over 100,000 prisoners and exiles to colonize the newly conquered area. In terms of extending the boundaries of his empire, the First Emperor was extremely successful in the south.
However, while the empire at times was extended to the north, the Qin could rarely hold on to the land for long. The tribes of these locations, collectively called the Hu by the Qin, were free from Chinese rule during the majority of the Dynasty. Prohibited from trading with Qin Dynasty peasants, the Xiongnu tribe living in the Ordos region in northwest China often raided them instead, prompting the Qin to retaliate. After several campaigns and much effort, the region was conquered and agriculture was established; the peasants, however, were discontented and later revolted. The succeeding Han Dynasty also expanded into the Ordos due to overpopulation, but depleted their resources in the process. Owen Lattimore said of both Dynasties' attempts to conquer the Ordos, "conquest and expansion were illusory. There was no kind of success that did not create its own reaction." Indeed, this was true of the dynasty's borders in multiple directions; modern Xinjiang, Tibet, Manchuria, Inner Mongolia, and regions to the southeast were foreign to the Qin, and even areas over which they had military control were culturally distinct.
Fall from power
An edict in bronze from the reign of the Second Qin Emperor
Three assassination attempts were made on Qin Shihuang's life, leading him to become paranoid and obsessed with immortality. He died in 210 BC, while on a trip to the far eastern reaches of his empire in an attempt to procure an elixir of immortality from Daoist magicians, who claimed the elixir was stuck on an island guarded by a sea monster. The chief eunuch, Zhao Gao, and the prime minister, Li Si, hid the news of his death upon their return until they were able to alter his will to place on the throne the dead emperor's most pliable son, Huhai, who took the name of Qin Er Shi. They believed that they would be able to manipulate him to their own ends, and thus effectively control the empire. Qin Er Shi was, indeed, inept and pliable. He executed many ministers and imperial princes, continued massive building projects (one of his most extravagant projects was lacquering the city walls), enlarged the army, increased taxes, and arrested messengers who brought him bad news. As a result, men from all over China revolted, attacking officials, raising armies, and declaring themselves kings of seized territories.
During this time, Li Si and Zhao Gao fell out among themselves, and Li Si was executed. Zhao Gao decided to force Qin Er Shi to commit suicide due to Qin Er Shi's incompetence. Upon this, Ziying, a nephew of Qin Er Shi, ascended the throne, and immediately executed Zhao Gao. Ziying, seeing that increasing unrest was growing among the people[note 10] and that many local officials had declared themselves kings, attempted to cling to his throne by declaring himself one king among all the others. He was undermined by his ineptitude, however, and popular revolt broke out in 209 BC. When Chu rebels under the lieutenant Liu Bang attacked, a state in such turmoil could not hold for long. Ziying was defeated near the Wei River in 207 BC and surrendered shortly after; he was executed by the Chu leader Xiang Yu. The Qin capital was destroyed the next year, and this is considered by Derk Bodde, as well as other historians, to be the end of the Qin empire.[note 1] Liu Bang then betrayed and defeated Xiang Yu, declaring himself Emperor Gaozu[note 11] of the new Han Dynasty. Despite the short duration of the Qin Dynasty, it was very influential on the structure of future dynasties.
Culture and society
Domestic life
The aristocracy of the Qin were largely similar in their culture and daily life. Regional variations in culture were considered a symbol of the lower classes. This idea stemmed from the Zhou and was seized upon by the Qin, as such variations were seen as contrary to the unification that the government strove to achieve.
Commoners and rural villagers, who made up over 90% of the population, very rarely left the villages or farmsteads where they were born. Common forms of employment differed by region, though farming was almost universally common. Professions were hereditary; a father's employment was passed to his eldest son after he died. The Lüshi Chunqiu[note 12] gave examples of how, when commoners are obsessed with material wealth, instead of the idealism of a man who "makes things serve him", they were "reduced to the service of things".
Peasants were rarely figured in literature during the Qin Dynasty and afterwards; scholars and others of more elite status preferred the excitement of cities and the lure of politics. One notable exception to this was Shen Nong, the so-called "Divine Father", who taught that households should grow their own food. "If in one's prime he does not plow, someone in the world will grow hungry. If in one's prime she does not weave, someone in the world will be cold." The Qin encouraged this; a ritual was performed once every few years that consisted of important government officials taking turns with the plow on a special field, to create a simulation of government interest and activity within agriculture.
Architecture
Warring States-era architecture had several definitive aspects. City walls, used for defense, were made longer, and indeed several secondary walls were also sometimes built to separate the different districts. Verticality in federal structures was emphasised, to create a sense of authority and absolute power. Architectural elements such as high towers, pillar gates, terraces, and high buildings amply conveyed this.
Philosophy and literature
The written language of the Qin was logographic, as that of the Zhou had been. As one of his most influential achievements in life, prime minister Li Si standardized the writing system to be of uniform size and shape across the whole country. This would have a unification effect on the Chinese culture for thousands of years. He is also credited with creating the "lesser-seal" (Chinese: 小篆, Pinyin: xiǎozhuàn) style of calligraphy, which serves as a basis for modern Chinese and is still used in cards, posters, and advertising.
During the Warring States Period, the Hundred Schools of Thought comprised many different philosophies proposed by Chinese scholars. In 221 BC, however, the First Emperor conquered all the states, and governed them using a single philosophy, Legalism. At least one school of thought, Mohism, was eradicated, though it is not known exactly why; despite the Qin's state ideology and Mohism being similar in certain regards, it is possible that Mohists were sought out and killed by the state's armies due to paramilitary activities.
Confucius's school of thought, called Confucianism, was also influential during the Warring States Period, as well as throughout much of the later Zhou Dynasty and early imperial China.[note 13] This school of thought had a so-called Confucian canon of literature, known as the "six classics": the Odes, Documents, Ritual, Music, Spring and Autumn Annals, and Changes, which embodied Chinese literature at the time.
During the Qin Dynasty, Confucianism was suppressed, along with all other non-Legalist philosophies, by the First Emperor; early Han Dynasty emperors did the same. Legalism, the state-adopted school of thought, denounced the feudal system and encouraged severe punishments, particularly when the emperor was disobeyed; individual rights were devalued when they conflicted with the government's or the ruler's wishes, and merchants and scholars were considered unproductive, fit for elimination. One of the more drastic measures employed to accomplish the eradication of the old schools of thought was the infamous burning of books and burying of scholars incident, which almost singlehandedly gave the Qin Dynasty a bad reputation among later scholars. The First Emperor, in an attempt to consolidate power, ordered the burning of all books on non-Legalist philosophical viewpoints and intellectual subjects. This decree was passed in 213 BC, and also stipulated that all scholars who refused to submit their books to be burned would be executed by premature burial. Only texts considered productive by Legalists were preserved, most on pragmatic subjects, such as agriculture, divination, and medicine. However, controversy remains on the so-called “burning of books and burying of scholars”. Nowadays, many Sinologists argued that the “burying of scholars” recorded in Grand Historian is a slander to the First Emperor and not a truth.
Government and military
Qin Dynasty composite bow arrows (top) and crossbow bolts (bottom)
Credit: Liang Jieming
The Qin government was highly bureaucratic, and was administered by a hierarchy of officials, all serving the First Emperor. The Qin put into practice the teachings of Han Fei, allowing the First Emperor to control all of his territories, including those recently conquered. All aspects of life were standardized, from measurements and language to more practical details, such as the length of chariot axles. Zheng and his advisers also introduced new laws and practices that ended feudalism in China, replacing it with a centralized, bureaucratic government. Under this system, both the military and government thrived, as talented individuals could be more easily identified in the transformed society. Later Chinese dynasties emulated the Qin government for its efficiency, despite its being condemned by Confucian philosophy. Such a system, however, could be manipulated by power-hungry individuals; one example of such an occurrence was documented in the "Records of Officialdom". A commander named Hu ordered his men to attack peasants, in an attempt to increase the number of "bandits" he had killed; his superiors, likely eager to inflate their records as well, allowed this.
Qin Shihuang also improved the military, despite the fact that it had already undergone extensive reforms. The military used the most advanced weaponry of the time. The invention of the sword during the Warring States Period was a huge boon. It was first used mostly in bronze form, but by the third century BC, the Qin were using stronger iron swords. The demand for metal this produced resulted in improved bellows. The crossbow had been introduced in the fifth century BC and was more powerful and accurate than the composite bows used earlier. It could also be rendered ineffective by removing two pins, which prevented enemies from capturing a working crossbow.
The Terracotta army.
The Qin also used improved methods of transportation and tactics. The state of Zhao had first replaced chariots with cavalry in 307 BC, but the change was swiftly adopted by the other states due to the fact that cavalry had greater mobility over the terrain of China.
The First Emperor developed plans to fortify his northern border, to protect against the nomadic Mongols. The result was the construction of the Great Wall of China,which was built by joining and strenghthening the walls made by the feudal lords, which would be expanded and rebuilt multiple times by later dynasties, also in response to threats from the north. Another monument built during Qin Shihuang's rule was the Terracotta army, intended to protect the emperor after his death. As opposed to the Great Wall, which is visible from space,[note 14] the Terracotta army was inconspicuous due to its underground location, and was not discovered until 1974.
Religion
Floating on high in every direction,
Music fills the hall and court.
The incense sticks are a forest of feathers,
The cloudy scene an obscure darkness.
Metal stalks with elegant blossoms,
A host of flags and kingfisher banners.
The music of the "Seven Origins" and "Blossoming Origins"
Are intoned as harmonious sounds.
Thus one can almost hear
The spirits coming to feast and frolic.
The spirits are seen off to the zhu zhu of the musics,
Which purifies and refines human feelings.
Suddenly the spirits ride off on the darkness,
And the brilliant event finishes.
Purified thoughts grow hidden and still,
And the warp and weft of the world fall dark.
Han shu, p. 1046
The dominant religious belief in China during the reign of the Qin, and, in fact, during much of early imperial China, was focused on the shen (roughly translating to "spirits"), yin ("shadows"), and the realm they were said to live in. The Chinese offered sacrifices[note 15] in an attempt to contact this other world, which they believed to be parallel to the earthly one. The dead were said to simply have moved from one world to the other. The rituals mentioned, as well as others, served two purposes: to ensure that the dead journeyed and stayed in the other realm, and to receive blessings from the spirit realm.[note 16]
Religious practices were usually held in local shrines and sacred areas, which contained sacrificial altars. During a sacrifice or other ritual, the senses of all participants and witnesses would be dulled and blurred with smoke, incense, and music. The lead sacrificer would fast and meditate before a sacrifice to further blur his senses and increase the likelihood of perceiving otherworldly phenomena. Other participants were similarly prepared, though not as rigorously.
Such blurring of the senses was also a factor in the practice of spirit intermediaries, or mediumship. Practitioners of the art would fall into trances or dance to perform supernatural tasks. These people would often rise to power as a result of their art—Luan Da, a Han Dynasty medium, was granted rule over 2,000 households. Noted Han historian Sima Qian was scornful of such practices, dismissing them as foolish trickery.
Divination—to predict and/or influence the future—was yet another form of religious practice. An ancient practice that was common during the Qin Dynasty was cracking bones or turtle shells to gain knowledge of the future. The forms of divination which sprang up during early imperial China were diverse, though observing natural phenomena was a common method. Comets, eclipses, and droughts were considered omens of things to come.
Sovereigns of Qin Dynasty
Posthumous names / title Chinese family names and given names Period of Reign
Convention: "Qin" + posthumous name
Zhaoxiang (昭襄 Zhāoxiāng) Ying Ze (嬴則 qíng zé) or Ying Ji (嬴稷 yíng jì) 306 BC–250 BC
Xiaowen (孝文 Xiàowén) Ying Zhu (嬴柱 yíng zhù) 250 BC
Zhuangxiang (莊襄 Zhuāngxiāng) Ying Zichu (嬴子楚 yíng zi chǔ) 249 BC–247 BC
Shi Huangdi (始皇帝 Shǐ Huángdì) Ying Zheng (嬴政 yíng zhèng) 246 BC–210 BC
Er Shi Huangdi (二世皇帝 Èr Shì Huángdì) Ying Huhai (嬴胡亥 yíng hú hài) 210 BC–207 BC
Ziying was often referred using personal name or
Qin Wang Ziying (秦王子嬰 qín wáng zi yīng)
Did not exist Ying Ziying (嬴子嬰 yíng zi yīng) 206 BC
