| 姓： | 嬴 | ||||||||||||
| 名： | 政 | ||||||||||||
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【始皇帝年表】
公元前221庚辰 二十六年—前220 辛巳 二十七年—前219 壬午 二十八年—前218 癸未 二十九年—前217 甲申 三十年—前216 乙酉 三十一年—前215 丙戌 三十二年—前214 丁亥 三十三年—前213 戊子 三十四年—前212 己丑 三十五年—前211 庚寅三十六年—前210 辛卯 三十七年
【人物身世】
据《史记·吕不韦列传》记载，秦始皇的母亲赵姬原是吕不韦的姬妾，吕不韦出于政治目的将已怀孕的赵姬献给异人（即秦庄襄王），后来赵姬至大期生子名政；又据《史记·秦始皇本纪》记载，“秦始皇帝者，秦庄襄王子也。庄襄王为秦质子于赵，见吕不韦姬，悦而取之，生始皇。 ”作为一个并不受宠爱的质子的儿子，赵政少年时期是在赵国都城邯郸度过的，此时异人经吕不韦从中斡旋已然回到秦国，并认华阳夫人为母，经过多次政治斗争终于获得了华阳信任，吕不韦又花费大量精力与金钱将赵姬母子接回秦国，从此赵政开始了他在秦王宫里的政治生涯。
对于秦始皇来说，最熟悉的女性莫过于母亲了。在秦始皇4岁的时候，父亲异人将他们母子作为人质留在了赵国。母亲赵姬曾是吕不韦的姬妾，所以“两个父亲”的传言一直伴随赵政的成长，再加上赵国人的唾弃、鄙视都让年幼的秦始皇对母亲———这个唯一可以依靠的人充满了爱与恨的复杂感受。
秦始皇与母亲相依为命。从出生在赵国一直到10岁，这个阶段正好是一个孩子心理发展的重要阶段，他无法发展出对远在秦国父亲形象的认同，也无法发展出对母亲形象的认同，更无法发展出对仲父———吕不韦这个也许是亲生父亲形象的认同。这些复杂的状况造成了秦始皇复杂的心理感受。他必须依靠唯一的女性———母亲才能生存下来，他却又鄙视和讨厌自己母亲的行为，因为这些行为造成了他幼年心灵巨大的创伤。所有的这些创伤带来的不良情绪都会投射到母亲———这个唯一的女性身上。
【登上王位】
秦庄襄王三年（前247年），秦庄襄王驾崩，赵政即位为秦王。即位时由于年少，故国政由相邦吕不韦所把持，并尊吕不韦为仲
[秦始皇嬴政]
秦始皇嬴政
父。吕不韦既把持朝廷，又与太后（赵姬）偷情。他见秦始皇日渐年长，怕被他发现，想离开太后，又怕太后怨恨，所以献假宦官嫪毐给太后，嫪毐假施腐刑，只拔掉胡子就进宫了。秦始皇日渐长大，于是他们就骗秦始皇，说太后寝宫风水不好，应搬离这里。秦始皇信以为真，于是他们搬到离秦始皇远的地方，结果太后生下了两个私生子，而假宦官嫪毐亦以王父自居，在太后的帮助下封长信侯，领有山阳、太原等地，自收党羽。嫪毐在雍城长年经营，建立了庞大的势力，是继吕不韦后又一股强大的政治势力。
嫪毐难免小人得志，在一次喝醉酒后对一个大臣斥责道：“我是秦王的假父，你竟敢惹我。”这个大臣听后很生气，并且暗中找了个机会告诉秦始皇。嫪毐慌了，准备叛乱。
前238年，秦始皇在雍城蕲年宫举行冠礼。嫪毐动用秦王御玺及太后玺发动叛乱，攻向蕲年宫。秦始皇早已在蕲年宫布置好三千精兵，打败叛军。嫪毐转打咸阳宫，那里也早有军队，嫪毐一人落荒而逃，没过多久便被逮捕。秦始皇将嫪毐五马分尸，曝尸示众；又把母亲赵姬关进雍城的萯阳宫。秦始皇随后免除吕不韦的相职，把吕不韦放逐到巴蜀。其后，虽然他听从秦国贵族所言，下了《逐客令》，逐出六国食客，但被李斯的《谏逐客书》所劝阻，其后他任用尉缭、李斯等人。
【秦夺九鼎】
九鼎相传为夏禹所铸，象征九州，一直受许多国家所保护，由九州上贡的铁所制。夏、商、周是奉为国宝，拥有九鼎者就为天子。公元前256年（秦昭王五十一年， 周赧王五十九年），攻伐赵国邯郸的秦军，继续向韩，赵发动攻势。值此之际，东方各国又发动联合抗秦。在韩、赵等国的影响与胁迫下，不识时务的西周公也卷入这次活动。联军打着周王的旗号，合纵抗秦。昭王大怒。秦国早就想在地图上抹去西周，尽快扫除统一天下的一个障碍。西周参与反秦，正好给秦国出兵以口实。公元前256年（赧王59年，秦昭襄王51年），秦兵攻打西周，赧王听西周公之言，以西周三十六城、三万户降秦），秦王将周赧王贬爵为君，西周公为家臣，封于梁城(今陕西省韩城县南)。赧王至梁城一月而死，国除，置九鼎于咸阳（途中一鼎落于泗水，所以秦国只得到8鼎，但习惯上仍称九鼎）。自次年起（昭襄王五十二年，前255年）史家以秦王纪年。公元前255年，九鼎迁秦，意味着秦王将为天下共主，可以名正言顺地讨伐各诸侯国。
【统一六国】
自前230年至前221年，秦始皇采取远交近攻、分化离间、合纵连横[1]的策略，发动秦灭六国之战。先后于秦始皇十七年（前
[秦统一形势图]
秦统一形势图
230年）灭韩、十九年（前228年）灭赵、二十二年（前225年）灭魏、二十四年（前223年）灭楚、二十五年（前222年）灭燕、二十六年（前221年）灭齐。终于建立了中国历史上第一个统一的、多民族的、专制主义中央集权制国家——秦朝。
总方针
秦王政亲政后，听取李斯进献的灭六国的建议，着手规划统一六国的大业。其总的战略方针，是由近及远，集中力量，各个击破；先北取赵，中去魏，南取韩，然后再进取燕、楚、齐。
灭韩国
秦王政首先选择的攻击目标为赵国。因为，赵国的实力在六国中最强，是秦国走向统一道路的最大障碍。但是，赵国还没有到不堪一击的地步。秦军屡次进攻赵国均被赵国击退。在用主力进攻赵国的同时，秦对韩采取扶植亲秦势力以逐步肢解的策略。公元前231年，韩国南阳郡“假守”（即代理郡守）腾，向秦献出他所管辖的属地。腾被秦王政任命为内史，后又派他率军进攻韩国。腾对韩国了如指掌，所以进展顺利，于公元前230年（秦王政十七年）俘获韩王安，韩国灭亡。
灭赵国
公元前229年，秦利用赵国发生大地震和大灾荒的机会，又派王翦领兵攻赵。赵国派李牧、司马尚率兵抵御，双方相持了一年
。在紧要关头，秦国使出杀手锏—离间计。王翦用重金收买了赵王的宠臣郭开，要他散布李牧、司马尚企图谋反的流言。赵王轻信谣言，派人替代李牧。李牧在大敌当前的形势下据不让出兵权，赵王竟暗地派人逮捕李牧并处死了他，同时还杀掉了司马尚。杀死李牧，无疑为秦军亡赵扫清了道路。此后，秦军如入无人之境，攻城略地，痛击赵军。公元前228年（秦王政十九年），秦军攻破邯郸，这座名城落入秦国之手。不久，出逃的赵王迁被迫献出赵国的地图降秦。赵国实际上灭亡了。但是公子嘉却带着一伙人逃到代郡（今河北尉县），自立为王。后秦军在公元前222年灭燕国之后将其俘虏。至此，秦统一了北方。
灭燕国
在灭赵的过程中，秦国大军已兵临燕国边境。燕国君喜惶惶不可终日，眼见秦国扫平三晋，就要向自己杀来，却无计可施。燕太子丹最终想出了孤注一掷的暗杀行动，即历史上有名的荆轲刺秦王，时值公元前227年。刺杀行动最终失败，但是秦王政差一点死于荆轲的匕首下，他深恨燕国，立即增兵大举进攻。公元前226年，秦军攻下燕都蓟（今北京市），燕王喜与太子丹逃亡辽东郡。秦将李信率领秦军数千人，穷追太子丹至衍水。太子丹因潜伏于水中幸免于难。后来，燕王喜经过权衡利害关系，派人将太子丹杀掉，将其首级献给秦国，想以此求得休战，保住燕国不亡。燕王喜逃到辽东以后，秦军主力就调往南线进攻楚国。公元前222年（秦王政二十五年），王贲奉命攻伐燕国在辽东的残余势力，俘获燕王喜，燕国彻底灭亡。
灭魏国
公元前231年，魏景湣王迫于秦国的强大威力，主动向秦进献出丽邑，以求缓兵。此时，秦王政正调集兵力准备向赵国发起总攻，不想分散兵力攻魏，就接受了献地。这使得魏国又维持了数年残局。公元前225年（秦王政二十二年），就在秦军主力南下攻楚的当口，秦王政派出年轻将领王贲，率军围攻魏都大梁（今河南开封）。魏军紧闭城门，坚守不出。由于大梁城防经过多年修建，异常坚固，秦军强攻不下。王贲想出了水攻的办法。秦军大批士卒被安排去挖掘渠道，将黄河、鸿沟的水引来，灌注到大梁。3个月后，大梁的城墙壁垒全被浸坍，魏王假只得投降。魏国灭亡了。
灭楚国
南方大国楚国，疆域辽阔，山林茂密，物产丰富，号称拥有甲士百万。但是，楚国的内政一直不振，总是贵族争权夺利，这种状况到战国末期尤为严重。公元前228年，楚幽王死，统治集团发生内讧。幽王的同母弟犹，即位为哀王，但仅两个多月，就被异母兄负刍的门徒杀掉了。负刍成为楚王。楚王室更加分崩离析。就在楚国发生内乱的时候，公元前226年，秦王政不失时机地从北方伐燕前线抽调秦军，南下攻楚，连续夺得楚国10余个城池。公元前224年，秦国与楚国的决战就要开始了。秦王政先派年轻将领李信率 20万秦军攻楚，被楚军击败。后又派大将王翦率60万秦军攻楚。王翦入楚境后，并未马上发动攻势。他总结了李信轻敌冒进的教训，采取屯兵练武，坚壁不出，麻痹敌人，以逸待劳的战略。这样，度过了一年多的时间，秦军对楚地的情况基本适应，士气高昂，体力充沛。同时，被调来抗击秦军的楚国部队，斗志渐渐松懈，加上粮草不足，准备东归。楚军一撤，王翦就抓住时机下令全军出击。秦军一举打垮了楚军的主力，并长驱直入，挺入内地，杀死楚军统帅项燕。接着，秦军攻占楚都寿春（今安徽寿县），俘虏了楚王负刍，楚国灭亡，时为公元前223年（秦王政二十四年）。公元前222年（秦王政二十五年），刚在南方灭楚的大军，又乘胜降服了越君，设置会稽郡。于是，长江流域全部并入秦的版图。
灭齐国
公元前221年（秦王政二十六年），秦王政命令王贲挥戈南下，攻打东方六国中的最后一个：齐国。从春秋到战国中期，齐是山东诸国中比较强大的一个。但是，公元前284年燕、赵、韩、魏、楚五国攻齐，尤其是燕将乐毅横扫齐国，令齐国差点亡国，之后，齐国一直没有复强。而且，此时的齐王建是个无能之辈。母亲健在时，他依赖母亲；母亲临终前，他还死皮赖脸地要母亲写下可以辅佐他的大臣的名字。公元前249年（齐王建十六年），刚毅不屈的君王后逝世，后胜任宰相。秦国迅速展开收买内应的活动，向后胜馈赠大量的黄金、玉器。后胜得了秦国的好处，就派出大批宾客相继赴秦。秦国又对他们大肆贿赂，送给金钱、珍宝，让他们回齐国充当内应。这批人从秦国回来后，就积极地制造亲秦的舆论。他们说齐王建应西去朝秦，以表归顺，又说齐秦是姻亲，根本不用备战抗秦，也不要帮助三晋、燕、楚攻秦。正是在这种情况下，王贲南下伐齐，几乎就没有遇到过什么抵抗。王贲率军长驱直入，来到临淄，齐王建与后胜马上向秦不战而降。齐国灭亡。
至此，秦国走完了削平群雄、统一六国的最后一程。
【首称皇帝】
秦王政在他登上秦国王位的第二十六个年头，终于统一了中国。天下初定，39岁的秦王政第一件急着想做的事，就是要重新给自己确定一个称号。
春秋战国，各国诸侯都被称为“君”或“王”。战国后期，秦国与齐国曾一度称“帝”，不过这一称号在当时并不同行。已经一统天下的秦王政，以为过去的这些称号都不足以显示自己的尊崇，“今名号不更，无以称成功，传后世”。他下令左右大臣们议称号。
经过一番商议，丞相王绾、御史大夫冯劫、廷尉李斯等人认为，秦王政“兴义兵，诛残贼，平定天下”，功绩“自上古以来未尝有，五帝所不及”。他们援引传统的尊称，说“古有天皇，有地皇，有泰皇，泰皇最贵”，建议秦王政采用“泰皇”头衔。然而，秦始皇对此并不满意。他只采用一个“皇”字，而在其下加一“帝”字，创造出“皇帝”这个新头衔授予自己。
从此以后，“皇帝”就成为中国国家最高统治者的称谓。
“皇帝”称谓的出现，不仅仅是简单的名号变更，还反映了一种新的通知观念的产生。在古代，“皇 ”有“大”的意思，人们对祖先神和其他一些神明，有时就称“皇”。“帝”是上古人们想象中的主宰万物的最高天神。秦始皇将“皇”和“帝”两个字结合起来，第一，说明了他想表示其至高无上的地位和权威，是上天给予的，即“君权神授”；第二，反映了他觉得仅仅是做人间的统治者还不满足，还要当神。
可见，“皇帝”的称号，乃是秦王政神化君权的一个产物。
秦王政做了中国历史上第一个皇帝，自称“始皇帝”。他又规定：自己死后皇位传给子孙时，后继者沿称二世皇帝、三世皇帝，以至万世。秦始皇梦想皇位永远由他一家继承下去，“传之无穷”（《史记·秦始皇本纪》）。
为了使皇帝的地位神圣化，秦始皇又采取了一系列“尊君”的措施：
取消谥法。谥法起于周初，是在君王死后，依其生平事迹，给予带有评价性质的称号。但秦始皇认为，像这样“子议父，臣议君”，太不象话，更没意义。他宣布废除谥法，不准后代臣子评价自己。
天子自称为“朕”。“朕”字的意义与“我”相同，以前一般人均可使用，但秦始皇限定只有皇帝才能自称为“朕”。
皇帝的命令叫作“制”或“诏”。
文字中不准提及皇帝的名字，要避讳。文件上逢“皇帝”“始皇帝”等字句时，都要另起一行顶格书写。
只限皇帝使用的、以玉质雕刻的大印才能称为“玺”。
以上这些规定，目的在于突出天子的特殊地位，强调皇帝与众不同，强化皇权在人们心目中的神秘感。秦始皇幻想借助这些措施，使他的皇位千秋万代地在其子孙后代中传续下去。
【中央集权】
为了有效地管理国家，也为了替子孙万代奠定基业，秦始皇吸取了战国时期设置官职的具体经验，建立了一套相当完整的中央集权制度和政权机构。
中央机构
中央设丞相、太尉、御史大夫。丞相有左右二员，掌政事。太尉掌军事，不常置。御史大夫是丞相的副贰，掌图籍秘书，监察百官。
丞相、太尉、御史大夫以下，是分掌具体政务的诸卿，其中有掌宫殿掖门户的郎中令，掌宫门卫屯兵的卫尉，掌京畿警卫的中尉，掌刑辟的廷尉，掌谷货的治粟内史，掌山海池泽之税和官府手工业制造以供应皇室的少府，掌治宫室的将作少府，掌国内民族事务和外事的典客，掌宗庙礼仪的奉常，掌皇室属籍的宗正，掌舆马的太仆等。丞相、太尉、御史大夫与诸卿议论政务，皇帝作裁决。
在此之外，秦代还有一些比较重要的官职，比如博士—“掌通古今”，即通晓古今史以备皇帝咨询，同时负责图书收藏；典属国—与典客一样主管少数民族事务，不同的是典客掌管与秦友好的少数民族的交往，而典属国则负责已投降秦朝的少数民族；詹事—管理皇后和太子的事务；将作少府—负责宫殿建造。
秦王朝建立的这套中央集权机构的政权机构，以后一直被历代王朝所仿效。其中汉代的“三公九卿”，基本上是照搬秦制。
地方机构
秦始皇统一六国后，采纳李斯的建议，废除分封制，改行郡县制。地方行政机构分郡、县两级。郡县主要官吏由中央任免。
郡设守、尉、监（监御史）。郡守掌治其郡。郡尉辅佐郡守，并典兵事。郡监司监察。秦始皇把全国分成三十六郡，以后又陆续增设至四十一郡。
他们是：
秦地：巴郡，蜀郡，陇西郡，北地郡；
赵地：太原郡，云中郡，邯郸郡，巨鹿郡，雁门郡，代郡，常山郡；
魏地：上郡，河东郡，东郡，砀郡，河内郡；
韩地：三川郡，上党郡，颍川郡；
楚地：汉中郡，南郡，黔中郡，南阳郡，陈郡，薛郡，泗水郡，九江郡，会稽郡，长沙郡，衡山郡；
齐地：东海郡，齐郡，琅琊郡，胶东郡，济北郡；
燕地：广阳郡，上谷郡，渔县郡，右北平郡，辽西郡，辽东郡；
南越故地：闽中郡，南海郡，桂林郡，象郡；
匈奴故地：九原郡。
县，万户以上者设令，万户以下者设长。县令、长领有丞、尉及其他属员。县令、长主要管政务，县尉掌握军事，县丞掌管司法。
县以下有乡，其主要职能有四：⒈摊派徭役；⒉征收田赋；⒊查证本乡被告案情；⒋参与对国家仓库粮食的保管工作。乡设三老掌教化，啬夫掌诉讼和赋税，游徼掌治安。
乡下有里，是最基层的行政单位。里有里典，后代称里正、里魁，以“豪帅”即强有力者为之。里中设置严密的什伍户籍组织，以便支派差役，收纳赋税。并规定互相监督告奸，一人犯罪，邻里连坐。此外还有司治安、禁盗贼的专门机构，叫做亭，亭有长。亭除了主要管理治安，还负责接待往来的官吏，掌管为政府输送、采购、传递（文书）等事。两亭之间，相距大约十里。
【全面统一】
书同文
殷商以降，文字逐渐普及。作为官方文字的金文，形制比较一致。但是春秋战国时期的兵器、陶文、帛书、简书等民间文字，则存在着区域中的差异。这种状况妨碍了各地经济、文化的交流，也影响了中央政府政策法令的有效推行。于是，秦统一中原后，秦始皇下令李斯等人进行文字的整理、统一工作。
李斯以战国时候秦人通用的大篆为基础，吸取齐鲁等地通行的蝌蚪文比划简省的优点，创造出一种形体匀圆齐整、比划简略的新文字，称为“秦篆”，又称“小篆”，作为官方规范文字，同时废除其他异体字。此外，一位叫程邈的衙吏因犯罪被关进云阳的监狱，在坐牢的10年时间里，他对当时字体的演变中已出现的一种变化（后世称为“隶变”），进行总结。此举受到秦始皇的赏识，遂将他释放，还提升为御史，命其“定书”，制定出一种新字体，这便是“隶书”。隶书打破了古体汉字的传统，奠定了楷书的基础，提高了书写效率。
秦始皇下令统一和简化文字，是对我国古代文字发展、演变做了一次总结，也是一次大的文字改革，他对我国文化的发展起了重大作用。
度同制
战国时期，各国的度量衡制度和货币制度很不一致。秦统一后，规定货币分金和铜两种：黄金称上币，以镒（秦制20两为镒）为单位；铜钱万下币，统一为圆形方空，以半两为单位。金币主要供皇帝赏赐，铜币才是主要的流通媒介。
秦始皇以原秦国的度、量、衡为单位标准，淘汰与此不合的制度。秦廷在原商鞅颁布的标准器上再加刻诏书铭文，或另行制作相同的标准器刻上铭文，发到全国。与标准器不同的度、量、衡一律禁止使用。
在田制上，秦王朝规定6尺（合今230厘米）为步，240步为一亩。这一亩制以后沿用千年而不变。
车同轨
战国时期，各国车辆形制不一。秦始皇统一全国后，定车宽以六尺为制，一车可通行全国。
行同伦
“行同伦”就是端正风俗，建立起统一的伦理道德和行为规范。在这方面，秦王朝也给予相当的重视。比如秦始皇二十八年（公元前219年），秦始皇来到泰山下。这里原是齐国故地，号称“礼仪之邦”。始皇就令人在泰山所刻的石上记下“男女礼顺，慎遵职事，昭隔内外，糜不清净，施于后嗣”（意谓男女之间界限分明，以礼相待，女治内，男治外，各尽其责，从而给后代树立好的榜样），予以表彰。而始皇三十七年（公元前210年）在会稽刻石上留的铭文，则对当地盛行的淫泆之风，大加鞭笞，以杀奸夫无罪的条文来矫正吴越地区男女之大防不严的习俗。
【修筑长城】
秦灭六国之后，即开始北筑长城，每年征发民夫四十余万。在当时生产力极度低下，男人辛苦劳作尚不能果腹，女人纺织的布都无法蔽体的情况下，征调如此之多的民力去从事非生产性劳动，造成的结果只能是死亡人数无法统计，千里之地尽是尸首，血流成河的惨剧，所以百姓十户人家里有五户想要造反也就不足为奇了。
可是大规模的徭役多数是出于当时的形势所迫。
当时中原刚统一，各地原来的贵族势力还很强，若不保持中央各地之间的交通和联系，国家随时会处于再次分裂的局面，所以必须尽快改善中央到各地及其他各郡、县之间的交通和联系，因此须尽快建设道路。
由于多年的战争，原各国的农业设施受到相当大的破坏，或因战争而年久失修；在统一后必须尽快恢复农业生产；因此花相当大的人力来疏通河道，修复水渠，对水路交通和农业灌溉都有利，是很有必要的。
修建长城，是为了保护北部边境人民的生命财产的安全，其目的也是为了减少人民的负担；由于匈奴是游牧民族，其骑兵活动范围很大，没有长城的话，要很多军队来防守，这会给人民增加很大的负担。秦始皇修长城不是他开创的，他只是把原来秦国、赵国和燕国北边原有的长城连接起来，而史书上却把修长城造成的苦难全归罪于秦始皇，这是不符合事实的。
原来各国之间都有一些长城，但北方的长城不完整；统一后他下令把原来国之间的长城拆除，再把原来秦、赵、燕三国北边的长城连接起来，以防止北方匈奴的南侵。给我们留下了一条举世闻名的万里长城。
绵延万里的长城它并不只是一道单独的城墙，而是由城墙、敌楼、关城、墩堡、营城、卫所、镇城烽火台等多种防御工事所组成的一个完整的防御工程体系。这一防御工程体系，由各级军事指挥系统层层指挥、节节控制。以明长城为例，在万里长城防线上分设了辽东、蓟、宣府、大同、山西、榆林、宁夏、固原、甘肃等九个军事管辖区来分段防守和修缮东起鸭绿江，西止嘉峪关，全长7000多千米的长城，称作“九边重镇”，每镇设总兵官作为这一段长城的军事长官，受兵部的指挥，负责所辖军区内的防务 或奉命支援相邻军区的防务。明代长城沿线约有100万人的兵力防守。总兵官平时驻守在镇城内，其余各级官员分驻于卫所、营城、关城和城墙上的敌楼和墩堡之内。
长城的防御工程建筑
长城的防御工程建筑，在2000多年的修筑过程中积累了丰富的经验。首先是在布局上，秦始皇修筑万里长城时就总结出了“因地形，用险制塞”的经验。2000多年一直遵循这一原则，成为军事布防上的重要依据。在建筑材料和建筑结构 上以“就地取材、因材施用”的原则，创造了许多种结构方法。有夯土、块石片石、砖石混合等结构；在沙漠中还利用了红柳枝条、芦苇与砂粒层层铺筑的结构，可称得上是“巧夺天工”的创造，在今甘肃玉门关、阳关和新疆境内还保存了2000多年前
西汉时期这种长城的遗迹。
长城的构成
长城的城墙
长城的城墙是这一防御工程中的主体部分。它建于高山峻岭或平原险阻之处，根据地形和防御功能的需要而修建，凡在平原或要隘之处修筑得十分高大坚固，而在高山险处则较为低矮狭窄，以节约人力和费用，甚至一些最为陡峻之处无法修筑的地方便采取了“山险墙”和“劈山墙”的办法，在居庸关、八达岭和河北、山西、甘肃等地区的长城城墙，一般平均高约七八米，底部厚约六七米，墙顶宽约四五米。在城墙顶上，内侧设宇墙， 高一米余，以防巡逻士兵跌落，外侧一面设垛口墙，高2米左右，垛口墙的上部设有望口，下部有射洞和擂石孔，以观看敌情和射击、滚放擂石之用。有的重要城墙顶上，还建有层 层障墙，以抵抗万一登上城墙的敌人。到了明代中期，抗倭名将戚继光调任蓟镇总兵时， 对长城的防御工事作了重大的改进，在城墙顶上设置了敌楼或敌台，以住宿巡逻士兵和 储存武器粮袜，使长城的防御功能极大的加强。
关城
长城的关城是万里长城防线上最为集中的防御据点。关城设置的位置至关重要，均是选择在有利防守的地形之处，以收到以极少的兵力抵御强大的入侵者的效果，古称“一夫当关，万夫莫开”，生动地说明了关城的重要性。长城沿线的关城有大有小，数量很多。就以 明长城的关城来说，大大小小有近千处之多，著名的如山海关、黄崖关、居庸关、紫荆关、倒马关、平型关、雁门关、偏关、嘉峪关以及汉代的阳关、玉门关等。有些大的关城附近还带有许多小关，如山海关附近就有十多处小关城，共同组成了万里长城的防御工程建筑系统。有些重要的关城，本身就有几重防线，如居庸关除本关外，尚有南口、北口、上关三 道关防。北口即八达岭，是居庸关最重要的前哨防线。
烽火台
烽火台是万里长城防御工程中最为重要的组成部分之一。它的作用是作为传递军情的设施。烽火台这种传递信息的工具很早就有了，长城一开始修筑的时候就很好地利用了它而且逐步加以完善，成了古代传递军情的一种最好的方法。传递的方法是白天燃烟，夜间举火，因白天阳光很强，火光不易见到，夜间火光很远就能看见。这是一种传递信息很科学又很迅速的方法。为了报告敌兵来犯的多少，采用了以燃烟、举火数目的多少来加以区别。到了明朝还在燃烟、举火数目的同时加放炮声，以增强报警的效果，使军情传递顷刻千里。在古代没有电话、无线电通讯的情况下，这种传递军情信息的办法可以说 十分迅速了。关于烽火台的布局也是十分重要的，要紧的是要把它布置在高山险处或是峰回路转的地方，而且必须是要三个台都能相互望见，以便于看见和传递。烽火台在汉代曾经称过亭、亭隧、烽燧等名称，明代称作烟墩。它除了传递军情之外，还为来往使节保护安全，提供食宿、供应马匹粮秣等服务。还有些地段的长城只设烽台、亭燧而不筑墙的，可见烽火台在长城防御体系中的重要性。
【连接全国】
从公元前222年开始，秦始皇开始大幅修筑以国都咸阳为中心，向四面八方延伸出去的驰道，类似现代的高速公路。驰道并实行“车同轨”，均宽五十步。驰道的作用有数项，一说是使交通方便，以利管理六国旧地，一说主要目的为方便北方战争前线的补给，还有一说是方便始皇出巡时能畅通无阻。除秦直道和秦栈道外大多在秦故地与六国旧道以及在秦征伐六国时修建的道路上基础上拓建而成。著名的驰道包括：上郡道、临晋道、东方道、武关道、秦栈道、西方道及秦直道。
秦始皇在扫灭六国后，为方便运送征讨岭南所需的军队和物资，于是命史禄开凿河渠以沟通长江水系的湘江和珠江水系的漓江。运河在最终在始皇二十年（前219年）至二十三年（前215年）修成。灵渠是世界上最古老的运河之一，它自贯通后，二千多年来就一直是岭南与中原地区之间的水路交通要道。因此此项工程在始全国重点文物保护单位之一。
【焚书坑儒】
由于当时社会上百家争鸣，严重的阻碍了秦始皇对征服的原六国民众思想的统一，并威胁到了秦朝的统治。于是，秦始皇为了统一原六国人民的思想，于公元前213年开始销毁除秦记以外的所有史书，民间只允许留下关于医药、占卜和种植的书。一直到公元前206年秦朝灭亡，史称“焚书”。
公元前212年，秦始皇因两个方士私自逃跑且诽谤皇帝，在当时秦首都咸阳将四百六十余名方士坑杀，史记上称“坑术士”。“坑儒”是后代的一种不严密说法，正规说法应为“坑术士”。
【奢侈生活】
秦始皇即位不久，便开始派人设计建造秦始皇陵。在统一六国之后，旋即修建豪华的阿房宫，最多时用工七十二万人(虚数，表明人数众多)。
秦始皇还没有统一六国之前，就已经有不少宫殿，而在统一六国期间，更是大兴土木，每灭一国，便要将该国的宫殿建筑在咸阳附近仿造一遍，总面积达到了惊人的程度，整个关中地区，自渭河以北，雍门以东，直到泾河一带全部都是宫殿群。
统一之后，开始在渭河南岸修建后世皆知的阿房宫（亦名朝宫，阿房为其前殿名），每年动用民工七十多万人。虽然有人辩称这些都是有罪之人，但七十万这个数量相比于当时全国总人口不过2000万来说，这个比例也是很惊人的。朝宫可以容纳十万人，在里面运送酒菜要用车和马才行，仅一个前殿的面积就达到了东西长693米，南北宽116米，台基高达11.65米，上面可以坐上万人。但由中国社会科学院考古研究所和西安市文物保护考古所联合组成的阿房宫考古队，对阿房宫遗址进行的考古工作发现，阿房宫本来就没有建成，秦朝此宫殿仅完成地基而已。
除此之外，还有兴乐宫、梁山宫等等。
据《三辅旧事》记载：秦国有“表中外殿观百四十五”。据《史记·秦始皇本纪》记载：秦国有“关中计宫三百，关外四百余”，另外，“咸阳之旁二百里内”，还有“宫观二百七十”。
有宫殿就要有美女，在灭六国时，就把所有各国的美女都掳掠来放在所建造的宫殿之中。宫女总人数，据三辅旧事记载：后宫列女万余人，气上冲于天。并且，秦始皇死后，这些宫女绝大部分都被迫殉葬。
骊山墓从秦王登基起即开始修建，前后历时三十余年，每年用工七十万人修建。现在留存的墓从外围看周长2000米，高达55米。内部装修极其奢华，以铜铸顶，以水银为河流湖海，并且满布机关。仅看秦始皇陵的兵马俑，就可看出当年修建这座陵墓的百姓负担之重。并且，建造陵墓的工匠在陵墓造成之后全部被活埋。
为求长生不老之药，又派方士徐巿（即徐福）率童男女数千人至东海求神仙等等，耗费了巨大的财力和人力，加深了人民的苦难。
也因此，当时被榨干血汗的老百姓，要诅咒暴君秦始皇不得好死：
“秦始皇，夺俺粮，开吾户（门），据吾床，饮吾酒，喝吾浆，食吾饭，以为粮，张吾弓，射东墙，前至沙丘当灭亡。”（《太平御览》卷八六）
【求不死药】
关于秦始皇不死药的考证
徐福渡海为秦始皇寻找不死药的传说，由来已久。日本方面有研究说，不死药名叫“千岁”，就出产在地处濑户内海的祝岛，更令人惊讶的是，今天它正在进行人工种植。
在中国和日本流传着一个同样的故事，那就是徐福为秦始皇求不死药而东渡的传奇。我在日本期间，兴趣使然，对此做了一点儿考察，包括到和歌山“徐福登陆处”现场考证和收集日本有关的论文。
徐福，在中国古籍中，是一个头脑聪明、胆大心细的骗子，因为当过“方士”，大约还是个早期化学家。秦始皇完成了他一统天下和建造长城的伟业，便开始憧憬不老不死的神奇。于是徐福在公元前219年来到秦王的宫廷，声称《山海经》上面记载的蓬莱、方丈、瀛洲三座仙岛就在东方海中，他愿意为秦王去那里取来不死之药。第一次东渡徐福并没有带回长生之药，他告诉始皇，东方的确有神药，但是神仙要三千童男童女，各种人间礼物，同时，海上航行有鲸鱼拦路，他要强弓劲弩射退大鱼。秦始皇全盘答应条件，助他再次东渡。结果，徐福一去不复返，在东方“平原广泽之地”自立为王，再也不回来复命了。根据考证，徐福并非传说人物，1982年，更考证他的故乡正是今天江苏省连云港郊外的徐阜村。
看到这里，不禁令人生疑，秦始皇何许人也？荆轲那样的职业刺客都死在他的手里，怎么会上徐福的大当？除非……除非他能让秦始皇相信东方真的有仙山，仙山上真的有不死药。
传说中的仙岛，倒并不全是虚妄，仙没有，岛是有的。按照日本的记载，徐福所说的就是日本的本州、四国、九州三岛。日本的文字史料中，对徐福的记载含糊不清。这也不能责怪日本人，因为徐福登陆的时代，日本还在蒙昧之中（大约是新石器时代），还没有可靠的文字记载呢！但是按照部分日本史学界人士的观点，徐福，就是日本古代著名君主，第一位天皇———神武天皇，他登陆日本的地点，便在日本的关西平原。 “神武东征”横扫日本的传说就是基于徐福登陆日本，南征北战的事迹。
日本人的思维比较独特，因此他们在考证徐福问题的时候，想法也一样富有个性。他们根据考古发现，分析古代墓葬遗骨证明，徐福东渡时期，日本关西近畿地区的居民平均身高骤然升高了5厘米，由此推断，这很可能是徐福和他的部属登陆后造成的局部人种改良。还有一个有趣的现象，就是日本科学家发现日本人的基因里，有1%来自中国云南地区，而日语训读发音（土语发音）也和云南纳西族的语音有很多相似之处。这是怎么回事呢？从徐福东渡，或许可以找到答案。根据中国方面的史籍记载，徐福要求的三千童男童女，秦始皇也没法一下子凑齐，这个时候，秦军刚巧征服了西南夷，于是秦始皇就下令这些被征服的部族提供所需要的童男童女。西南夷，就是现代云南各民族的共同祖先。因此，如果这些西南夷的后代借徐福东渡融入日本人种，带给日本人1%的云南基因便有据可循了。
在日本，据我所知，流传有徐福传说的地方至少有20处，北到富士山所在的静冈，南到九州的熊野、鹿儿岛以及关西地区，它们都涉及两个主题：蓬莱和不死药。大家都知道，今天的世界，是不存在不死药的，别说两千两百年前了，但是，徐福的不死药，我倒相信它有一点儿影子，甚至，当徐福第一次东渡的时候，或许自己也相信它的存在呢。
秦始皇从来不是一个愚蠢的人，若徐福全靠造谣生事，怎能骗得了这位精明过人的千古一帝？那可是囚母弑父，统一六国的一代枭雄啊。就算是求药心切，徐福第一次的失败，难道不会引起他的怀疑？而徐福也很奇怪，如果他从来没有到过日本，他怎么知道一直往东航行就可以到达日本？而且依靠几千人加强弓劲弩的高技术兵器就可以征服这个国家？他显然对日本有一定的熟悉。
假如日本真的一直是传说中的仙药产地，而且徐福善于花言巧语鼓吹一番，骗取秦始皇信任，再得到所需要的人员和装备，就比较符合逻辑了。否则，在生土上种花，要想让秦始皇拿出血本来，只怕更大的可能是忽悠掉自己的脑袋。
问题在于，日本古代，真的有“不死药”存在吗？幸运的是，我在研究这个问题的时候，意外地发现了日本“徐福会”理事重村定夫先生的一篇文章，他认为，这种神奇的不死药，不但存在，而且就出产在他的故乡祝岛，更令人惊讶的是，今天它依然留下了孑遗。
祝岛，地处濑户内海，在九州、本州、四国三岛环绕之间，人烟稀少。自古以来就流传，在它的深谷腹地有一种神奇的植物果实，俗名“窠窠”，日本古书中名为“千岁”，大小如核桃，汁浓，味甘，据说食用可保千年不死，便闻一闻也可以增寿三年三个月。
19世纪末，日本植物学家牧野富太郎曾经慕名前往，经过艰苦工作，采到了“千岁”的标本，并欣喜若狂地给友人写信：“这是我最弥足珍贵的发现，它的价值无法形容。”在祝岛民间，还有用这种植物的枝条制作手杖的习惯，称为蓬莱杖。
如果“千岁”的传说曾经在当年传入中土，徐福家住东海之滨，听到它应该不是很奇怪的事情。这样的传说，加以附会，通过其他途径传入秦始皇耳朵里并非不可能，那么此时徐福就会极有说服力了。甚至，祝岛的人至今相信徐福曾经光顾过他们的岛屿，因为在海湾的岩石上，留有一副石刻的棋盘，当地人讲就是徐福所留。
到这里，我们似乎可以提出一个假说，那就是当年徐福为秦始皇寻找的不死药，很可能就是出产在祝岛的神奇之果———“千岁”。但“千岁”究竟是什么呢？它现在是否还存在？带着这个疑问，我查阅电话簿，和祝岛方面取得了联系。结论非常令人鼓舞，祝岛的一位公务员先生竟然给我寄来了照片，并证实千岁不但存在，而且正在进行人工种植。我把照片寄给了北京农科院我的一位老同学，希望他能够给我一个鉴定性的结论，这真的是能够令人长生不死的灵药？
一个星期以后，我的朋友回信，告诉我，这种“千岁”的确是一种稀有的植物，它学名 Actinidia chinensis Pianch。藤状灌木。以根和果实入药。具调中理气、生津润燥、解热除烦、活血消肿之功效。果肉绿色，果皮软而带毛，今天已经存在人工栽培的品种，果实大小也增大了几倍，常吃可以强身健体，延年益寿……它还有个中国名字，叫做———野生猕猴桃。
天，秦始皇倾天下之力寻找的，就是它？！
鉴于秦始皇的老家，陕西秦岭一带就是野生猕猴桃的产地之一，这东西只怕皇上经常用它来开胃，难怪……难怪徐福找到了“长生不死药”，也不敢归国了。
【泰山封禅】
公元前219年，秦始皇率领文武大臣及儒生博士70人，到泰山去举行封禅大典。封禅是古代统治者祭告天
[张丰毅饰演的《秦始皇》]
张丰毅饰演的《秦始皇》
地的一种仪式。所谓“封”，是指筑土坛祭天。所谓“禅”，是指祭地，即在泰山下小山的平地上祭地。由于长期不举行这种活动，大臣们都不知道仪式该怎样进行，于是秦始皇把儒生召来询问。儒生们众说纷纭。秦始皇听了觉得难以实施，便斥退儒生，按照自己的想法开辟车道，到泰山顶上立了碑，举行封礼。之后又到附近的梁父山行了禅礼。
【秦始皇驾崩之谜】
始皇三十七年（公元前210年），被称为“千古一帝”的秦始皇死于他第五次东巡途中。或许秦始皇注定是一名历史上的争议颇多的人物，他的死如他的身世以及此雄才大略，同样引起了后人的争议。目前史学界有两种截然不同的观点，一说死于疾病，一说死于非命。
持第一种观点的人认为，关于秦始皇之死，《史记》记述很多，分别见于《秦始皇本纪》、《李斯列传》、《蒙恬列传》等处，死因已明，无可置疑。公元前218年，秦始皇东巡时遭人行刺，身后的一辆副车被刺客用重锤砸得粉碎。随后，又发现了刻有“始皇帝死而地分”的陨石和出言“今年祖龙死”的“仙人”。秦始皇很迷信，这些现象使他感到恐惧不安。为了消灾避难，寻找长生不老药，秦始皇听从了一名相卜者的建议，准备第五次巡游。然而由于一路劳顿，秦始皇到平原津(今山东平原附近)就病倒了。赵高奉命写遗书，给受命监军河套的秦始皇长子扶苏：“与丧命咸阳而葬。”信还未发出，秦始皇就死在沙丘行宫(今河北广宗附近)。
有的学者认为，秦始皇自幼有疾，所以体质较弱。他为人又刚愎自用，事无巨细都要亲自裁决；每日批阅文书一百二十斤，工作极度劳累；加以巡游中七月高温，以上诸因素并发，促使他在途中病发身亡。至于他死于何病，有人认为他死于癫痫。癫痫发作一般分四个时期：起初头晕、胃部不适，继尔突然意识丧失，隔肌痉挛，面色青紫、瞳孔散大、呼吸暂停，然后全身肌肉抽动、口吐白沫，最后数十分钟才能清醒。郭沫若根据《史记•秦始皇本纪》记载“秦王为人蜂准，长目，鸷鸟膺，豺声，少恩而虎狼心……”推测秦始皇幼时患有软骨症，时常患着支气管炎，所以他长大后胸部和鸷鸟一样，声音似豺狼，后来由于政务繁重，引发脑膜炎和癫痫等病症。后来秦始皇渡黄河，癫痈病发作，后脑壳撞在青铜冰鉴上，加重了脑膜炎的病情，人处于昏迷状态；当车赶到沙丘后第二天，赵高、李斯发觉秦始皇已死去多时。
持第二种观点的人从几篇有关秦始皇死亡情况的史书推敲，发现了可疑之处。这次出游随从人员主要有赵高、李斯、胡亥等人，上卿蒙毅也在随行之列。蒙毅是蒙恬的亲弟弟，扶苏的亲信，可是当秦始皇在途中病重时，蒙毅被遣返回边关。从突然的人事变动来看，这似乎是赵高等人的计谋。因为蒙恬领兵30万随公子扶苏驻防上郡，从秦始皇的身边遣走蒙毅，也就是去掉了扶苏的耳目；加之赵高曾被蒙毅治罪而判死刑，后因秦始皇赦免，赵高才恢复官爵，赵高从此对蒙毅恨之入骨，发誓要灭掉蒙氏一族。赵高在秦始皇遣病重时遣走蒙毅，也为自己后来计谋的实施清掉了一块绊脚石。
秦始皇死后，赵高采取了说服胡亥威胁李斯的手法，三人经过一番密谋，假造秦始皇发布诏书，由胡亥继承皇位。同时，还以秦始皇的名义指责扶苏为子不孝、蒙恬为臣不忠，让他们自杀，不得违抗。在得到扶苏自杀的确切消息后，胡亥、赵高、李斯这才命令车队日夜兼程，迅速返回咸阳。为了继续欺骗臣民，车队不敢捷径回咸阳，而是摆出继续出巡的架势，绕道回咸阳。由于暑天高温，秦始皇的尸体已经腐烂发臭。为遮人耳目，胡亥一行命人买了许多鱼装在车上，迷惑大家。到了咸阳后，胡亥继位，是为秦二世，赵高任郎中令，李斯依旧做丞相，但是朝廷的大权实际上落到了赵高手中。赵高阴谋得逞以后，开始对身边的人下毒手。他布下陷阱，把李斯逐步逼上死路，李斯发觉赵高阴谋后，就上书告发赵高。秦二世胡亥不仅偏袒赵高，并且将李斯治罪，最后将李斯腰斩于咸阳。赵高升任丞相，由于他可以出入宫禁，特称“中丞相”。
赵高的最终目的是要做皇帝，而他不能支配活的秦始皇，秦始皇第五次出巡途中病重，对他来说是天赐良机，只有在秦始皇死后，他才能假传遗诏，一步一步实施他的计谋。秦始皇是病死还是被害，目前尚无定论，如果是被害，赵高又是如何使秦始皇致死的？
郭沫若曾写过一篇历史小说《秦始皇之死》，曾这样描述秦始皇死时的症状：右耳流过黑血，右耳孔内有一根寸长的铁钉。郭沫若认为这是胡亥害怕夜长梦多，担心赵高、李斯发生动摇而下的毒手，这事李斯和赵高事先也不知道。实际上赵高进行谋害的可能性比胡亥大，因为诏书、玉玺都在赵高手中，继承王位的决定权也掌握在他与李斯手中。而胡亥即使弑父，如果得不到赵高、李斯的配合，不仅得不到王位，反而有杀身之祸。而赵高常随侍在皇帝左右，趁机行事不露痕迹，所以比胡亥方便得多。
这种观点认为秦始皇之死，实质上是一场宫廷政变，而这场政变的导演是赵高，而扶苏、蒙恬、蒙毅、李斯、胡亥等就是被他支配的牺牲品。至于赵高怎样使秦始皇致死，这正是历史上的缺页。
【总结作为】
秦始皇对中国的统一，做了许多前无古人的业绩，将影响较大的几项罗列如下：
⒈统一文字，使其成为一个民族的基础，并延用至今；
⒉废封国，立郡县，成为以后中国统一后管理的标准模式.历时数千年之久；
⒊统一货币和度量衡，在商业上大大便利国内交流.；
⒋车同轨，道同距，修建秦直道大大便利国内交通；
⒌焚诗书，客观来讲统一了思想，避免因为历史问题而导致国家分裂；但是毁掉的各国古籍使得中国相当部分古文化断层、古代史断代，这点确是遗憾；
⒍修建灵渠，加强了对珠江流域的控制，并使该地区永远成为中国的版图；
⒎修建长城，使其成为农业民族与游牧民族的天然分界，长城长期成为国界；
⒏北击匈奴，夺回河套地区，并使该地区永远成为中国的版图。
【历史评价】
他是中国第一位皇帝，也是皇帝尊号的创立者，同时也是中国皇帝制度创立者，使中国进入了多民族中央集权帝制时代的人。他也使中国第一次完成了政治上的统一，形成了“车同轨，书同文”的局面，为其后各朝代谋求统一奠定了基础。但自古以来，秦始皇一直是一个倍受争议的人物。
【正面评价】
秦始皇在位之时，吞并六国，并发兵南征北讨，史载“百越之地，尽皆俯首”、“北扩千里”“秦王扫六合”。按战国地图看，领土几乎比战国七雄控制范围扩大了一倍。而且秦始皇“设置郡县”，对征服后的土地注重统治和制度建设，不似其它同时代的征服者如马其顿的亚力山大，或罗马只重征服，不重制度建设；因此使统一的土地统治稳固，这才为中国现在的版图奠定了基础。后人认为，“功莫大过秦皇汉武”。意指秦始皇在武功方面，排在汉武帝之前，历史上无出其右。至今，英语中对中国的称呼China，也是从罗马语Chin（秦）演变过来的，这在一个侧面上表现了秦帝国的影响力。
秦国自商鞅变法以来重视以法治国，秦始皇继承了这个传统，十分推崇法家人物韩非，曾自叹“若与其同游，则无恨矣”。对将领赏功罚罪，皆依法。秦始皇虽专制，认为“朕即天下”，但有秦一代，仍是依法治国。陈胜、吴广起义，其理由也是“秦法严苛”，其罪当死，不得不反，乃是法逼民反。而并非如后世“朱门酒肉臭，路有冻死骨 ”那般因严重腐败，而官逼民反。后世儒家倡导人治，治国不依法，由君主一言而决，而至今日人治之风，马屁之风犹在。
秦始皇首创驿站制度，并修驿道。为庞大帝国的政令通达以及由此而来的郡县制皇权国家奠定了技术基础。“修驿道，设郡县”，这是中国能够采用郡县制这种先进制度，而非类似西方的分封制的一个必要条件。同时期的罗马不能有效控制占领区，只能设权利极大的总督（总督总揽一地的军政大权，都是贵族，基层组织都依靠当地的原有组织），仍旧类似于分封制，这是罗马帝国后来分裂的一个很重要的原因。郡县制是一种平民制度，其军政首脑都由皇帝任命，依政绩军功可上可下，可平职调动，这就导致了职业官僚和职业军人的出现。职业官僚和职业军人都可以来自平民，郡县官僚制有效的保证了平民（布衣）参政议政的权利（如李斯，蒙骜等等都是布衣，依军功政绩才出将入相），相比分封制这种贵族政治，无疑是一大历史进步。现代国家的文官制度和军队制度就是起源于此。
秦始皇建立的秦帝国为之后近一千七百年的时间，中国在政治制度上先进于西方，从而比西方发达奠定了基础。所谓“汉承秦制”，“自秦以来，其制未变”，“百代都行秦政法”[2]。两千年的皇权时代的中国，在政治制度上基本上沿袭了秦朝的制度。
李白的诗《古风》：“秦王扫六合，虎视何雄哉！” 桑弘羊的论著中肯定秦始皇统一中国的功绩。 近代的章太炎在1913年撰写的《秦政记》也赞扬秦始皇。
【负面评价】
因为秦始皇推行“以法治国”的法家学说，而其后中国历代统治者都推行以仁爱，中庸为核心的儒家学说。因此，秦始皇常作为负面典型出现在各种散文、史籍中。如贾谊的《过秦论》等。
《史记·秦始皇本纪》引贾谊《过秦论》：⒈秦王怀贪鄙之心，行自奋之智，不信功臣，不亲士民，废王道，立私权，禁文书而酷刑法，先诈力而后仁义，以暴虐为天下始。
⒉一夫作难而七庙堕，身死人手，为天下笑者，何也？仁心不施而攻守之势异也。
秦始皇被很多史学家看作是一个暴君，为了权力可以不择手段。
万里长城、秦驰道、灵渠、阿房宫及秦始皇陵等的规模均极为庞大，劳动举国的人口兴修，不少文献均斥责在工程进行时造成不少人命死伤，但另一方面却使各地的交通进一步发展，有助日后交通、经贸、以及各民族之融合。故此，一直成为史学家对于秦始皇功大还是过大的争论点。
【毛泽东评秦始皇】
⑴秦始皇是个厚今薄古的专家
⑵一次，他对章士钊讲：你们讲共产党等于秦始皇，不对，超过一百倍。
⑶孔孟是唯心主义，荀子是唯物主义，是儒家的左派。孔子代表奴隶主、贵族。荀子代表地主阶级。又说：在中国历史上，真正做了点事的是秦始皇，孔子只说空话。几千年来，形式上是孔夫子，实际上是按秦始皇办事。秦始皇用李斯，李斯是法家，是荀子的学生。
⑷孔夫子有些好处，但也不是很好的。我们应该讲句公道话。秦始皇比孔子伟大的多。孔夫子是讲空话的。秦始皇是第一个把中国统一起来的人物。不但政治上统一了中国，而且统一了中国的文字、中国各种制度，如度量衡，有些制度后来一直沿用下来。中国过去的封建君主还没有第二个超过他的，可是被人骂了几千年。
⑸劝君少骂秦始皇，焚坑事业要商量。祖龙魂死秦犹在，孔学名高实秕糠。百代都行秦政法，《十批》不是好文章。熟读唐人《封建论》，莫从子厚返文王。历代政治家有成就的，在封建社会前期的，都是法家。这些人主张法治，犯了法就杀头，主张厚今薄古。儒家满口仁义道德，一肚子男盗女娼，都是主张厚古薄今的。
⑹秦始皇是中国封建社会的第一个有名的皇帝，我也是秦始皇，林彪骂我是秦始皇，中国历来分两派，一派讲秦始皇好，一派讲秦始皇坏。我赞成秦始皇，不赞成孔夫子。因为秦始皇是第一个统一中国、统一文字，修筑宽广的道路，不搞国中之国，而用集权制，由中央政府派人去各地方，几年一换，不用世袭制度。
毛泽东认为秦始皇还缺少文学才华。
【秦始皇是妇女守节的首倡者】
一般以为，儒家是压迫妇女，强迫女子守寡不许再嫁的元凶。殊不知，在我国历史上，首先大张旗鼓提倡妇女守节的，恰恰是反儒的死对头，曾经焚书坑儒的秦始皇。
至今流传的秦始皇《会稽刻石》文字，给后人留下了他首倡节操的证明。据历史记载，秦始皇在临死前的公元前210年，在全国各地巡狩。当他走到今浙江一带时，得知当地男女婚姻比较自由，经常发生逃婚事件，妇女死了丈夫可以再嫁。他认为这不符合封建道德和法规，便命人把诏令刻在石头上，不许再发生类似行为。这便是所谓《会稽刻石》。其中有这样几句：一、“有子而嫁，倍死不贞”，意思是指责那些再嫁的寡妇：带着儿子改嫁，这是背叛丈夫的不贞行为。又说：“妻为逃嫁，子不得母”。意思是，女子如果因为不满男方而另找对象，是淫荡的伤风败俗的行为，将来她的儿子都可以不认母亲，别人发现了杀掉她也无罪。秦始皇在《会稽刻石》中还明确表示：妇女守贞绝非一件普通的小事，而是关系天下“嘉保太平”的大事。
秦始皇的《会稽刻石》，明白地把自己放在了封建卫道者的地位上。他在四川地区选择了一个典型，这是当地一位世代富豪之家，资产巨万。她丈夫死后，由寡妇独自支撑家业，不再改嫁。秦始皇把她树立为在全国提倡妇女贞节的典型，为该寡妇专门筑了一座“女怀清台”，以为倡导守节的标志。这大约相当于后来的贞节牌坊吧。
秦始皇对一些不贞的妇女，还进行了处罚，甚至对自己的生身母亲也不留情。秦始皇的母亲赵姬原为大臣吕不韦的爱姬，后来由吕不韦送给秦始皇的父亲庄襄王，生下了秦始皇。秦始皇即位后，赵姬和吕不韦情丝不断，时有来往。吕不韦害怕事情败露，便又向赵姬 (当时已是太后)推荐了假宦官嫪毐和他鬼混。太后和嫪毐生有两子。此事后来被秦始皇发觉，勃然大怒。立即诛灭三族，又下令吕不韦服毒药自尽，把自己的母亲打入冷宫，把赵姬生的两个同母异父的弟弟装在囊中扑杀了。这件事当然还牵涉到不少政治上的因素，但秦始皇痛恨不贞行为，也是他严厉处理这件公案的依据。
【与秦始皇相关的文艺影剧作品】
寻秦记
秦俑
秦颂
英雄 (电影)
秦始皇 (电视剧)
秦始皇 (歌剧)
木乃伊3
秦时明月
【秦始皇年表】
公元前259年，1岁，秦始皇出生；公元前247年，秦始皇即位，年仅13岁；
公元前238年，22岁，他正式亲政，并除掉吕不韦、嫪毐集团；
公元前230年—公元前221年，30岁—39岁，他先后用十年时间灭掉韩、赵、魏、楚、燕、齐六国；
公元前221年—公元前210年，39岁—50岁，他先后自称皇帝、统一制度、修筑长城，为中国历史做出重要贡献；
公元前213年，47岁，他焚诗书；
公元前212年，48岁，他坑术士；
公元前210年，50岁的秦始皇驾崩于巡游途中。
Dragon 20 years 221 BC - 220 Government House 20 years ago - eight years before the 219 Horse 20 - 20 hours ago 218 Guiwei - 217 Jiashen three decades ago - before the 216 Yiyou 31 years - three years before the 215 Leisure - Top 214 Dinghai 30 years - 30 years before the Lunar 213 - 212 Jichou 30 years ago - before the 211 GY 30 years - 30 years before the 210 Xin Mao
For the emperor, the most familiar to women than a mother. 4 years old when the first Qin emperor, father, mother and their differences will remain in the State of Zhao as a hostage. ZHAO Ji was Lü Buwei mother's concubines, so "two fathers" of the rumor has been accompanied by growing political Zhao, together with Zhao's spurned, despised all so young --- the only Emperor of the mother can rely on people full of mixed feelings of love and hate.
Zhuangxiang of Qin three years (247 BC), Zhuangxiang of Qin Jia Beng, Zhao Zheng ascended the throne as King of Qin. When the throne as young, homeland government dominated by the phase state Lü Buwei, and respect for the Zhong Lü Buwei
Jiuding】 【Qin wins
Jiuding is said to Yu's Two Birds, a symbol of Kyushu, has been protected by many countries, from Kyushu by the tribute system of iron. Xia, Shang and Zhou is regarded as a national treasure, with those on the throne Jiuding. 256 BC (Qin Zhaowang 50 a year, Zhou Nan Wang 50 hours), attack the Handan's Qin Zhao, continue to Han, Zhao offensive. On this occasion, Eastern United States has launched Gang Qin. In the Han, Zhao and other countries affected and stress, given to the West, the Duke of Zhou is also involved in the event. Coalition under the banner name of King Zhou, Gang Qin longitudinal joint. The king was furious. Qin has long been wiped off the map to the Western Zhou Dynasty, as soon as possible to remove an obstacle to reunification of the world. Fan Qin Zhou involved, just to send troops to handle the state of Qin. BC 256 years (59 years, Nan Wang, Qin king Zhaoxiang 51 years), Bing Qin invasion of the Western Zhou, Nan Duke king heard the words of the West, the west Wed 16 city, 30 000 fall of Qin), Qin Zhou Nan Wang will be demoted to Jazz Jun, West Duke for the retainer, sealing in the beam Town (now County of Shaanxi Province South Korea). Nan Wang Zhiliang City, died in January, the country except, home Jiuding in Xianyang (on the way down to Surabaya, a tripod, so the state of Qin Ding by only 8, but still said Jiuding used). From next year onwards (king Zhaoxiang five years, 255 BC) historian to the King of Qin Annals. In 255 BC, Qin Jiuding move means that the King of Qin for Castles in the world can justifiably accuse the princes of the country.
From 230 BC to 221 BC, Qin Shi Huang near to distant attack, divide divide, vertical and horizontal alliances [1] strategy, launched Qinmie six-nation war. He was emperor 17 years (before
230) off Korea, 19 years (228 BC) off Zhao, 2 years (225 years ago) off Wei, 20 years (223 BC) destroyed Chu, twenty-five years (222 BC) off Yan, 20 years (221 BC) off Qi. Finally established the first unified Chinese history, multi-ethnic, centralized autocratic state - the Qin Dynasty.
Off South Korea
In 229 BC, Qin Zhao a major advantage of a large earthquake and famine of the opportunity to lead the troops attack also sent WANG Jian Zhao. Zhao sent Li Mu, Sima still shuaibing against both sides locked in a stalemate for a year
Off Chu
South powers Chu, territory vast, dense forests, rich natural resources, claims to have Jiashi million. However, Chu's internal affairs has been sluggish, always noble compliments, this situation is especially serious to the late Warring States Period. In 228 BC, Chu You Wang died, the ruling clique of internecine. You Wang still the same half brother, ascended the throne as the Silla, but only two months, half-brother was killed a negative Chu's disciples. Negative Chu became king. King room disintegration. At a time when civil strife Chu, 226 BC, the Qin Wangzheng lose no time in cutting from the north line drawn Qin Yan, south to attack Chu, Chu won more than 10 consecutive city. 224 BC, the Qin and Chu's battle to begin. Qin Wangzheng young officers first sent a letter rate 200 000 Qin Li attack Chu, Chu was defeated. Then send general rate of 600,000 Qin WANG Jian Chu attack. WANG Jian Chu into the environment, the did not immediately attack. He summed up the lessons of Lee aggressive letter underestimate the enemy, stationed themselves to take martial arts, Hardtop not, paralysis enemy to wait at strategic Yat. In this way, spent more than a year, Qin Chu situation on the basic adaptation, morale, and fitter. At the same time, was transferred to the Chu troops against Qin, fighting gradually relaxed, with less forage in preparation for the East return. A withdrawal Chu, WANG Jian ordered the army to seize the opportunity to attack. Qin Chu defeated the main force in one fell swoop, and drive straight, very into the mainland, killing the commander Xiang Chu Yan. Then, Qin captured Chu Dushou spring (now Shou County, Anhui), captured the king of negative Chu, Chu perish, when 223 BC (Qin Wangzheng twenty-four years). 222 BC (Qin Wangzheng twenty-five years), just off Chu's army in the south, then follow up a victory down all the more monarch, set Huiji County. Thus, all the Yangtze River and to Qin's territory.
221 BC (Qin Wangzheng 20 years), Ben Hui Ge Wang Qin Wangzheng orders to move south, to attack the East in the last six countries: Qi. Spring and Autumn to the Warring States Period from the mid-Shandong Qi is the more powerful countries have a. However, 284 years BC, Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, Chu Wuguo attack Qi, especially of Yan and Yue Qi sweep, so that Qi almost perished, after the complex has not been strong Qi. Moreover, at this time King of Qi Jian is incompetent. Mother alive, he was dependent on the mother; mother dying, he also Sipilailian to write to his mother can be his assistant, his minister's name. BC 249 (King of Qi Jian 16), the resolute unyielding king after the death of prime minister after the competent. Qin rapidly buying activities should be within, won back a large number of gifts of gold, jade. After the victory got the benefits of the state of Qin, they sent a large number of guests have to go to Qin. Qin another big bribe them, give money, treasure, so they should be back within the state of Qi as. These people came back from the state of Qin, Qin on pro-actively to create public opinion. They said the West should go towards King of Qi Jian Qin, as a submission, said that Chin is the marriage, do not have to prepare Gang Qin, and do not help Sanjin, Yan, Chu and Qin attack. It is in this case, south Fa Qi Wang Ben, almost not encountered any resistance. Wang Ben led his army has run, to Linzi, King of Qi Jian and immediately after the victory without a fight to the Qin Dynasty. Qi perish.
Qinwang Zheng Qin mounted the throne in his twenty-six years, and finally unified China. Initially for the world, 39-year-old Qin Wangzheng hurry want to do first thing is to re-set itself a title.
Since then, the "Emperor" has become the supreme ruler of China the title.
Qinwang Zheng did the first emperor in Chinese history, self-proclaimed "Emperor." He also states: the throne passed to his descendants after his death, the successor to the emperor along the said II, III, emperor, and even eternal. Qin Shi Huang, a dream he never inherited the throne go, "Biography of the infinite" ("Historical Records First Emperor of the century").
The emperor claimed to be "I am." "I" meaning of the word "I" the same, before most people can use, but limited only Emperor Qin Shi Huang to call themselves "I am."
Only the emperor used to seal carved jade can be called "Xi."
In order to effectively manage the country, and to lay the foundation for future generations, the emperor learned of the Warring States period to set the specific experience of office, established a relatively complete system and the power of centralized institutions.
The prime minister, Qiu, royal doctor the following, which has the specific charge of government affairs Zhu Qing, including palm palace tuck portal doctor orders, guards stationed themselves in the Wei Wei Palace palm, palm Gyeonggi guards lieutenant, Zhang Xing provision of the Ting Yu, palm Su Valley in the history of the administration of goods, palm Shanhai Ikesawa the official handicraft manufacturing tax and less government to supply the royal family, government palace of the palm for less government, palm internal ethnic affairs and foreign affairs of Code off, palm ancestral ritual of Feng Chang , royal palm is a native being examined, such as palm opinion Taipu horse. The prime minister, Qiu, royal doctor and Zhu Qing government argument, ruling the emperor.
Local institutions
They are:
Wei Location: kamigori, Dong-gun, Ōita, bagging County, Hanoi County;
Qi: the East China Sea county, Dean Qi, Langya County, Jiaodong County, North County's economy;
Hun old haunt: the original nine counties.
There in the countryside, is the most basic administrative unit. There are in code, said future generations, he is, in Quebec, the "high commander" those whom the powerful. Where even the Wu set strict household registration organization to the tribe of servants, admission taxes. And provides for mutual supervision reported rape, one crime, the neighborhood even sit. There is also the Secretary for Security, thieves cut a specialized agency, called the Pavilion, the pavilion has long. Pavilion addition to the main administration of law and order, is also responsible for reception between the officials in charge of the government transport, purchase, transfer (instrument) and other things. Between the two booths, about ten miles away.
Shang dynasty, the increasing popularity of text. As the official text of the inscriptions, more consistent shape. But the Spring and Autumn Period of weapons, pottery, silk, simple folk such as text books, then there are differences in the region. This has prevented the local economic and cultural exchanges, also affected the effective implementation of central government policies and regulations. So, Qin unified the Central Plains, the emperor ordered Li Si, who carried out the collation of the text, unified work.
Degree with the system
In the field system, the Qin Dynasty provides 6 feet (about this 230 cm) for the step, step 240 for the acre. The Mu system adopted after the Millennium and the same.
Line homotopy
Qinmie after the six countries, began building the Great Wall north, four-year levy issued more than ten million porters. Productivity was extremely low at the time, men still can not feed their families hard labor, a woman weaving cloth can not cover themselves, circumstances, mobilized so many people's financial resources to engage in unproductive labor, the result can only be the number of deaths can not be quantified, a thousand miles The land is full of dead bodies, bloody tragedy, so people 10 people want to rebel at home with 5 is not surprising.
As the years of war, the former national agricultural facilities are considerable damage, or disrepair by the war; in unified agricultural production must be resumed as soon as possible; therefore spent considerable manpower to dredge the river, repair drains, waterways and on beneficial to agricultural irrigation, is necessary.
This relic of the Western Han Dynasty Great Wall.
Great Wall, the wall is the main part of the defense project. It was built in the high ranges, or plain to ourselves the Department, according to the topography and the needs of defense capabilities to build, where strategic pass between the plains or the construction of very tall and strong, but office is more risk in the low mountain narrow, in order to save manpower and costs, and even some of the most steep between the land can not be easy to build a "wall of mountain risks" and "mountains to the wall" approach, in Juyongguan, Badaling, and Hebei, Shanxi, Gansu and other regions of the Great Wall, wall, generally an average height of about 7 8 meters, 67 meters thick at the bottom, top of the wall width of 45 meters. In the wall on top of buildings located inside the wall, more than one meter high, to prevent soldiers patrol fall, lateral side wall located crenel, about 2 meters high, is expected to set the upper wall crenel mouth, lower part of hole shot holes and grind stone to watch the enemy and shooting, roll up grind stone used. Some of the important top of the wall, also has layers of barrier walls, wall mounted to resist the enemy in case. To the mid-Ming, Poet and star thistle transferred to the town of Chief General Qi Jiguang, the fortifications of the Great Wall made major improvements, set the watch tower on top of the wall or enemy units in order to stay on patrol soldiers and storage of weapons grain socks, so that the Great Wall greatly strengthen defense capabilities.
Beacon
Beacon is the Great Wall of Defense project one of the most important part. Its role is as a passing military facilities. Beacon of such transmission of information tools have a long time ago, when construction of the Great Wall started to make good use of it and be gradually improved and became a kind of ancient military transfer the best way. Transmission is burning smoke during the day and night give the fire, due to strong sunlight during the day, the fire is not easy to see at night can see the fire very far. This is a very scientific and very rapid transmission of information methods. To report enemy soldiers to commit the amount of fuel used to smoke, how much to give the number of fire distinction. In the Ming dynasty was still burning smoke, fire held up the number of guns were added in order to enhance the effect of alarm, to deliver an instant military thousands of miles. In ancient times there is no telephone, radio communications, this means passing military information can be very quickly up. The layout is also very important on the beacon, the important thing is to have it arranged in the mountains or the winding paths of the local insurance office, and must be able to three sets saw each other in order to see and pass. Beacon in the Han Dynasty had once called Pavilion, Pavilion tunnel, Bongsudae such as name, Ming called yandun. It is in addition to passing military intelligence but also for the protection of the safe from envoys and provide room and board, supplies and other services horse forage. Some sections of the Great Wall is also located only Feng Taiwan, Ting Sui rather than construction of the wall, visible beacon in the importance of the Great Wall defense system.
Starting from 222 BC, Qin Shi Huang began to build a substantial capital Xianyang as the center, extending in all directions out of the Chi Road, similar to the modern highway. Chi Road and the "axle" are fifty paces wide. The role of several Chi Road, one that is so easily accessible, to facilitate the management of the six countries the old way, that the main purpose of a northern front in the war to facilitate the supply, there is a parade that is convenient for the First Emperor can be unobstructed. Qin Qin at large in addition to the straight and mostly outside the old haunt of the six countries in the Qin and Qin conquest Old Road, when the six countries on the basis of the construction of the road extension construction is made. Chi Road, including the famous: kamigori Road, linjin Road, East Road, Wu Guan Road, Qin plank, Western Road and Qin straight.
At that time, the community, television seriously hindered the emperor of the original six countries to conquer the unity of the people thought, and a threat to the rule of the Qin Dynasty. Thus, the emperor to unify the thinking of the original six countries, beginning in 213 BC Qin mind than the destruction of all other history books, folk only allowed to stay on medicine, divination and planting book. Until the demise of the Qin Dynasty 206 BC, known to history as "burn books."
Soon the emperor ascended the throne, began to send people to design the construction of Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum. In unified the following immediately the construction of luxury Metrical up to 72 million when the employment (imaginary number, indicating that a large number).
In addition, there Xing Yue Temple, Yangsan Palace and so on.
Tomb Lishan starting from the king ascended the throne began to build, and it took 30 years, labor 70 million per year to build. Now retired from the periphery to see the tomb of the circumference of 2,000 meters, 55 meters high. Extremely luxurious interior, with copper roof to mercury for the rivers and lakes, and covered with bodies. Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang Terracotta Warriors only to see, you can see this mausoleum had been built for people to afford. And the construction craftsmen in the mausoleum mausoleum after causing all been buried alive.
"Qin Shi Huang, won the I grain, open my account (the door), it was my bed, drink my wine, drink my pulp, food my food, that food, Chang I bow east wall, the former to the sand dunes when the destruction." ("Tai Ping Yu Glance "大 6)
Fu, crossing for the emperor to find elixir of legend, a long time. Japanese studies have said that elixir called "Your Highness", and produced in the Seto Inland Sea is located in the island wish, even more surprising is that today it is being cultivated.
See here, can not but raise doubts about the First Emperor Who are they? Jing Ke professional assassins as died in his hands, how great was Xu Fu when? Unless ... ... unless he can make the Emperor believe that the East is really Spirit Mountain, Spirit Mountain on really elixir.
Comparison of the unique Japanese way of thinking, so they are researching the Xu Fu problem, full of personality the same idea. They found that according to archaeological analysis of ancient burial remains to prove, Xu Fudong transition period, the Kinki region of Japan Kansai residents of a sudden increase in the average height of 5 cm, inference, is likely to Xu Fu and his staff created after landing Improved local race. Another interesting phenomenon is that Japanese scientists discovered the gene in the Japanese, 1% of China's Yunnan region, while the Japanese pronunciation of training time (dialect pronunciation) and the Naxi speech also have many similarities. This is how going on? Transition from Xu Fudong, may find the answer. According to China's historical records, Xu Fu asked the 3000 Boys & Girls, Qin Shi Huang also can not cobble together at once, this time of the conquest of Qin Jungang Qiao and Yi, so the emperor ordered the conquest of these tribes to provide the required child boy girl. And Yi, is the modern common ancestor of all ethnic groups in Yunnan. Therefore, if the descendants of these and Yi Xu Fudong by crossing into the Japanese race, give 1% of Japanese have far to follow the Yunnan gene.
In Japan, as far as I know, the spread of a Legend to place at least 20, located north of Mount Fuji, Shizuoka, south of Kyushu, Kumano, Kagoshima and the Kansai region, which involves two themes: Penglai and elixir. We all know that today's world, there is no immortality drug, let alone 2200 years ago, but, Xu Fu's elixir, I would think it a little shadow, even when the Xu Fu for the first time when Dongdu Perhaps you believe it to exist.
The problem is that the ancient Japan, there is an "elixir" exist? Fortunately, I study this problem, accidentally discovered in Japan, "Hsu Fu would" re-member village, Mr. Sadao an article, he believes that this magic elixir, not only exists, but also to produce in his hometown I wish the island, even more surprising is that today it still left a relic.
If the "Chitose" legend had then spread to China, Fu, who lives in the East China Sea, it should not be heard very strange things. This legend, will be attached, the emperor passed through the ears of other ways is not impossible, it would be very persuasive at this time of Xu Fu. Even, I wish people still believe that Xu Fu island had patronized their island, because the rock in the Gulf, leaving a stone's board, local people say that Xu Fu is to stay.
Days, the emperor of power the world looking for the dumping, is it? !
In 219 BC, Qin Shi Huang and scholars led by Dr. Wen Wu Dachen 70, to the Mount to the ceremony held in Fengshan. The foremost of the ancient rulers of Ji Gao days
In a ceremony. The so-called "closed" refers to building an altar Heaven. The so-called "Zen" means Jide, that is the ground on Mount Jide under the hill. Not to hold such activities as long-term, ministers do not know how to conduct the ceremony, so the emperor summoned the scholar asked. Scholars have different opinions. Emperor heard that difficult to implement, they dismiss scholars, the idea of opening their own lane, to establish a monument on top of Mount Tai, closure ceremony was held. Beam after the father went to the nearby mountains line the Zen ceremony.
Some scholars believe that the emperor had since childhood illness, so physical weak. He was then self-willed, micromanager must personally award; marking instruments 120 pounds per day, working extremely tired; to parade in the July heat, more complicated factors, the way the disease prompted him to death. As he died of what disease, some people believe he died of epilepsy. Seizures generally four stages: initial dizziness, upset stomach, a sudden loss of consciousness following the Fall, every other muscle cramps, pale purple, dilated pupils, apnea, and generalized muscle twitching, froth at the mouth, the last tens of minutes be sober. Guo According to "Historical Records • Emperor of the century," record "quasi-king bee man, long head, Ying birds of prey, jackals sound, less grace and tigers heart ... ..." speculate Emperor childhood with osteomalacia, often suffers from bronchitis, so he grow up to chest and birds of prey, like, sound like the wolf, and later as the Chief heavy, lead to meningitis and epilepsy. Later the emperor crossed the Yellow River, carbuncle disease onset epilepsy after skull hit the ice Kam on bronze, adding to the meningitis disease, people in a coma; when the car arrived the day after the dunes, Zhao Gao, Li Si found that the emperor had been dead for some time.
Qin Shi Huang's death, Zhao Gao Li Si adopted the tactics to persuade Hu Hai threat, three after some conspiracy, false emperor imperial edict issued by Hu Hai heir. Meanwhile, also in the name of Qin Shi Huang was accused of Fusu filial son, Meng Tian Chen infidelity to enable them to commit suicide, not defiance. Exact committed suicide by Fusu in the news, Hu Hai, Zhao Gao, Li Si This command team day and night, the speedy return of Xianyang. In order to continue to deceive the subjects, the team can not shortcut back to Xianyang, but assumed a continuing parade of posture, pass back to Xianyang. As the hot summer heat, the emperor's body was decomposed and smelly. To cover for them, Hu Hai and his party ordered to buy a lot of fish in the car, confused everyone. To Xianyang, the Hu Hai throne for Emperor Qin, Zhao Gao any doctor orders to do Lisi still prime minister, but the court's power actually fell Zhao Gao hands. Zhao Gao conspiracy to succeed, they began to lay violent hands on the people around them. He planted the trap, the force on a dead end and gradually Lisi, Lisi found that Zhao Gao plot, the informant on a letter to Zhao Gao. Emperor Qin Hu Hai Zhao Gao is not only biased, and will Lisi Code, and finally Lisi cut in Xianyang. Zhao Gao-Sheng Ren Chengxiang, because he can access Gong Jin, special called "the prime minister."
This view that the First Emperor's death, essentially a palace coup, but the coup was directed by Zhao Gao, and Buso, Meng Tian, Meng Yi, Li Si, Hu Hai, etc. that is dominated by his victim. As for how to make the emperor Zhao Gao died, this is the history of the missing page.
⒈ unified text, making it a national basis, and continue to use the present;
⒋ axle, Road, with the distance, greatly facilitating the construction of Qin straight domestic traffic;
⒎ to build the Great Wall, making agriculture the natural boundaries of national and nomads, the Great Wall long as national boundaries;
He was the first Chinese emperor, is also the founder of the emperor appellation is also the founder of the Chinese emperor system, so that China has entered a multi-ethnic, centralized imperial people. He also completed China's first political unification, the formation of a "car with the track, and the writing" situation, to seek its reunification after the dynasty laid the foundation. But since ancient times, the emperor has been a controversial figure.
Since the Constitutional Reform Qin has great importance to the rule of law country, the emperor inherited this tradition, a very respected figure Legalist Han Fei, he sighed, "If its the same tour, no hate carry on." Power penalty on the offense will seek awards, all according to the law. Although the autocratic Emperor, that "I am the world", but Qin Dynasty, is still the rule of law. Sheng, Wu Guang Uprising, on the ground is "harsh Qin laws" against himself, when dead, have anti-, but forced to go against the law. And not, as later, "while the rich wine and meat smell, the road frozen to death of bone" is so because of serious corruption, and forcing people to rebel. Later Confucianism advocates the rule of man, not the country according to law, the monarch made the decision a while to wind today, the rule of man, the wind still in the ass.
Qin Shi Huang's first inn system, and repair post roads. Accessible for the vast empire of the decree and the resulting system of prefectures and counties laid the technical foundation imperial countries. "Revised Post Road, located counties", which is able to use this advanced system of prefectures and counties, rather than the Western feudal system similar to a necessary condition. The same period of Roman occupation can not be effectively controlled, can only be set right a great governor (Governor's assuming a manner of military and political power, are noble, the local grass-roots organizations rely on the existing organization) is still similar to the feudal system, which is Roman Empire was divided a very important reason. Is a civilian system of prefectures and counties, its military and political leaders appointed by the emperor, according to performance on war service can be, it can be flat level mobilization, which led to career bureaucrats and the emergence of professional soldiers. Career bureaucrats and professional soldiers can come from civilians, county bureaucracy to ensure effective civilian (commoner) the right to political participation (such as Li Si, Meng Ao, etc. are commoner, according to military merit achievements will enter only the phase), phase score sealed system that aristocracy is undoubtedly a major historical progress. Modern state civil service system and the military origins of this system is.
Li Bai's poem "Archaic": "king under Heaven, Hu Shi Xiong Zai!" Song hongyang sure of the Qin Shi Huang unified China in achievement. Taiyan modern written in 1913, "Chin Cheng Ji" also praised the Emperor.
"Records of First Emperor of the century," cited Jia Yi's "On the Qin": ⒈ Qinwang Huai Tan Bi heart, line and pushing the intelligence, do not believe in hero, not pro-manifested people, waste kingly, established private rights, instruments of torture ban law, the first fraud force then righteousness to oppressive as the world began.
Great Wall, Qin Chi Road, Lingqu, Metrical and Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum, etc. are very large scale, the whole country's population as building work, and many documents were denounced in the works caused by many injuries and deaths, but on the other hand around Queshi the further development of transport will help in future transportation, trade, and integration of peoples. Therefore, has been a historian for the emperor, or too much power big point of contention.
⑵ time, he Shizhao say: you say the emperor is equal to the Communist Party, not more than a hundred times.
⑸ persuaded Qin Shi Huang Jun few curse, the burning pit business to discuss. Long Qin ancestral spirit dead still in the hole species of high real chaff. EMI will do Qin Law, "10 installment of" not a good article. Familiar with Chinese "feudal theory" from the sub-thick back to King Wen Mok. Successive politicians have accomplished in the early feudal society are legalists. They advocate the rule of law, breaking the law on behead, this thin thick stand of ancient. Confucian mouthful of virtue and morality, a stomach Prostitute, are advocates of thick old book today.
【First Emperor is the chief advocate for women's feast】
Qin Shi Huang's "Huiji Stele," clearly put himself in defense of those of the feudal status. He selected a typical Sichuan, which is a local wealthy families from generation to generation, asset giant million. Her husband's death, the widow alone support the family business, not remarried. Qin Shi Huang in the country to promote her up as a typical women's chastity, the widow built a special "Women and Qing", a sign that advocated a feast. This is roughly equivalent to the later arch bar.
Step into the Past
Hero (film)
The Mummy 3
259 BC, 1-year-old emperor was born; 247 BC, Emperor Qin ascended the throne at the age of 13 years;
221 BC - 210 BC, aged 39 -50 years old, he has claimed the Emperor, unified system, built the Great Wall of China made an important contribution to history;
In 210 BC, 50-year-old Emperor Jiabeng the parade on the way.