| xìng： | yíng | ||||||||||||
| míng： | zhèng | ||||||||||||
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【 shǐ huáng dì nián biǎo】
gōng yuán qián 221 gēng chén 'èr shí liù nián héng qián 220 xīn sì 'èr shí qī nián héng qián 219 rén wǔ 'èr shí bā nián héng qián 218 guǐ wèi 'èr shí jiǔ nián héng qián 217 jiá shēn sān shí nián héng qián 216 yǐ yǒu sān shí yī nián héng qián 215 bǐng xū sān shí 'èr nián héng qián 214 dīng hài sān shí sān nián héng qián 213 wù zǐ sān shí sì nián héng qián 212 jǐ chǒu sān shí wǔ nián héng qián 211 gēng yín sān shí liù nián héng qián 210 xīn mǎo sān shí qī nián
【 rén wù shēn shì】
jù《 shǐ jì · lǚ bù wéi lièzhuàn》 jìzǎi，
duì yú
【 dēng shàng wáng wèi】
qín zhuāng xiāng wáng sān nián（ qián 247 nián）， qín zhuāng xiāng wáng jià bēng， zhào zhèng jí wèi wéi qín wáng。 jí wèi shí yóu yú niánshào， gù guó zhèng yóu xiàngbāng lǚ bù wéi suǒ bǎ chí， bìng zūn lǚ bù wéi wéi zhòng
[
fù。 lǚ bù wéi jì bǎ chí cháo tíng， yòu yǔ tài hòu（ zhào jī） tōu qíng。 tā jiàn
lào 'ǎi nán miǎn xiǎo rén dé zhì， zài yī cì hē zuì jiǔ hòu duì yī gè dà chén chì zé dào：“ wǒ shì qín wáng de jiǎ fù， nǐ jìng gǎn rě wǒ。” zhè gè dà chén tīng hòu hěn shēng qì， bìng qiě 'àn zhōng zhǎo liǎo gè jī huì gào sù
qián 238 nián，
【 qín duó jiǔ dǐng】
jiǔ dǐng xiāng chuán wéi xià yǔ suǒ zhù， xiàng zhēng jiǔ zhōu， yī zhí shòu xǔ duō guó jiā suǒ bǎo hù， yóu jiǔ zhōu shàng gòng de tiě suǒ zhì。 xià、 shāng、 zhōu shì fèng wéi guó bǎo， yōng yòu jiǔ dǐng zhě jiù wéi tiān zǐ。 gōng yuán qián 256 nián（ qín zhāo wáng wǔ shí yī nián， zhōu nǎn wáng wǔ shí jiǔ nián）， gōng fá zhào guó hán dān de qín jūn， jì xù xiàng hán， zhào fā dòng gōng shì。 zhí cǐ zhī jì， dōng fāng gè guó yòu fā dòng lián hé kàng qín。 zài hán、 zhào děng guó de yǐng xiǎng yǔ xié pò xià， bù shí shí wù de xī zhōu gōng yě juǎnrù zhè cì huó dòng。 lián jūn dǎzháo zhōu wáng de qí hào， hé zòng kàng qín。 zhāo wáng dà nù。 qín guó zǎo jiù xiǎng zài dì tú shàng mǒ qù xī zhōu， jìn kuài sǎo chú tǒng yī tiān xià de yī gè zhàng 'ài。 xī zhōu cānyù fǎn qín， zhèng hǎo gěi qín guó chū bīng yǐ kǒu shí。 gōng yuán qián 256 nián（ nǎn wáng 59 nián， qín zhāo xiāng wáng 51 nián）， qín bīng gōng dǎ xī zhōu， nǎn wáng tīng xī zhōu gōng zhī yán， yǐ xī zhōu sān shí liù chéng、 sān wàn hù jiàng qín）， qín wáng jiāng zhōu nǎn wáng biǎn jué wéi jūn， xī zhōu gōng wèijiā chén， fēng yú liáng chéng ( jīn shǎn xī shěng hán chéng xiàn nán )。 nǎn wáng zhì liáng chéng yī yuè 'ér sǐ， guó chú， zhì jiǔ dǐng yú xián yáng（ tú zhōng yī dǐng luò yú sì shuǐ， suǒ yǐ qín guó zhǐ dé dào 8 dǐng， dàn xí guàn shàng réng chēng jiǔ dǐng）。 zì cì nián qǐ（ zhāo xiāng wáng wǔ shí 'èr nián， qián 255 nián） shǐ jiā yǐ qín wáng jì nián。 gōng yuán qián 255 nián， jiǔ dǐng qiān qín， yì wèi zhe qín wáng jiāng wéi tiān xià gòng zhù， kě yǐ míng zhèng yán shùn dì tǎo fá gè zhū hóu guó。
【 tǒng yī liù guó】
zì qián 230 nián zhì qián 221 nián，
[ qín tǒng yī xíng shì tú ]
qín tǒng yī xíng shì tú
230 nián） miè hán、 shí jiǔ nián（ qián 228 nián） miè zhào、 èr shí 'èr nián（ qián 225 nián） miè wèi、 èr shí sì nián（ qián 223 nián） miè chǔ、 èr shí wǔ nián（ qián 222 nián） miè yàn、 èr shí liù nián（ qián 221 nián） miè qí。 zhōng yú jiàn lì liǎo zhōng guó lì shǐ shàng dì yī gè tǒng yī de、 duō mín zú de、 zhuān zhì zhù yì zhōng yāng jí quán zhì guó jiā héng héng qín cháo。
zǒng fāng zhēn
qín wáng zhèng qīn zhèng hòu， tīng qǔ lǐ sī jìn xiàn de miè liù guó de jiàn yì， zhuóshǒu guī huá tǒng yī liù guó de dà yè。 qí zǒng de zhàn lüè fāng zhēn， shì yóu jìn jí yuǎn， jí zhōng lì liàng， gè gè jī pò； xiān běi qǔ zhào， zhōng qù wèi， nán qǔ hán， rán hòu zài jìn qǔ yàn、 chǔ、 qí。
miè hán guó
qín wáng zhèng shǒu xiān xuǎn zé de gōng jī mù biāo wéi zhào guó。 yīn wéi， zhào guó de shí lì zài liù guó zhōng zuì qiáng， shì qín guó zǒu xiàng tǒng yī dào lù de zuì dà zhàng 'ài。 dàn shì， zhào guó hái méi yòu dào bù kān yī jī de dì bù。 qín jūn lǚ cì jìn gōng zhào guó jūn bèi zhào guó jī tuì。 zài yòng zhù lì jìn gōng zhào guó de tóng shí， qín duì hán cǎi qǔ fú zhí qīn qín shì lì yǐ zhú bù zhī jiě de cè lüè。 gōng yuán qián 231 nián， hán guó nán yáng jùn“ jiǎ shǒu”（ jí dài lǐ jùn shǒu） téng， xiàng qín xiàn chū tā suǒ guǎn xiá de shǔ dì。 téng bèi qín wáng zhèng rèn mìng wéi nèi shǐ， hòu yòu pài tā shuài jūn jìn gōng hán guó。 téng duì hán guó liǎo rú zhǐ zhǎng， suǒ yǐ jìn zhǎn shùn lì， yú gōng yuán qián 230 nián（ qín wáng zhèng shí qī nián） fú huò hán wáng 'ān， hán guó miè wáng。
miè zhào guó
gōng yuán qián 229 nián， qín lì yòng zhào guó fā shēng dà dì zhèn hé dà zāi huāng de jī huì， yòu pài wáng jiǎn lǐng bīng gōng zhào。 zhào guó pài lǐ mù、 sī mǎ shàng shuài bīng dǐ yù， shuāng fāng xiāng chí liǎo yī nián
。 zài jǐn yào guān tóu， qín guó shǐ chū shā shǒu jiàn héng líjiàn jì。 wáng jiǎn yòng zhòng jīn shōu mǎi liǎo zhào wáng de chǒng chén guō kāi， yào tā sàn bù lǐ mù、 sī mǎ shàng qǐ tú móu fǎn de liú yán。 zhào wáng qīng xìn yáo yán， pài rén tì dài lǐ mù。 lǐ mù zài dà dí dāng qián de xíng shì xià jù bù ràng chū bīng quán， zhào wáng jìng 'àn dì pài rén dài bǔ lǐ mù bìng chù sǐ liǎo tā， tóng shí hái shā diào liǎo sī mǎ shàng。 shā sǐ lǐ mù， wú yí wéi qín jūn wáng zhào sǎo qīng liǎo dào lù。 cǐ hòu， qín jūn rú rù wú rén zhī jìng， gōng chéng lüè dì， tòng jī zhào jūn。 gōng yuán qián 228 nián（ qín wáng zhèng shí jiǔ nián）， qín jūn gōng pò hán dān， zhè zuò míng chéng luò rù qín guó zhī shǒu。 bù jiǔ， chū táo de zhào wáng qiān bèi pò xiàn chū zhào guó de dì tú jiàng qín。 zhào guó shí jì shàng miè wáng liǎo。 dàn shì gōng zǐ jiā què dài zhe yī huǒ rén táo dào dài jùn（ jīn hé běi wèi xiàn）， zì lì wéi wáng。 hòu qín jūn zài gōng yuán qián 222 nián miè yàn guó zhī hòu jiāng qí fú lǔ。 zhì cǐ， qín tǒng yī liǎo běi fāng。
miè yàn guó
zài miè zhào de guò chéng zhōng， qín guó dà jūn yǐ bīng lín yàn guó biān jìng。 yàn guó jūn xǐ huáng huáng bù kě zhōng rì， yǎn jiàn qín guó sǎo píng sān jìn， jiù yào xiàng zì jǐ shā lái， què wú jì kě shī。 yàn tài zǐ dān zuì zhōng xiǎng chū liǎo gū zhù yī zhì de 'àn shā xíng dòng， jí lì shǐ shàng yòu míng de jīng kē cì qín wáng， shí zhí gōng yuán qián 227 nián。 cì shā xíng dòng zuì zhōng shī bài， dàn shì qín wáng zhèng chā yī diǎn sǐ yú jīng kē de bǐ shǒu xià， tā shēn hèn yàn guó， lì jí zēng bīng dà jǔ jìn gōng。 gōng yuán qián 226 nián， qín jūn gōng xià yàn dū jì（ jīn běi jīng shì）， yàn wáng xǐ yǔ tài zǐ dān táo wáng liáo dōng jùn。 qín jiāng lǐ xìn shuài lǐng qín jūn shù qiān rén， qióng zhuī tài zǐ dān zhì yǎn shuǐ。 tài zǐ dān yīn qián fú yú shuǐ zhōng xìng miǎn yú nán。 hòu lái， yàn wáng xǐ jīng guò quán héng lì hài guān xì， pài rén jiāng tài zǐ dān shā diào， jiāng qí shǒu jí xiàn gěi qín guó， xiǎng yǐ cǐ qiú dé xiū zhàn， bǎo zhù yàn guó bù wáng。 yàn wáng xǐ táo dào liáo dōng yǐ hòu， qín jūn zhù lì jiù diào wǎng nán xiàn jìn gōng chǔ guó。 gōng yuán qián 222 nián（ qín wáng zhèng 'èr shí wǔ nián）， wáng bēn fèng mìng gōng fá yàn guó zài liáo dōng de cán yú shì lì， fú huò yàn wáng xǐ， yàn guó chè dǐ miè wáng。
miè wèi guó
gōng yuán qián 231 nián， wèi jǐng mǐn wáng pò yú qín guó de qiáng dà wēi lì， zhù dòng xiàng qín jìn xiàn chū lì yì， yǐ qiú huǎn bīng。 cǐ shí， qín wáng zhèng zhèng diào jí bīng lì zhǔn bèi xiàng zhào guó fā qǐ zǒng gōng， bù xiǎng fēn sàn bīng lì gōng wèi， jiù jiē shòu liǎo xiàn dì。 zhè shǐ dé wèi guó yòu wéi chí liǎo shù nián cán jú。 gōng yuán qián 225 nián（ qín wáng zhèng 'èr shí 'èr nián）， jiù zài qín jūn zhù lì nán xià gōng chǔ de dāng kǒu， qín wáng zhèng pài chū nián qīng jiànglǐng wáng bēn， shuài jūn wéi gōng wèi dōudà liáng（ jīn hé nán kāi fēng）。 wèi jūn jǐn bì chéng mén， jiān shǒu bù chū。 yóu yú dà liáng chéng fáng jīng guò duō nián xiū jiàn， yì cháng jiān gù， qín jūn qiáng gōng bù xià。 wáng bēn xiǎng chū liǎo shuǐ gōng de bàn fǎ。 qín jūn dà pī shì zú bèi 'ān pái qù wā jué qú dào， jiāng huáng hé、 hóng gōu de shuǐ yǐn lái， guàn zhù dào dà liáng。 3 gè yuè hòu， dà liáng de chéng qiáng bì lěi quán bèi jìn tān， wèi wáng jiǎ zhǐ dé tóu jiàng。 wèi guó miè wáng liǎo。
miè chǔ guó
nán fāng dà guó chǔ guó， jiāng yù liáo kuò， shān lín mào mì， wù chǎn fēng fù， hào chēng yōng yòu jiá shì bǎi wàn。 dàn shì， chǔ guó de nèi zhèng yī zhí bù zhèn， zǒng shì guì zú zhēng quán duó lì， zhè zhǒng zhuàng kuàng dào zhàn guó mò qī yóu wéi yán zhòng。 gōng yuán qián 228 nián， chǔ yōu wáng sǐ， tǒng zhì jí tuán fā shēng nèi hòng。 yōu wáng de tóng mǔ dì yóu， jí wèi wéi 'āi wáng， dàn jǐn liǎng gè duō yuè， jiù bèi yì mǔ xiōng fù chú de mén tú shā diào liǎo。 fù chú chéng wéi chǔ wáng。 chǔ wáng shì gèng jiā fēn bēng lí xī。 jiù zài chǔ guó fā shēng nèi luàn de shí hòu， gōng yuán qián 226 nián， qín wáng zhèng bù shī shí jī dì cóng běi fāng fá yàn qián xiàn chōu diào qín jūn， nán xià gōng chǔ， lián xù duó dé chǔ guó 10 yú gè chéng chí。 gōng yuán qián 224 nián， qín guó yǔ chǔ guó de jué zhàn jiù yào kāi shǐ liǎo。 qín wáng zhèng xiān pài nián qīng jiànglǐng lǐ xìn shuài 20 wàn qín jūn gōng chǔ， bèi chǔ jūn jī bài。 hòu yòu pài dàjiàng wáng jiǎn shuài 60 wàn qín jūn gōng chǔ。 wáng jiǎn rù chǔ jìng hòu， bìng wèi mǎ shàng fā dòng gōng shì。 tā zǒng jié liǎo lǐ xìn qīng dí mào jìn de jiào xùn， cǎi qǔ tún bīng liàn wǔ， jiān bì bù chū， má bì dí rén， yǐ yì dài láo de zhàn lüè。 zhè yàng， dù guò liǎo yī nián duō de shí jiān， qín jūn duì chǔ dì de qíng kuàng jī běn shì yìng， shì qì gāo 'áng， tǐ lì chōng pèi。 tóng shí， bèi diào lái kàng jī qín jūn de chǔ guó bù duì， dǒu zhì jiàn jiàn sōng xiè， jiā shàng liáng cǎo bù zú， zhǔn bèi dōng guī。 chǔ jūn yī chè， wáng jiǎn jiù zhuā zhù shí jī xià lìng quán jūn chū jī。 qín jūn yī jǔ dǎ kuǎ liǎo chǔ jūn de zhù lì， bìng cháng qū zhí rù， tǐng rù nèi dì， shā sǐ chǔ jūn tǒng shuài xiàng yàn。 jiē zhe， qín jūn gōng zhàn chǔ dū shòu chūn（ jīn 'ān huī shòu xiàn）， fú lǔ liǎo chǔ wáng fù chú， chǔ guó miè wáng， shí wéi gōng yuán qián 223 nián（ qín wáng zhèng 'èr shí sì nián）。 gōng yuán qián 222 nián（ qín wáng zhèng 'èr shí wǔ nián）， gāng zài nán fāng miè chǔ de dà jūn， yòu chéng shèng jiàng fú liǎo yuè jūn， shè zhì kuàijī jùn。 yú shì， cháng jiāng liú yù quán bù bìng rù qín de bǎn tú。
miè qí guó
gōng yuán qián 221 nián（ qín wáng zhèng 'èr shí liù nián）， qín wáng zhèng mìng lìng wáng bēn huī gē nán xià， gōng dǎ dōng fāng liù guó zhōng de zuì hòu yī gè： qí guó。 cóng chūn qiū dào zhàn guó zhōng qī， qí shì shān dōng zhū guó zhōng bǐ jiào qiáng dà de yī gè。 dàn shì， gōng yuán qián 284 nián yàn、 zhào、 hán、 wèi、 chǔ wǔ guó gōng qí， yóu qí shì yàn jiāng yuèyì héng sǎo qí guó， lìng qí guó chàdiǎn wáng guó， zhī hòu， qí guó yī zhí méi yòu fù qiáng。 ér qiě， cǐ shí de qí wáng jiàn shì gè wú néng zhī bèi。 mǔ qīn jiàn zài shí， tā yǐ lài mǔ qīn； mǔ qīn lín zhōng qián， tā hái sǐ pí lài liǎn dì yào mǔ qīn xiě xià kě yǐ fǔ zuǒ tā de dà chén de míng zì。 gōng yuán qián 249 nián（ qí wáng jiàn shí liù nián）， gāng yì bù qū de jūn wáng hòu shì shì， hòu shèng rèn zǎixiàng。 qín guó xùn sù zhǎn kāi shōu mǎi nèi yìng de huó dòng， xiàng hòu shèng kuì zèng dà liàng de huáng jīn、 yù qì。 hòu shèng dé liǎo qín guó de hǎo chù， jiù pài chū dà pī bīn kè xiāng jì fù qín。 qín guó yòu duì tā men dà sì huì lù， sòng gěi jīn qián、 zhēn bǎo， ràng tā men huí qí guó chōng dāng nèi yìng。 zhè pī rén cóng qín guó huí lái hòu， jiù jī jí dì zhì zào qīn qín de yú lùn。 tā men shuō qí wáng jiàn yìng xī qù zhāoqín， yǐ biǎo guī shùn， yòu shuō qí qín shì yīn qīn， gēn běn bù yòng bèi zhàn kàng qín， yě bù yào bāng zhù sān jìn、 yàn、 chǔ gōng qín。 zhèng shì zài zhè zhǒng qíng kuàng xià， wáng bēn nán xià fá qí， jīhū jiù méi yòu yù dào guò shénme dǐ kàng。 wáng bēn shuài jūn cháng qū zhí rù， lái dào lín zī， qí wáng jiàn yǔ hòu shèng mǎ shàng xiàng qín bù zhàn 'ér jiàng。 qí guó miè wáng。
zhì cǐ， qín guó zǒu wán liǎo xuē píng qún xióng、 tǒng yī liù guó de zuì hòu yī chéng。
【 shǒu chēng huáng dì】
qín wáng zhèng zài tā dēng shàng qín guó wáng wèi de dì 'èr shí liù gè nián tóu， zhōng yú tǒng yī liǎo zhōng guó。 tiān xià chū dìng， 39 suì de qín wáng zhèng dì yī jiàn jí zhe xiǎng zuò de shì， jiù shì yào chóngxīn gěi zì jǐ què dìng yī gè chēng hào。
chūn qiū zhàn guó， gè guó zhū hóu dōubèi chēng wéi“ jūn” huò“ wáng”。 zhàn guó hòu qī， qín guó yǔ qí guó céng yī dù chēng“ dì”， bù guò zhè yī chēng hào zài dāng shí bìng bù tóng xíng。 yǐ jīng yī tǒng tiān xià de qín wáng zhèng， yǐ wéi guò qù de zhè xiē chēng hào dōubù zú yǐ xiǎn shì zì jǐ de zūn chóng，“ jīn míng hào bù gèng， wú yǐ chēng chéng gōng， chuán hòu shì”。 tā xià lìng zuǒ yòu dà chén men yì chēng hào。
jīng guò yī fān shāng yì， chéngxiàng wáng wǎn、 yù shǐ dà fū féng jié、 tíng wèi lǐ sī děng rén rèn wéi， qín wáng zhèng“ xīng yì bīng， zhū cán zéi， píng dìng tiān xià”， gōng jì“ zì shàng gǔ yǐ lái wèi cháng yòu， wǔ dì suǒ bù jí”。 tā men yuán yǐn chuán tǒng de zūn chēng， shuō“ gǔ yòu tiān huáng， yòu dì huáng， yòu tài huáng， tài huáng zuì guì”， jiàn yì qín wáng zhèng cǎi yòng“ tài huáng” tóu xián。 rán 'ér，
cóng cǐ yǐ hòu，“ huáng dì” jiù chéng wéi zhōng guó guó jiā zuì gāo tǒng zhì zhě de chēng wèi。
“ huáng dì” chēng wèi de chū xiàn， bù jǐn jǐn shì jiǎn dān de míng hào biàngēng， hái fǎn yìng liǎo yī zhǒng xīn de tōng zhī guān niàn de chǎn shēng。 zài gǔ dài，“ huáng” yòu“ dà” de yì sī， rén men duì zǔ xiān shén hé qí tā yī xiē shén míng， yòu shí jiù chēng“ huáng”。“ dì” shì shàng gǔ rén men xiǎng xiàng zhōng de zhù zǎi wàn wù de zuì gāo tiān shén。
kě jiàn，“ huáng dì” de chēng hào， nǎi shì qín wáng zhèng shén huà jūn quán de yī gè chǎn wù。
qín wáng zhèng zuò liǎo zhōng guó lì shǐ shàng dì yī gè huáng dì， zì chēng“ shǐ huáng dì”。 tā yòu guī dìng： zì jǐ sǐ hòu huáng wèi chuán gěi zǐ sūn shí， hòu jì zhě yán chēng 'èr shì huáng dì、 sān shì huáng dì， yǐ zhì wàn shì。
wèile shǐ huáng dì de dì wèi shén shèng huà，
qǔ xiāo shì fǎ。 shì fǎ qǐ yú zhōu chū， shì zài jūn wáng sǐ hòu， yǐ qí shēng píng shì jì， jǐyǔ dài yòu píng jià xìng zhì de chēng hào。 dàn
tiān zǐ zì chēng wéi“ zhèn”。“ zhèn” zì de yì yì yǔ“ wǒ” xiāng tóng， yǐ qián yī bān rén jūn kě shǐ yòng， dàn
huáng dì de mìng lìng jiào zuò“ zhì” huò“ zhào”。
wén zì zhōng bù zhǔn tí jí huáng dì de míng zì， yào bì huì。 wén jiàn shàng féng“ huáng d씓 shǐ huáng dì” děng zì jù shí， dōuyào lìng qǐ yīháng dǐng gé shū xiě。
zhǐ xiàn huáng dì shǐ yòng de、 yǐ yù zhì diāo kè de dà yìn cái néng chēng wéi“ xǐ”。
yǐ shàng zhè xiē guī dìng， mùdì zài yú tū chū tiān zǐ de tè shū dì wèi， qiáng diào huáng dì yǔ zhòng bù tóng， qiáng huà huáng quán zài rén men xīn mù zhōng de shén mì gǎn。
【 zhōng yāng jí quán】
wèile yòu xiào dì guǎn lǐ guó jiā， yě wéi liǎo tì zǐ sūn wàn dài diàn dìng jī yè，
zhōng yāng jī gòu
zhōng yāng shè chéngxiàng、 tài wèi、 yù shǐ dà fū。 chéngxiàng yòu zuǒ yòu 'èr yuán， zhǎng zhèng shì。 tài wèi zhǎng jūn shì， bù cháng zhì。 yù shǐ dà fū shì chéng xiāng de fù 'èr， zhǎng tú jí mì shū， jiān chá bǎi guān。
chéngxiàng、 tài wèi、 yù shǐ dà fū yǐ xià， shì fēn zhǎng jù tǐ zhèng wù de zhū qīng， qí zhōng yòu zhǎng gōng diàn yè mén hù de láng zhōng lìng， zhǎng gōng mén wèi tún bīng de wèi wèi， zhǎng jīng jī jǐng wèi de zhōng wèi， zhǎng xíng bì de tíng wèi， zhǎng gǔ huò de zhì sù nèi shǐ， zhǎng shān hǎi chí zé zhī shuì hé guān fǔ shǒu gōng yè zhì zào yǐ gōng yìng huáng shì de shàofǔ， zhǎng zhì gōng shì de jiāng zuò shàofǔ， zhǎng guó nèi mín zú shì wù hé wài shì de diǎn kè， zhǎng zōng miào lǐ yí de fèng cháng， zhǎng huáng shì shǔ jí de zōng zhèng， zhǎng yú mǎ de tài pú děng。 chéngxiàng、 tài wèi、 yù shǐ dà fū yǔ zhū qīng yì lùn zhèng wù， huáng dì zuò cái jué。
zài cǐ zhī wài， qín dài hái yòu yī xiē bǐ jiào zhòng yào de guān zhí， bǐ rú bó shì héng“ zhǎng tōng gǔ jīn”， jí tōng xiǎo gǔ jīn shǐ yǐ bèi huáng dì zī xún， tóng shí fù zé tú shū shōu cáng； diǎn shǔ guó héng yǔ diǎn kè yī yàng zhù guǎn shǎo shù mín zú shì wù， bù tóng de shì diǎn kè zhǎng guǎn yǔ qín yǒu hǎo de shǎo shù mín zú de jiāo wǎng， ér diǎn shǔ guó zé fù zé yǐ tóu jiàng qín cháo de shǎo shù mín zú； zhān shì héng guǎn lǐ huáng hòu hé tài zǐ de shì wù； jiāng zuò shàofǔ héng fù zé gōng diàn jiàn zào。
qín wáng cháo jiàn lì de zhè tào zhōng yāng jí quán jī gòu de zhèng quán jī gòu， yǐ hòu yī zhí bèi lì dài wáng cháo suǒ fǎng xiào。 qí zhōng hàn dài de“ sān gōng jiǔ qīng”， jī běn shàng shì zhào bān qín zhì。
dì fāng jī gòu
jùn shè shǒu、 wèi、 jiān（ jiān yù shǐ）。 jùn shǒu zhǎng zhì qí jùn。 jùn wèi fǔ zuǒ jùn shǒu， bìng diǎn bīng shì。 jùn jiān sī jiān chá。
tā men shì：
qín dì： bā jùn， shǔ jùn， lǒng xī jùn， běi dì jùn；
zhào dì： tài yuán jùn， yún zhōng jùn， hán dān jùn， jù lù jùn， yàn mén jùn， dài jùn， cháng shān jùn；
wèi dì： shàng jùn， hé dōng jùn， dōng jùn， dàng jùn， hé nèi jùn；
hán dì： sān chuān jùn， shàng dǎng jùn， yǐng chuān jùn；
chǔ dì： hàn zhōng jùn， nán jùn， qián zhōng jùn， nán yáng jùn， chén jùn， xuē jùn， sì shuǐ jùn， jiǔ jiāng jùn， kuàijī jùn， cháng shā jùn， héng shān jùn；
qí dì： dōng hǎi jùn， qí jùn， láng yá jùn， jiāo dōng jùn， jì běi jùn；
yàn dì： guǎng yáng jùn， shàng gǔ jùn， yú xiàn jùn， yòu běi píng jùn， liáo xī jùn， liáo dōng jùn；
nán yuè gù dì： mǐn zhōng jùn， nán hǎi jùn， guì lín jùn， xiàng jùn；
xiōng nú gù dì： jiǔ yuán jùn。
xiàn， wàn hù yǐ shàng zhě shè lìng， wàn hù yǐ xià zhě shè cháng。 xiàn lìng、 cháng lǐng yòu chéng、 wèi jí qí tā shǔ yuán。 xiàn lìng、 cháng zhù yào guǎn zhèng wù， xiàn wèi zhǎng wò jūn shì， xiàn chéng zhǎng guǎn sī fǎ。
xiàn yǐ xià yòu xiāng， qí zhù yào zhí néng yòu sì： ⒈ tān pài yáo yì； ⒉ zhēng shōu tián fù； ⒊ chá zhèng běn xiāng bèi gào 'àn qíng； ⒋ cānyù duì guó jiā cāng kù liáng shí de bǎo guǎn gōng zuò。 xiāng shè sān lǎo zhǎng jiào huà， sè fū zhǎng sù sòng hé fù shuì， yóu jiào zhǎng zhì 'ān。
xiāng xià yòu lǐ， shì zuì jī céng de xíng zhèng dān wèi。 lǐ yòu lǐ diǎn， hòu dài chēng lǐ zhèng、 lǐ kuí， yǐ“ háo shuài” jí qiáng yòu lì zhě wéi zhī。 lǐ zhōng shè zhì yán mì de shí wǔ hù jí zǔ zhì， yǐ biàn zhī pài chāiyì， shōu nà fù shuì。 bìng guī dìng hù xiāng jiān dū gào jiān， yī rén fàn zuì， lín lǐ lián zuò。 cǐ wài hái yòu sī zhì 'ān、 jìn dào zéi de zhuān mén jī gòu， jiào zuò tíng， tíng yòu cháng。 tíng chú liǎo zhù yào guǎn lǐ zhì 'ān， hái fù zé jiē dài wǎng lái de guān lì， zhǎng guǎn wéi zhèng fǔ shū sòng、 cǎi gòu、 chuán dì（ wén shū） děng shì。 liǎng tíng zhī jiān， xiāng jù dà yuē shí lǐ。
【 quán miàn tǒng yī】
shū tóng wén
yīn shāng yǐ jiàng， wén zì zhú jiàn pǔ jí。 zuò wéi guān fāng wén zì de jīn wén， xíng zhì bǐ jiào yī zhì。 dàn shì chūn qiū zhàn guó shí qī de bīng qì、 táo wén、 bó shū、 jiǎn shū děng mín jiān wén zì， zé cún zài zhe qū yù zhōng de chā yì。 zhè zhǒng zhuàng kuàng fáng 'ài liǎo gè dì jīng jì、 wén huà de jiāo liú， yě yǐng xiǎng liǎo zhōng yāng zhèng fǔ zhèng cè fǎ lìng de yòu xiào tuī xíng。 yú shì， qín tǒng yī zhōng yuán hòu，
lǐ sī yǐ zhàn guó shí hòu qín rén tōng yòng de dà zhuàn wéi jī chǔ， xī qǔ qí lǔ děng dì tōng xíng de kē dǒu wén bǐ huá jiǎn shěng de yōu diǎn， chuàng zào chū yī zhǒng xíng tǐ yún yuán qí zhěng、 bǐ huá jiǎn lüè de xīn wén zì， chēng wéi“ qín zhuàn”， yòu chēng“ xiǎo zhuàn”， zuò wéi guān fāng guī fàn wén zì， tóng shí fèi chú qí tā yì tǐ zì。 cǐ wài， yī wèi jiào chéng miǎo de yá lì yīn fàn zuì bèi guān jìn yún yáng de jiān yù， zài zuò láo de 10 nián shí jiān lǐ， tā duì dāng shí zì tǐ de yǎn biàn zhōng yǐ chū xiàn de yī zhǒng biàn huà（ hòu shì chēng wéi“ lì biàn”）， jìn xíng zǒng jié。 cǐ jǔ shòu dào
dù tóng zhì
zhàn guó shí qī， gè guó de dù liàng héng zhì dù hé huò bì zhì dù hěn bù yī zhì。 qín tǒng yī hòu， guī dìng huò bì fēn jīn hé tóng liǎng zhǒng： huáng jīn chēng shàng bì， yǐ yì（ qín zhì 20 liǎng wéi yì） wéi dān wèi； tóng qián wàn xià bì， tǒng yī wéi yuán xíng fāng kōng， yǐ bàn liǎng wéi dān wèi。 jīn bì zhù yào gōng huáng dì shǎng cì， tóng bì cái shì zhù yào de liú tōng méi jiè。
zài tián zhì shàng， qín wáng cháo guī dìng 6 chǐ（ hé jīn 230 lí mǐ） wéi bù， 240 bù wéi yī mǔ。 zhè yī mǔ zhì yǐ hòu yán yòng qiān nián 'ér bù biàn。
chē tóng guǐ
zhàn guó shí qī， gè guó chē liàng xíng zhì bù yī。
xíng tóng lún
“ xíng tóng lún” jiù shì duān zhèng fēng sú， jiàn lì qǐ tǒng yī de lún lǐ dào dé hé xíng wéi guī fàn。 zài zhè fāng miàn， qín wáng cháo yě gěi yú xiāng dāng de zhòng shì。 bǐ rú
【 xiū zhù cháng chéng】
qín miè liù guó zhī hòu， jí kāi shǐ běi zhù cháng chéng， měi nián zhēng fā mín fū sì shí yú wàn。 zài dāng shí shēng chǎn lì jí dù dī xià， nán rén xīn kǔ láo zuò shàng bù néng guǒ fù， nǚ rén fǎng zhì de bù dōuwú fǎ bì tǐ de qíng kuàng xià， zhēng diào rú cǐ zhī duō de mín lì qù cóng shì fēi shēng chǎn xìng láo dòng， zào chéng de jiēguǒ zhǐ néng shì sǐ wáng rén shù wú fǎ tǒng jì， qiān lǐ zhī dì jìn shì shī shǒu， xuè liú chéng hé de cǎn jù， suǒ yǐ bǎi xìng shí hù rén jiā lǐ yòu wǔ hù xiǎng yào zào fǎn yě jiù bùzúwèi qí liǎo。
kě shì dà guī mó de yáo yì duō shù shì chū yú dāng shí de xíng shì suǒ pò。
dāng shí zhōng yuán gāng tǒng yī， gè dì yuán lái de guì zú shì lì hái hěn qiáng， ruò bù bǎo chí zhōng yāng gè dì zhī jiān de jiāo tōng hé lián xì， guó jiā suí shí huì chǔyú zài cì fēn liè de jú miàn， suǒ yǐ bì xū jìn kuài gǎi shàn zhōng yāng dào gè dì jí qí tā gè jùn、 xiàn zhī jiān de jiāo tōng hé lián xì， yīn cǐ xū jìn kuài jiàn shè dào lù。
yóu yú duō nián de zhàn zhēng， yuán gè guó de nóng yè shè shī shòu dào xiāng dāng dà de pò huài， huò yīn zhàn zhēng 'ér nián jiǔ shī xiū； zài tǒng yī hòu bì xū jìn kuài huī fù nóng yè shēng chǎn； yīn cǐ huā xiāng dāng dà de rén lì lái shū tōng hé dào， xiū fù shuǐ qú， duì shuǐ lù jiāo tōng hé nóng yè guàn gài dōuyòu lì， shì hěn yòu bì yào de。
xiū jiàn cháng chéng， shì wéi liǎo bǎo hù běi bù biān jìng rén mín de shēng mìng cái chǎn de 'ān quán， qí mùdì yě shì wèile jiǎn shǎo rén mín de fù dān； yóu yú xiōng nú shì yóu mù mín zú， qí qí bīng huó dòng fàn wéi hěn dà， méi yòu cháng chéng de huà， yào hěn duō jūn duì lái fáng shǒu， zhè huì gěi rén mín zēng jiā hěn dà de fù dān。
yuán lái gè guó zhī jiān dōuyòu yī xiē cháng chéng， dàn běi fāng de cháng chéng bù wán zhěng； tǒng yī hòu tā xià lìng bǎ yuán lái guó zhī jiān de cháng chéng chāi chú， zài bǎ yuán lái qín、 zhào、 yàn sān guó běi biān de cháng chéng lián jiē qǐ lái， yǐ fáng zhǐ běi fāng xiōng nú de nán qīn。 gěi wǒ men liú xià liǎo yī tiáo jǔ shì wén míng de wàn lǐ cháng chéng。
mián yán wàn lǐ de cháng chéng tā bìng bù zhǐ shì yī dào dān dú de chéng qiáng， ér shì yóu chéng qiáng、 dí lóu、 guān chéng、 dūn bǎo、 yíng chéng、 wèi suǒ、 zhèn chéng fēng huǒ tái děng duō zhǒng fáng yù gōng shì suǒ zǔ chéng de yī gè wán zhěng de fáng yù gōng chéng tǐ xì。 zhè yī fáng yù gōng chéng tǐ xì， yóu gè jí jūn shì zhǐ huī xì tǒng céng céng zhǐ huī、 jié jié kòng zhì。 yǐ míng cháng chéng wéi lì， zài wàn lǐ cháng chéng fáng xiàn shàng fēn shè liǎo liáo dōng、 jì、 xuān fǔ、 dà tóng、 shān xī、 yú lín、 níng xià、 gù yuán、 gān sù děng jiǔ gè jūn shì guǎn xiá qū lái fēn duàn fáng shǒu hé xiū shàn dōng qǐ yālùjiāng， xī zhǐ jiā yù guān， quán cháng 7000 duō qiān mǐ de cháng chéng， chēng zuò“ jiǔ biān zhòng zhèn”， měi zhèn shè zǒng bīng guān zuò wéi zhè yī duàn cháng chéng de jūn shì zhǎngguān， shòu bīng bù de zhǐ huī， fù zé suǒ xiá jūn qū nèi de fáng wù huò fèng mìng zhī yuán xiāng lín jūn qū de fáng wù。 míng dài cháng chéng yán xiàn yuē yòu 100 wàn rén de bīng lì fáng shǒu。 zǒng bīng guān píng shí zhù shǒu zài zhèn chéng nèi， qí yú gè jí guān yuán fēn zhù yú wèi suǒ、 yíng chéng、 guān chéng hé chéng qiáng shàng de dí lóu hé dūn bǎo zhī nèi。
cháng chéng de fáng yù gōng chéng jiàn zhù
cháng chéng de fáng yù gōng chéng jiàn zhù， zài 2000 duō nián de xiū zhù guò chéng zhōng jī lěi liǎo fēng fù de jīng yàn。 shǒu xiān shì zài bù jú shàng，
xī hàn shí qī zhè zhǒng cháng chéng de yí jì。
cháng chéng de gòu chéng
cháng chéng de chéng qiáng
cháng chéng de chéng qiáng shì zhè yī fáng yù gōng chéng zhōng de zhù tǐ bù fēn。 tā jiàn yú gāo shān jùn lǐng huò píng yuán xiǎn zǔ zhī chù， gēn jù dì xíng hé fáng yù gōng néng de xū yào 'ér xiū jiàn， fán zài píng yuán huò yào 'ài zhī chù xiū zhù dé shí fēn gāo dà jiān gù， ér zài gāo shān xiǎn chù zé jiào wéi dī 'ǎi xiá zhǎi， yǐ jié yuē rén lì hé fèi yòng， shèn zhì yī xiē zuì wéi dǒu jùn zhī chù wú fǎ xiū zhù de dì fāng biàn cǎi qǔ liǎo“ shān xiǎn qiáng” hé“ pī shān qiáng” de bàn fǎ， zài jū yōng guān、 bā dá lǐng hé hé běi、 shān xī、 gān sù děng dì qū de cháng chéng chéng qiáng， yī bān píng jūn gāo yuē qī bā mǐ， dǐ bù hòu yuē liù qī mǐ， qiáng dǐng kuān yuē sì wǔ mǐ。 zài chéng qiáng dǐng shàng， nèi cè shè yǔ qiáng， gāo yī mǐ yú， yǐ fáng xún luó shì bīng diē luò， wài cè yī miàn shè duǒ kǒu qiáng， gāo 2 mǐ zuǒ yòu， duǒ kǒu qiáng de shàng bù shè yòu wàng kǒu， xià bù yòu shè dòng hé léi shí kǒng， yǐ guān kàn dí qíng hé shè jī、 gǔn fàng léi shí zhī yòng。 yòu de zhòng yào chéng qiáng dǐng shàng， hái jiàn yòu céng céng zhàng qiáng， yǐ dǐ kàng wàn yī dēng shàng chéng qiáng de dí rén。 dào liǎo míng dài zhōng qī， kàng wō míng jiāng qī jì guāng diào rèn jì zhèn zǒng bīng shí， duì cháng chéng de fáng yù gōng shì zuò liǎo zhòng dà de gǎi jìn， zài chéng qiáng dǐng shàng shè zhì liǎo dí lóu huò dí tái， yǐ zhù sù xún luó shì bīng hé chǔ cún wǔ qì liáng wà， shǐ cháng chéng de fáng yù gōng néng jí dà de jiā qiáng。
guān chéng
cháng chéng de guān chéng shì wàn lǐ cháng chéng fáng xiàn shàng zuì wéi jí zhōng de fáng yù jù diǎn。 guān chéng shè zhì de wèi zhì zhì guān zhòng yào， jūn shì xuǎn zé zài yòu lì fáng shǒu de dì xíng zhī chù， yǐ shōu dào yǐ jí shǎo de bīng lì dǐ yù qiáng dà de rù qīn zhě de xiào guǒ， gǔ chēng“ yī fū dāng guān， wàn fū mò kāi”， shēng dòng dì shuō míng liǎo guān chéng de zhòng yào xìng。 cháng chéng yán xiàn de guān chéng yòu dà yòu xiǎo， shù liàng hěn duō。 jiù yǐ míng cháng chéng de guān chéng lái shuō， dà dà xiǎo xiǎo yòu jìn qiān chǔzhī duō， zhù míng de rú shān hǎi guān、 huáng yá guān、 jū yōng guān、 zǐ jīng guān、 dǎo mǎ guān、 píng xíng guān、 yàn mén guān、 piān guān、 jiā yù guān yǐ jí hàn dài de yáng guān、 yù mén guān děng。 yòu xiē dà de guān chéng fù jìn hái dài yòu xǔ duō xiǎo guān， rú shān hǎi guān fù jìn jiù yòu shí duō chù xiǎo guān chéng， gòng tóng zǔ chéng liǎo wàn lǐ cháng chéng de fáng yù gōng chéng jiàn zhù xì tǒng。 yòu xiē zhòng yào de guān chéng， běn shēn jiù yòu jǐ zhòng fáng xiàn， rú jū yōng guān chú běn guān wài， shàng yòu nán kǒu、 běi kǒu、 shàng guān sān dào guān fáng。 běi kǒu jí bā dá lǐng， shì jū yōng guān zuì zhòng yào de qián shào fáng xiàn。
fēng huǒ tái
fēng huǒ tái shì wàn lǐ cháng chéng fáng yù gōng chéng zhōng zuì wéi zhòng yào de zǔ chéng bù fēn zhī yī。 tā de zuò yòng shì zuò wéi chuán dì jūn qíng de shè shī。 fēng huǒ tái zhè zhǒng chuán dì xìn xī de gōng jù hěn zǎo jiù yòu liǎo， cháng chéng yī kāi shǐ xiū zhù de shí hòu jiù hěn hǎo dì lì yòng liǎo tā 'ér qiě zhú bù jiā yǐ wán shàn， chéng liǎo gǔ dài chuán dì jūn qíng de yī zhǒng zuì hǎo de fāng fǎ。 chuán dì de fāng fǎ shì bái tiān rán yān， yè jiān jǔ huǒ， yīn bái tiān yáng guāng hěn qiáng， huǒ guāng bù yì jiàn dào， yè jiān huǒ guāng hěn yuǎn jiù néng kàn jiàn。 zhè shì yī zhǒng chuán dì xìn xī hěn kē xué yòu hěn xùn sù de fāng fǎ。 wèile bào gào dí bīng lái fàn de duō shǎo， cǎi yòng liǎo yǐ rán yān、 jǔ huǒ shù mùdì duō shǎo lái jiā yǐ qū bié。 dào liǎo míng cháo hái zài rán yān、 jǔ huǒ shù mùdì tóng shí jiā fàng pào shēng， yǐ zēng qiáng bào jǐng de xiào guǒ， shǐ jūn qíng chuán dì qǐng kè qiān lǐ。 zài gǔ dài méi yòu diàn huà、 wú xiàn diàn tōng xùn de qíng kuàng xià， zhè zhǒng chuán dì jūn qíng xìn xī de bàn fǎ kě yǐ shuō shí fēn xùn sù liǎo。 guān yú fēng huǒ tái de bù jú yě shì shí fēn zhòng yào de， yào jǐn de shì yào bǎ tā bù zhì zài gāo shān xiǎn chù huò shì fēng huí lùzhuàn de dì fāng， ér qiě bì xū shì yào sān gè tái dōunéng xiāng hù wàng jiàn， yǐ biàn yú kàn jiàn hé chuán dì。 fēng huǒ tái zài hàn dài céng jīng chēng guò tíng、 tíng suì、 fēng suì děng míng chēng， míng dài chēng zuò yān dūn。 tā chú liǎo chuán dì jūn qíng zhī wài， hái wéi lái wǎng shǐ jié bǎo hù 'ān quán， tí gōng shí sù、 gōng yìng mǎ pǐ liáng mò děng fú wù。 hái yòu xiē dì duàn de cháng chéng zhǐ shè fēng tái、 tíng suì 'ér bù zhù qiáng de， kě jiàn fēng huǒ tái zài cháng chéng fáng yù tǐ xì zhōng de zhòng yào xìng。
【 lián jiē quán guó】
cóng gōng yuán qián 222 nián kāi shǐ，
【 fén shū kēng rú】
yóu yú dāng shí shè huì shàng bǎi jiā zhēng míng， yán zhòng de zǔ 'ài liǎo
gōng yuán qián 212 nián，
【 shē chǐ shēng huó】
tǒng yī zhī hòu， kāi shǐ zài wèi hé nán 'àn xiū jiàn hòu shì jiē zhī de 'ēpáng gōng（ yì míng cháo gōng， ēpáng wéi qí qián diàn míng）， měi nián dòng yòng mín gōng qī shí duō wàn rén。 suī rán yòu rén biàn chēng zhè xiē dōushì yòu zuì zhī rén， dàn qī shí wàn zhè gè shù liàng xiāng bǐ yú dāng shí quán guó zǒng rén kǒu bù guò 2000 wàn lái shuō， zhè gè bǐ lì yě shì hěn jīng rén de。 cháo gōng kě yǐ róng nà shí wàn rén， zài lǐ miàn yùn sòng jiǔ cài yào yòng chē hé mǎ cái xíng， jǐn yī gè qián diàn de miàn jī jiù dá dào liǎo dōng xī cháng 693 mǐ， nán běi kuān 116 mǐ， tái jī gāo dá 11.65 mǐ， shàng miàn kě yǐ zuò shàng wàn rén。 dàn yóu zhōng guó shè huì kē xué yuàn kǎo gǔ yán jiū suǒ hé xī 'ān shì wén wù bǎo hù kǎo gǔ suǒ lián hé zǔ chéng de 'ēpáng gōng kǎo gǔ duì， duì 'ēpáng gōng yí zhǐ jìn xíng de kǎo gǔ gōng zuò fā xiàn， ēpáng gōng běn lái jiù méi yòu jiàn chéng， qín cháo cǐ gōng diàn jǐn wán chéng dì jī 'ér yǐ。
chú cǐ zhī wài， hái yòu xīng lè gōng、 liáng shān gōng děng děng。
jù《 sān fǔ jiù shì》 jìzǎi： qín guó yòu“ biǎo zhōng wài diàn guān bǎi sì shí wǔ”。 jù《 shǐ jì ·
yòu gōng diàn jiù yào yòu měi nǚ， zài miè liù guó shí， jiù bǎ suǒ yòu gè guó de měi nǚ dū lǔ lüè lái fàng zài suǒ jiàn zào de gōng diàn zhī zhōng。 gōng nǚ zǒng rén shù， jù sān fǔ jiù shì jìzǎi： hòu gōng liè nǚ wàn yú rén， qì shàng chōng yú tiān。 bìng qiě，
lí shān mù cóng qín wáng dēng jī qǐ jí kāi shǐ xiū jiàn， qián hòu lì shí sān shí yú nián， měi nián yòng gōng qī shí wàn rén xiū jiàn。 xiàn zài liú cún de mù cóng wài wéi kàn zhōu cháng 2000 mǐ， gāo dá 55 mǐ。 nèi bù zhuāng xiū jí qí shē huá， yǐ tóng zhù dǐng， yǐ shuǐ yín wéi hé liú hú hǎi， bìng qiě mǎn bù jī guān。 jǐn kàn
wéi qiú cháng shēng bù lǎo zhī yào， yòu pài fāng shì xú fú（ jí xú fú） shuài tóng nán nǚ shù qiān rén zhì dōng hǎi qiú shén xiān děng děng， hào fèi liǎo jù dà de cái lì hé rén lì， jiā shēn liǎo rén mín de kǔ nán。
yě yīn cǐ， dāng shí bèi zhà gān xuè hàn de lǎo bǎi xìng， yào zǔ zhòu bào jūn
“
【 qiú bù sǐ yào】
guān yú
xú fú dù hǎi wéi
zài zhōng guó hé rì běn liú chuán zhe yī gè tóng yàng de gù shì， nà jiù shì xú fú wéi
xú fú， zài zhōng guó gǔ jí zhōng， shì yī gè tóu nǎo cōng míng、 dǎn dà xīn xì de piàn zǐ， yīn wéi dāng guò“ fāng shì”， dà yuē hái shì gè zǎo qī huà xué jiā。
kàn dào zhè lǐ， bù jìn lìng rén shēng yí，
chuán shuō zhōng de xiān dǎo， dǎo bìng bù quán shì xū wàng， xiān méi yòu， dǎo shì yòu de。 àn zhào rì běn de jìzǎi， xú fú suǒ shuō de jiù shì rì běn de běn zhōu、 sì guó、 jiǔ zhōu sān dǎo。 rì běn de wén zì shǐ liào zhōng， duì xú fú de jìzǎi hán hú bù qīng。 zhè yě bù néng zé guài rì běn rén， yīn wéi xú fú dēng lù de shí dài， rì běn hái zài méng mèi zhī zhōng（ dà yuē shì xīn shí qì shí dài）， hái méi yòu kě kào de wén zì jìzǎi ní！ dàn shì 'àn zhào bù fēn rì běn shǐ xué jiè rén shì de guān diǎn， xú fú， jiù shì rì běn gǔ dài zhù míng jūn zhù， dì yī wèi tiān huáng héng héng héng shén wǔ tiān huáng， tā dēng lù rì běn de dì diǎn， biàn zài rì běn de guān xī píng yuán。“ shén wǔ dōng zhēng” héng sǎo rì běn de chuán shuō jiù shì jī yú xú fú dēng lù rì běn， nán zhēng běi zhàn de shì jì。
rì běn rén de sī wéi bǐ jiào dú tè， yīn cǐ tā men zài kǎo zhèng xú fú wèn tí de shí hòu， xiǎng fǎ yě yī yàng fù yòu gè xìng。 tā men gēn jù kǎo gǔ fā xiàn， fēn xī gǔ dài mù zàng yí gǔ zhèng míng， xú fú dōng dù shí qī， rì běn guān xī jìn jī dì qū de jū mín píng jūn shēn gāo zhòu rán shēng gāo liǎo 5 lí mǐ， yóu cǐ tuī duàn， zhè hěn kě néng shì xú fú hé tā de bù shǔ dēng lù hòu zào chéng de jú bù rén zhǒng gǎi liáng。 hái yòu yī gè yòu qù de xiàn xiàng， jiù shì rì běn kē xué jiā fā xiàn rì běn rén de jī yīn lǐ， yòu 1% lái zì zhōng guó yún nán dì qū， ér rì yǔ xùn dú fā yīn（ tǔ yǔ fā yīn） yě hé yún nán nà xī zú de yǔ yīn yòu hěn duō xiāng sì zhī chù。 zhè shì zěn me huí shì ní？ cóng xú fú dōng dù， huò xǔ kě yǐ zhǎo dào dá 'àn。 gēn jù zhōng guó fāng miàn de shǐ jí jìzǎi， xú fú yào qiú de sān qiān tóng nán tóng nǚ，
zài rì běn， jù wǒ suǒ zhī， liú chuán yòu xú fú chuán shuō de dì fāng zhì shǎo yòu 20 chù， běi dào fù shì shān suǒ zài de jìng gāng， nán dào jiǔ zhōu de xióng yě、 lù 'ér dǎo yǐ jí guān xī dì qū， tā mendōu shè jí liǎng gè zhù tí： péng lāi hé bù sǐ yào。 dà jiādōu zhī dào， jīn tiān de shì jiè， shì bù cún zài bù sǐ yào de， bié shuō liǎng qiān liǎng bǎi nián qián liǎo， dàn shì， xú fú de bù sǐ yào， wǒ dǎo xiāng xìn tā yòu yī diǎn 'ér yǐng zǐ， shèn zhì， dāng xú fú dì yī cì dōng dù de shí hòu， huò xǔ zì jǐ yě xiāng xìn tā de cún zài ní。
jiǎ rú rì běn zhēn de yī zhí shì chuán shuō zhōng de xiān yào chǎn dì， ér qiě xú fú shàn yú huā yán qiǎo yǔ gǔ chuī yī fān， piàn qǔ
wèn tí zài yú， rì běn gǔ dài， zhēn de yòu“ bù sǐ yào” cún zài má？ xìng yùn de shì， wǒ zài yán jiū zhè gè wèn tí de shí hòu， yì wài dì fā xiàn liǎo rì běn“ xú fú huì” lǐ shì zhòng cūn dìng fū xiān shēng de yī piān wén zhāng， tā rèn wéi， zhè zhǒng shén qí de bù sǐ yào， bù dàn cún zài， ér qiě jiù chū chǎn zài tā de gù xiāng zhù dǎo， gèng lìng rén jīng yà de shì， jīn tiān tā yǐ rán liú xià liǎo jié yí。
zhù dǎo， dì chù lái hù nèi hǎi， zài jiǔ zhōu、 běn zhōu、 sì guó sān dǎo huán rào zhī jiān， rén yān xī shǎo。 zì gǔ yǐ lái jiù liú chuán， zài tā de shēn gǔ fù dì yòu yī zhǒng shén qí de zhí wù guǒ shí， sú míng“ kē kē”， rì běn gǔ shū zhōng míng wéi“ qiān suì”， dà xiǎo rú hé táo， zhī nóng， wèi gān， jù shuō shí yòng kě bǎo qiān nián bù sǐ， biàn wén yī wén yě kě yǐ zēng shòu sān nián sān gè yuè。
19 shì jì mò， rì běn zhí wù xué jiā mù yě fù tài láng céng jīng mù míng qián wǎng， jīng guò jiān kǔ gōng zuò， cǎi dào liǎo“ qiān suì” de biāo běn， bìng xīn xǐ ruò kuáng dì gěi yǒu rén xiě xìn：“ zhè shì wǒ zuì mí zú zhēn guì de fā xiàn， tā de jià zhí wú fǎ xíng róng。” zài zhù dǎo mín jiān， hái yòu yòng zhè zhǒng zhí wù de zhī tiáo zhì zuò shǒu zhàng de xí guàn， chēng wéi péng lāi zhàng。
rú guǒ“ qiān suì” de chuán shuō céng jīng zài dāng nián chuán rù zhōng tǔ， xú fú jiā zhù dōng hǎi zhī bīn， tīng dào tā yīnggāi bù shì hěn qí guài de shì qíng。 zhè yàng de chuán shuō， jiā yǐ fù huì， tōng guò qí tā tú jìng chuán rù
dào zhè lǐ， wǒ men sì hū kě yǐ tí chū yī gè jiǎ shuō， nà jiù shì dāng nián xú fú wéi
yī gè xīng qī yǐ hòu， wǒ de péng yǒu huí xìn， gào sù wǒ， zhè zhǒng“ qiān suì” díquè shì yī zhǒng xī yòu de zhí wù， tā xué míng ActinidiachinensisPianch。 téng zhuàng guàn mù。 yǐ gēn hé guǒ shí rù yào。 jù diào zhōng lǐ qì、 shēng jīn rùn zào、 jiě rè chú fán、 huó xuè xiāo zhǒng zhī gōng xiào。 guǒ ròu lǜ sè， guǒ pí ruǎn 'ér dài máo， jīn tiān yǐ jīng cún zài rén gōng zāi péi de pǐn zhǒng， guǒ shí dà xiǎo yě zēng dà liǎo jǐ bèi， cháng chī kě yǐ qiáng shēn jiàn tǐ， yán nián yì shòu…… tā hái yòu gè zhōng guó míng zì， jiào zuò héng héng héng yě shēng mí hóu táo。
tiān，
jiàn yú
【 tài shān fēngshàn】
gōng yuán qián 219 nián，
[ zhāng fēng yì shì yǎn de《
zhāng fēng yì shì yǎn de《
dì de yī zhǒng yí shì。 suǒ wèi“ fēng”， shì zhǐ zhù tǔ tán jì tiān。 suǒ wèi“ chán”， shì zhǐ jì dì， jí zài tài shān xià xiǎo shān de píng dì shàng jì dì。 yóu yú cháng qī bù jǔ xíng zhè zhǒng huó dòng， dà chén mendōu bù zhī dào yí shì gāi zěn yàng jìn xíng， yú shì
【
shǐ huáng sān shí qī nián（ gōng yuán qián 210 nián）， bèi chēng wéi“ qiān gǔ yī dì” de
chí dì yī zhǒng guān diǎn de rén rèn wéi， guān yú
yòu de xué zhě rèn wéi，
chí dì 'èr zhǒng guān diǎn de rén cóng jǐ piān yòu guān
zhào gāo de zuì zhōng mùdì shì yào zuò huáng dì， ér tā bù néng zhī pèi huó de
guō mò ruò céng xiě guò yī piān lì shǐ xiǎo shuō《
zhè zhǒng guān diǎn rèn wéi
【 zǒng jié zuò wéi】
⒈ tǒng yī wén zì， shǐ qí chéng wéi yī gè mín zú de jī chǔ， bìng yán yòng zhì jīn；
⒉ fèi fēng guó， lì jùn xiàn， chéng wéi yǐ hòu zhōng guó tǒng yī hòu guǎn lǐ de biāo zhǔn mó shì . lì shí shù qiān nián zhī jiǔ；
⒊ tǒng yī huò bì hé dù liàng héng， zài shāng yè shàng dà dà biàn lì guó nèi jiāo liú .；
⒋ chē tóng guǐ， dào tóng jù， xiū jiàn qín zhí dào dà dà biàn lì guó nèi jiāo tōng；
⒌ fén shī shū， kè guān lái jiǎng tǒng yī liǎo sī xiǎng， bì miǎn yīn wéi lì shǐ wèn tí 'ér dǎo zhì guó jiā fēn liè； dàn shì huǐ diào de gè guó gǔ jí shǐ dé zhōng guó xiāng dāng bù fēn gǔ wén huà duàn céng、 gǔ dài shǐ duàn dài， zhè diǎn què shì yí hàn；
⒍ xiū jiàn líng qú， jiā qiáng liǎo duì zhū jiāng liú yù de kòng zhì， bìng shǐ gāi dì qū yǒng yuǎn chéng wéi zhōng guó de bǎn tú；
⒎ xiū jiàn cháng chéng， shǐ qí chéng wéi nóng yè mín zú yǔ yóu mù mín zú de tiān rán fēn jiè， cháng chéng cháng qī chéng wéi guó jiè；
⒏ běi jī xiōng nú， duó huí hé tào dì qū， bìng shǐ gāi dì qū yǒng yuǎn chéng wéi zhōng guó de bǎn tú。
【 lì shǐ píng jià】
tā shì zhōng guó dì yī wèi huáng dì， yě shì huáng dì zūn hào de chuàng lì zhě， tóng shí yě shì zhōng guó huáng dì zhì dù chuàng lì zhě， shǐ zhōng guó jìn rù liǎo duō mín zú zhōng yāng jí quán dì zhì shí dài de rén。 tā yě shǐ zhōng guó dì yī cì wán chéng liǎo zhèng zhì shàng de tǒng yī， xíng chéng liǎo“ chē tóng guǐ， shū tóng wén” de jú miàn， wéi qí hòu gè cháo dài móu qiú tǒng yī diàn dìng liǎo jī chǔ。 dàn zì gǔ yǐ lái，
【 zhèng miàn píng jià】
qín guó zì shāng yàng biàn fǎ yǐ lái zhòng shì yǐ fǎ zhì guó，
lǐ bái de shī《 gǔ fēng》：“ qín wáng sǎo liù hé， hǔ shì hé xióng zāi！” sāng hóng yáng de lùn zhù zhòngkěn dìng
【 fù miàn píng jià】
yīn wéi
《 shǐ jì ·
⒉ yī fū zuò nán 'ér qī miào duò， shēn sǐ rén shǒu， wéi tiān xià xiào zhě， hé yě？ rén xīn bù shī 'ér gōng shǒu zhī shì yì yě。
wàn lǐ cháng chéng、 qín chí dào、 líng qú、 ēpáng gōng jí
【 máo zé dōng píng
⑴
⑵ yī cì， tā duì zhāng shì zhāo jiǎng： nǐ men jiǎng gòng chǎn dǎng děng yú
⑶ kǒng mèng shì wéi xīn zhù yì， xún zǐ shì wéi wù zhù yì， shì rú jiā de zuǒ pài。 kǒng zǐ dài biǎo nú lì zhù、 guì zú。 xún zǐ dài biǎo dì zhù jiē jí。 yòu shuō： zài zhōng guó lì shǐ shàng， zhēn zhèng zuò liǎo diǎn shì de shì
⑷ kǒng fū zǐ yòu xiē hǎo chù， dàn yě bù shì hěn hǎo de。 wǒ men yīnggāi jiǎng jù gōng dào huà。
⑸ quàn jūn shǎo mà
⑹
máo zé dōng rèn wéi
【
yī bān yǐ wéi， rú jiā shì yā pò fù nǚ， qiǎngpò nǚ zǐ shǒu guǎ bù xǔ zài jià de yuán xiōng。 shū bù zhī， zài wǒ guó lì shǐ shàng， shǒu xiān dà zhāng qí gǔ tí chàng fù nǚ shǒu jié de， qià qià shì fǎn rú de sǐ duì tóu， céng jīng fén shū kēng rú de
zhì jīn liú chuán de
【 yǔ
xún qín jì
qín yǒng
qín sòng
yīng xióng ( diàn yǐng )
mù nǎi yī 3
qín shí míng yuè
【
gōng yuán qián 259 nián， 1 suì，
gōng yuán qián 238 nián， 22 suì， tā zhèng shì qīn zhèng， bìng chú diào lǚ bù wéi、 lào 'ǎi jí tuán；
gōng yuán qián 230 nián héng gōng yuán qián 221 nián， 30 suì héng 39 suì， tā xiān hòu yòng shí nián shí jiān miè diào hán、 zhào、 wèi、 chǔ、 yàn、 qí liù guó；
gōng yuán qián 221 nián héng gōng yuán qián 210 nián， 39 suì héng 50 suì， tā xiān hòu zì chēng huáng dì、 tǒng yī zhì dù、 xiū zhù cháng chéng， wéi zhōng guó lì shǐ zuò chū zhòng yào gòng xiàn；
gōng yuán qián 213 nián， 47 suì， tā fén shī shū；
gōng yuán qián 212 nián， 48 suì， tā kēng shù shì；
gōng yuán qián 210 nián， 50 suì de
Dragon 20 years 221 BC - 220 Government House 20 years ago - eight years before the 219 Horse 20 - 20 hours ago 218 Guiwei - 217 Jiashen three decades ago - before the 216 Yiyou 31 years - three years before the 215 Leisure - Top 214 Dinghai 30 years - 30 years before the Lunar 213 - 212 Jichou 30 years ago - before the 211 GY 30 years - 30 years before the 210 Xin Mao
For the emperor, the most familiar to women than a mother. 4 years old when the first Qin emperor, father, mother and their differences will remain in the State of Zhao as a hostage. ZHAO Ji was Lü Buwei mother's concubines, so "two fathers" of the rumor has been accompanied by growing political Zhao, together with Zhao's spurned, despised all so young --- the only Emperor of the mother can rely on people full of mixed feelings of love and hate.
Zhuangxiang of Qin three years (247 BC), Zhuangxiang of Qin Jia Beng, Zhao Zheng ascended the throne as King of Qin. When the throne as young, homeland government dominated by the phase state Lü Buwei, and respect for the Zhong Lü Buwei
Jiuding】 【Qin wins
Jiuding is said to Yu's Two Birds, a symbol of Kyushu, has been protected by many countries, from Kyushu by the tribute system of iron. Xia, Shang and Zhou is regarded as a national treasure, with those on the throne Jiuding. 256 BC (Qin Zhaowang 50 a year, Zhou Nan Wang 50 hours), attack the Handan's Qin Zhao, continue to Han, Zhao offensive. On this occasion, Eastern United States has launched Gang Qin. In the Han, Zhao and other countries affected and stress, given to the West, the Duke of Zhou is also involved in the event. Coalition under the banner name of King Zhou, Gang Qin longitudinal joint. The king was furious. Qin has long been wiped off the map to the Western Zhou Dynasty, as soon as possible to remove an obstacle to reunification of the world. Fan Qin Zhou involved, just to send troops to handle the state of Qin. BC 256 years (59 years, Nan Wang, Qin king Zhaoxiang 51 years), Bing Qin invasion of the Western Zhou, Nan Duke king heard the words of the West, the west Wed 16 city, 30 000 fall of Qin), Qin Zhou Nan Wang will be demoted to Jazz Jun, West Duke for the retainer, sealing in the beam Town (now County of Shaanxi Province South Korea). Nan Wang Zhiliang City, died in January, the country except, home Jiuding in Xianyang (on the way down to Surabaya, a tripod, so the state of Qin Ding by only 8, but still said Jiuding used). From next year onwards (king Zhaoxiang five years, 255 BC) historian to the King of Qin Annals. In 255 BC, Qin Jiuding move means that the King of Qin for Castles in the world can justifiably accuse the princes of the country.
From 230 BC to 221 BC, Qin Shi Huang near to distant attack, divide divide, vertical and horizontal alliances [1] strategy, launched Qinmie six-nation war. He was emperor 17 years (before
230) off Korea, 19 years (228 BC) off Zhao, 2 years (225 years ago) off Wei, 20 years (223 BC) destroyed Chu, twenty-five years (222 BC) off Yan, 20 years (221 BC) off Qi. Finally established the first unified Chinese history, multi-ethnic, centralized autocratic state - the Qin Dynasty.
Off South Korea
In 229 BC, Qin Zhao a major advantage of a large earthquake and famine of the opportunity to lead the troops attack also sent WANG Jian Zhao. Zhao sent Li Mu, Sima still shuaibing against both sides locked in a stalemate for a year
Off Chu
South powers Chu, territory vast, dense forests, rich natural resources, claims to have Jiashi million. However, Chu's internal affairs has been sluggish, always noble compliments, this situation is especially serious to the late Warring States Period. In 228 BC, Chu You Wang died, the ruling clique of internecine. You Wang still the same half brother, ascended the throne as the Silla, but only two months, half-brother was killed a negative Chu's disciples. Negative Chu became king. King room disintegration. At a time when civil strife Chu, 226 BC, the Qin Wangzheng lose no time in cutting from the north line drawn Qin Yan, south to attack Chu, Chu won more than 10 consecutive city. 224 BC, the Qin and Chu's battle to begin. Qin Wangzheng young officers first sent a letter rate 200 000 Qin Li attack Chu, Chu was defeated. Then send general rate of 600,000 Qin WANG Jian Chu attack. WANG Jian Chu into the environment, the did not immediately attack. He summed up the lessons of Lee aggressive letter underestimate the enemy, stationed themselves to take martial arts, Hardtop not, paralysis enemy to wait at strategic Yat. In this way, spent more than a year, Qin Chu situation on the basic adaptation, morale, and fitter. At the same time, was transferred to the Chu troops against Qin, fighting gradually relaxed, with less forage in preparation for the East return. A withdrawal Chu, WANG Jian ordered the army to seize the opportunity to attack. Qin Chu defeated the main force in one fell swoop, and drive straight, very into the mainland, killing the commander Xiang Chu Yan. Then, Qin captured Chu Dushou spring (now Shou County, Anhui), captured the king of negative Chu, Chu perish, when 223 BC (Qin Wangzheng twenty-four years). 222 BC (Qin Wangzheng twenty-five years), just off Chu's army in the south, then follow up a victory down all the more monarch, set Huiji County. Thus, all the Yangtze River and to Qin's territory.
221 BC (Qin Wangzheng 20 years), Ben Hui Ge Wang Qin Wangzheng orders to move south, to attack the East in the last six countries: Qi. Spring and Autumn to the Warring States Period from the mid-Shandong Qi is the more powerful countries have a. However, 284 years BC, Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, Chu Wuguo attack Qi, especially of Yan and Yue Qi sweep, so that Qi almost perished, after the complex has not been strong Qi. Moreover, at this time King of Qi Jian is incompetent. Mother alive, he was dependent on the mother; mother dying, he also Sipilailian to write to his mother can be his assistant, his minister's name. BC 249 (King of Qi Jian 16), the resolute unyielding king after the death of prime minister after the competent. Qin rapidly buying activities should be within, won back a large number of gifts of gold, jade. After the victory got the benefits of the state of Qin, they sent a large number of guests have to go to Qin. Qin another big bribe them, give money, treasure, so they should be back within the state of Qi as. These people came back from the state of Qin, Qin on pro-actively to create public opinion. They said the West should go towards King of Qi Jian Qin, as a submission, said that Chin is the marriage, do not have to prepare Gang Qin, and do not help Sanjin, Yan, Chu and Qin attack. It is in this case, south Fa Qi Wang Ben, almost not encountered any resistance. Wang Ben led his army has run, to Linzi, King of Qi Jian and immediately after the victory without a fight to the Qin Dynasty. Qi perish.
Qinwang Zheng Qin mounted the throne in his twenty-six years, and finally unified China. Initially for the world, 39-year-old Qin Wangzheng hurry want to do first thing is to re-set itself a title.
Since then, the "Emperor" has become the supreme ruler of China the title.
Qinwang Zheng did the first emperor in Chinese history, self-proclaimed "Emperor." He also states: the throne passed to his descendants after his death, the successor to the emperor along the said II, III, emperor, and even eternal. Qin Shi Huang, a dream he never inherited the throne go, "Biography of the infinite" ("Historical Records First Emperor of the century").
The emperor claimed to be "I am." "I" meaning of the word "I" the same, before most people can use, but limited only Emperor Qin Shi Huang to call themselves "I am."
Only the emperor used to seal carved jade can be called "Xi."
In order to effectively manage the country, and to lay the foundation for future generations, the emperor learned of the Warring States period to set the specific experience of office, established a relatively complete system and the power of centralized institutions.
The prime minister, Qiu, royal doctor the following, which has the specific charge of government affairs Zhu Qing, including palm palace tuck portal doctor orders, guards stationed themselves in the Wei Wei Palace palm, palm Gyeonggi guards lieutenant, Zhang Xing provision of the Ting Yu, palm Su Valley in the history of the administration of goods, palm Shanhai Ikesawa the official handicraft manufacturing tax and less government to supply the royal family, government palace of the palm for less government, palm internal ethnic affairs and foreign affairs of Code off, palm ancestral ritual of Feng Chang , royal palm is a native being examined, such as palm opinion Taipu horse. The prime minister, Qiu, royal doctor and Zhu Qing government argument, ruling the emperor.
Local institutions
They are:
Wei Location: kamigori, Dong-gun, Ōita, bagging County, Hanoi County;
Qi: the East China Sea county, Dean Qi, Langya County, Jiaodong County, North County's economy;
Hun old haunt: the original nine counties.
There in the countryside, is the most basic administrative unit. There are in code, said future generations, he is, in Quebec, the "high commander" those whom the powerful. Where even the Wu set strict household registration organization to the tribe of servants, admission taxes. And provides for mutual supervision reported rape, one crime, the neighborhood even sit. There is also the Secretary for Security, thieves cut a specialized agency, called the Pavilion, the pavilion has long. Pavilion addition to the main administration of law and order, is also responsible for reception between the officials in charge of the government transport, purchase, transfer (instrument) and other things. Between the two booths, about ten miles away.
Shang dynasty, the increasing popularity of text. As the official text of the inscriptions, more consistent shape. But the Spring and Autumn Period of weapons, pottery, silk, simple folk such as text books, then there are differences in the region. This has prevented the local economic and cultural exchanges, also affected the effective implementation of central government policies and regulations. So, Qin unified the Central Plains, the emperor ordered Li Si, who carried out the collation of the text, unified work.
Degree with the system
In the field system, the Qin Dynasty provides 6 feet (about this 230 cm) for the step, step 240 for the acre. The Mu system adopted after the Millennium and the same.
Line homotopy
Qinmie after the six countries, began building the Great Wall north, four-year levy issued more than ten million porters. Productivity was extremely low at the time, men still can not feed their families hard labor, a woman weaving cloth can not cover themselves, circumstances, mobilized so many people's financial resources to engage in unproductive labor, the result can only be the number of deaths can not be quantified, a thousand miles The land is full of dead bodies, bloody tragedy, so people 10 people want to rebel at home with 5 is not surprising.
As the years of war, the former national agricultural facilities are considerable damage, or disrepair by the war; in unified agricultural production must be resumed as soon as possible; therefore spent considerable manpower to dredge the river, repair drains, waterways and on beneficial to agricultural irrigation, is necessary.
This relic of the Western Han Dynasty Great Wall.
Great Wall, the wall is the main part of the defense project. It was built in the high ranges, or plain to ourselves the Department, according to the topography and the needs of defense capabilities to build, where strategic pass between the plains or the construction of very tall and strong, but office is more risk in the low mountain narrow, in order to save manpower and costs, and even some of the most steep between the land can not be easy to build a "wall of mountain risks" and "mountains to the wall" approach, in Juyongguan, Badaling, and Hebei, Shanxi, Gansu and other regions of the Great Wall, wall, generally an average height of about 7 8 meters, 67 meters thick at the bottom, top of the wall width of 45 meters. In the wall on top of buildings located inside the wall, more than one meter high, to prevent soldiers patrol fall, lateral side wall located crenel, about 2 meters high, is expected to set the upper wall crenel mouth, lower part of hole shot holes and grind stone to watch the enemy and shooting, roll up grind stone used. Some of the important top of the wall, also has layers of barrier walls, wall mounted to resist the enemy in case. To the mid-Ming, Poet and star thistle transferred to the town of Chief General Qi Jiguang, the fortifications of the Great Wall made major improvements, set the watch tower on top of the wall or enemy units in order to stay on patrol soldiers and storage of weapons grain socks, so that the Great Wall greatly strengthen defense capabilities.
Beacon
Beacon is the Great Wall of Defense project one of the most important part. Its role is as a passing military facilities. Beacon of such transmission of information tools have a long time ago, when construction of the Great Wall started to make good use of it and be gradually improved and became a kind of ancient military transfer the best way. Transmission is burning smoke during the day and night give the fire, due to strong sunlight during the day, the fire is not easy to see at night can see the fire very far. This is a very scientific and very rapid transmission of information methods. To report enemy soldiers to commit the amount of fuel used to smoke, how much to give the number of fire distinction. In the Ming dynasty was still burning smoke, fire held up the number of guns were added in order to enhance the effect of alarm, to deliver an instant military thousands of miles. In ancient times there is no telephone, radio communications, this means passing military information can be very quickly up. The layout is also very important on the beacon, the important thing is to have it arranged in the mountains or the winding paths of the local insurance office, and must be able to three sets saw each other in order to see and pass. Beacon in the Han Dynasty had once called Pavilion, Pavilion tunnel, Bongsudae such as name, Ming called yandun. It is in addition to passing military intelligence but also for the protection of the safe from envoys and provide room and board, supplies and other services horse forage. Some sections of the Great Wall is also located only Feng Taiwan, Ting Sui rather than construction of the wall, visible beacon in the importance of the Great Wall defense system.
Starting from 222 BC, Qin Shi Huang began to build a substantial capital Xianyang as the center, extending in all directions out of the Chi Road, similar to the modern highway. Chi Road and the "axle" are fifty paces wide. The role of several Chi Road, one that is so easily accessible, to facilitate the management of the six countries the old way, that the main purpose of a northern front in the war to facilitate the supply, there is a parade that is convenient for the First Emperor can be unobstructed. Qin Qin at large in addition to the straight and mostly outside the old haunt of the six countries in the Qin and Qin conquest Old Road, when the six countries on the basis of the construction of the road extension construction is made. Chi Road, including the famous: kamigori Road, linjin Road, East Road, Wu Guan Road, Qin plank, Western Road and Qin straight.
At that time, the community, television seriously hindered the emperor of the original six countries to conquer the unity of the people thought, and a threat to the rule of the Qin Dynasty. Thus, the emperor to unify the thinking of the original six countries, beginning in 213 BC Qin mind than the destruction of all other history books, folk only allowed to stay on medicine, divination and planting book. Until the demise of the Qin Dynasty 206 BC, known to history as "burn books."
Soon the emperor ascended the throne, began to send people to design the construction of Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum. In unified the following immediately the construction of luxury Metrical up to 72 million when the employment (imaginary number, indicating that a large number).
In addition, there Xing Yue Temple, Yangsan Palace and so on.
Tomb Lishan starting from the king ascended the throne began to build, and it took 30 years, labor 70 million per year to build. Now retired from the periphery to see the tomb of the circumference of 2,000 meters, 55 meters high. Extremely luxurious interior, with copper roof to mercury for the rivers and lakes, and covered with bodies. Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang Terracotta Warriors only to see, you can see this mausoleum had been built for people to afford. And the construction craftsmen in the mausoleum mausoleum after causing all been buried alive.
"Qin Shi Huang, won the I grain, open my account (the door), it was my bed, drink my wine, drink my pulp, food my food, that food, Chang I bow east wall, the former to the sand dunes when the destruction." ("Tai Ping Yu Glance "大 6)
Fu, crossing for the emperor to find elixir of legend, a long time. Japanese studies have said that elixir called "Your Highness", and produced in the Seto Inland Sea is located in the island wish, even more surprising is that today it is being cultivated.
See here, can not but raise doubts about the First Emperor Who are they? Jing Ke professional assassins as died in his hands, how great was Xu Fu when? Unless ... ... unless he can make the Emperor believe that the East is really Spirit Mountain, Spirit Mountain on really elixir.
Comparison of the unique Japanese way of thinking, so they are researching the Xu Fu problem, full of personality the same idea. They found that according to archaeological analysis of ancient burial remains to prove, Xu Fudong transition period, the Kinki region of Japan Kansai residents of a sudden increase in the average height of 5 cm, inference, is likely to Xu Fu and his staff created after landing Improved local race. Another interesting phenomenon is that Japanese scientists discovered the gene in the Japanese, 1% of China's Yunnan region, while the Japanese pronunciation of training time (dialect pronunciation) and the Naxi speech also have many similarities. This is how going on? Transition from Xu Fudong, may find the answer. According to China's historical records, Xu Fu asked the 3000 Boys & Girls, Qin Shi Huang also can not cobble together at once, this time of the conquest of Qin Jungang Qiao and Yi, so the emperor ordered the conquest of these tribes to provide the required child boy girl. And Yi, is the modern common ancestor of all ethnic groups in Yunnan. Therefore, if the descendants of these and Yi Xu Fudong by crossing into the Japanese race, give 1% of Japanese have far to follow the Yunnan gene.
In Japan, as far as I know, the spread of a Legend to place at least 20, located north of Mount Fuji, Shizuoka, south of Kyushu, Kumano, Kagoshima and the Kansai region, which involves two themes: Penglai and elixir. We all know that today's world, there is no immortality drug, let alone 2200 years ago, but, Xu Fu's elixir, I would think it a little shadow, even when the Xu Fu for the first time when Dongdu Perhaps you believe it to exist.
The problem is that the ancient Japan, there is an "elixir" exist? Fortunately, I study this problem, accidentally discovered in Japan, "Hsu Fu would" re-member village, Mr. Sadao an article, he believes that this magic elixir, not only exists, but also to produce in his hometown I wish the island, even more surprising is that today it still left a relic.
If the "Chitose" legend had then spread to China, Fu, who lives in the East China Sea, it should not be heard very strange things. This legend, will be attached, the emperor passed through the ears of other ways is not impossible, it would be very persuasive at this time of Xu Fu. Even, I wish people still believe that Xu Fu island had patronized their island, because the rock in the Gulf, leaving a stone's board, local people say that Xu Fu is to stay.
Days, the emperor of power the world looking for the dumping, is it? !
In 219 BC, Qin Shi Huang and scholars led by Dr. Wen Wu Dachen 70, to the Mount to the ceremony held in Fengshan. The foremost of the ancient rulers of Ji Gao days
In a ceremony. The so-called "closed" refers to building an altar Heaven. The so-called "Zen" means Jide, that is the ground on Mount Jide under the hill. Not to hold such activities as long-term, ministers do not know how to conduct the ceremony, so the emperor summoned the scholar asked. Scholars have different opinions. Emperor heard that difficult to implement, they dismiss scholars, the idea of opening their own lane, to establish a monument on top of Mount Tai, closure ceremony was held. Beam after the father went to the nearby mountains line the Zen ceremony.
Some scholars believe that the emperor had since childhood illness, so physical weak. He was then self-willed, micromanager must personally award; marking instruments 120 pounds per day, working extremely tired; to parade in the July heat, more complicated factors, the way the disease prompted him to death. As he died of what disease, some people believe he died of epilepsy. Seizures generally four stages: initial dizziness, upset stomach, a sudden loss of consciousness following the Fall, every other muscle cramps, pale purple, dilated pupils, apnea, and generalized muscle twitching, froth at the mouth, the last tens of minutes be sober. Guo According to "Historical Records • Emperor of the century," record "quasi-king bee man, long head, Ying birds of prey, jackals sound, less grace and tigers heart ... ..." speculate Emperor childhood with osteomalacia, often suffers from bronchitis, so he grow up to chest and birds of prey, like, sound like the wolf, and later as the Chief heavy, lead to meningitis and epilepsy. Later the emperor crossed the Yellow River, carbuncle disease onset epilepsy after skull hit the ice Kam on bronze, adding to the meningitis disease, people in a coma; when the car arrived the day after the dunes, Zhao Gao, Li Si found that the emperor had been dead for some time.
Qin Shi Huang's death, Zhao Gao Li Si adopted the tactics to persuade Hu Hai threat, three after some conspiracy, false emperor imperial edict issued by Hu Hai heir. Meanwhile, also in the name of Qin Shi Huang was accused of Fusu filial son, Meng Tian Chen infidelity to enable them to commit suicide, not defiance. Exact committed suicide by Fusu in the news, Hu Hai, Zhao Gao, Li Si This command team day and night, the speedy return of Xianyang. In order to continue to deceive the subjects, the team can not shortcut back to Xianyang, but assumed a continuing parade of posture, pass back to Xianyang. As the hot summer heat, the emperor's body was decomposed and smelly. To cover for them, Hu Hai and his party ordered to buy a lot of fish in the car, confused everyone. To Xianyang, the Hu Hai throne for Emperor Qin, Zhao Gao any doctor orders to do Lisi still prime minister, but the court's power actually fell Zhao Gao hands. Zhao Gao conspiracy to succeed, they began to lay violent hands on the people around them. He planted the trap, the force on a dead end and gradually Lisi, Lisi found that Zhao Gao plot, the informant on a letter to Zhao Gao. Emperor Qin Hu Hai Zhao Gao is not only biased, and will Lisi Code, and finally Lisi cut in Xianyang. Zhao Gao-Sheng Ren Chengxiang, because he can access Gong Jin, special called "the prime minister."
This view that the First Emperor's death, essentially a palace coup, but the coup was directed by Zhao Gao, and Buso, Meng Tian, Meng Yi, Li Si, Hu Hai, etc. that is dominated by his victim. As for how to make the emperor Zhao Gao died, this is the history of the missing page.
⒈ unified text, making it a national basis, and continue to use the present;
⒋ axle, Road, with the distance, greatly facilitating the construction of Qin straight domestic traffic;
⒎ to build the Great Wall, making agriculture the natural boundaries of national and nomads, the Great Wall long as national boundaries;
He was the first Chinese emperor, is also the founder of the emperor appellation is also the founder of the Chinese emperor system, so that China has entered a multi-ethnic, centralized imperial people. He also completed China's first political unification, the formation of a "car with the track, and the writing" situation, to seek its reunification after the dynasty laid the foundation. But since ancient times, the emperor has been a controversial figure.
Since the Constitutional Reform Qin has great importance to the rule of law country, the emperor inherited this tradition, a very respected figure Legalist Han Fei, he sighed, "If its the same tour, no hate carry on." Power penalty on the offense will seek awards, all according to the law. Although the autocratic Emperor, that "I am the world", but Qin Dynasty, is still the rule of law. Sheng, Wu Guang Uprising, on the ground is "harsh Qin laws" against himself, when dead, have anti-, but forced to go against the law. And not, as later, "while the rich wine and meat smell, the road frozen to death of bone" is so because of serious corruption, and forcing people to rebel. Later Confucianism advocates the rule of man, not the country according to law, the monarch made the decision a while to wind today, the rule of man, the wind still in the ass.
Qin Shi Huang's first inn system, and repair post roads. Accessible for the vast empire of the decree and the resulting system of prefectures and counties laid the technical foundation imperial countries. "Revised Post Road, located counties", which is able to use this advanced system of prefectures and counties, rather than the Western feudal system similar to a necessary condition. The same period of Roman occupation can not be effectively controlled, can only be set right a great governor (Governor's assuming a manner of military and political power, are noble, the local grass-roots organizations rely on the existing organization) is still similar to the feudal system, which is Roman Empire was divided a very important reason. Is a civilian system of prefectures and counties, its military and political leaders appointed by the emperor, according to performance on war service can be, it can be flat level mobilization, which led to career bureaucrats and the emergence of professional soldiers. Career bureaucrats and professional soldiers can come from civilians, county bureaucracy to ensure effective civilian (commoner) the right to political participation (such as Li Si, Meng Ao, etc. are commoner, according to military merit achievements will enter only the phase), phase score sealed system that aristocracy is undoubtedly a major historical progress. Modern state civil service system and the military origins of this system is.
Li Bai's poem "Archaic": "king under Heaven, Hu Shi Xiong Zai!" Song hongyang sure of the Qin Shi Huang unified China in achievement. Taiyan modern written in 1913, "Chin Cheng Ji" also praised the Emperor.
"Records of First Emperor of the century," cited Jia Yi's "On the Qin": ⒈ Qinwang Huai Tan Bi heart, line and pushing the intelligence, do not believe in hero, not pro-manifested people, waste kingly, established private rights, instruments of torture ban law, the first fraud force then righteousness to oppressive as the world began.
Great Wall, Qin Chi Road, Lingqu, Metrical and Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum, etc. are very large scale, the whole country's population as building work, and many documents were denounced in the works caused by many injuries and deaths, but on the other hand around Queshi the further development of transport will help in future transportation, trade, and integration of peoples. Therefore, has been a historian for the emperor, or too much power big point of contention.
⑵ time, he Shizhao say: you say the emperor is equal to the Communist Party, not more than a hundred times.
⑸ persuaded Qin Shi Huang Jun few curse, the burning pit business to discuss. Long Qin ancestral spirit dead still in the hole species of high real chaff. EMI will do Qin Law, "10 installment of" not a good article. Familiar with Chinese "feudal theory" from the sub-thick back to King Wen Mok. Successive politicians have accomplished in the early feudal society are legalists. They advocate the rule of law, breaking the law on behead, this thin thick stand of ancient. Confucian mouthful of virtue and morality, a stomach Prostitute, are advocates of thick old book today.
【First Emperor is the chief advocate for women's feast】
Qin Shi Huang's "Huiji Stele," clearly put himself in defense of those of the feudal status. He selected a typical Sichuan, which is a local wealthy families from generation to generation, asset giant million. Her husband's death, the widow alone support the family business, not remarried. Qin Shi Huang in the country to promote her up as a typical women's chastity, the widow built a special "Women and Qing", a sign that advocated a feast. This is roughly equivalent to the later arch bar.
Step into the Past
Hero (film)
The Mummy 3
259 BC, 1-year-old emperor was born; 247 BC, Emperor Qin ascended the throne at the age of 13 years;
221 BC - 210 BC, aged 39 -50 years old, he has claimed the Emperor, unified system, built the Great Wall of China made an important contribution to history;
In 210 BC, 50-year-old Emperor Jiabeng the parade on the way.
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