秦代 人物列錶
秦始皇 Qin Shihuang秦二世 Qin Ershi秦王子嬰 Qin Wangziying
秦始皇 Qin Shihuang
秦代  (前259年前210年)
姓:
名:
開端終結
在位前246年前210年
秦王政前246年前222年
秦始皇前221年前210年

  秦始皇(前259年—前210年),中國第一個封建王朝——秦王朝的始皇帝。姓趙氏,名政,秦莊襄王之子,漢族。出生於趙國首都邯鄲(今河北省邯鄲市),公元前247年,秦王政13歲時即王位,因年幼朝政由太後和相邦呂不韋及嫪毐掌管。公元前238年(秦王政九年),秦始皇22歲時,在故都雍城舉行了國君成人加冕儀式,開始“親理朝政”,除掉呂不韋、嫪毐等人,重用李斯、尉繚,自公元前230年至前221年,先後滅韓、趙、魏、楚、燕、齊六國,完成了統一大業,建立起第一個以漢族為主體的強大秦漢多民族統一的封建大帝國——秦朝。定都鹹陽。秦王政自認為自己的功勞勝過之前的三皇五帝,將大臣議定的尊號改為“皇帝”。秦始皇是中國歷史上第一個使用“皇帝”稱號的君主,對中國和世界的歷史産生了深遠的影響,是漢民族的實際肇始人,被明代思想傢李贄譽為“千古一帝”。
  
  【始皇帝年表】
  公元前221庚辰 二十六年—前220 辛巳 二十七年—前219 壬午 二十八年—前218 癸未 二十九年—前217 甲申 三十年—前216 乙酉 三十一年—前215 丙戌 三十二年—前214 丁亥 三十三年—前213 戊子 三十四年—前212 己醜 三十五年—前211 庚寅三十六年—前210 辛卯 三十七年
  
  【人物身世】
  據《史記·呂不韋列傳》記載,秦始皇的母親趙姬原是呂不韋的姬妾,呂不韋出於政治目的將已懷孕的趙姬獻給異人(即秦莊襄王),後來趙姬至大期生子名政;又據《史記·秦始皇本紀》記載,“秦始皇帝者,秦莊襄王子也。莊襄王為秦質子於趙,見呂不韋姬,悅而取之,生始皇。 ”作為一個並不受寵愛的質子的兒子,趙政少年時期是在趙國都城邯鄲度過的,此時異人經呂不韋從中斡旋已然回到秦國,並認華陽夫人為母,經過多次政治鬥爭終於獲得了華陽信任,呂不韋又花費大量精力與金錢將趙姬母子接回秦國,從此趙政開始了他在秦王宮裏的政治生涯。
  對於秦始皇來說,最熟悉的女性莫過於母親了。在秦始皇4歲的時候,父親異人將他們母子作為人質留在了趙國。母親趙姬曾是呂不韋的姬妾,所以“兩個父親”的傳言一直伴隨趙政的成長,再加上趙國人的唾棄、鄙視都讓年幼的秦始皇對母親———這個唯一可以依靠的人充滿了愛與恨的復雜感受。
  秦始皇與母親相依為命。從出生在趙國一直到10歲,這個階段正好是一個孩子心理發展的重要階段,他無法發展出對遠在秦國父親形象的認同,也無法發展出對母親形象的認同,更無法發展出對仲父———呂不韋這個也許是親生父親形象的認同。這些復雜的狀況造成了秦始皇復雜的心理感受。他必須依靠唯一的女性———母親才能生存下來,他卻又鄙視和討厭自己母親的行為,因為這些行為造成了他幼年心靈巨大的創傷。所有的這些創傷帶來的不良情緒都會投射到母親———這個唯一的女性身上。
  
  【登上王位】
  秦莊襄王三年(前247年),秦莊襄王駕崩,趙政即位為秦王。即位時由於年少,故國政由相邦呂不韋所把持,並尊呂不韋為仲
  [秦始皇嬴政]
  秦始皇嬴政
  父。呂不韋既把持朝廷,又與太後(趙姬)偷情。他見秦始皇日漸年長,怕被他發現,想離開太後,又怕太後怨恨,所以獻假宦官嫪毐給太後,嫪毐假施腐刑,衹拔掉鬍子就進宮了。秦始皇日漸長大,於是他們就騙秦始皇,說太後寢宮風水不好,應搬離這裏。秦始皇信以為真,於是他們搬到離秦始皇遠的地方,結果太後生下了兩個私生子,而假宦官嫪毐亦以王父自居,在太後的幫助下封長信侯,領有山陽、太原等地,自收黨羽。嫪毐在雍城長年經營,建立了龐大的勢力,是繼呂不韋後又一股強大的政治勢力。
  嫪毐難免小人得志,在一次喝醉酒後對一個大臣斥責道:“我是秦王的假父,你竟敢惹我。”這個大臣聽後很生氣,並且暗中找了個機會告訴秦始皇。嫪毐慌了,準備叛亂。
  前238年,秦始皇在雍城蘄年宮舉行冠禮。嫪毐動用秦王禦璽及太後璽發動叛亂,攻嚮蘄年宮。秦始皇早已在蘄年宮佈置好三千精兵,打敗叛軍。嫪毐轉打鹹陽宮,那裏也早有軍隊,嫪毐一人落荒而逃,沒過多久便被逮捕。秦始皇將嫪毐五馬分屍,曝屍示衆;又把母親趙姬關進雍城的萯陽宮。秦始皇隨後免除呂不韋的相職,把呂不韋放逐到巴蜀。其後,雖然他聽從秦國貴族所言,下了《逐客令》,逐出六國食客,但被李斯的《諫逐客書》所勸阻,其後他任用尉繚、李斯等人。
  
  【秦奪九鼎】
  九鼎相傳為夏禹所鑄,象徵九州,一直受許多國傢所保護,由九州上貢的鐵所製。夏、商、周是奉為國寶,擁有九鼎者就為天子。公元前256年(秦昭王五十一年, 周赧王五十九年),攻伐趙國邯鄲的秦軍,繼續嚮韓,趙發動攻勢。值此之際,東方各國又發動聯合抗秦。在韓、趙等國的影響與脅迫下,不識時務的西周公也捲入這次活動。聯軍打着周王的旗號,合縱抗秦。昭王大怒。秦國早就想在地圖上抹去西周,盡快掃除統一天下的一個障礙。西周參與反秦,正好給秦國出兵以口實。公元前256年(赧王59年,秦昭襄王51年),秦兵攻打西周,赧王聽西周公之言,以西周三十六城、三萬戶降秦),秦王將周赧王貶爵為君,西周公為傢臣,封於梁城(今陝西省韓城縣南)。赧王至梁城一月而死,國除,置九鼎於鹹陽(途中一鼎落於泗水,所以秦國衹得到8鼎,但習慣上仍稱九鼎)。自次年起(昭襄王五十二年,前255年)史傢以秦王紀年。公元前255年,九鼎遷秦,意味着秦王將為天下共主,可以名正言順地討伐各諸侯國。
  
  【統一六國】
  自前230年至前221年,秦始皇采取遠交近攻、分化離間、合縱連橫[1]的策略,發動秦滅六國之戰。先後於秦始皇十七年(前
  [秦統一形勢圖]
  秦統一形勢圖
  230年)滅韓、十九年(前228年)滅趙、二十二年(前225年)滅魏、二十四年(前223年)滅楚、二十五年(前222年)滅燕、二十六年(前221年)滅齊。終於建立了中國歷史上第一個統一的、多民族的、專製主義中央集權製國傢——秦朝。
  
  
  總方針
  
  
  秦王政親政後,聽取李斯進獻的滅六國的建議,着手規劃統一六國的大業。其總的戰略方針,是由近及遠,集中力量,各個擊破;先北取趙,中去魏,南取韓,然後再進取燕、楚、齊。
  
  
  滅韓國
  
  秦王政首先選擇的攻擊目標為趙國。因為,趙國的實力在六國中最強,是秦國走嚮統一道路的最大障礙。但是,趙國還沒有到不堪一擊的地步。秦軍屢次進攻趙國均被趙國擊退。在用主力進攻趙國的同時,秦對韓采取扶植親秦勢力以逐步肢解的策略。公元前231年,韓國南陽郡“假守”(即代理郡守)騰,嚮秦獻出他所管轄的屬地。騰被秦王政任命為內史,後又派他率軍進攻韓國。騰對韓國了如指掌,所以進展順利,於公元前230年(秦王政十七年)俘獲韓王安,韓國滅亡。
  
  
  滅趙國
  
  
  公元前229年,秦利用趙國發生大地震和大災荒的機會,又派王翦領兵攻趙。趙國派李牧、司馬尚率兵抵禦,雙方相持了一年
  。在緊要關頭,秦國使出殺手鐧—離間計。王翦用重金收買了趙王的寵臣郭開,要他散布李牧、司馬尚企圖謀反的流言。趙王輕信謠言,派人替代李牧。李牧在大敵當前的形勢下據不讓出兵權,趙王竟暗地派人逮捕李牧並處死了他,同時還殺掉了司馬尚。殺死李牧,無疑為秦軍亡趙掃清了道路。此後,秦軍如入無人之境,攻城略地,痛擊趙軍。公元前228年(秦王政十九年),秦軍攻破邯鄲,這座名城落入秦國之手。不久,出逃的趙王遷被迫獻出趙國的地圖降秦。趙國實際上滅亡了。但是公子嘉卻帶着一夥人逃到代郡(今河北尉縣),自立為王。後秦軍在公元前222年滅燕國之後將其俘虜。至此,秦統一了北方。
  
  
  滅燕國
  
  
  在滅趙的過程中,秦國大軍已兵臨燕國邊境。燕國君喜惶惶不可終日,眼見秦國掃平三晉,就要嚮自己殺來,卻無計可施。燕太子丹最終想出了孤註一擲的暗殺行動,即歷史上有名的荊軻刺秦王,時值公元前227年。刺殺行動最終失敗,但是秦王政差一點死於荊軻的匕首下,他深恨燕國,立即增兵大舉進攻。公元前226年,秦軍攻下燕都薊(今北京市),燕王喜與太子丹逃亡遼東郡。秦將李信率領秦軍數千人,窮追太子丹至衍水。太子丹因潛伏於水中幸免於難。後來,燕王喜經過權衡利害關係,派人將太子丹殺掉,將其首級獻給秦國,想以此求得休戰,保住燕國不亡。燕王喜逃到遼東以後,秦軍主力就調往南綫進攻楚國。公元前222年(秦王政二十五年),王賁奉命攻伐燕國在遼東的殘餘勢力,俘獲燕王喜,燕國徹底滅亡。
  
  
  滅魏國
  
  
  公元前231年,魏景湣王迫於秦國的強大威力,主動嚮秦進獻出麗邑,以求緩兵。此時,秦王政正調集兵力準備嚮趙國發起總攻,不想分散兵力攻魏,就接受了獻地。這使得魏國又維持了數年殘局。公元前225年(秦王政二十二年),就在秦軍主力南下攻楚的當口,秦王政派出年輕將領王賁,率軍圍攻魏都大梁(今河南開封)。魏軍緊閉城門,堅守不出。由於大梁城防經過多年修建,異常堅固,秦軍強攻不下。王賁想出了水攻的辦法。秦軍大批士卒被安排去挖掘渠道,將黃河、鴻溝的水引來,灌註到大梁。3個月後,大梁的城墻壁壘全被浸坍,魏王假衹得投降。魏國滅亡了。
  
  
  滅楚國
  
  
  南方大國楚國,疆域遼闊,山林茂密,物産豐富,號稱擁有甲士百萬。但是,楚國的內政一直不振,總是貴族爭權奪利,這種狀況到戰國末期尤為嚴重。公元前228年,楚幽王死,統治集團發生內訌。幽王的同母弟猶,即位為哀王,但僅兩個多月,就被異母兄負芻的門徒殺掉了。負芻成為楚王。楚王室更加分崩離析。就在楚國發生內亂的時候,公元前226年,秦王政不失時機地從北方伐燕前綫抽調秦軍,南下攻楚,連續奪得楚國10餘個城池。公元前224年,秦國與楚國的决戰就要開始了。秦王政先派年輕將領李信率 20萬秦軍攻楚,被楚軍擊敗。後又派大將王翦率60萬秦軍攻楚。王翦入楚境後,並未馬上發動攻勢。他總結了李信輕敵冒進的教訓,采取屯兵練武,堅壁不出,麻痹敵人,以逸待勞的戰略。這樣,度過了一年多的時間,秦軍對楚地的情況基本適應,士氣高昂,體力充沛。同時,被調來抗擊秦軍的楚國部隊,鬥志漸漸鬆懈,加上糧草不足,準備東歸。楚軍一撤,王翦就抓住時機下令全軍出擊。秦軍一舉打垮了楚軍的主力,並長驅直入,挺入內地,殺死楚軍統帥項燕。接着,秦軍攻占楚都壽春(今安徽壽縣),俘虜了楚王負芻,楚國滅亡,時為公元前223年(秦王政二十四年)。公元前222年(秦王政二十五年),剛在南方滅楚的大軍,又乘勝降服了越君,設置會稽郡。於是,長江流域全部並入秦的版圖。
  
  
  滅齊國
  
  
  公元前221年(秦王政二十六年),秦王政命令王賁揮戈南下,攻打東方六國中的最後一個:齊國。從春秋到戰國中期,齊是山東諸國中比較強大的一個。但是,公元前284年燕、趙、韓、魏、楚五國攻齊,尤其是燕將樂毅橫掃齊國,令齊國差點亡國,之後,齊國一直沒有復強。而且,此時的齊王建是個無能之輩。母親健在時,他依賴母親;母親臨終前,他還死皮賴臉地要母親寫下可以輔佐他的大臣的名字。公元前249年(齊王建十六年),剛毅不屈的君王後逝世,後胜任宰相。秦國迅速展開收買內應的活動,嚮後勝饋贈大量的黃金、玉器。後勝得了秦國的好處,就派出大批賓客相繼赴秦。秦國又對他們大肆賄賂,送給金錢、珍寶,讓他們回齊國充當內應。這批人從秦國回來後,就積極地製造親秦的輿論。他們說齊王建應西去朝秦,以表歸順,又說齊秦是姻親,根本不用備戰抗秦,也不要幫助三晉、燕、楚攻秦。正是在這種情況下,王賁南下伐齊,幾乎就沒有遇到過什麽抵抗。王賁率軍長驅直入,來到臨淄,齊王建與後勝馬上嚮秦不戰而降。齊國滅亡。
  至此,秦國走完了削平群雄、統一六國的最後一程。
  
  【首稱皇帝】
  秦王政在他登上秦國王位的第二十六個年頭,終於統一了中國。天下初定,39歲的秦王政第一件急着想做的事,就是要重新給自己確定一個稱號。
  
  春秋戰國,各國諸侯都被稱為“君”或“王”。戰國後期,秦國與齊國曾一度稱“帝”,不過這一稱號在當時並不同行。已經一統天下的秦王政,以為過去的這些稱號都不足以顯示自己的尊崇,“今名號不更,無以稱成功,傳後世”。他下令左右大臣們議稱號。
  經過一番商議,丞相王綰、御史大夫馮劫、廷尉李斯等人認為,秦王政“興義兵,誅殘賊,平定天下”,功績“自上古以來未嘗有,五帝所不及”。他們援引傳統的尊稱,說“古有天皇,有地皇,有泰皇,泰皇最貴”,建議秦王政采用“泰皇”頭銜。然而,秦始皇對此並不滿意。他衹采用一個“皇”字,而在其下加一“帝”字,創造出“皇帝”這個新頭銜授予自己。
  從此以後,“皇帝”就成為中國國傢最高統治者的稱謂。
  “皇帝”稱謂的出現,不僅僅是簡單的名號變更,還反映了一種新的通知觀念的産生。在古代,“皇 ”有“大”的意思,人們對祖先神和其他一些神明,有時就稱“皇”。“帝”是上古人們想象中的主宰萬物的最高天神。秦始皇將“皇”和“帝”兩個字結合起來,第一,說明了他想表示其至高無上的地位和權威,是上天給予的,即“君權神授”;第二,反映了他覺得僅僅是做人間的統治者還不滿足,還要當神。
  可見,“皇帝”的稱號,乃是秦王政神化君權的一個産物。
  秦王政做了中國歷史上第一個皇帝,自稱“始皇帝”。他又規定:自己死後皇位傳給子孫時,後繼者沿稱二世皇帝、三世皇帝,以至萬世。秦始皇夢想皇位永遠由他一傢繼承下去,“傳之無窮”(《史記·秦始皇本紀》)。
  為了使皇帝的地位神聖化,秦始皇又采取了一係列“尊君”的措施:
  取消謚法。謚法起於周初,是在君王死後,依其生平事跡,給予帶有評價性質的稱號。但秦始皇認為,像這樣“子議父,臣議君”,太不象話,更沒意義。他宣佈廢除謚法,不準後代臣子評價自己。
  天子自稱為“朕”。“朕”字的意義與“我”相同,以前一般人均可使用,但秦始皇限定衹有皇帝才能自稱為“朕”。
  皇帝的命令叫作“製”或“詔”。
  文字中不準提及皇帝的名字,要避諱。文件上逢“皇帝”“始皇帝”等字句時,都要另起一行頂格書寫。
  衹限皇帝使用的、以玉質雕刻的大印才能稱為“璽”。
  以上這些規定,目的在於突出天子的特殊地位,強調皇帝與衆不同,強化皇權在人們心目中的神秘感。秦始皇幻想藉助這些措施,使他的皇位千秋萬代地在其子孫後代中傳續下去。
  
  【中央集權】
  為了有效地管理國傢,也為了替子孫萬代奠定基業,秦始皇吸取了戰國時期設置官職的具體經驗,建立了一套相當完整的中央集權制度和政權機構。
  
  
  中央機構
  
  中央設丞相、太尉、御史大夫。丞相有左右二員,掌政事。太尉掌軍事,不常置。御史大夫是丞相的副貳,掌圖籍秘書,監察百官。
  丞相、太尉、御史大夫以下,是分掌具體政務的諸卿,其中有掌宮殿掖門戶的郎中令,掌宮門衛屯兵的衛尉,掌京畿警衛的中尉,掌刑闢的廷尉,掌𠔌貨的治粟內史,掌山海池澤之稅和官府手工業製造以供應皇室的少府,掌治宮室的將作少府,掌國內民族事務和外事的典客,掌宗廟禮儀的奉常,掌皇室屬籍的宗正,掌輿馬的太僕等。丞相、太尉、御史大夫與諸卿議論政務,皇帝作裁决。
  在此之外,秦代還有一些比較重要的官職,比如博士—“掌通古今”,即通曉古今史以備皇帝咨詢,同時負責圖書收藏;典屬國—與典客一樣主管少數民族事務,不同的是典客掌管與秦友好的少數民族的交往,而典屬國則負責已投降秦朝的少數民族;詹事—管理皇后和太子的事務;將作少府—負責宮殿建造。
  秦王朝建立的這套中央集權機構的政權機構,以後一直被歷代王朝所仿效。其中漢代的“三公九卿”,基本上是照搬秦製。
  
  
  地方機構
  
  秦始皇統一六國後,采納李斯的建議,廢除分封製,改行郡縣製。地方行政機構分郡、縣兩級。郡縣主要官吏由中央任免。
  郡設守、尉、監(監御史)。郡守掌治其郡。郡尉輔佐郡守,並典兵事。郡監司監察。秦始皇把全國分成三十六郡,以後又陸續增設至四十一郡。
  他們是:
  秦地:巴郡,蜀郡,隴西郡,北地郡;
  趙地:太原郡,雲中郡,邯鄲郡,巨鹿郡,雁門郡,代郡,常山郡;
  魏地:上郡,河東郡,東郡,碭郡,河內郡;
  韓地:三川郡,上黨郡,潁川郡;
  楚地:漢中郡,南郡,黔中郡,南陽郡,陳郡,薛郡,泗水郡,九江郡,會稽郡,長沙郡,衡山郡;
  齊地:東海郡,齊郡,琅琊郡,膠東郡,濟北郡;
  燕地:廣陽郡,上𠔌郡,漁縣郡,右北平郡,遼西郡,遼東郡;
  南越故地:閩中郡,南海郡,桂林郡,象郡;
  匈奴故地:九原郡。
  縣,萬戶以上者設令,萬戶以下者設長。縣令、長領有丞、尉及其他屬員。縣令、長主要管政務,縣尉掌握軍事,縣丞掌管司法。
  縣以下有鄉,其主要職能有四:⒈攤派徭役;⒉徵收田賦;⒊查證本鄉被告案情;⒋參與對國傢倉庫糧食的保管工作。鄉設三老掌教化,嗇夫掌訴訟和賦稅,遊徼掌治安。
  鄉下有裏,是最基層的行政單位。裏有裏典,後代稱裏正、裏魁,以“豪帥”即強有力者為之。裏中設置嚴密的什伍戶籍組織,以便支派差役,收納賦稅。並規定互相監督告姦,一人犯罪,鄰里連坐。此外還有司治安、禁盜賊的專門機構,叫做亭,亭有長。亭除了主要管理治安,還負責接待往來的官吏,掌管為政府輸送、採購、傳遞(文書)等事。兩亭之間,相距大約十裏。
  
  【全面統一】
  
  書同文
  
  
  殷商以降,文字逐漸普及。作為官方文字的金文,形製比較一致。但是春秋戰國時期的兵器、陶文、帛書、簡書等民間文字,則存在着區域中的差異。這種狀況妨礙了各地經濟、文化的交流,也影響了中央政府政策法令的有效推行。於是,秦統一中原後,秦始皇下令李斯等人進行文字的整理、統一工作。
  李斯以戰國時候秦人通用的大篆為基礎,吸取齊魯等地通行的蝌蚪文比劃簡省的優點,創造出一種形體勻圓齊整、比劃簡略的新文字,稱為“秦篆”,又稱“小篆”,作為官方規範文字,同時廢除其他異體字。此外,一位叫程邈的衙吏因犯罪被關進雲陽的監獄,在坐牢的10年時間裏,他對當時字體的演變中已出現的一種變化(後世稱為“隸變”),進行總結。此舉受到秦始皇的賞識,遂將他釋放,還提升為御史,命其“定書”,製定出一種新字體,這便是“隸書”。隸書打破了古體漢字的傳統,奠定了楷書的基礎,提高了書寫效率。
  秦始皇下令統一和簡化文字,是對我國古代文字發展、演變做了一次總結,也是一次大的文字改革,他對我國文化的發展起了重大作用。
  
  
  度同製
  
  戰國時期,各國的度量衡制度和貨幣制度很不一致。秦統一後,規定貨幣分金和銅兩種:黃金稱上幣,以鎰(秦製20兩為鎰)為單位;銅錢萬下幣,統一為圓形方空,以半兩為單位。金幣主要供皇帝賞賜,銅幣纔是主要的流通媒介。
  秦始皇以原秦國的度、量、衡為單位標準,淘汰與此不合的制度。秦廷在原商鞅頒布的標準器上再加刻詔書銘文,或另行製作相同的標準器刻上銘文,發到全國。與標準器不同的度、量、衡一律禁止使用。
  在田製上,秦王朝規定6尺(合今230釐米)為步,240步為一畝。這一畝製以後沿用千年而不變。
  
  
  車同軌
  
  
  戰國時期,各國車輛形製不一。秦始皇統一全國後,定車寬以六尺為製,一車可通行全國。
  
  
  行同倫
  
  
  “行同倫”就是端正風俗,建立起統一的倫理道德和行為規範。在這方面,秦王朝也給予相當的重視。比如秦始皇二十八年(公元前219年),秦始皇來到泰山下。這裏原是齊國故地,號稱“禮儀之邦”。始皇就令人在泰山所刻的石上記下“男女禮順,慎遵職事,昭隔內外,糜不清淨,施於後嗣”(意謂男女之間界限分明,以禮相待,女治內,男治外,各盡其責,從而給後代樹立好的榜樣),予以表彰。而始皇三十七年(公元前210年)在會稽刻石上留的銘文,則對當地盛行的淫泆之風,大加鞭笞,以殺姦夫無罪的條文來矯正吳越地區男女之大防不嚴的習俗。
  
  【修築長城】
  秦滅六國之後,即開始北築長城,每年徵發民夫四十餘萬。在當時生産力極度低下,男人辛苦勞作尚不能果腹,女人紡織的布都無法蔽體的情況下,徵調如此之多的民力去從事非生産性勞動,造成的結果衹能是死亡人數無法統計,千裏之地盡是屍首,血流成河的慘劇,所以百姓十戶人傢裏有五戶想要造反也就不足為奇了。
  可是大規模的徭役多數是出於當時的形勢所迫。
  當時中原剛統一,各地原來的貴族勢力還很強,若不保持中央各地之間的交通和聯繫,國傢隨時會處於再次分裂的局面,所以必須盡快改善中央到各地及其他各郡、縣之間的交通和聯繫,因此須盡快建設道路。
  由於多年的戰爭,原各國的農業設施受到相當大的破壞,或因戰爭而年久失修;在統一後必須盡快恢復農業生産;因此花相當大的人力來疏通河道,修復水渠,對水路交通和農業灌溉都有利,是很有必要的。
  修建長城,是為了保護北部邊境人民的生命財産的安全,其目的也是為了減少人民的負擔;由於匈奴是遊牧民族,其騎兵活動範圍很大,沒有長城的話,要很多軍隊來防守,這會給人民增加很大的負擔。秦始皇修長城不是他開創的,他衹是把原來秦國、趙國和燕國北邊原有的長城連接起來,而史書上卻把修長城造成的苦難全歸罪於秦始皇,這是不符合事實的。
  原來各國之間都有一些長城,但北方的長城不完整;統一後他下令把原來國之間的長城拆除,再把原來秦、趙、燕三國北邊的長城連接起來,以防止北方匈奴的南侵。給我們留下了一條舉世聞名的萬裏長城。
  綿延萬裏的長城它並不衹是一道單獨的城墻,而是由城墻、敵樓、關城、墩堡、營城、衛所、鎮城烽火臺等多種防禦工事所組成的一個完整的防禦工程體係。這一防禦工程體係,由各級軍事指揮係統層層指揮、節節控製。以明長城為例,在萬裏長城防綫上分設了遼東、薊、宣府、大同、山西、榆林、寧夏、固原、甘肅等九個軍事管轄區來分段防守和修繕東起鴨緑江,西止嘉峪關,全長7000多千米的長城,稱作“九邊重鎮”,每鎮設總兵官作為這一段長城的軍事長官,受兵部的指揮,負責所轄軍區內的防務 或奉命支援相鄰軍區的防務。明代長城沿綫約有100萬人的兵力防守。總兵官平時駐守在鎮城內,其餘各級官員分駐於衛所、營城、關城和城墻上的敵樓和墩堡之內。
  
  
  長城的防禦工程建築
  
  
   長城的防禦工程建築,在2000多年的修築過程中積纍了豐富的經驗。首先是在佈局上,秦始皇修築萬裏長城時就總結出了“因地形,用險製塞”的經驗。2000多年一直遵循這一原則,成為軍事佈防上的重要依據。在建築材料和建築結構 上以“就地取材、因材施用”的原則,創造了許多種結構方法。有夯土、塊石片石、磚石混合等結構;在沙漠中還利用了紅柳枝條、蘆葦與砂粒層層鋪築的結構,可稱得上是“巧奪天工”的創造,在今甘肅玉門關、陽關和新疆境內還保存了2000多年前
  
  西漢時期這種長城的遺跡。
  
  
  長城的構成
  
  
  長城的城墻
   長城的城墻是這一防禦工程中的主體部分。它建於高山峻嶺或平原險阻之處,根據地形和防禦功能的需要而修建,凡在平原或要隘之處修築得十分高大堅固,而在高山險處則較為低矮狹窄,以節約人力和費用,甚至一些最為陡峻之處無法修築的地方便采取了“山險墻”和“劈山墻”的辦法,在居庸關、八達嶺和河北、山西、甘肅等地區的長城城墻,一般平均高約七八米,底部厚約六七米,墻頂寬約四五米。在城墻頂上,內側設宇墻, 高一米餘,以防巡邏士兵跌落,外側一面設垛口墻,高2米左右,垛口墻的上部設有望口,下部有射洞和擂石孔,以觀看敵情和射擊、滾放擂石之用。有的重要城墻頂上,還建有層 層障墻,以抵抗萬一登上城墻的敵人。到了明代中期,抗倭名將戚繼光調任薊鎮總兵時, 對長城的防禦工事作了重大的改進,在城墻頂上設置了敵樓或敵臺,以住宿巡邏士兵和 儲存武器糧襪,使長城的防禦功能極大的加強。
  關城
  長城的關城是萬裏長城防綫上最為集中的防禦據點。關城設置的位置至關重要,均是選擇在有利防守的地形之處,以收到以極少的兵力抵禦強大的入侵者的效果,古稱“一夫當關,萬夫莫開”,生動地說明了關城的重要性。長城沿綫的關城有大有小,數量很多。就以 明長城的關城來說,大大小小有近千處之多,著名的如山海關、黃崖關、居庸關、紫荊關、倒馬關、平型關、雁門關、偏關、嘉峪關以及漢代的陽關、玉門關等。有些大的關城附近還帶有許多小關,如山海關附近就有十多處小關城,共同組成了萬裏長城的防禦工程建築係統。有些重要的關城,本身就有幾重防綫,如居庸關除本關外,尚有南口、北口、上關三 道關防。北口即八達嶺,是居庸關最重要的前哨防綫。
  烽火臺
  烽火臺是萬裏長城防禦工程中最為重要的組成部分之一。它的作用是作為傳遞軍情的設施。烽火臺這種傳遞信息的工具很早就有了,長城一開始修築的時候就很好地利用了它而且逐步加以完善,成了古代傳遞軍情的一種最好的方法。傳遞的方法是白天燃煙,夜間舉火,因白天陽光很強,火光不易見到,夜間火光很遠就能看見。這是一種傳遞信息很科學又很迅速的方法。為了報告敵兵來犯的多少,采用了以燃煙、舉火數目的多少來加以區別。到了明朝還在燃煙、舉火數目的同時加放炮聲,以增強報警的效果,使軍情傳遞頃刻千裏。在古代沒有電話、無綫電通訊的情況下,這種傳遞軍情信息的辦法可以說 十分迅速了。關於烽火臺的佈局也是十分重要的,要緊的是要把它佈置在高山險處或是峰回路轉的地方,而且必須是要三個臺都能相互望見,以便於看見和傳遞。烽火臺在漢代曾經稱過亭、亭隧、烽燧等名稱,明代稱作煙墩。它除了傳遞軍情之外,還為來往使節保護安全,提供食宿、供應馬匹糧秣等服務。還有些地段的長城衹設烽臺、亭燧而不築墻的,可見烽火臺在長城防禦體係中的重要性。
  
  【連接全國】
  從公元前222年開始,秦始皇開始大幅修築以國都鹹陽為中心,嚮四面八方延伸出去的馳道,類似現代的高速公路。馳道並實行“車同軌”,均寬五十步。馳道的作用有數項,一說是使交通方便,以利管理六國舊地,一說主要目的為方便北方戰爭前綫的補給,還有一說是方便始皇出巡時能暢通無阻。除秦直道和秦棧道外大多在秦故地與六國舊道以及在秦徵伐六國時修建的道路上基礎上拓建而成。著名的馳道包括:上郡道、臨晉道、東方道、武關道、秦棧道、西方道及秦直道。
  秦始皇在掃滅六國後,為方便運送徵討嶺南所需的軍隊和物資,於是命史祿開鑿河渠以溝通長江水係的湘江和珠江水係的灕江。運河在最終在始皇二十年(前219年)至二十三年(前215年)修成。靈渠是世界上最古老的運河之一,它自貫通後,二千多年來就一直是嶺南與中原地區之間的水路交通要道。因此此項工程在始全國重點文物保護單位之一。
  
  【焚書坑儒】
  由於當時社會上百傢爭鳴,嚴重的阻礙了秦始皇對徵服的原六國民衆思想的統一,並威脅到了秦朝的統治。於是,秦始皇為了統一原六國人民的思想,於公元前213年開始銷毀除秦記以外的所有史書,民間衹允許留下關於醫藥、占卜和種植的書。一直到公元前206年秦朝滅亡,史稱“焚書”。
  公元前212年,秦始皇因兩個方士私自逃跑且誹謗皇帝,在當時秦首都鹹陽將四百六十餘名方士坑殺,史記上稱“坑術士”。“坑儒”是後代的一種不嚴密說法,正規說法應為“坑術士”。
  
  【奢侈生活】
  秦始皇即位不久,便開始派人設計建造秦始皇陵。在統一六國之後,旋即修建豪華的阿房宮,最多時用工七十二萬人(虛數,表明人數衆多)。
  秦始皇還沒有統一六國之前,就已經有不少宮殿,而在統一六國期間,更是大興土木,每滅一國,便要將該國的宮殿建築在鹹陽附近仿造一遍,總面積達到了驚人的程度,整個關中地區,自渭河以北,雍門以東,直到涇河一帶全部都是宮殿群。
  統一之後,開始在渭河南岸修建後世皆知的阿房宮(亦名朝宮,阿房為其前殿名),每年動用民工七十多萬人。雖然有人辯稱這些都是有罪之人,但七十萬這個數量相比於當時全國總人口不過2000萬來說,這個比例也是很驚人的。朝宮可以容納十萬人,在裏面運送酒菜要用車和馬纔行,僅一個前殿的面積就達到了東西長693米,南北寬116米,臺基高達11.65米,上面可以坐上萬人。但由中國社會科學院考古研究所和西安市文物保護考古所聯合組成的阿房宮考古隊,對阿房宮遺址進行的考古工作發現,阿房宮本來就沒有建成,秦朝此宮殿僅完成地基而已。
  除此之外,還有興樂宮、梁山宮等等。
  據《三輔舊事》記載:秦國有“表中外殿觀百四十五”。據《史記·秦始皇本紀》記載:秦國有“關中計宮三百,關外四百餘”,另外,“鹹陽之旁二百裏內”,還有“宮觀二百七十”。
  有宮殿就要有美女,在滅六國時,就把所有各國的美女都擄掠來放在所建造的宮殿之中。宮女總人數,據三輔舊事記載:後宮列女萬餘人,氣上衝於天。並且,秦始皇死後,這些宮女絶大部分都被迫殉葬。
  驪山墓從秦王登基起即開始修建,前後歷時三十餘年,每年用工七十萬人修建。現在留存的墓從外圍看周長2000米,高達55米。內部裝修極其奢華,以銅鑄頂,以水銀為河流湖海,並且滿布機關。僅看秦始皇陵的兵馬俑,就可看出當年修建這座陵墓的百姓負擔之重。並且,建造陵墓的工匠在陵墓造成之後全部被活埋。
  為求長生不老之藥,又派方士徐巿(即徐福)率童男女數千人至東海求神仙等等,耗費了巨大的財力和人力,加深了人民的苦難。
  也因此,當時被榨幹血汗的老百姓,要詛咒暴君秦始皇不得好死:
  “秦始皇,奪俺糧,開吾戶(門),據吾床,飲吾酒,喝吾漿,食吾飯,以為糧,張吾弓,射東墻,前至沙丘當滅亡。”(《太平御覽》捲八六)
  
  【求不死藥】
  關於秦始皇不死藥的考證
  徐福渡海為秦始皇尋找不死藥的傳說,由來已久。日本方面有研究說,不死藥名叫“千歲”,就出産在地處瀨戶內海的祝島,更令人驚訝的是,今天它正在進行人工種植。
  在中國和日本流傳着一個同樣的故事,那就是徐福為秦始皇求不死藥而東渡的傳奇。我在日本期間,興趣使然,對此做了一點兒考察,包括到和歌山“徐福登陸處”現場考證和收集日本有關的論文。
  徐福,在中國古籍中,是一個頭腦聰明、膽大心細的騙子,因為當過“方士”,大約還是個早期化學家。秦始皇完成了他一統天下和建造長城的偉業,便開始憧憬不老不死的神奇。於是徐福在公元前219年來到秦王的宮廷,聲稱《山海經》上面記載的蓬萊、方丈、瀛洲三座仙島就在東方海中,他願意為秦王去那裏取來不死之藥。第一次東渡徐福並沒有帶回長生之藥,他告訴始皇,東方的確有神藥,但是神仙要三千童男童女,各種人間禮物,同時,海上航行有鯨魚攔路,他要強弓勁弩射退大魚。秦始皇全盤答應條件,助他再次東渡。結果,徐福一去不復返,在東方“平原廣澤之地”自立為王,再也不回來復命了。根據考證,徐福並非傳說人物,1982年,更考證他的故鄉正是今天江蘇省連雲港郊外的徐阜村。
  看到這裏,不禁令人生疑,秦始皇何許人也?荊軻那樣的職業刺客都死在他的手裏,怎麽會上徐福的大當?除非……除非他能讓秦始皇相信東方真的有仙山,仙山上真的有不死藥。
  傳說中的仙島,倒並不全是虛妄,仙沒有,島是有的。按照日本的記載,徐福所說的就是日本的本州、四國、九州三島。日本的文字史料中,對徐福的記載含糊不清。這也不能責怪日本人,因為徐福登陸的時代,日本還在蒙昧之中(大約是新石器時代),還沒有可靠的文字記載呢!但是按照部分日本史學界人士的觀點,徐福,就是日本古代著名君主,第一位天皇———神武天皇,他登陸日本的地點,便在日本的關西平原。 “神武東徵”橫掃日本的傳說就是基於徐福登陸日本,南徵北戰的事跡。
  日本人的思維比較獨特,因此他們在考證徐福問題的時候,想法也一樣富有個性。他們根據考古發現,分析古代墓葬遺骨證明,徐福東渡時期,日本關西近畿地區的居民平均身高驟然升高了5釐米,由此推斷,這很可能是徐福和他的部屬登陸後造成的局部人種改良。還有一個有趣的現象,就是日本科學家發現日本人的基因裏,有1%來自中國雲南地區,而日語訓讀發音(土語發音)也和雲南納西族的語音有很多相似之處。這是怎麽回事呢?從徐福東渡,或許可以找到答案。根據中國方面的史籍記載,徐福要求的三千童男童女,秦始皇也沒法一下子湊齊,這個時候,秦軍剛巧徵服了西南夷,於是秦始皇就下令這些被徵服的部族提供所需要的童男童女。西南夷,就是現代雲南各民族的共同祖先。因此,如果這些西南夷的後代藉徐福東渡融入日本人種,帶給日本人1%的雲南基因便有據可循了。
  在日本,據我所知,流傳有徐福傳說的地方至少有20處,北到富士山所在的靜岡,南到九州的熊野、鹿兒島以及關西地區,它們都涉及兩個主題:蓬萊和不死藥。大傢都知道,今天的世界,是不存在不死藥的,別說兩千兩百年前了,但是,徐福的不死藥,我倒相信它有一點兒影子,甚至,當徐福第一次東渡的時候,或許自己也相信它的存在呢。
  秦始皇從來不是一個愚蠢的人,若徐福全靠造謠生事,怎能騙得了這位精明過人的千古一帝?那可是囚母弒父,統一六國的一代梟雄啊。就算是求藥心切,徐福第一次的失敗,難道不會引起他的懷疑?而徐福也很奇怪,如果他從來沒有到過日本,他怎麽知道一直往東航行就可以到達日本?而且依靠幾千人加強弓勁弩的高技術兵器就可以徵服這個國傢?他顯然對日本有一定的熟悉。
  假如日本真的一直是傳說中的仙藥産地,而且徐福善於花言巧語鼓吹一番,騙取秦始皇信任,再得到所需要的人員和裝備,就比較符合邏輯了。否則,在生土上種花,要想讓秦始皇拿出血本來,衹怕更大的可能是忽悠掉自己的腦袋。
  問題在於,日本古代,真的有“不死藥”存在嗎?幸運的是,我在研究這個問題的時候,意外地發現了日本“徐福會”理事重村定夫先生的一篇文章,他認為,這種神奇的不死藥,不但存在,而且就出産在他的故鄉祝島,更令人驚訝的是,今天它依然留下了孑遺。
  祝島,地處瀨戶內海,在九州、本州、四國三島環繞之間,人煙稀少。自古以來就流傳,在它的深𠔌腹地有一種神奇的植物果實,俗名“窠窠”,日本古書中名為“千歲”,大小如核桃,汁濃,味甘,據說食用可保千年不死,便聞一聞也可以增壽三年三個月。
  19世紀末,日本植物學家牧野富太郎曾經慕名前往,經過艱苦工作,采到了“千歲”的標本,並欣喜若狂地給友人寫信:“這是我最彌足珍貴的發現,它的價值無法形容。”在祝島民間,還有用這種植物的枝條製作手杖的習慣,稱為蓬萊杖。
  如果“千歲”的傳說曾經在當年傳入中土,徐福傢住東海之濱,聽到它應該不是很奇怪的事情。這樣的傳說,加以附會,通過其他途徑傳入秦始皇耳朵裏並非不可能,那麽此時徐福就會極有說服力了。甚至,祝島的人至今相信徐福曾經光顧過他們的島嶼,因為在海灣的岩石上,留有一副石刻的棋盤,當地人講就是徐福所留。
  到這裏,我們似乎可以提出一個假說,那就是當年徐福為秦始皇尋找的不死藥,很可能就是出産在祝島的神奇之果———“千歲”。但“千歲”究竟是什麽呢?它現在是否還存在?帶着這個疑問,我查閱電話簿,和祝島方面取得了聯繫。結論非常令人鼓舞,祝島的一位公務員先生竟然給我寄來了照片,並證實千歲不但存在,而且正在進行人工種植。我把照片寄給了北京農科院我的一位老同學,希望他能夠給我一個鑒定性的結論,這真的是能夠令人長生不死的靈藥?
  一個星期以後,我的朋友回信,告訴我,這種“千歲”的確是一種稀有的植物,它學名 Actinidia chinensis Pianch。藤狀灌木。以根和果實入藥。具調中理氣、生津潤燥、解熱除煩、活血消腫之功效。果肉緑色,果皮軟而帶毛,今天已經存在人工栽培的品種,果實大小也增大了幾倍,常吃可以強身健體,延年益壽……它還有個中國名字,叫做———野生獼猴桃。
  天,秦始皇傾天下之力尋找的,就是它?!
  鑒於秦始皇的老傢,陝西秦嶺一帶就是野生獼猴桃的産地之一,這東西衹怕皇上經常用它來開胃,難怪……難怪徐福找到了“長生不死藥”,也不敢歸國了。
  
  【泰山封禪】
  公元前219年,秦始皇率領文武大臣及儒生博士70人,到泰山去舉行封禪大典。封禪是古代統治者祭告天
  [張豐毅飾演的《秦始皇》]
  張豐毅飾演的《秦始皇
  地的一種儀式。所謂“封”,是指築土壇祭天。所謂“禪”,是指祭地,即在泰山下小山的平地上祭地。由於長期不舉行這種活動,大臣們都不知道儀式該怎樣進行,於是秦始皇把儒生召來詢問。儒生們衆說紛紜。秦始皇聽了覺得難以實施,便斥退儒生,按照自己的想法開闢車道,到泰山頂上立了碑,舉行封禮。之後又到附近的梁父山行了禪禮。
  
  【秦始皇駕崩之謎】
  始皇三十七年(公元前210年),被稱為“千古一帝”的秦始皇死於他第五次東巡途中。或許秦始皇註定是一名歷史上的爭議頗多的人物,他的死如他的身世以及此雄纔大略,同樣引起了後人的爭議。目前史學界有兩種截然不同的觀點,一說死於疾病,一說死於非命。
  持第一種觀點的人認為,關於秦始皇之死,《史記》記述很多,分別見於《秦始皇本紀》、《李斯列傳》、《蒙恬列傳》等處,死因已明,無可置疑。公元前218年,秦始皇東巡時遭人行刺,身後的一輛副車被刺客用重錘砸得粉碎。隨後,又發現了刻有“始皇帝死而地分”的隕石和出言“今年祖竜死”的“仙人”。秦始皇很迷信,這些現象使他感到恐懼不安。為了消災避難,尋找長生不老藥,秦始皇聽從了一名相卜者的建議,準備第五次巡遊。然而由於一路勞頓,秦始皇到平原津(今山東平原附近)就病倒了。趙高奉命寫遺書,給受命監軍河套的秦始皇長子扶蘇:“與喪命鹹陽而葬。”信還未發出,秦始皇就死在沙丘行宮(今河北廣宗附近)。
  有的學者認為,秦始皇自幼有疾,所以體質較弱。他為人又剛愎自用,事無巨細都要親自裁决;每日批閱文書一百二十斤,工作極度勞累;加以巡遊中七月高溫,以上諸因素並發,促使他在途中病發身亡。至於他死於何病,有人認為他死於癲癇。癲癇發作一般分四個時期:起初頭暈、胃部不適,繼爾突然意識喪失,隔肌痙攣,面色青紫、瞳孔散大、呼吸暫停,然後全身肌肉抽動、口吐白沫,最後數十分鐘才能清醒。郭沫若根據《史記•秦始皇本紀》記載“秦王為人蜂準,長目,鷙鳥膺,豺聲,少恩而虎狼心……”推測秦始皇幼時患有軟骨癥,時常患着支氣管炎,所以他長大後胸部和鷙鳥一樣,聲音似豺狼,後來由於政務繁重,引發腦膜炎和癲癇等病癥。後來秦始皇渡黃河,癲癰病發作,後腦殼撞在青銅冰鑒上,加重了腦膜炎的病情,人處於昏迷狀態;當車趕到沙丘後第二天,趙高、李斯發覺秦始皇已死去多時。
  持第二種觀點的人從幾篇有關秦始皇死亡情況的史書推敲,發現了可疑之處。這次出遊隨從人員主要有趙高、李斯、鬍亥等人,上卿蒙毅也在隨行之列。蒙毅是蒙恬的親弟弟,扶蘇的親信,可是當秦始皇在途中病重時,蒙毅被遣返回邊關。從突然的人事變動來看,這似乎是趙高等人的計謀。因為蒙恬領兵30萬隨公子扶蘇駐防上郡,從秦始皇的身邊遣走蒙毅,也就是去掉了扶蘇的耳目;加之趙高曾被蒙毅治罪而判死刑,後因秦始皇赦免,趙高才恢復官爵,趙高從此對蒙毅恨之入骨,發誓要滅掉蒙氏一族。趙高在秦始皇遣病重時遣走蒙毅,也為自己後來計謀的實施清掉了一塊絆腳石。
  秦始皇死後,趙高采取了說服鬍亥威脅李斯的手法,三人經過一番密謀,假造秦始皇發佈詔書,由鬍亥繼承皇位。同時,還以秦始皇的名義指責扶蘇為子不孝、蒙恬為臣不忠,讓他們自殺,不得違抗。在得到扶蘇自殺的確切消息後,鬍亥、趙高、李斯這纔命令車隊日夜兼程,迅速返回鹹陽。為了繼續欺騙臣民,車隊不敢捷徑回鹹陽,而是擺出繼續出巡的架勢,繞道回鹹陽。由於暑天高溫,秦始皇的屍體已經腐爛發臭。為遮人耳目,鬍亥一行命人買了許多魚裝在車上,迷惑大傢。到了鹹陽後,鬍亥繼位,是為秦二世,趙高任郎中令,李斯依舊做丞相,但是朝廷的大權實際上落到了趙高手中。趙高陰謀得逞以後,開始對身邊的人下毒手。他布下陷阱,把李斯逐步逼上死路,李斯發覺趙高陰謀後,就上書告發趙高。秦二世鬍亥不僅偏襢趙高,並且將李斯治罪,最後將李斯腰斬於鹹陽。趙高升任丞相,由於他可以出入宮禁,特稱“中丞相”。
  趙高的最終目的是要做皇帝,而他不能支配活的秦始皇秦始皇第五次出巡途中病重,對他來說是天賜良機,衹有在秦始皇死後,他才能假傳遺詔,一步一步實施他的計謀。秦始皇是病死還是被害,目前尚無定論,如果是被害,趙高又是如何使秦始皇致死的?
  郭沫若曾寫過一篇歷史小說《秦始皇之死》,曾這樣描述秦始皇死時的癥狀:右耳流過黑血,右耳孔內有一根寸長的鐵釘。郭沫若認為這是鬍亥害怕夜長夢多,擔心趙高、李斯發生動搖而下的毒手,這事李斯和趙高事先也不知道。實際上趙高進行謀害的可能性比鬍亥大,因為詔書、玉璽都在趙高手中,繼承王位的决定權也掌握在他與李斯手中。而鬍亥即使弒父,如果得不到趙高、李斯的配合,不僅得不到王位,反而有殺身之禍。而趙高常隨侍在皇帝左右,趁機行事不露痕跡,所以比鬍亥方便得多。
  這種觀點認為秦始皇之死,實質上是一場宮廷政變,而這場政變的導演是趙高,而扶蘇、蒙恬、蒙毅、李斯、鬍亥等就是被他支配的犧牲品。至於趙高怎樣使秦始皇致死,這正是歷史上的缺頁。
  
  【總結作為】
  秦始皇對中國的統一,做了許多前無古人的業績,將影響較大的幾項羅列如下:
  ⒈統一文字,使其成為一個民族的基礎,並延用至今;
  ⒉廢封國,立郡縣,成為以後中國統一後管理的標準模式.歷時數千年之久;
  ⒊統一貨幣和度量衡,在商業上大大便利國內交流.;
  ⒋車同軌,道同距,修建秦直道大大便利國內交通;
  ⒌焚詩書,客觀來講統一了思想,避免因為歷史問題而導致國傢分裂;但是毀掉的各國古籍使得中國相當部分古文化斷層、古代史斷代,這點確是遺憾;
  ⒍修建靈渠,加強了對珠江流域的控製,並使該地區永遠成為中國的版圖;
  ⒎修建長城,使其成為農業民族與遊牧民族的天然分界,長城長期成為國界;
  ⒏北擊匈奴,奪回河套地區,並使該地區永遠成為中國的版圖。
  
  【歷史評價】
  他是中國第一位皇帝,也是皇帝尊號的創立者,同時也是中國皇帝制度創立者,使中國進入了多民族中央集權帝製時代的人。他也使中國第一次完成了政治上的統一,形成了“車同軌,書同文”的局面,為其後各朝代謀求統一奠定了基礎。但自古以來,秦始皇一直是一個倍受爭議的人物。
  
  【正面評價】
  
  
  秦始皇在位之時,吞併六國,並發兵南徵北討,史載“百越之地,盡皆俯首”、“北擴千裏”“秦王掃六合”。按戰國地圖看,領土幾乎比戰國七雄控製範圍擴大了一倍。而且秦始皇“設置郡縣”,對徵服後的土地註重統治和制度建設,不似其它同時代的徵服者如馬其頓的亞力山大,或羅馬衹重徵服,不重制度建設;因此使統一的土地統治穩固,這纔為中國現在的版圖奠定了基礎。後人認為,“功莫大過秦皇漢武”。意指秦始皇在武功方面,排在漢武帝之前,歷史上無出其右。至今,英語中對中國的稱呼China,也是從羅馬語Chin(秦)演變過來的,這在一個側面上表現了秦帝國的影響力。
  秦國自商鞅變法以來重視以法治國,秦始皇繼承了這個傳統,十分推崇法傢人物韓非,曾自嘆“若與其同遊,則無恨矣”。對將領賞功罰罪,皆依法。秦始皇雖專製,認為“朕即天下”,但有秦一代,仍是依法治國。陳勝、吳廣起義,其理由也是“秦法嚴苛”,其罪當死,不得不反,乃是法逼民反。而並非如後世“朱門酒肉臭,路有凍死骨 ”那般因嚴重腐敗,而官逼民反。後世儒傢倡導人治,治國不依法,由君主一言而决,而至今日人治之風,馬屁之風猶在。
  秦始皇首創驛站制度,並修驛道。為龐大帝國的政令通達以及由此而來的郡縣製皇權國傢奠定了技術基礎。“修驛道,設郡縣”,這是中國能夠采用郡縣製這種先進制度,而非類似西方的分封製的一個必要條件。同時期的羅馬不能有效控製占領區,衹能設權利極大的總督(總督總攬一地的軍政大權,都是貴族,基層組織都依靠當地的原有組織),仍舊類似於分封製,這是羅馬帝國後來分裂的一個很重要的原因。郡縣製是一種平民制度,其軍政首腦都由皇帝任命,依政績軍功可上可下,可平職調動,這就導致了職業官僚和職業軍人的出現。職業官僚和職業軍人都可以來自平民,郡縣官僚製有效的保證了平民(布衣)參政議政的權利(如李斯,蒙驁等等都是布衣,依軍功政績纔出將入相),相比分封製這種貴族政治,無疑是一大歷史進步。現代國傢的文官制度和軍隊制度就是起源於此。
  秦始皇建立的秦帝國為之後近一千七百年的時間,中國在政治制度上先進於西方,從而比西方發達奠定了基礎。所謂“漢承秦製”,“自秦以來,其製未變”,“百代都行秦政法”[2]。兩千年的皇權時代的中國,在政治制度上基本上沿襲了秦朝的制度。
  李白的詩《古風》:“秦王掃六合,虎視何雄哉!” 桑弘羊的論著中肯定秦始皇統一中國的功績。 近代的章太炎在1913年撰寫的《秦政記》也贊揚秦始皇
  
  【負面評價】
  因為秦始皇推行“以法治國”的法傢學說,而其後中國歷代統治者都推行以仁愛,中庸為核心的儒傢學說。因此,秦始皇常作為負面典型出現在各種散文、史籍中。如賈誼的《過秦論》等。
  《史記·秦始皇本紀》引賈誼《過秦論》:⒈秦王懷貪鄙之心,行自奮之智,不信功臣,不親士民,廢王道,立私權,禁文書而酷刑法,先詐力而後仁義,以暴虐為天下始。
  ⒉一夫作難而七廟墮,身死人手,為天下笑者,何也?仁心不施而攻守之勢異也。
  秦始皇被很多史學家看作是一個暴君,為了權力可以不擇手段。
  萬裏長城、秦馳道、靈渠、阿房宮及秦始皇陵等的規模均極為龐大,勞動舉國的人口興修,不少文獻均斥責在工程進行時造成不少人命死傷,但另一方面卻使各地的交通進一步發展,有助日後交通、經貿、以及各民族之融合。故此,一直成為史學家對於秦始皇功大還是過大的爭論點。
  
  【毛澤東評秦始皇
  ⑴秦始皇是個厚今薄古的專傢
  ⑵一次,他對章士釗講:你們講共産黨等於秦始皇,不對,超過一百倍。
  ⑶孔孟是唯心主義,荀子是唯物主義,是儒傢的左派。孔子代表奴隸主、貴族。荀子代表地主階級。又說:在中國歷史上,真正做了點事的是秦始皇,孔子衹說空話。幾千年來,形式上是孔夫子,實際上是按秦始皇辦事。秦始皇用李斯,李斯是法傢,是荀子的學生。
  ⑷孔夫子有些好處,但也不是很好的。我們應該講句公道話。秦始皇比孔子偉大的多。孔夫子是講空話的。秦始皇是第一個把中國統一起來的人物。不但政治上統一了中國,而且統一了中國的文字、中國各種制度,如度量衡,有些制度後來一直沿用下來。中國過去的封建君主還沒有第二個超過他的,可是被人駡了幾千年。
  ⑸勸君少駡秦始皇,焚坑事業要商量。祖竜魂死秦猶在,孔學名高實秕糠。百代都行秦政法,《十批》不是好文章。熟讀唐人《封建論》,莫從子厚返文王。歷代政治傢有成就的,在封建社會前期的,都是法傢。這些人主張法治,犯了法就殺頭,主張厚今薄古。儒傢滿口仁義道德,一肚子男盜女娼,都是主張厚古薄今的。
  ⑹秦始皇是中國封建社會的第一個有名的皇帝,我也是秦始皇,林彪駡我是秦始皇,中國歷來分兩派,一派講秦始皇好,一派講秦始皇壞。我贊成秦始皇,不贊成孔夫子。因為秦始皇是第一個統一中國、統一文字,修築寬廣的道路,不搞國中之國,而用集權製,由中央政府派人去各地方,幾年一換,不用世襲制度。
  毛澤東認為秦始皇還缺少文學才華。
  
  【秦始皇是婦女守節的首倡者】
  一般以為,儒傢是壓迫婦女,強迫女子守寡不許再嫁的元兇。殊不知,在我國歷史上,首先大張旗鼓提倡婦女守節的,恰恰是反儒的死對頭,曾經焚書坑儒的秦始皇
  至今流傳的秦始皇《會稽刻石》文字,給後人留下了他首倡節操的證明。據歷史記載,秦始皇在臨死前的公元前210年,在全國各地巡狩。當他走到今浙江一帶時,得知當地男女婚姻比較自由,經常發生逃婚事件,婦女死了丈夫可以再嫁。他認為這不符合封建道德和法規,便命人把詔令刻在石頭上,不許再發生類似行為。這便是所謂《會稽刻石》。其中有這樣幾句:一、“有子而嫁,倍死不貞”,意思是指責那些再嫁的寡婦:帶着兒子改嫁,這是背叛丈夫的不貞行為。又說:“妻為逃嫁,子不得母”。意思是,女子如果因為不滿男方而另找對象,是淫蕩的傷風敗俗的行為,將來她的兒子都可以不認母親,別人發現了殺掉她也無罪。秦始皇在《會稽刻石》中還明確表示:婦女守貞絶非一件普通的小事,而是關係天下“嘉保太平”的大事。
  秦始皇的《會稽刻石》,明白地把自己放在了封建衛道者的地位上。他在四川地區選擇了一個典型,這是當地一位世代富豪之傢,資産巨萬。她丈夫死後,由寡婦獨自支撐傢業,不再改嫁。秦始皇把她樹立為在全國提倡婦女貞節的典型,為該寡婦專門築了一座“女懷清臺”,以為倡導守節的標志。這大約相當於後來的貞節牌坊吧。
  秦始皇對一些不貞的婦女,還進行了處罰,甚至對自己的生身母親也不留情。秦始皇的母親趙姬原為大臣呂不韋的愛姬,後來由呂不韋送給秦始皇的父親莊襄王,生下了秦始皇秦始皇即位後,趙姬和呂不韋情絲不斷,時有來往。呂不韋害怕事情敗露,便又嚮趙姬 (當時已是太後)推薦了假宦官嫪毐和他鬼混。太後和嫪毐生有兩子。此事後來被秦始皇發覺,勃然大怒。立即誅滅三族,又下令呂不韋服毒藥自盡,把自己的母親打入冷宮,把趙姬生的兩個同母異父的弟弟裝在囊中撲殺了。這件事當然還牽涉到不少政治上的因素,但秦始皇痛恨不貞行為,也是他嚴厲處理這件公案的依據。
  
  【與秦始皇相關的文藝影劇作品】
  尋秦記
  秦俑
  秦頌
  英雄 (電影)
  秦始皇 (電視劇)
  秦始皇 (歌劇)
  木乃伊3
  
  秦時明月
  
  【秦始皇年表】
  公元前259年,1歲,秦始皇出生;公元前247年,秦始皇即位,年僅13歲;
  公元前238年,22歲,他正式親政,並除掉呂不韋、嫪毐集團;
  公元前230年—公元前221年,30歲—39歲,他先後用十年時間滅掉韓、趙、魏、楚、燕、齊六國;
  公元前221年—公元前210年,39歲—50歲,他先後自稱皇帝、統一制度、修築長城,為中國歷史做出重要貢獻;
  公元前213年,47歲,他焚詩書;
  公元前212年,48歲,他坑術士;
  公元前210年,50歲的秦始皇駕崩於巡遊途中。


  Qin Shi Huang (259 BC - 210 BC), China's first feudal dynasty - Qin Dynasty Emperor. Zhao surname, name of Zheng, the son of Zhuangxiang of Qin and Han. Zhao was born in the capital of Handan (Handan City, Hebei Province today), 247 BC, the Qin Wangzheng the throne at age 13 because young affairs of state and phase state by the Empress Dowager Lü Buwei and lustful of dangerous charge. In 238 BC (Qin Wangzheng nine), the emperor at the age of 22, held in the ancient capital city of Yong adult monarch coronation ceremony to begin, "pro-management affairs of state", get rid of Lü Buwei, lustful of dangerous and other people, reuse Trap Weiliao, from 230 BC to 221 BC, has destroyed Han, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan and Qi of the six countries, completed the great cause of reunification, the first to establish a powerful Han Han as the main multi-national unified feudal empire - - Qin Dynasty. Capital in Xianyang. Qinwang Zheng thinks the credit is better than before his Sovereigns and Five Emperors, the ministers agreed appellation to "emperor." The first emperor in Chinese history using the "Emperor" in the title of the monarch, the history of China and the world had a profound impact, is the actual onset of Han nationality who was described as the Ming thinker Li Zhi "Humans."
  Dragon 20 years 221 BC - 220 Government House 20 years ago - eight years before the 219 Horse 20 - 20 hours ago 218 Guiwei - 217 Jiashen three decades ago - before the 216 Yiyou 31 years - three years before the 215 Leisure - Top 214 Dinghai 30 years - 30 years before the Lunar 213 - 212 Jichou 30 years ago - before the 211 GY 30 years - 30 years before the 210 Xin Mao
  For the emperor, the most familiar to women than a mother. 4 years old when the first Qin emperor, father, mother and their differences will remain in the State of Zhao as a hostage. ZHAO Ji was Lü Buwei mother's concubines, so "two fathers" of the rumor has been accompanied by growing political Zhao, together with Zhao's spurned, despised all so young --- the only Emperor of the mother can rely on people full of mixed feelings of love and hate.
  Zhuangxiang of Qin three years (247 BC), Zhuangxiang of Qin Jia Beng, Zhao Zheng ascended the throne as King of Qin. When the throne as young, homeland government dominated by the phase state Lü Buwei, and respect for the Zhong Lü Buwei
  Jiuding】 【Qin wins
  Jiuding is said to Yu's Two Birds, a symbol of Kyushu, has been protected by many countries, from Kyushu by the tribute system of iron. Xia, Shang and Zhou is regarded as a national treasure, with those on the throne Jiuding. 256 BC (Qin Zhaowang 50 a year, Zhou Nan Wang 50 hours), attack the Handan's Qin Zhao, continue to Han, Zhao offensive. On this occasion, Eastern United States has launched Gang Qin. In the Han, Zhao and other countries affected and stress, given to the West, the Duke of Zhou is also involved in the event. Coalition under the banner name of King Zhou, Gang Qin longitudinal joint. The king was furious. Qin has long been wiped off the map to the Western Zhou Dynasty, as soon as possible to remove an obstacle to reunification of the world. Fan Qin Zhou involved, just to send troops to handle the state of Qin. BC 256 years (59 years, Nan Wang, Qin king Zhaoxiang 51 years), Bing Qin invasion of the Western Zhou, Nan Duke king heard the words of the West, the west Wed 16 city, 30 000 fall of Qin), Qin Zhou Nan Wang will be demoted to Jazz Jun, West Duke for the retainer, sealing in the beam Town (now County of Shaanxi Province South Korea). Nan Wang Zhiliang City, died in January, the country except, home Jiuding in Xianyang (on the way down to Surabaya, a tripod, so the state of Qin Ding by only 8, but still said Jiuding used). From next year onwards (king Zhaoxiang five years, 255 BC) historian to the King of Qin Annals. In 255 BC, Qin Jiuding move means that the King of Qin for Castles in the world can justifiably accuse the princes of the country.
  From 230 BC to 221 BC, Qin Shi Huang near to distant attack, divide divide, vertical and horizontal alliances [1] strategy, launched Qinmie six-nation war. He was emperor 17 years (before
  230) off Korea, 19 years (228 BC) off Zhao, 2 years (225 years ago) off Wei, 20 years (223 BC) destroyed Chu, twenty-five years (222 BC) off Yan, 20 years (221 BC) off Qi. Finally established the first unified Chinese history, multi-ethnic, centralized autocratic state - the Qin Dynasty.
  Off South Korea
  In 229 BC, Qin Zhao a major advantage of a large earthquake and famine of the opportunity to lead the troops attack also sent WANG Jian Zhao. Zhao sent Li Mu, Sima still shuaibing against both sides locked in a stalemate for a year
  Off Chu
  South powers Chu, territory vast, dense forests, rich natural resources, claims to have Jiashi million. However, Chu's internal affairs has been sluggish, always noble compliments, this situation is especially serious to the late Warring States Period. In 228 BC, Chu You Wang died, the ruling clique of internecine. You Wang still the same half brother, ascended the throne as the Silla, but only two months, half-brother was killed a negative Chu's disciples. Negative Chu became king. King room disintegration. At a time when civil strife Chu, 226 BC, the Qin Wangzheng lose no time in cutting from the north line drawn Qin Yan, south to attack Chu, Chu won more than 10 consecutive city. 224 BC, the Qin and Chu's battle to begin. Qin Wangzheng young officers first sent a letter rate 200 000 Qin Li attack Chu, Chu was defeated. Then send general rate of 600,000 Qin WANG Jian Chu attack. WANG Jian Chu into the environment, the did not immediately attack. He summed up the lessons of Lee aggressive letter underestimate the enemy, stationed themselves to take martial arts, Hardtop not, paralysis enemy to wait at strategic Yat. In this way, spent more than a year, Qin Chu situation on the basic adaptation, morale, and fitter. At the same time, was transferred to the Chu troops against Qin, fighting gradually relaxed, with less forage in preparation for the East return. A withdrawal Chu, WANG Jian ordered the army to seize the opportunity to attack. Qin Chu defeated the main force in one fell swoop, and drive straight, very into the mainland, killing the commander Xiang Chu Yan. Then, Qin captured Chu Dushou spring (now Shou County, Anhui), captured the king of negative Chu, Chu perish, when 223 BC (Qin Wangzheng twenty-four years). 222 BC (Qin Wangzheng twenty-five years), just off Chu's army in the south, then follow up a victory down all the more monarch, set Huiji County. Thus, all the Yangtze River and to Qin's territory.
  221 BC (Qin Wangzheng 20 years), Ben Hui Ge Wang Qin Wangzheng orders to move south, to attack the East in the last six countries: Qi. Spring and Autumn to the Warring States Period from the mid-Shandong Qi is the more powerful countries have a. However, 284 years BC, Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, Chu Wuguo attack Qi, especially of Yan and Yue Qi sweep, so that Qi almost perished, after the complex has not been strong Qi. Moreover, at this time King of Qi Jian is incompetent. Mother alive, he was dependent on the mother; mother dying, he also Sipilailian to write to his mother can be his assistant, his minister's name. BC 249 (King of Qi Jian 16), the resolute unyielding king after the death of prime minister after the competent. Qin rapidly buying activities should be within, won back a large number of gifts of gold, jade. After the victory got the benefits of the state of Qin, they sent a large number of guests have to go to Qin. Qin another big bribe them, give money, treasure, so they should be back within the state of Qi as. These people came back from the state of Qin, Qin on pro-actively to create public opinion. They said the West should go towards King of Qi Jian Qin, as a submission, said that Chin is the marriage, do not have to prepare Gang Qin, and do not help Sanjin, Yan, Chu and Qin attack. It is in this case, south Fa Qi Wang Ben, almost not encountered any resistance. Wang Ben led his army has run, to Linzi, King of Qi Jian and immediately after the victory without a fight to the Qin Dynasty. Qi perish.
  Qinwang Zheng Qin mounted the throne in his twenty-six years, and finally unified China. Initially for the world, 39-year-old Qin Wangzheng hurry want to do first thing is to re-set itself a title.
  Since then, the "Emperor" has become the supreme ruler of China the title.
  Qinwang Zheng did the first emperor in Chinese history, self-proclaimed "Emperor." He also states: the throne passed to his descendants after his death, the successor to the emperor along the said II, III, emperor, and even eternal. Qin Shi Huang, a dream he never inherited the throne go, "Biography of the infinite" ("Historical Records First Emperor of the century").
  The emperor claimed to be "I am." "I" meaning of the word "I" the same, before most people can use, but limited only Emperor Qin Shi Huang to call themselves "I am."
  Only the emperor used to seal carved jade can be called "Xi."
  In order to effectively manage the country, and to lay the foundation for future generations, the emperor learned of the Warring States period to set the specific experience of office, established a relatively complete system and the power of centralized institutions.
  The prime minister, Qiu, royal doctor the following, which has the specific charge of government affairs Zhu Qing, including palm palace tuck portal doctor orders, guards stationed themselves in the Wei Wei Palace palm, palm Gyeonggi guards lieutenant, Zhang Xing provision of the Ting Yu, palm Su Valley in the history of the administration of goods, palm Shanhai Ikesawa the official handicraft manufacturing tax and less government to supply the royal family, government palace of the palm for less government, palm internal ethnic affairs and foreign affairs of Code off, palm ancestral ritual of Feng Chang , royal palm is a native being examined, such as palm opinion Taipu horse. The prime minister, Qiu, royal doctor and Zhu Qing government argument, ruling the emperor.
  Local institutions
  They are:
  Wei Location: kamigori, Dong-gun, Ōita, bagging County, Hanoi County;
  Qi: the East China Sea county, Dean Qi, Langya County, Jiaodong County, North County's economy;
  Hun old haunt: the original nine counties.
  There in the countryside, is the most basic administrative unit. There are in code, said future generations, he is, in Quebec, the "high commander" those whom the powerful. Where even the Wu set strict household registration organization to the tribe of servants, admission taxes. And provides for mutual supervision reported rape, one crime, the neighborhood even sit. There is also the Secretary for Security, thieves cut a specialized agency, called the Pavilion, the pavilion has long. Pavilion addition to the main administration of law and order, is also responsible for reception between the officials in charge of the government transport, purchase, transfer (instrument) and other things. Between the two booths, about ten miles away.
  Shang dynasty, the increasing popularity of text. As the official text of the inscriptions, more consistent shape. But the Spring and Autumn Period of weapons, pottery, silk, simple folk such as text books, then there are differences in the region. This has prevented the local economic and cultural exchanges, also affected the effective implementation of central government policies and regulations. So, Qin unified the Central Plains, the emperor ordered Li Si, who carried out the collation of the text, unified work.
  Degree with the system
  In the field system, the Qin Dynasty provides 6 feet (about this 230 cm) for the step, step 240 for the acre. The Mu system adopted after the Millennium and the same.
  Line homotopy
  Qinmie after the six countries, began building the Great Wall north, four-year levy issued more than ten million porters. Productivity was extremely low at the time, men still can not feed their families hard labor, a woman weaving cloth can not cover themselves, circumstances, mobilized so many people's financial resources to engage in unproductive labor, the result can only be the number of deaths can not be quantified, a thousand miles The land is full of dead bodies, bloody tragedy, so people 10 people want to rebel at home with 5 is not surprising.
  As the years of war, the former national agricultural facilities are considerable damage, or disrepair by the war; in unified agricultural production must be resumed as soon as possible; therefore spent considerable manpower to dredge the river, repair drains, waterways and on beneficial to agricultural irrigation, is necessary.
  This relic of the Western Han Dynasty Great Wall.
  Great Wall, the wall is the main part of the defense project. It was built in the high ranges, or plain to ourselves the Department, according to the topography and the needs of defense capabilities to build, where strategic pass between the plains or the construction of very tall and strong, but office is more risk in the low mountain narrow, in order to save manpower and costs, and even some of the most steep between the land can not be easy to build a "wall of mountain risks" and "mountains to the wall" approach, in Juyongguan, Badaling, and Hebei, Shanxi, Gansu and other regions of the Great Wall, wall, generally an average height of about 7 8 meters, 67 meters thick at the bottom, top of the wall width of 45 meters. In the wall on top of buildings located inside the wall, more than one meter high, to prevent soldiers patrol fall, lateral side wall located crenel, about 2 meters high, is expected to set the upper wall crenel mouth, lower part of hole shot holes and grind stone to watch the enemy and shooting, roll up grind stone used. Some of the important top of the wall, also has layers of barrier walls, wall mounted to resist the enemy in case. To the mid-Ming, Poet and star thistle transferred to the town of Chief General Qi Jiguang, the fortifications of the Great Wall made major improvements, set the watch tower on top of the wall or enemy units in order to stay on patrol soldiers and storage of weapons grain socks, so that the Great Wall greatly strengthen defense capabilities.
  Beacon
  Beacon is the Great Wall of Defense project one of the most important part. Its role is as a passing military facilities. Beacon of such transmission of information tools have a long time ago, when construction of the Great Wall started to make good use of it and be gradually improved and became a kind of ancient military transfer the best way. Transmission is burning smoke during the day and night give the fire, due to strong sunlight during the day, the fire is not easy to see at night can see the fire very far. This is a very scientific and very rapid transmission of information methods. To report enemy soldiers to commit the amount of fuel used to smoke, how much to give the number of fire distinction. In the Ming dynasty was still burning smoke, fire held up the number of guns were added in order to enhance the effect of alarm, to deliver an instant military thousands of miles. In ancient times there is no telephone, radio communications, this means passing military information can be very quickly up. The layout is also very important on the beacon, the important thing is to have it arranged in the mountains or the winding paths of the local insurance office, and must be able to three sets saw each other in order to see and pass. Beacon in the Han Dynasty had once called Pavilion, Pavilion tunnel, Bongsudae such as name, Ming called yandun. It is in addition to passing military intelligence but also for the protection of the safe from envoys and provide room and board, supplies and other services horse forage. Some sections of the Great Wall is also located only Feng Taiwan, Ting Sui rather than construction of the wall, visible beacon in the importance of the Great Wall defense system.
  Starting from 222 BC, Qin Shi Huang began to build a substantial capital Xianyang as the center, extending in all directions out of the Chi Road, similar to the modern highway. Chi Road and the "axle" are fifty paces wide. The role of several Chi Road, one that is so easily accessible, to facilitate the management of the six countries the old way, that the main purpose of a northern front in the war to facilitate the supply, there is a parade that is convenient for the First Emperor can be unobstructed. Qin Qin at large in addition to the straight and mostly outside the old haunt of the six countries in the Qin and Qin conquest Old Road, when the six countries on the basis of the construction of the road extension construction is made. Chi Road, including the famous: kamigori Road, linjin Road, East Road, Wu Guan Road, Qin plank, Western Road and Qin straight.
  At that time, the community, television seriously hindered the emperor of the original six countries to conquer the unity of the people thought, and a threat to the rule of the Qin Dynasty. Thus, the emperor to unify the thinking of the original six countries, beginning in 213 BC Qin mind than the destruction of all other history books, folk only allowed to stay on medicine, divination and planting book. Until the demise of the Qin Dynasty 206 BC, known to history as "burn books."
  Soon the emperor ascended the throne, began to send people to design the construction of Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum. In unified the following immediately the construction of luxury Metrical up to 72 million when the employment (imaginary number, indicating that a large number).
  In addition, there Xing Yue Temple, Yangsan Palace and so on.
  Tomb Lishan starting from the king ascended the throne began to build, and it took 30 years, labor 70 million per year to build. Now retired from the periphery to see the tomb of the circumference of 2,000 meters, 55 meters high. Extremely luxurious interior, with copper roof to mercury for the rivers and lakes, and covered with bodies. Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang Terracotta Warriors only to see, you can see this mausoleum had been built for people to afford. And the construction craftsmen in the mausoleum mausoleum after causing all been buried alive.
  "Qin Shi Huang, won the I grain, open my account (the door), it was my bed, drink my wine, drink my pulp, food my food, that food, Chang I bow east wall, the former to the sand dunes when the destruction." ("Tai Ping Yu Glance "大 6)
  Fu, crossing for the emperor to find elixir of legend, a long time. Japanese studies have said that elixir called "Your Highness", and produced in the Seto Inland Sea is located in the island wish, even more surprising is that today it is being cultivated.
  See here, can not but raise doubts about the First Emperor Who are they? Jing Ke professional assassins as died in his hands, how great was Xu Fu when? Unless ... ... unless he can make the Emperor believe that the East is really Spirit Mountain, Spirit Mountain on really elixir.
  Comparison of the unique Japanese way of thinking, so they are researching the Xu Fu problem, full of personality the same idea. They found that according to archaeological analysis of ancient burial remains to prove, Xu Fudong transition period, the Kinki region of Japan Kansai residents of a sudden increase in the average height of 5 cm, inference, is likely to Xu Fu and his staff created after landing Improved local race. Another interesting phenomenon is that Japanese scientists discovered the gene in the Japanese, 1% of China's Yunnan region, while the Japanese pronunciation of training time (dialect pronunciation) and the Naxi speech also have many similarities. This is how going on? Transition from Xu Fudong, may find the answer. According to China's historical records, Xu Fu asked the 3000 Boys & Girls, Qin Shi Huang also can not cobble together at once, this time of the conquest of Qin Jungang Qiao and Yi, so the emperor ordered the conquest of these tribes to provide the required child boy girl. And Yi, is the modern common ancestor of all ethnic groups in Yunnan. Therefore, if the descendants of these and Yi Xu Fudong by crossing into the Japanese race, give 1% of Japanese have far to follow the Yunnan gene.
  In Japan, as far as I know, the spread of a Legend to place at least 20, located north of Mount Fuji, Shizuoka, south of Kyushu, Kumano, Kagoshima and the Kansai region, which involves two themes: Penglai and elixir. We all know that today's world, there is no immortality drug, let alone 2200 years ago, but, Xu Fu's elixir, I would think it a little shadow, even when the Xu Fu for the first time when Dongdu Perhaps you believe it to exist.
  The problem is that the ancient Japan, there is an "elixir" exist? Fortunately, I study this problem, accidentally discovered in Japan, "Hsu Fu would" re-member village, Mr. Sadao an article, he believes that this magic elixir, not only exists, but also to produce in his hometown I wish the island, even more surprising is that today it still left a relic.
  If the "Chitose" legend had then spread to China, Fu, who lives in the East China Sea, it should not be heard very strange things. This legend, will be attached, the emperor passed through the ears of other ways is not impossible, it would be very persuasive at this time of Xu Fu. Even, I wish people still believe that Xu Fu island had patronized their island, because the rock in the Gulf, leaving a stone's board, local people say that Xu Fu is to stay.
  Days, the emperor of power the world looking for the dumping, is it? !
  In 219 BC, Qin Shi Huang and scholars led by Dr. Wen Wu Dachen 70, to the Mount to the ceremony held in Fengshan. The foremost of the ancient rulers of Ji Gao days
  In a ceremony. The so-called "closed" refers to building an altar Heaven. The so-called "Zen" means Jide, that is the ground on Mount Jide under the hill. Not to hold such activities as long-term, ministers do not know how to conduct the ceremony, so the emperor summoned the scholar asked. Scholars have different opinions. Emperor heard that difficult to implement, they dismiss scholars, the idea of opening their own lane, to establish a monument on top of Mount Tai, closure ceremony was held. Beam after the father went to the nearby mountains line the Zen ceremony.
  Some scholars believe that the emperor had since childhood illness, so physical weak. He was then self-willed, micromanager must personally award; marking instruments 120 pounds per day, working extremely tired; to parade in the July heat, more complicated factors, the way the disease prompted him to death. As he died of what disease, some people believe he died of epilepsy. Seizures generally four stages: initial dizziness, upset stomach, a sudden loss of consciousness following the Fall, every other muscle cramps, pale purple, dilated pupils, apnea, and generalized muscle twitching, froth at the mouth, the last tens of minutes be sober. Guo According to "Historical Records • Emperor of the century," record "quasi-king bee man, long head, Ying birds of prey, jackals sound, less grace and tigers heart ... ..." speculate Emperor childhood with osteomalacia, often suffers from bronchitis, so he grow up to chest and birds of prey, like, sound like the wolf, and later as the Chief heavy, lead to meningitis and epilepsy. Later the emperor crossed the Yellow River, carbuncle disease onset epilepsy after skull hit the ice Kam on bronze, adding to the meningitis disease, people in a coma; when the car arrived the day after the dunes, Zhao Gao, Li Si found that the emperor had been dead for some time.
  Qin Shi Huang's death, Zhao Gao Li Si adopted the tactics to persuade Hu Hai threat, three after some conspiracy, false emperor imperial edict issued by Hu Hai heir. Meanwhile, also in the name of Qin Shi Huang was accused of Fusu filial son, Meng Tian Chen infidelity to enable them to commit suicide, not defiance. Exact committed suicide by Fusu in the news, Hu Hai, Zhao Gao, Li Si This command team day and night, the speedy return of Xianyang. In order to continue to deceive the subjects, the team can not shortcut back to Xianyang, but assumed a continuing parade of posture, pass back to Xianyang. As the hot summer heat, the emperor's body was decomposed and smelly. To cover for them, Hu Hai and his party ordered to buy a lot of fish in the car, confused everyone. To Xianyang, the Hu Hai throne for Emperor Qin, Zhao Gao any doctor orders to do Lisi still prime minister, but the court's power actually fell Zhao Gao hands. Zhao Gao conspiracy to succeed, they began to lay violent hands on the people around them. He planted the trap, the force on a dead end and gradually Lisi, Lisi found that Zhao Gao plot, the informant on a letter to Zhao Gao. Emperor Qin Hu Hai Zhao Gao is not only biased, and will Lisi Code, and finally Lisi cut in Xianyang. Zhao Gao-Sheng Ren Chengxiang, because he can access Gong Jin, special called "the prime minister."
  This view that the First Emperor's death, essentially a palace coup, but the coup was directed by Zhao Gao, and Buso, Meng Tian, Meng Yi, Li Si, Hu Hai, etc. that is dominated by his victim. As for how to make the emperor Zhao Gao died, this is the history of the missing page.
  ⒈ unified text, making it a national basis, and continue to use the present;
  ⒋ axle, Road, with the distance, greatly facilitating the construction of Qin straight domestic traffic;
  ⒎ to build the Great Wall, making agriculture the natural boundaries of national and nomads, the Great Wall long as national boundaries;
  He was the first Chinese emperor, is also the founder of the emperor appellation is also the founder of the Chinese emperor system, so that China has entered a multi-ethnic, centralized imperial people. He also completed China's first political unification, the formation of a "car with the track, and the writing" situation, to seek its reunification after the dynasty laid the foundation. But since ancient times, the emperor has been a controversial figure.
  Since the Constitutional Reform Qin has great importance to the rule of law country, the emperor inherited this tradition, a very respected figure Legalist Han Fei, he sighed, "If its the same tour, no hate carry on." Power penalty on the offense will seek awards, all according to the law. Although the autocratic Emperor, that "I am the world", but Qin Dynasty, is still the rule of law. Sheng, Wu Guang Uprising, on the ground is "harsh Qin laws" against himself, when dead, have anti-, but forced to go against the law. And not, as later, "while the rich wine and meat smell, the road frozen to death of bone" is so because of serious corruption, and forcing people to rebel. Later Confucianism advocates the rule of man, not the country according to law, the monarch made the decision a while to wind today, the rule of man, the wind still in the ass.
  Qin Shi Huang's first inn system, and repair post roads. Accessible for the vast empire of the decree and the resulting system of prefectures and counties laid the technical foundation imperial countries. "Revised Post Road, located counties", which is able to use this advanced system of prefectures and counties, rather than the Western feudal system similar to a necessary condition. The same period of Roman occupation can not be effectively controlled, can only be set right a great governor (Governor's assuming a manner of military and political power, are noble, the local grass-roots organizations rely on the existing organization) is still similar to the feudal system, which is Roman Empire was divided a very important reason. Is a civilian system of prefectures and counties, its military and political leaders appointed by the emperor, according to performance on war service can be, it can be flat level mobilization, which led to career bureaucrats and the emergence of professional soldiers. Career bureaucrats and professional soldiers can come from civilians, county bureaucracy to ensure effective civilian (commoner) the right to political participation (such as Li Si, Meng Ao, etc. are commoner, according to military merit achievements will enter only the phase), phase score sealed system that aristocracy is undoubtedly a major historical progress. Modern state civil service system and the military origins of this system is.
  Li Bai's poem "Archaic": "king under Heaven, Hu Shi Xiong Zai!" Song hongyang sure of the Qin Shi Huang unified China in achievement. Taiyan modern written in 1913, "Chin Cheng Ji" also praised the Emperor.
  "Records of First Emperor of the century," cited Jia Yi's "On the Qin": ⒈ Qinwang Huai Tan Bi heart, line and pushing the intelligence, do not believe in hero, not pro-manifested people, waste kingly, established private rights, instruments of torture ban law, the first fraud force then righteousness to oppressive as the world began.
  Great Wall, Qin Chi Road, Lingqu, Metrical and Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum, etc. are very large scale, the whole country's population as building work, and many documents were denounced in the works caused by many injuries and deaths, but on the other hand around Queshi the further development of transport will help in future transportation, trade, and integration of peoples. Therefore, has been a historian for the emperor, or too much power big point of contention.
  ⑵ time, he Shizhao say: you say the emperor is equal to the Communist Party, not more than a hundred times.
  ⑸ persuaded Qin Shi Huang Jun few curse, the burning pit business to discuss. Long Qin ancestral spirit dead still in the hole species of high real chaff. EMI will do Qin Law, "10 installment of" not a good article. Familiar with Chinese "feudal theory" from the sub-thick back to King Wen Mok. Successive politicians have accomplished in the early feudal society are legalists. They advocate the rule of law, breaking the law on behead, this thin thick stand of ancient. Confucian mouthful of virtue and morality, a stomach Prostitute, are advocates of thick old book today.
  【First Emperor is the chief advocate for women's feast】
  Qin Shi Huang's "Huiji Stele," clearly put himself in defense of those of the feudal status. He selected a typical Sichuan, which is a local wealthy families from generation to generation, asset giant million. Her husband's death, the widow alone support the family business, not remarried. Qin Shi Huang in the country to promote her up as a typical women's chastity, the widow built a special "Women and Qing", a sign that advocated a feast. This is roughly equivalent to the later arch bar.
  Step into the Past
  Hero (film)
  The Mummy 3
  259 BC, 1-year-old emperor was born; 247 BC, Emperor Qin ascended the throne at the age of 13 years;
  221 BC - 210 BC, aged 39 -50 years old, he has claimed the Emperor, unified system, built the Great Wall of China made an important contribution to history;
  In 210 BC, 50-year-old Emperor Jiabeng the parade on the way.
秦代秦始皇 Qin Shihuang
(前246年前210年)
後一君主 >>: 秦二世
    

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