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英国 United Kingdom 爱尔兰 Ireland 比利时 Belgium 荷兰 Netherlands 法国 France 西班牙 Spain 葡萄牙 Portugal 意大利 Italy 希腊 Greece 奥地利 Austria 匈牙利 Hungary 德国 Germany 瑞士 Switzerland 罗马尼亚 Romania 俄罗斯 Russia 波兰 Poland 克罗地亚 Croatia (Hrvatska) 捷克 Czech 芬兰 Finland 瑞典 Sweden 挪威 Norway 冰岛 Iceland 土耳其 Turkey 丹麦 Denmark 阿尔巴尼亚 Albania 爱沙尼亚 Republic of Estonia 安道尔 Andorra 白俄罗斯 Belarus 保加利亚 The Republic of Bulgaria 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 Bosnia and Herzegovina 梵蒂冈 Vatican City State (Holy See) 黑山 The Republic of Montenegro 拉脱维亚 Latvia 立陶宛 Republic of Lithuania 列支敦士登 Liechtenstein 卢森堡 Luxembourg 马耳他 Republic of Malta 马其顿 The Republic of Macedonia 摩尔多瓦 The Republic of Moldova 摩纳哥 Monaco 塞尔维亚 the Republic of Serbia 斯洛伐克 The Slovak Republic 斯洛文尼亚 the Republic of Slovenia 圣马力诺 San Marino 乌克兰 Ukraine |
| hé lán Netherlands shǒudōu:ā mǔ sī tè dān guógūdàimǎ: nl |
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【 guó míng】 ní dé lán wáng guó， tōng chēng hé lán ( hé lán yǔ： KoninkrijkderNederlanden，
yīng yǔ： TheKingdomoftheNetherlands)。 【 guó míng shì yì】 hé lán quán chēng wéi “ ní dé lán wáng guó ”，“ hé lán” zài rì 'ěr màn yǔ zhōng jiào ní dé lán， yì wéi“ dī dì zhī guó”， hé lán zhǐ shì ní dé lán wáng guó de yī gè zuì dà de shěng， suǒ yǐ gǔ dài zhōng guó jiù chēng zhī yuē“ hé lán”， gāi chēng hū yī zhí yán yòng zhì jīn。 【 guó qí】 chéng cháng fāng xíng， cháng yǔ kuān zhī bǐ wéi 3 ∶ 2。 zì shàng 'ér xià yóu hóng、 bái、 lán sān gè píng xíng xiāng děng de héng cháng fāng xíng xiāng lián 'ér chéng。 lán sè biǎo shì guó jiā miàn lín hǎi yáng， xiàng zhēng rén mín de xìng fú； bái sè xiàng zhēng zì yóu、 píng děng、 mín zhù， hái dài biǎo rén mín chún pǔ de xìng gé tè zhēng； hóng sè dài biǎo gé mìng shèng lì。 【 guó huī】 jí 'ào lún zhì · ná sāo wáng shì de wáng huī。 wéi dǒu péng shì。 dǐng duān dài wáng guān de dǒu péng zhōng yòu yī dùn huī， lán sè dùn miàn shàng yòu yī zhǐ tóu dài sān yè zhuàng wáng guān de shī zǐ， yī zhǎo wò zhe yín sè luó mǎ jiàn， yī zhǎo zhuā zhe yī kǔn jiàn， xiàng zhēng tuán jié jiù shì lì liàng。 dùn huī shàng miàn yòu yī dǐng wáng guān， liǎng cè gè yòu yī zhǐ shī zǐ， xià biān de lán sè shì dài shàng xiě zhe wēi lián dà gōng de yī jù gé yán“ jiān chí bù xiè”。 【 zhòng yào jié rì】 4 yuè 30 rì： nǚ wáng rì ( xì yǐ gù wáng tài hòu zhū lì 'ān nà shēng rì , jí guó qìng rì )； jì niàn rì： 5 yuè 4 rì（ 1945 nián 5 yuè 4 rì zhàn lǐng hé lán de fǎ xī sī dé jūn zài wǎ gé níng gēn qiān shǔ tóu jiàng shū， bèi dìng wéi hé lán“ jì niàn rì”） 【 guó gē】《 wēi lián · fán · ná sāo》， zhè yě shì shì jiè shàng dì yī shǒu guó gē 【 guó huā】 yù jīn xiāng 【 guó niǎo】 pí lù 【 guó shí】 zuàn shí 【 tóng běi jīng shí chā】 -7.00 【 guó jì diàn huà mǎ】 31 【 yǔ yán】 hé lán yǔ 【 huò bì】 hé lán dùn (NLG) 【 rén kǒu】 1619 ． 7 wàn， 90 ％ yǐ shàng wéi hé lán zú， cǐ wài hái yòu fú lǐ sī zú。 guān fāng yǔ yán wéi hé lán yǔ， fú lǐ sī lán shěng jiǎng fú lǐ sī yǔ。 jū mín 31％ xìn fèng tiān zhù jiào， 21％ xìn fèng jī dū jiào。 【 shǒu dū】 ā mǔ sī tè dān (Amsterdam) yòu rén kǒu 73.5 wàn（ 2003 nián）； zhèng fǔ suǒ zài dì： hǎi yá (TheHague)， rén kǒu 45.8 wàn（ 2003 nián）。 【 xíng zhèng qū huá】 quán guó huàfēn wéi 12 gè shěng， shěng xià shè 489 gè shì zhèn (2003 nián )。 gè shěng míng chēng rú xià： gé luó níng gēn、 fú lǐ sī lán、 dé lún tè、 ōu fú 'ài sài 'ěr、 gé 'ěr dé lán、 wū tè lè zhī、 běi hé lán、 nán hé lán、 xī lán、 běi bù lā bāng、 lín bǎo、 fú léi fó lán。 【 guó jiā zhèng yào】 nǚ wáng bèi yà tè lì kè sī · wēi lián míng nà · ā mǔ jiā dé (BeatrixWilhelminaArmgard)， 1980 nián 4 yuè dēng jī jì wèi。 shǒuxiàng yáng · bǐ dé · bā 'ěr kè nèn dé (JanPeterBalkenende)， 2003 nián 5 yuè jiù rèn， 2007 nián 2 yuè zài cì jiù rèn。 【 zhù yào chéng shì】 ā mǔ sī tè dān shǒu dū， rén kǒu 73.5 wàn（ 2001 nián）。 zhèng fǔ suǒ zài dì hǎi yá， rén kǒu 44.2 wàn（ 2001 nián）。 zhòng yào gǎng shì lù tè dān， rén kǒu 592,597（ 2000 nián）。 zì rán dì lǐ hé lán guó tǔ zǒng miàn jī wéi 41528 píng fāng gōng lǐ， wèi yú 'ōu zhōu xī bù， dōng miàn yǔ dé guó wéi lín， nán jiē bǐ lì shí。 xī、 běi bīn lín běi hǎi， dì chù lāi yīn hé、 mǎ sī hé hé sī kǎi 'ěr tè hé sān jiǎo zhōu， hǎi 'àn xiàn cháng 1075 gōng lǐ。 quán jìng wéi dī dì， sì fēn zhī yī de tǔ dì hǎi bá bù dào 1 mǐ， sì fēn zhī yī de tǔ dì dī yú hǎi miàn， yán hǎi yòu 1， 800 duō gōng lǐ cháng de hǎi bà hé 'àn dī。 shí sān shì jì yǐ lái gòng wéi kěn yuē 7， 100 duō píng fāng gōng lǐ de tǔ dì， xiāng dāng yú quán guó lù dì miàn jī de wǔ fēn zhī yī。 jìng nèi hé liú zòng héng， zhù yào yòu lāi yīn hé、 mǎ sī hé。 xī běi bīn hǎi chù yòu 'ài sè 'ěr hú。 qí xī bù yán hǎi wéi dī dì， dōng bù shì bō zhuàng píng yuán， zhōng bù hé dōng nán bù wéi gāo yuán。 nán bù yóu lāi yīn hé、 mǎ sī hé、 sī hǎi 'ěr dé hé de sān jiǎo zhōu lián jiē 'ér chéng。“ hé lán” zài rì 'ěr màn yǔ zhōng jiào ní dé lán， yì wéi“ dī dì zhī guó”， yīn qí guó tǔ yòu yī bàn yǐ shàng dī yú huò jīhū shuǐ píng yú hǎi píng miàn 'ér dé míng。 hé lán de qì hòu shǔ hǎi yáng xìng wēn dài kuò yè lín qì hòu， dōng wēn xià liáng， yuè píng jūn qì wēn： 1 yuè 2~3 ℃； 7 yuè 18~19℃。 yóu yú dì dī tǔ cháo， hé lán rén jiē shòu liǎo fǎ guó gāo lú rén fā míng de mù xié， bìng zài jǐ bǎi nián de lì shǐ zhōng fù yú qí diǎn xíng de hé lán tè sè。 nián jiàng shuǐ liàng 650~700 háo mǐ。 yòu tiān rán qì、 shí yóu hé méi děng yùn cáng。 wèile shēng cún hé fā zhǎn， hé lán rén jié lì bǎo hù yuán běn bù dà de guó tǔ， bì miǎn zài hǎi shuǐ zhǎng cháo shí zāo“ miè dǐng zhī zāi”。 tā men cháng qī yǔ hǎi bó dǒu， wéi hǎi zào tián。 zǎo zài 13 shì jì jiù zhù dī bà lán hǎi shuǐ， zài yòng fēng dòng shuǐ chē chōu gān wéi yàn nèi de shuǐ。 jǐ bǎi nián lái hé lán xiū zhù de lán hǎi dī bà cháng dá 1800 gōng lǐ， zēng jiā tǔ dì miàn jī 60 duō wàn gōng qǐng。 rú jīn hé lán guó tǔ de 20％ shì rén gōng tián hǎi zào chū lái de。 juān kè zài hé lán guó huī shàng de“ jiān chí bù xiè” zì yàng， qiàrúqífèn dì kè huà liǎo hé lán rén mín de mín zú xìng gé。 lì shǐ 1463 nián zhèng shì chéng wéi guó jiā， 16 shì jì qián cháng qī chǔyú fēng jiàn gē jù zhuàng tài。 16 shì jì chū shòu xī bān yá tǒng zhì。 1568 nián bào fā yán xù 80 nián de fǎn kàng xī bān yá tǒng zhì de zhàn zhēng。 1581 nián běi bù qī shěng chéng lì hé lán gòng hé guó（ zhèng shì míng chēng wéi ní dé lán lián hé gòng hé guó）。 1648 nián xī bān yá zhèng shì chéng rèn hé lán dú lì。 17 shì jì céng wéi hǎi shàng zhí mín qiáng guó， jì xī bān yá zhī hòu chéng wéi shì jiè shàng zuì dà de zhí mín guó jiā。 18 shì jì hòu， hé lán zhí mín tǐ xì zhú jiàn wǎ jiě。 1795 nián fǎ jūn rù qīn。 1806 nián ná pò lún zhī dì rèn guó wáng， hé bèi fēng wéi wáng guó。 1810 nián bìng rù fǎ guó。 1814 nián tuō lí fǎ guó， yì nián chéng lì hé lán wáng guó（ 1830 nián bǐ lì shí tuō lí hé lán dú lì）。 1848 nián chéng wéi jūn zhù lì xiàn guó。 yī zhàn qī jiān bǎo chí zhōng lì。 èr zhàn chū qī xuān bù zhōng lì。 1940 nián 5 yuè bèi dé guó jūn duì qīn zhàn， wáng shì hé zhèng fǔ qiān zhì yīng guó， chéng lì liú wáng zhèng fǔ。 1945 nián huī fù dú lì， zhàn hòu fàng qì zhōng lì zhèng cè， jiā rù běi yuē hé 'ōu gòng tǐ jí hòu lái de 'ōu méng。 hé lán de jué qǐ lì shǐ 15 shì jì mò de dì lǐ dà fā xiàn， gěi 'ōu zhōu dài lái qián suǒ wèi yòu de shāng yè fán róng， yě wéi hé lán tí gōng liǎo chéng jiù shāng yè dì guó de lì shǐ xìng jī yù。 1581 nián 7 yuè 26 rì， lái zì hé lán gè qǐ yì chéng shì de dài biǎo zài hǎi yá zhèng zhòng xuān bù： fèi chú xī bān yá guó wáng duì hé lán gè shěng de tǒng zhì quán。 1588 nián， qī gè shěng fèn lián hé qǐ lái， xuān bù chéng lì hé lán lián shěng gòng hé guó。 zhè shì yī gè zài rén lèi lì shǐ shàng qián suǒ wèi yòu de guó jiā。 hěn duō lì shǐ xué jiā shuō， tā shì shì jiè shàng dì yī gè“ fù yú shāng rén jiē céng chōng fēn de zhèng zhì quán lì de guó jiā”。 1602 nián， zài gòng hé guó dà yì cháng 'ào dēng bā 'ēn wéi 'ěr tè de zhù dǎo xià， hé lán lián hé dōng yìn dù gōng sī chéng lì。 jiù xiàng tā men chuàng zào liǎo yī gè qián suǒ wèi yòu de guó jiā yī yàng， rú jīn， tā men yòu chuàng zào liǎo yī gè qián suǒ wèi yòu de jīng jì zǔ zhì。 dào 17 shì jì zhōng yè， hé lán lián shěng gòng hé guó de quán qiú shāng yè bà quán yǐ jīng láo gù dì jiàn lì qǐ lái。 cǐ shí， hé lán dōng yìn dù gōng sī yǐ jīng yōng yòu 15000 gè fēn zhī jī gòu， mào yì 'é zhàn dào quán shì jiè zǒng mào yì 'é de yī bàn。 xuán guà zhe hé lán sān sè qí de 10000 duō sōu shāng chuán yóu yì zài shì jiè de wǔ dà yáng zhī shàng： zài dōng yà， tā men zhàn jù liǎo zhōng guó de tái wān， lǒng duàn zhe rì běn de duì wài mào yì； zài dōng nán yà， tā men bǎ yìn dù ní xī yà biàn chéng liǎo zì jǐ de zhí mín dì， tā men jiàn lì de dì yī gè zhí mín jù diǎn héng héng bā dá wéi yà chéng， gòu chéng liǎo jīn tiān yǎ jiā dá de chú xíng； zài fēi zhōu， tā men cóng pú táo yá shǒu zhōng duó qǔ liǎo xīn háng xiàn de yào sài hǎo wàng jiǎo； zài dà yáng zhōu， tā men yòng hé lán yī gè shěng de míng zì mìng míng liǎo yī gè guó jiā héng héng xīn xī lán； zài nán měi zhōu， tā men zhàn lǐng liǎo bā xī； zài běi měi dà lù de hā dé xùn hé hé kǒu， dōng yìn dù gōng sī jiàn zào liǎo xīn 'ā mǔ sī tè dān chéng， jīn tiān， zhè zuò chéng shì de míng zì jiào zuò niǔ yuē。 1648 nián de hé lán： yǐ dá dào liǎo shāng yè fán róng de dǐng diǎn。 1656 nián， hé lán shǐ tuán dào dá běi jīng。 rù zhù zhōng yuán gāng gāng bā nián de dà qīng cháo tíng， yǐ yī zhǒng xīng fèn de tài dù jiē dài liǎo tā men。 dàn hé lán rén yù dào liǎo nà gè shí hòu suǒ yòu dào zhōng guó de wài jiāo shǐ tuán dū huì yù dào de yī gè má fán， jiù shì zài jìn jiàn huáng dì shí bì xū xíng sān bài jiǔ kòu de dà lǐ。 shì shí shàng， yī zhí dào 18 shì jì mò， jīhū méi yòu yī wèi 'ōu zhōu guó jiā de wài jiāo guān yuàn yì jiē shòu zhè zhǒng kē kè de tiān cháo guīju。 dàn shì， hé lán rén què háo bù yóu yù dì dāyìng liǎo。 “ …… wǒ men zhǐ shì bù xiǎng wèile suǒ wèi de zūn yán， ér sàng shī zhòng dà de lì yì。” hé lán rén de zhòng dà lì yì shì shénme， jiù shì tōng shāng hé zuàn qián。 1688 nián 9 yuè， yī zhī páng dà de jiàn duì cóng 'ā mǔ sī tè dān gǎng bá máo qǐ háng， zhè xiē chuán shàng zài zhe hé lán de zuì gāo zhí zhèng guān wēi lián sān shì hé liǎng wàn míng hé lán shì bīng。 wēi lián sān shì cǐ xíng shì shòu yīng guó yì huì de yāo qǐng， qián qù bǎo hù yīng guó guó mín de“ zōng jiào zì yóu hé cái chǎn”。 lì shǐ de 'ān pái jìng shì zhè yàng de qiǎo hé。 17 shì jì mò qī， hé lán fā zhǎn de sù dù màn liǎo xià lái， zhú jiàn shī qù liǎo zuǒ yòu shì jiè de bà quán。 wú lùn zài shí jiān shàng hái shì kōng jiān shàng， wēi lián sān shì lí kāi hé lán dào yīng guó， dōuchéng wèile shì jiè zhōng xīn wǔ tái de yī cì jí yòu xiàng zhēng yì yì de zhuǎn yí。 zhèng zhì 【 xiàn fǎ】 1814 nián 3 yuè 29 rì bān bù xiàn fǎ， 1848 nián xiū gǎi xiàn fǎ， guī dìng hé lán shì shì xí jūn zhù lì xiàn wáng guó。 lì fǎ quán shǔ guó wáng hé yì huì， xíng zhèng quán shǔ guó wáng hé nèi gé。 shū mì yuàn wéi zuì gāo guó wù xié shāng jī gòu， zhù xí wéi nǚ wáng běn rén， qí tā chéng yuán yóu nǚ wáng rèn mìng。 【 yì huì】 yóu yī yuàn hé 'èr yuàn zǔ chéng。 èr yuàn yōng yòu lì fǎ quán； yī yuàn yòu quán tóng yì huò jù jué pī zhǔn fǎ 'àn， dàn bù néng tí chū huò xiū gǎi fǎ 'àn。 yī yuàn gòng yòu yì yuán 75 míng， yóu shěng yì huì jiànjiē xuǎn jǔ chǎn shēng； èr yuàn gòng yòu yì yuán 150 míng， àn bǐ lì dài biǎo zhì tōng guò zhí jiē pǔ xuǎn chǎn shēng。 liǎng yuàn yì yuán rèn qī jūn wéi 4 nián， dàn gǎi xuǎn bù zài tóng yī nián jìn xíng。 【 sī fǎ jī gòu】 quán guó shè 62 gè jī céng fǎ yuàn（ shì zhèn fǎ yuàn）， 19 gè zhōng jí fǎ yuàn（ dì qū fǎ yuàn）， 5 gè shàng sù fǎ yuàn hé 1 gè zuì gāo fǎ yuàn。 cǐ wài hái shè yòu jūn shì fǎ tíng、 xíng zhèng fǎ tíng děng ruò gān tè bié fǎ tíng。 jī céng fǎ yuàn fù zé shěn lǐ yī bān xìng mín shì yǔ xíng shì 'àn jiàn， zhōng jí fǎ yuàn fù zé shěn lǐ jiào zhòng dà de mín shì jí xíng shì 'àn jiàn（ shàng shù liǎng jí fǎ yuàn jūn wéi chū shěn fǎ yuàn）。 shàng sù fǎ yuàn zhuān mén fù zé shěn lǐ shàng sù、 kàng sù 'àn jiàn。 【 zhèng dǎng】 hé lán zhù yào zhèng dǎng yòu 6 gè： ① jī dū jiào mín zhù lián méng， jiǎn chēng jī mín méng， yóu yuán tiān zhù jiào rén mín dǎng、 jī dū jiào lì shǐ tóng méng hé fǎn duì gé mìng dǎng 3 gè jiào pài zhèng dǎng yú 1980 nián lián hé zǔ chéng。 shì zhàn hòu zhí zhèng cì shù zuì duō de zhèng dǎng。 ② gōng dǎng， 1946 nián chéng lì， qián shēn shì 1894 nián chéng lì de shè huì mín zhù dǎng。 ③ zì yóu mín zhù rén mín dǎng， 1948 nián chéng lì。 yóu yuán zì yóu mín zhù dǎng pài zhōng de yòu yì zǔ chéng， dài biǎo hé lán lǒng duàn zī chǎn jiē jí zhōng de bǎo shǒu guān diǎn。 ④ liù liù mín zhù dǎng， 1966 nián yóu gōng dǎng、 zì yóu dǎng zhōng fēn liè chū lái de zuǒ yì jī jìn fènzǐ zǔ chéng。 ⑤ zhèng zhì gé xīn dǎng， 1918 nián chéng lì。 wéi shén quán zhù yì jiā 'ěr wén jiào pài dǎng， yóu yuán fǎn duì gé mìng dǎng zhōng zuì bǎo shǒu de yòu yì fènzǐ zǔ chéng。 ⑥ lǜ sè zuǒ pài lián méng， 1989 nián 5 yuè yóu zhèng zhì jī jìn dǎng、 hé lán gòng chǎn dǎng、 hé píng shè huì dǎng hé xīn jiào rén mín dǎng děng zuǒ yì dǎng zǔ chéng， lián hé cān jiā dà xuǎn。 cǐ wài， hái yòu zhōng xīn dǎng、 xīn jiào mín zhù dǎng、 lǜ dǎng、 xīn hé lán rén mín lián méng、 shè huì zhù yì gōng rén dǎng、 xīn jiào zhèng zhì lián méng děng。 jīng jì hé lán shì fā dá de zī běn zhù yì guó jiā， xī fāng shí dà jīng jì qiáng guó zhī yī。 hé zì rán zī yuán xiāng duì pín fá， dàn tiān rán qì chǔ liàng fēng fù， 2001 nián kāi cǎi tiān rán qì yuē 743 yì lì fāng mǐ， zìjǐ yòu yú， hái néng chū kǒu。 hé gōng yè fā dá， zhù yào gōng yè bù mén yòu shí pǐn jiā gōng、 shí yóu huà gōng、 yě jīn、 jī xiè zhì zào、 diàn zǐ、 gāng tiě、 zào chuán、 yìn shuà、 zuàn shí jiā gōng děng， yuán liào hé xiāo shòu shì chǎng zhù yào yǐ kào guó wài。 jìn 20 nián lái zhòng shì fā zhǎn kōng jiān、 wēi diàn zǐ、 shēng wù gōng chéng děng gāo jì shù chǎn yè， chuán tǒng gōng yè zhù yào shì zào chuán、 yě jīn děng。 lù tè dān shì 'ōu zhōu zuì dà de liàn yóu zhōng xīn。 hé shì shì jiè zhù yào zào chuán guó jiā zhī yī。 hé lán de nóng yè yě fā dá， shì shì jiè dì sān dà nóng chǎn pǐn chū kǒu guó。 nóng yè shēng chǎn xiàn dài huà， rǔ、 ròu chǎn pǐn gōng yìng guó nèi yòu yú， shì shì jiè zhù yào dàn、 rǔ chū kǒu guó zhī yī。 hé lán rén lì yòng bù shì yú gēngzhòng de tǔ dì yīn dì zhì yí fā zhǎn xùmù yè， xiàn yǐ dá rén jūn yī tóu niú、 yī tóu zhū， jī shēn yú shì jiè xùmù yè zuì fā dá guó jiā de hángliè。 tā men zài shā zhì dì shàng zhòngzhí mǎ líng shǔ， bìng fā zhǎn shǔ lèi jiā gōng， shì jiè zhǒng shǔ mào yì liàng de yī bàn yǐ shàng cóng zhè lǐ shū chū。 huā huì shì hé lán de zhī zhù xìng chǎn yè。 quán guó gòng yòu 1． 1 yì píng fāng mǐ de wēn shì yòng yú zhòngzhí xiān huā hé shū cài， yīn 'ér xiǎng yòu“ ōu zhōu huā yuán” de měi chēng。 hé lán bǎ měi lì sòng dào shì jiè gè gè jiǎo luò， huā huì chū kǒu zhàn guó jì huā huì shì chǎng de 40％ ~50％。 hé jīn róng fú wù hé bǎo xiǎn yè、 lǚ yóu yè fā dá。 háng yùn yè hé yú yè zài jīng jì zhōng zhàn zhòng yào dì wèi。 ōu zhōu jīng jì gòng tóng tǐ chéng yuán guó。 liáng shí（ xiǎo mài） hé sì liào yǐ kào jìn kǒu。 hǎi yùn hé nèi hé háng yùn fā dá， lù tè dān hé 'ā mǔ sī tè dān shì zhòng yào gǎng kǒu。 hǎi 'àn wài xiǎo dǎo、 gǔ chéng、 yùn hé fēng guāng hé huā huì zhòngzhí yè xī yǐn guó wài lǚ kè。 měi nián lǚ yóu zhě dá 260 yú wàn。 hé lán zhù míng de kuà guó gōng sī yòu： hé lán huáng jiā ké pái jí tuán（ RoyalDutch/ShellGroupofCompanies）： hé lán zuì dà de gōng yè gōng sī。 1907 nián yóu hé lán huáng jiā shí yóu gōng sī yǔ yīng guó ké pái yùn shū hé mào yì gōng sī hé bìng 'ér chéng， shí xíng liǎng zǒng bù kòng gǔ zhì， qí zhōng hé lán zī běn zhàn 60％， yīng guó zhàn 40％， liǎng zǒng bù fēn bié shè zài hé lán lù tè dān hé yīng guó lún dūn。 jí tuán gōng sī xià shè 14 gè fēn bù .， fēn bié jīng yíng shí yóu、 tiān rán qì、 huà gōng chǎn pǐn、 yòu sè jīn shǔ、 méi tàn děng， qí zhōng shí yóu、 shí huà rán liào de shēng chǎn hé xiāo shòu néng lì jū shì jiè dì 'èr wèi。 jié zhì 2000 nián dǐ， zī chǎn zǒng 'é dá 570.86 yì měi yuán。 2000 nián jìng xiāo shòu 'é 1491.46 yì měi yuán， jìng shōu rù 127.19 yì měi yuán。 gōng sī zǒng cái fàn dé fěi 'ěr（ J.vanderVeer)。 fēi lì pǔ diàn zǐ gōng sī（ PhilipsElectronicN.V） : chéng lì yú 1891 nián， zài quán qiú 500 jiā dà qǐ yè zhōng jū dì 58 wèi， zài shì jiè diàn zǐ hángyè zhōng pái míng dì 9。 zài 60 duō gè guó jiā shè yòu yíng yè jī gòu， gòng yòu gù yuán 26.51 wàn rén。 qí gǔ piào zài 9 gè guó jiā de 16 gè jiāo yì suǒ shàng shì。 zhù yào shēng chǎn shì tīng chǎn pǐn、 zhào míng、 diàn zǐ yuán jiàn、 bàn dǎo tǐ、 yī liáo xì tǒng、 xiǎo jiā diàn、 gōng yè diàn zǐ jí shāng yè diàn zǐ děng， qí zhōng zhào míng shè bèi、 cǎi sè xiǎn xiàng guǎn、 diàn dòng tì xū dāo、 X guāng fēn xī yí jí yīn xiǎng shè bèi zài guó jì shì chǎng jū lǐng xiān dì wèi。 2000 nián zī chǎn zǒng 'é 384.54 yì 'ōu yuán， xiāo shòu 'é 378.62 yì 'ōu yuán， lì rùn 96 yì 'ōu yuán。 zǒng bù shè zài hé lán 'ā mǔ sī tè dān， zǒng cái kè lāi sī tè léi（ GerardKleisterlee)。 lián hé lì huá gōng sī（ UnileverN.V， yuán yì yóu ní lāi fó gōng sī）： yīng、 hé hé zī qǐ yè， chéng lì yú 1930 nián， shì shì jiè zhù míng de rì yòng jí shí pǐn huà gōng jí tuán， zài shì jiè 500 jiā dà xíng qǐ yè zhōng míng liè dì 35 wèi。 gōng sī zài hé lán lù tè dān hé yīng guó lún dūn gè yòu yī gè zǒng bù。 hé lán bù fēn zhù yào shēng chǎn shí pǐn， yīng guó zé zhù yào shēng chǎn rì yòng huà gōng chǎn pǐn。 jí tuán xiàn yòu yuán gōng 30.6 wàn rén， fēn bù zài shì jiè 70 duō gè guó jiā hé dì qū。 2000 nián zǒng zī chǎn 576.40 yì 'ōu yuán， yíng yè 'é 475.82 yì 'ōu yuán， lì rùn 33.02 yì 'ōu yuán。 gōng sī zǒng cái bó gé màn sī。 qí zài huá gōng sī chēng lián hé lì huá。 ā kè sū · nuò bèi 'ěr gōng sī（ AkzoNobelN.V）： kuà guó huà gōng hé yī yào jí tuán， 1994 nián yóu hé lán 'ā kè sū gōng sī hé ruì diǎn nuò bèi 'ěr gōng sī hé bìng 'ér chéng。 gōng sī zhù yào yòu yào pǐn、 tú liào hé huà xué 3 gè bù mén， gòng yòu yuán gōng 8.6 wàn rén， zài shì jiè 60 duō gè guó jiā hé dì qū shè yòu fēn zhī jī gòu。 zhù yào jīng yíng yán、 jiǎn、 sù liào、 tiān jiā jì、 gōng yè jí fǎng zhì yòng xiān wéi、 gè zhǒng báomó、 yī liáo shè bèi、 yào pǐn jí yào pǐn shēng chǎn yòng yuán liào děng。 2001 nián， gōng sī zǒng zī chǎn 102 yì 'ōu yuán， yíng yè 'é wéi 141.10 yì 'ōu yuán， jìng lì rùn 6.17 yì 'ōu yuán。 zǒng cái fàn léi dé（ CeesJ.A.vanLede)。 jiāo tōng yùn shū hé lán lù、 hǎi、 kōng yùn shū jūn shí fēn fā dá。 jìng nèi hé liú zòng héng， shuǐ lù sì tōng bā dá。 sù yòu“ běi fāng wēi ní sī” zhī chēng de hé lán shǒu dū 'ā mǔ sī tè dān yòu dà xiǎo shuǐ dào 160 duō tiáo， qiáo liáng 1000 duō zuò。 wèi yú lāi yīn hé yǔ mǎ sī hé chū hǎi kǒu de lù tè dān gǎng shì shì jiè dì yī dà gǎng。 ā mǔ sī tè dān jī chǎng shì hé lán hé 'ōu zhōu zhù yào háng kōng gǎng zhī yī， céng duō cì huò shì jiè zuì jiā jī chǎng chēng hào。 hé lán rén chōng fēn lì yòng zhè yī dé tiān dú hòu de dì lǐ tiáo jiàn fā zhǎn jiāo tōng yùn shū yè， qí lù hǎi kōng gè lèi yùn shū zhàn 'ōu méng jiāo tōng shì chǎng zǒng 'é de bǎi fēn zhī sān shí。 rén mín shēng huó shè huì bǎo zhàng tǐ xì jiào wán zhěng， jū mín fú lì shuǐ píng jiào gāo。 2001 nián rén jūn guó mín shōu rù 22317 ōu yuán， quán nián guó mín xiāo fèi zǒng zhī chū wéi 2129.05 yì 'ōu yuán。 pín fù chā jù bù míng xiǎn， 2000 nián shēng huó shū shì de jiā tíng zhàn 53%， shōu zhī dà tǐxiàng děng de zhàn 38%， shēng huó kùn nán de 9%。 2000 nián jiā tíng nài yòng xiāo fèi pǐn pǔ jí shuài (%) rú xià : qì chē 72, cǎi diàn 99, lù xiàng jī 79, bīng guì 71, xǐ yī jī 95, xǐ yī hōng gān jī 53, mó tuō chē 8, zì xíng chē 200, diàn huà 100, jiā yòng diàn nǎo 64。 jūn shì hé zài dì 'èr cì shì jiè dà zhàn qián wéi zhōng lì guó， zhàn hòu jiā rù běi yuē， bìng yǐ běi yuē de jí tǐ fáng wèi zhèng cè zuò wéi qí guó fáng zhèng cè de jī chǔ。 nǚ wáng wéi quán guó wǔ zhuāng lì liàng zuì gāo tǒng shuài， shí jì zhǐ huī quán zhǎng wò zài nèi gé shǒu zhōng。 guó fáng wěi yuán huì shì hé zuì gāo 'ān quán jué cè jī gòu， shǒu xiāng wéi wěi yuán huì zhù xí。 xiàn rèn guó fáng dà chén dé hè lā fū， guó fáng cān móu cháng fàn dēng bù léi méng shàngjiàng。 hé wǔ zhuāng bù duì fù yòu bǎo wèi hé shǔ 'ān de liè sī qún dǎo 'ān quán de yì wù。 1997 nián 1 yuè 1 rì qǐ bù duì quán miàn zhí yè huà， jūn duì tōng guò yǔ zì yuàn zhě qiān dìng hé tóng xíng shì zhāo mù rén yuán。 1999 nián xiàn yì bù duì 7.5 wàn rén， qí zhōng lù jūn 24900 rén， hǎi jūn 13300 rén， kōng jūn 11700 rén， xiàn bīng 4900 rén， wén zhí 2 wàn rén。 hé zài hé shǔ 'ān de liè sī qún dǎo de kù lā suǒ jiàn yòu yī gè hǎi jūn jī dì， zhù jūn 400 rén。 hé yòu 4000 rén cān jiā lián hé guó wéi hé bù duì hé qí tā jūn shì xíng dòng。 hǎi wài lǐng dì hé shǔ 'ān dì liè sī（ TheNetherlandsAntilles） yóu jiā lè bǐ hǎi zhōng xiāng jù 800 duō gōng lǐ de nán běi liǎng zǔ dǎo yǔ zǔ chéng。 80％ wéi hēi bái hùn xuè zhǒng rén， yòu shǎo shù bái rén。 hé lán yǔ hé pà bǐ màn dū yǔ wéi guān fāng yǔ yán， yě jiǎng xī bān yá yǔ hé yīng yǔ。 82％ de jū mín xìn fèng tiān zhù jiào， 10％ de jū mín xìn fèng jī dū jiào xīn jiào。 1499 nián xī bān yá zhí mín zhě zài kù lā suǒ dēng lù。 1527 nián xī bān yá zhàn lǐng nán bù sān dǎo， 1634 nián chéng wéi hé zhí mín dì。 běi bù liǎng dǎo yú 1493 nián bèi gē lún bù fā xiàn， 17 shì jì zhōng yè bèi hé lán zhàn jù， cǐ hòu duō cì yì zhù， 1816 nián chéng wéi hé lán shǔ dì。 1954 nián qún dǎo huò dé wán quán de nèi bù shì wù zì zhì quán。 2007 nián 1 yuè 1 rì， kù lā suǒ dǎo hé shèng mǎ dīng dǎo zhèng shì tuō lí， chéng wéi dān dú de hé lán shǔ guó， shèng xià 3 dǎo zǔ chéng“ wáng guó liè dǎo”， dì wèi dài dìng。 ā lǔ bā（ Aruba） jiā lè bǐ hǎi nán bù bèi fēng qún dǎo de yī bù fēn。 zhù yào wéi yìn dì 'ān rén yǔ 'ōu zhōu bái rén de hùn xuè hòu yì。 guān fāng yǔ yán wéi hé lán yǔ， tōng yòng pà bǐ màn dū yǔ， yě jiǎng xī bān yá yǔ hé yīng yǔ。 80% yǐ shàng de jū mín xìn fèng tiān zhù jiào， shǎo shù xìn fèng jī dū jiào xīn jiào。 1499 nián xī bān yá zhàn lǐng gāi dǎo。 1643 nián yì shǒu hé lán。 1986 nián 1 yuè 1 rì xuān bù zhèng shì tuō lí hé shǔ 'ān de liè sī， chéng wéi hé lán wáng guó de yī gè dān dú de zhèng zhì shí tǐ， hé lán jì xù fù zé gāi dǎo de guó fáng hé duì wài shì wù hé lán sì bǎo fēng chē fēng chē yuán wéi hé lán rén shǒu chuàng， shì yìng zháoshuǐ lì lì yòng hé mófáng gōng yè de xū yào。 rú jīn suī rán réng wéi hé lán de“ guó jiā shāng biāo”， shí jì yùn yòng shàng què bù duō jiàn liǎo。 wǒ men dāng rán wú fǎ dài huí hé lán de dà fēng chē， dàn shì xiǎo xíng de fēng chē mó xíng jì niàn pǐn shì kě yǐ de， quán dāng shì nǐ lái dào hé lán de liú niàn。 yù jīn xiāng yù jīn xiāng wèihé kě yǐ wén míng yú shì？ qí zhōng fēi cháng dà de yīn sù jiù shì yīn wéi hé lán。 yù jīn xiāng shì hé lán de guó huā， hé lán rén yě fēi cháng 'ài yù jīn xiāng， zài tā men de shēng huó zhōng yù jīn xiāng yǐ jīng shì bì bù kě shǎo de dōng xī， měi féng jí shì、 huā zhǎn， tā sì hū zǒng shì kě yǐ chōng dāng zhùjué。 rú guǒ nǐ jué dé xiān huā xié dài bù fāng biàn， nǐ kě yǐ xuǎn zé gòu mǎi yī xià xiān huā zhì zuò de gān huā， zuò wéi nǐ de bǎi shè yī yàng bù shī tǐ miàn。 nǎi lào jiǎ rú yòu rén wèn qǐ hé lán yòu shénme hǎochīde， shí yòu bā jiǔ rén men dū huì rèn wéi shì nǎi lào。 hé lán rén yòu gè zhǒng gè yàng de nǎi lào， duō dé kě yǐ ràng nǐ wú fǎ xiǎng xiàng。 nǎi lào yě xiàng hóng jiǔ yī yàng fēn kāi děng jí， zuì guì de huì ràng nǐ chēng mù jié shé。 nǐ kě yǐ jiē shòu zhè zhǒng shí pǐn de huà bù fáng qù mǎi shàng yī xiē， gòu mǎi shí hái kě yǐ xiān pǐn cháng yī xià， wēi wēi de suān yǔ tián hěn hǎo de jié hé zài yī qǐ， wèi dào fēi cháng chún zhèng。 mù jī fēng chē、 mù xié、 nǎi lào、 yù jīn xiāng hào chēng hé lán sì bǎo， ér mù xié yòu wèi yú sì bǎo zhī shǒu， qí dì wèi kě jiàn yī bān。 mù xié chéng wéi hé lán de tè chǎn， hé guāng zhào qī duǎn、 dì shì dī wā yòu guān。 quán nián qíng hǎo tiān qì bù zú 70 tiān， zhè shǐ hé lán rén de 'ài yáng guāng yī rú suǒ 'ài tā men de huà jiā fàn · gāo bǐ xià de“ xiàng rì kuí”， yě shǐ tā men bù dé bù chuān shàng dūn shí de mù xié duì fù cháo shī de dì miàn， xià dì gànhuó、 tíng yuàn láo zuò nǎi zhì shì nèi dǎ sǎo dū chuān bù tóng yàng shì de bái yáng mù xié。 hòu lái， jīng míng de hé lán rén bǎ mù xié zhì zuò fā zhǎn chéng yī mén bàn jī xiè cāo zuò de gōng yì， mù xié yě jiù chéng wéi tè sè chǎn pǐn hé lǚ yóu jì niàn wù。 wén huà jiào yù 【 jiào yù】 shí xíng 12 nián（ 5~16 suì） quán rì zhì yì wù jiào yù zhì。 zhōng xiǎo xué xiào fēn wéi gōng lì hé sī lì liǎng lèi。 2000 nián， hé quán guó gòng yòu 9195 suǒ gè jí gè lèi xué xiào， xué shēng zǒng shù 335 wàn rén， jiào yù hé kē yán jīng fèi 184.13 yì 'ōu yuán。 mù qián xiǎo xué zài xiào shēng gòng 166 wàn yú rén， zhōng xué zài xiào shēng 130 wàn， chéng rén hé zhí yè jiào yù xué xiào zài xiào shēng yuē dá 45 wàn rén。 hé gāo děng jiào yù fēn wéi dà xué、 kāi fàng dà xué hé gāo děng zhí yè jiào yù。 hé xiàn yòu 13 suǒ zhòng diǎn dà xué， qí zhōng 9 suǒ wéi zōng hé xìng dà xué， yī suǒ wéi lǐ gōng dà xué、 yī suǒ wéi nóng yè dà xué， zài xiào shēng 15.3 wàn rén。 gāo děng zhí yè xué xiào xué shēng 25.2 wàn rén。 zhù míng gāo děng yuàn xiào yòu lāi dùn dà xué、 wū tè lè zhī dà xué、 ā mǔ sī tè dān zì yóu dà xué、 gé luó níng gēn dà xué、 lù tè dān yī lā sī mó dà xué、 dài 'ěr fū tè lǐ gōng dà xué hé wǎ gé níng gēn nóng yè dà xué děng。 lāi dùn dà xué jiàn yú 1575 nián， xiàn yòu xué shēng 17500 rén， wài guó liú xué shēng yuē 1000 rén， jiào zhí yuán yuē 5000 rén。 dài 'ěr fū tè lǐ gōng dà xué yuán shǔ yú 1842 nián jiàn lì de“ huáng jiā xué yuàn” de yī gè lǐ gōng fēn yuàn， 1905 nián zhèng shì qǔ dé dà xué dì wèi， xiàn yòu xué shēng yuē 13000 rén， wài guó liú xué shēng yuē 1300 míng， jiào zhí yuán yuē 5000 rén。 wǎ gé níng gēn nóng yè dà xué jiàn yú 1918 nián， xiàn yòu xué shēng 4500 míng， wài guó liú xué shēng yuē 500 rén， jiào zhí yuán 2000 yú rén。 xīn wén chū bǎn bào kān fā xíng shǐ yú 1618 nián。 xiàn gòng yòu rì bào jìn 90 zhǒng（ qí zhōng quán guó xìng rì bào 8 zhǒng）， zōng hé xìng hé zhuān yè xìng qī kān yuē 4000 zhǒng。 zhù yào bào kān yòu《 diàn xùn bào》、《 měi rì huì bào》、《 rén mín bào》、《 xīn lù tè dān shāng bào》、《 shì yán bào》、《 zhōng chéng bào》、《 jīn róng rì bào》、《 āi 'ěr shí wéi 'ěr zhōu kān》、《 zì yóu hé lán》。 hé lán tōng xùn shè shì bàn guān fāng xīn wén jī gòu。 hé lán yòu 5 gè quán guó guǎng bō diàn tái、 10 gè dì qū guǎng bō diàn tái hé 150 gè dì fāng guǎng bō diàn tái。 diàn shì guǎng bō fù gài shuài 100％， qí zhōng 76％ de jiā tíng kě jiē shōu yòu xiàn diàn shì。 quán guó yòu 35 gè guǎng bō diàn shì zǔ zhì， yóu hé lán guǎng bō diàn shì xié huì gēn jù gè zǔ zhì huì yuán rén shù fēn pèi guǎng bō diàn shì de bō fàng shí jiān， qí zhōng 8 dà guǎng bō diàn shì zǔ zhì zài 3 tào bàn guān fāng de quán guó xìng diàn shì jié mù zhōng yōng yòu jué dà bù fēn bō fàng shí jiān。 jìn nián lái， hé shāng yè diàn shì tái fā zhǎn jiào kuài。 wài jiāo hé lán wéi 'ōu méng hé běi yuē chéng yuán guó。 duì wài zhèng cè yǐ 'ōu zhōu wéi zhòng diǎn， tóng shí qiáng diào měi guó zài 'ōu zhōu de cún zài shì 'ōu zhōu 'ān quán yǔ wěn dìng de zhòng yào bǎo zhèng。 zhù zhāng zài jiā qiáng běi yuē de tóng shí， xī 'ōu guó jiā zhì dìng gòng tóng wài jiāo、 ān quán zhèng cè yǐ jiā qiáng běi yuē de 'ōu zhōu 'ān quán zhī zhù。 yǔ zhōng guó guān xì： zhōng guó yǔ hé lán de rén yuán hé jīng jì jiāo wǎng kě zhuī sù dào 17 shì jì chū。 suí zhe zhōng guó gǎi gé kāi fàng de shēn huà hé tóu zī huán jìng de rì yì gǎi shàn， zhōng hé jīng mào guān xì yòu liǎo jiào dà fā zhǎn。 shuāng fāng zhèng fǔ xiān hòu qiān dìng liǎo bāo kuò hǎi yùn、 háng kōng、 jīng jì、 jì shù、 wén huà zài nèi de duō zhǒng shuāng biān xié dìng hé xié yì。 hé lán yě shì zuì zǎo chéng rèn zhōng guó de xī fāng guó jiā zhī yī。 zài kàng měi yuán cháo zhàn yì zhōng， dāng shí de hé lán jūn duì zuò wéi dì guó zhù yì lì liàng céng jīng yǔ zhōng guó zhì yuàn jūn fā shēng zhàn zhēng。 yà zhōu de yìn dù ní xī yà céng jīng shì hé lán de zhí mín dì， zhì jīn xǔ duō hé lán dà bí zǐ xǐ huān chī yìn ní chǎo fàn（ NasiGoreng） 1954 nián 11 yuè 19 rì yǔ zhōng guó jiàn lì dài bàn jí wài jiāo guān xì。 1972 nián 5 yuè 18 rì shēng gé wéi dà shǐ jí wài jiāo guān xì。 1981 nián 5 yuè 5 rì jiàng gé wéi dài bàn jí， 1984 nián 2 yuè 1 rì huī fù dà shǐ jí wài jiāo guān xì。 2004 nián 4 yuè， shǒuxiàng bā 'ěr kè nèn dé duì zhōng guó jìn xíng gōng zuò fǎng wèn。 2004 nián 12 yuè， wēn jiā bǎo zǒng lǐ duì hé lán jìn xíng zhèng shì fǎng wèn。 1994 nián， běi jīng yǔ hé lán shǒu dū 'ā mǔ sī tè dān jié wéi yǒu hǎo chéng shì。 jìn nián lái liǎng guó yǒu hǎo jiāo wǎng zēng jiā， jīng mào guān xì yě yòu jiào dà fā zhǎn， shuāng fāng zhèng fǔ xiān hòu qiān dìng liǎo bāo kuò hǎi yùn、 háng kōng、 jīng jì、 jì shù、 wén huà zài nèi de yī xì liè shuāng biān xié dìng hé xié yì。 fēng chē zhī guó rén men cháng bǎ hé lán chēng wéi“ fēng chē zhī guó”， hé lán shì 'ōu zhōu xī bù yī gè zhǐ yòu yī qiān duō wàn rén kǒu de guó jiā。 tā de zhēn zhèng guó míng jiào“ ní dé lán”。“ ní dé” shì dī de yì sī，“ lán” shì tǔ dì， hé qǐ lái chēng wéi“ dī wā zhī guó”。 hé lán quán guó sān fēn zhī yī de miàn jī zhǐ gāo chū běi hǎi hǎi miàn l mǐ， jìn sì fēn zhī yī dī yú hǎi píng miàn， zhēn shì míng fú qí shí de“ ní dé lán”。 hé lán zuò luò zài dì qiú de shèng xíng xī fēng dài， yī nián sì jì shèng chuī xī fēng。 tóng shí tā bīn lín dà xī yáng， yòu shì diǎn xíng de hǎi yáng xìng qì hòu guó jiā， hǎi lù fēng cháng nián bù xī。 zhè jiù gěi quē fá shuǐ lì、 dòng lì zī yuán de hé lán， tí gōng liǎo lì yòng fēng lì de yōu hòu bǔ cháng。 hé lán de fēng chē， zuì zǎo cóng dé guó yǐn jìn。 kāi shǐ shí， fēng chē jǐn yòng yú mó fěn zhī lèi。 dào liǎo shí liù、 qī shì jì， fēng chē duì hé lán de jīng jì yòu zhe tè bié zhòng dà de yì yì。 yòu： zào zhǐ děng zuò yòng， bèi yù wéi“ fēng chē zhī guó”。 hé lán xiàng lái yǐ fēng chē wén míng。 ér bǎo cún fēng chē jiào duō de dì fāng， zé shì“ xiǎo hái dī fāng”。 xiǎo shí hòu， nǐ dú guò zhè gè gù shì bā？ yī gè xiǎo nán hái yǎn jiàn dī fāng shàng chū xiàn lièfèng， hǎi shuǐ shèn rù， tā dān xīn cūn zǐ jiāng bèi hǎi shuǐ yānmò， biàn yòng shǒu zhǐ tóu sài zhù dī fāng， jiù liǎo quán cūn rén… rú jīn， zài zhè gè dì fāng hái bǎo liú liǎo 19 bù fēng chē， bìng qiě hái néng jiàn dào chuānzhuó chuán tǒng fú shì de hé lán fù nǚ。 zhí dào 8 yuè 26 rì wéi zhǐ， shì jīn nián hé lán de“ fēng chē zhī rì”。 měi féng xīng qī liù， xiǎo hái dī fāng de fēng chē jiāng yī qǐ zhuàndòng， yòu de hái kāi fàng nèi bù， ràng yóu rén cān guān。 dāng shí， hé lán zài shì jiè de shāng yè zhōng， zhàn shǒu yào dì wèi de gè zhǒng yuán liào， cóng gè lù shuǐ dào yùn wǎng fēng chē jiā gōng， qí zhōng bāo kuò： běi 'ōu gè guó hé bō luó de hǎi yán 'àn gè guó de mù cái， dé guó de dà má zǐ hé yà má zǐ， yìn dù hé dōng nán yà de ròu guì hé hú jiāo。 zài hé lán de dà gǎng héng héng lù tè dān hé 'ā mǔ sī tè dān de jìn jiāo， yòu hěn duō fēng chē de mófáng、 jù mù chǎng hé zào zhǐ chǎng。 suí zhe hé lán rén mín wéi hǎi zào lù gōng chéng de dà guī mó kāi zhǎn， fēng chē zài zhè xiàng jiān jù de gōng chéng zhōng fā huī liǎo jù dà de zuò yòng。 gēn jù dāng dì de shī rùn duō yǔ、 fēng xiàng duō biàn de qì hòu tè diǎn， tā men duì fēng chē jìn xíng liǎo gǎi gé。 shǒu xiān shì gěi fēng chē pèi shàng huó dòng de dǐng péng。 cǐ wài， wèile néng sì miàn yíng fēng， tā men yòu bǎ fēng chē de dǐng péng 'ān zhuāng zài gǔn lún shàng。 zhè zhǒng fēng chē， bèi chēng wéi hé lán shì fēng chē ( rú zuǒ tú )。 hé lán fēng chē， zuì dà de yòu hǎo jǐ céng lóu gāo， fēng yì cháng dá 20 mǐ。 yòu de fēng chē， yóu zhěng kuài dà zuò mù zuò chéng。 shí bā shì jì mò， hé lán quán guó de fēng chē yuē yòu yī wàn 'èr qiān jià， měi tái yōng yòu 6000 pǐ mǎ lì。 zhè xiē fēng chē yòng lái niǎn gǔ wù、 cū yán、 yān yè、 zhà yóu， yā gǔn máo ní、 máo zhān、 zào zhǐ， yǐ jí pái chú zhǎo zé dì de jī shuǐ。 zhèng shì zhè xiē fēng chē bù tíng dì xī shuǐ、 pái shuǐ， bǎo zhàng liǎo quán guó sān fēn zhī 'èr de tǔ dì miǎn shòu chén lún hé rén wéi yú biē de wēi xié。 èr shí shì jì yǐ lái， yóu yú zhēng qì jī、 nèi rán jī、 wō lún jī de fā zhǎn， yǐ kào fēng lì de gǔ lǎo fēng chē céng yī dù biàn dé 'àn dàn wú guāng， jīhū bèi rén yí wàng liǎo。 dàn shì， yīn wéi fēng chē lì yòng de shì zì rán fēng lì， méi yòu wū rǎn、 hào jìn zhī yú， suǒ yǐ tā bù jǐn bèi hé lán rén mín yī zhí yán yòng zhì jīn， ér qiě yě chéng wéi jīn rì xīn néng yuán de yī zhǒng， shēn shēn dì xī yǐn zhe rén men。 mù qián， hé lán dà yuē yòu liǎng qiān duō jià gè shì gè yàng de fēng chē。 hé lán rén hěn xǐ 'ài tā men de fēng chē， zài mín gē hé yàn yǔ zhōng cháng cháng zàn měi fēng chē。 fēng chē de jiàn zhù wù， zǒng shì jìn liàng dǎ bàn dé piào piào liàng liàng de。 měi féng shèng dà jié rì， fēng chē shàng wéi shàng huā huán， xuán guà zhe guó qí hé yìng zhǐ bǎn zuò de tài yáng hé xīng xīng。 yóu yú dì shì jiào dī， hé lán rén yǔ shuǐ kàng zhēng de lì shǐ yī zhí shì gè chuán qí。 hé lán jìng nèi yòu sān fēn zhī yī de tǔ dì dī yú hǎi píng miàn， ér kào jìn lù tè dān de AlexanderPolder dì qū， gèng dī yú hǎi píng miàn 6.5 gōng chǐ zhī duō。 wèile tǔ dì yǔ dà zì rán kàng héng， hé lán rén jiàn zào dī fáng， zǔ dǎng hǎi shuǐ， bìng lì yòng fēng chē chǎn shēng dòng lì jiāng wā dì de shuǐ chōu gān， tián hǎi zào dì， zhì jīn nǐ suǒ kàn dào de hé lán shì yī wàng wú jì de píng yuán， bìng yùn yù zhe wú shù de shēng mìng。 lì shǐ shàng， hé lán yī dù zài 16、 17 shì jì hǎi shàng háng quán shí dài qǔ dé xiāng dāng de yōu shì， chéng wéi dāng shí 'ōu zhōu běi hǎi yán 'àn shì lì zuì qiáng de dài biǎo， wǒ men chēng zhī wéi hé lán de 「 huáng jīn shí dài 」！ 1602 dào 1799 nián yī bǎi duō nián jiān， dōng yìn dù gōng sī (VOC) cóng yī jiā mào yì gōng sī yuè shēn wéi duì quán qiú dì yī jiā de kuà guó qǐ yè， duì hé lán de jīng jì fā zhǎn gòng xiàn liáng duō， yóu qí duì 'ā mǔ sī tè dān de fā zhǎn， chǎn shēng liǎo jǔ zú qīng zhòng de yǐng xiǎng。 jīn tiān， cóng duì 'ā mǔ sī tè dān jiàn zhù de fēng mào、 yùn hé de guī huá děng děng， réng jiù kě yǐ kàn chū dāng shí shāng yè de péng bó fā zhǎn。 cǐ wài， dāng shí xǔ duō hé lán běi fāng、 wéi rào nán hǎi (ZuiderZee) de yú cūn， yě chéng wéi dōng yìn dù gōng sī zhòng yào de gǎng kǒu。 jìn guǎn zài zhù wán dī bà hòu， yuán běn de nán hǎi zǎo yǐ gēngmíng wéi 'ài sài hú (Ijsselmeer)， dàn rú zhēn zhū xiàng liàn bān huán rào hú pàn de mǎ kěn (Marken)、 wò lún dān (Volendam)、 hè'ēn (Hoorn)、 wū 'ěr kè (Urk) yǔ shǐ pà kěn bǎo (Spakenburg) děng yú cūn， yǐ jí kǎn péng (Kampen)、 sī tǎ fó lún (Stavoren) hé 'ēn kè sēn děng mào yì chéng zhōng， suǒ yí liú de chuán tǒng wén huà jiāng zhè gè dì qū yě， xíng chéng liǎo yī gè dú tè qiě duō cǎi duō zī de qū yù， wǒ men chēng zhī wéi「 běi hǎi huáng jīn juàn」。 xiàn jīn hé lán réng rán shì shì jiè shàng de zuì yòu jìng zhēng lì de xiān jìn guó jiā zhī yī yě shì shì jiè shàng zhòng yào de chū kǒu mào yì guó。 hé lán mù xié bù guò shì yī zhǒng gōng yì pǐn， shí jì shàng， mù xié duì yú hé lán rén lái shuō yòu zhuózhòng yào de shí yòng jià zhí， zhì shǎo zài lì shǐ shàng shì zhè yàng de。 yīn hé lán tǔ dì tài cháo shī， mù xié zuì néng fáng cháo shī， ér qiě jīng jiǔ bù làn , yīn 'ér chéng liǎo hé lán rén de zuì 'ài。 【 yǐn shí】 qīng yú shì hé lán wén míng de xiǎo chī zhī yī， yě shì hé lán jìn xíng zhí mín lüè duó de biāo zhì。 yuǎn zài shí sì shì jì， 1384 nián， yī gè jiào bó kè 'ěr de hé lán rén fā míng liǎo yān zì qīng yú bàn fǎ， yú shì bǔ yú yè xīng wàng qǐ lái。 hé lán yǐ wǔ lì qiáng zhàn liǎo bō luó dì hǎi yán 'àn， ruì diǎn nán bù shèng chǎn qīng yú de sī huò 'ēn dǎo， chéng wéi hé lán dì yī gè zhí mín dì。 suǒ yǐ yòu rén bǎ hé lán jiào zuò“ jiàn zhù zài qīng yú gǔ shàng de guó jiā”。 hé lán diǎn dī shèng kāi de yù jīn xiāng héng héng měi lì què yòu qī wǎn shuō dào hé lán zú qiú， zǒng huì yǐn fā yī lián chuàn de yí wèn： rú guǒ kè lǔ yī fū cān jiā 78 nián shì jiè bēi sài， hé lán hái zhǐ shì yà jūn má？ rú guǒ 90 nián hé lán duì tuán jié yī zhì， hái huì nà me zǎo jiù dǎ dào huí fǔ má？ rú guǒ gǔ lì tè cān jiā 94 nián shì jiè bēi， hé lán hái huì shū gěi bā xī má？ shí guāng wú fǎ dàoliú， zú qiú chǎng shàng shì gèng méi yòu nà me duō de“ rú guǒ”， wǒ men yǒng yuǎn dé bù dào dá 'àn。 shì shí shàng， yě bù tài xū yào dá 'àn， yīn wéi rén men yǐ jīng xí guàn yú nà zhī lìng rén jìng yǎng què yòu chōng mǎn bēi qíng sè cǎi de qiú duì。 lùn cái huá， hé lán kān bǐ bā xī； lùn qì zhì， hé lán bù xùn fǎ guó； lùn gāng yì， hé lán bù shū dé guó， dàn tán qǐ chéng jì， hé lán què nán yǐ zài liè qiáng miàn qián tái tóu。 měi cì tā mendōu shì duó biāo de dà rè mén， dàn wǎng wǎng jié jú méi yòu qī dài de hǎo， chú liǎo 1988 nián de 'ōu jǐn sài guànjūn， hé lán zhēn chéng liǎo wú miǎn zhī wáng， shèn zhì jǐ cì bèi jù dà sài de jué sài juàn zhī wài， chōng dāng nán yǐ shū zhǎn jī qíng de luò mò kàn kè。 jī qíng de yù jīn xiāng zǒng shì yāo zhé de xiàn shí shǐ hé lán duì shēn shàng mí màn liǎo bēi qíng de sè cǎi。 yù jīn xiāng shì hé lán de guó huā， shì měi hǎo、 zhuāng yán、 huá guì hé chéng gōng de xiàng zhēng， hé lán zú qiú zài shì rén miàn qián yōng yòu liǎo qián sān xiàng， dàn hé lán rén yī zhí zài dà sài chéng gōng de mén wài pái huái。 hé lán jiù shì zhè yàng yī gè ràng nǐ 'ài hèn jiāo jiā de qiú duì， bù zhī dào tā men néng dài lái duō shǎo jīng xǐ， gèng bù zhī dào tā men huì dài lái duō shǎo bēi shāng。 hé lán de guó jiā lì shǐ chōng mǎn liǎo fǎn kàng hé dǒu zhēng。 zài 16 shì jì qián cháng qī chǔyú fēng jiàn gē jù zhuàng tài， ér hòu yòu shòu dào xī bān yá de zhí mín tǒng zhì， yú shì lì shǐ shàng de hé lán yǐ zhōng lì de zī tài yìng duì zháofēng yún biàn huà。 hé píng hé dú lì de jīng shén zhuī qiú zào jiù hé lán rén bù qù zhēng duó tā rén de lì yì， tā men kě yǐ tián hǎi zào tián， kě yǐ tóng zì rán zhàn dǒu què wú yì chēng bà shì jiè。 cóng lún bó lǎng dào fàn · gāo， hé lán dàn shēng liǎo shì jiè jí de huì huà dà shī， dàn jiù xiàng tā men de yìn xiàng huà pài， hé lán zú qiú chuàng zào liǎo yìn xiàng zhī míng què méi yòu róng yù zhī shí。 cóng zú qiú kàn hé lán： bùwèi zhēng míng zhú lì， zhǐ qiú wéi měi zhù yì hé lán duì kě yǐ gé mìng xìng de zú qiú lǚ lǚ gǎi zào shì jiè zú qiú de fēng gé， dàn què méi yòu bàn fǎ zài zú tán chēng bà， shí zài hé hé lán de mín zú xìng yòu guān， yīn wéi hé lán rén duì chēng bà bù gǎn xīng qù， hé lán rén gèng gǎn xīng qù de shì hé píng yǔ chuàng zào， yǐ jí zài zú qiú zhōng tǐ xiàn hǎi yī bān de làng màn zhù yì jīng shén。 hé lán lì shǐ shàng yī zhí cǎi qǔ zhōng lì zhèng cè， yóu cǐ dài lái tā yòu yì sī de mìng yùn。 16 shì jì qián cháng qī chǔyú fēng jiàn gē jù zhuàng tài。 16 shì jì chū shòu xī bān yá tǒng zhì。 1581 nián běi bù qī shěng chéng lì hé lán gòng hé guó。 1648 nián xī bān yá zhèng shì chéng rèn hé lán dú lì。 17 shì jì céng wéi hǎi shàng zhí mín qiáng guó。 18 shì jì hòu， hé lán zhí mín tǐ xì zhú jiàn wǎ jiě。 1848 nián chéng wéi jūn zhù lì xiàn guó。 yī zhàn qī jiān bǎo chí zhōng lì。 èr zhàn chū qī xuān bù zhōng lì。 1940 nián 5 yuè bèi dé guó jūn duì qīn zhàn， wáng shì hé zhèng fǔ qiān zhì yīng guó， chéng lì liú wáng zhèng fǔ。 zhàn hòu， hé lán rén yì shí dào zhōng lì bìng bù néng dài lái cháng jiǔ de dú lì， zhōng yú fàng qì zhōng lì lì chǎng， jiā rù běi yuē。 hé lán de lì shǐ jiù shì yī bù bù duàn fǎn kàng dà guó tǒng zhì de lì shǐ， hé píng hé dú lì duì hé lán rén lái shuō yǐ jīng bù yì， suǒ yǐ hé lán rén gǔ zǐ lǐ bìng méi yòu xīng qù qù zhēng qǔ bù shǔ yú zì jǐ de lì yì。 lìng wài， hé lán rén yě shì shì jiè shàng zuì zhí dé jìng pèi de mín zú zhī yī， hé lán běn lái shì yī piàn zhǎo zé， nán yǐ wéi shēng， dàn hé lán rén de yuǎn zǔ méi yòu xuǎn zé xiàng zhōng 'ōu yí dòng， tōng guò zhàn zhēng zhēng qǔ xīn de shēng cún kōng jiān， ér shì xuǎn zé liǎo hé zì rán bó dǒu， bì lù lán lǚ， gǎi shàn hé lán de dì lǐ huán jìng。 “ hé lán fēng chē” jīn tiān yǐ jīng chéng wéi hé lán de biāo zhì， zài lì shǐ shàng， fēng chē bāng zhù hé lán rén wéi hǎi zào tián， cóng dà hǎi kǒu zhōng zhēng qǔ liǎo jìn sān fēn zhī yī de guó tǔ， bìng qiě bāng zhù hé lán de shè huì shēng chǎn lì hé kē jì shuǐ píng yī zhí chǔyú 'ōu zhōu shè huì qián liè， zhí dào jīn tiān réng rán rú cǐ。 hé lán mín zú， xǐ huān xuǎn zé nèixǐng， gǎi shàn zì shēn， lái dài tì lüè duó tā rén， zài zú qiú fēng gé shàng， yě shì diǎn xíng de“ qiú dào pài”， suǒ yǐ hé lán rén gǔ zǐ lǐ duì shèng fù zhī zhēng bìng méi yòu tài qiáng de yì shí。 huò xǔ dān rèn zú qiú lì shǐ shàng de gǎi gé zhě xíng xiàng， yǐ jīng gòu liǎo， shì jiè guànjūn duì tā men lái shuō bìng bù shì wéi yī de xuǎn zé。 hǎo zài hé lán rén bìng bù ruǎn ruò， fǎn kàng zhě de tè zhēng jiù shì dà nán bù sǐ， yuè wēi jí de shí hòu， yuè néng bèng fā chū bù yī bān de qiú shēng lì liàng。 hé lán guó huī： jí 'ào lún zhì。 ná sāo wáng shì de wáng huī。 wéi dǒu péng shì。 dǐng duān dài wáng guān de dǒu péng zhōng yòu yī dùn huī， lán sè dùn miàn shàng yòu yī zhǐ tóu dài sān yè zhuàng wáng guān de shī zǐ， yī zhǎo wò zhe yín sè luó mǎ jiàn， yī zhǎo zhuā zhe yī kǔn jiàn， xiàng zhēng tuán jié jiù shì lì liàng。 dùn huī shàng miàn yòu yī dǐng wáng guān， liǎng cè gè yòu yī zhǐ shī zǐ， xià biān de lán sè shì dài shàng xiě zhe wēi lián dà gōng de yī jù gé yán“ jiān chí bù xiè”。 hé lán rén jiù shì zhè yàng， bù dào shēng sǐ yōu guān de shí hòu， nìngyuàn qù xiǎng shòu hé píng hé yì shù， dàn nǐ zhēn de yào miè tā liǎo， nǐ jiù huì kàn dào yī gè tiě yī yàng de hé lán。 suǒ yǐ yī qiān nián hòu， hé lán duì kě néng huì chéng wéi cān jiā shì jiè bēi jué sài juàn bǐ sài zuì duō de duì， dàn què shì huò dé guànjūn zuì shǎo de duì。 xiàn shí yǔ lǐ xiǎng de luò chā xiān kàn yī xià hé lán de huì huà， hé lán chū liǎng zhǒng huà jiā， yī zhǒng shì“ hóng wěi chǎng miàn 'àihào zhě”， bǐ rú 15 shì jì fán。 ài kè xiōng dì huà de《 gēn tè jì tán huà》、 16 shì jì lǔ sī běn de《 zhì zhě cháo shèng huà》、《 jié duó liè qí pǔ de nǚ 'ér》 hé《 yà mǎ sūn zhī zhàn》 děng huà， qì shì bàng bó， sè cǎi fù lì， duì hòu lái de 'ōu zhōu huì huà chǎn shēng liǎo zhòng dà yǐng xiǎng。 lìng yī zhǒng shì bù jū yī gé de gé mìng zhě， cóng 17 shì jì de lún bó lǎng dào fàn。 gāo， zài dào chōu xiàng pài chuàng shǐ rén méng dé lǐ 'ān。 rú guǒ bǎ hé lán guó jiā duì bǐ zuò yī fú huà de huà， zhè fú huà yǒng yuǎn bù huì quē fá hóng wěi de chǎng miàn、 shǎn yào de qún xīng、 hé bù duàn de zhàn shù gé mìng。 hé lán guó jiā duì， xū yào de shì rì běn wéi qí zhōng de“ shèng fù shī” jīng shén， yòu shí hòu bù xī yī qiē， kè yì zhuī qiú shèng fù， yě shì yī zhǒng zuì gāo de jìng jiè。 zài zhè yàng de yī gè guó jiā xué xí zú qiú， xiǎng bù yòng xīn xué xí yě shì bù xíng de。 rén men tí qǐ hé lán zú qiú cháng cháng yòu yī zhǒng wǎn xī zhī qíng yì yú yán biǎo， hé lán qiú yuán de zú qiú tī dé rú cǐ wán měi wú xiá， shèn zhì yú kě yǐ zài bù dà de lǜ yìn chǎng shàng yòng jiǎo xiě chū yī shǒu shǒu yōu yáng de shī piān。 kàn tā men tī qiú， qiú mí de shén jīng yī cì cì de bèng jǐn sōng dòng， suí tā men de yī cì cì chū jiǎo 'ér tiào yuè。 tā men shǐ qiú mí de sī wéi kōng jiān dé dào liǎo jí dà kuò zhǎn。 rán 'ér hé lán zú qiú què yī cì yě méi yòu jiāo 'ào de zhàn zài shì jiè bēi guànjūn de lǐng jiǎng tái shàng， qù xiǎng shòu nà zhèn rén xīn fèi de huān hū shēng， hé lán zú qiú fǎng fó yǒng yuǎn chù zài xiàn shí yǔ mèng xiǎng de jiāo jiè zhī jiān。 xìng fú shì nà yàng de chù shǒu kě jí， yòu fǎng fó yǒng yuǎn de nà me yáo yuǎn。 yú shì rén men jiù fēi cháng de yǐ wéi， hé lán zú qiú de shí lì hé duì zú qiú lǐ lùn de shēn kè lǐ jiě， zǎo jiù yīnggāi zài shì jiè bēi shàng bài wáng fēng xiāng liǎo， rán 'ér méi yòu， zhǐ shì yùn qì tàichà liǎo。 tā men yǎn yì de shì shì jiè zú tán yī chū bēi jù， zhè chū bēi jù yóu yú wú nài cái xiǎn de rú cǐ dòng rén， rú cǐ zhèn hàn。 quán shì jiè suǒ yòu rè 'ài hé lán zú qiú de rén sì hū dōushì piān zhí kuáng， tā men yǐ“ hé lán” de míng yì， zhuī qiú yī zhǒng zú qiú de wéi měi。 dàn xiàn shí zǒng shì cán rěn de， rèn hé zhuī qiú wán měi hé chún cuì de qǐ tú， zuì zhōng dū huì bèi fěn suì， suǒ wèi chún cuì suǒ wèi wéi měi， yǐ rán hái shì kě wàng bù kě jí de hǎi shì shèn lóu。 réndōu shì xū yào yī gè jīng shén jiā yuán de， pì rú wáng xiǎo bō de jīng shén jiā yuán jiù shì yī gè chóngjiàn de rén wén shì jiè。 dāng rán， guān yú hé lán zú qiú de“ jīng shén jiā yuán” yǔ rén wén wú guān， nà gèng lèi sì yú yī zhǒng wán měi de 'ǒu xiàng xiàng zhēng， yī zhǒng tú téng。 dàn fán chéng wéi“ xiàng zhēng yì yì” huò zhě“ tú téng” de dōng xī dōuwú yī lì wài sǐde hěn nán kàn， bǐ rú jù lí wǒ men zuì jìn de nà gè quán shì jiè de“ tú téng” héng héng dài 'ān nà。 zài zhè gè shēng qián yǐ jí sǐ hòu xiāng dāng cháng shí jiān lǐ dōubèi rèn wéi shì rén lèi zuì wán měi nǚ xìng de jīng shén shì jiè lǐ， zuò wéi“ ǒu xiàng” de tā zǎo yǐ jīng bēng kuì，“ wǒ yě shì yī gè pǔ tōng de nǚ rén”， suǒ yǐ dài 'ān nà xuǎn zé liǎo hūn wài qíng， tā bèi lí liǎo zì jǐ de“ shén shèng”， què huó dé gèng jiā chún cuì yǔ kuài lè。 guòfèn liǎo de zì yóu yǔ dú lì gè xìng rán 'ér zhèng xiàng shì jiè shàng méi yòu wú yuán wú gù de hèn yī yàng， hé lán zú qiú xíng chéng zhè bù bēi jù jīng diǎn shì yòu zì jǐ de yuán yīn de， zhǐ shì yóu yú gù shì běn shēn de qī měi， rén men yǐ jīng zhèn hàn de kàn bù jiàn bèi hòu de yǎn cáng de zhū sī mǎ jì liǎo。 hé lán qiú yuán yīnggāi shì shàng dì de chǒng 'ér， bù rán shí zài wú fǎ xiǎng xiàng shàng dì wèishénme duì bié de guó jiā rú cǐ de lìn sè， jīhū wàng jì gěi tā men zú qiú tiān cái， ér ràng hé lán zhè gè guó jiā zài tóng yī shí qī jiù kě yǐ yōng yòu yī pī。 qī shí nián dài hé lán bù jǐn yòu yuē hàn kè lǔ yī fū， hái yōng yòu yuē hàn nèi sī kěn sī， luó bù yé lún sēn bù lín kè。 bā shí nián dài fàn bā sī téng， lù yì dé gǔ lì tè， luó nà dé kē màn hé lǐ jié kǎ 'ěr dé yòu tóng shí héng kōng chū shì。 rán 'ér hé lán rén zì dà， jiāo héng， ài guó xīn dàn bó rú zhǐ de xìng gé què ràng shàng dì de wàn qiān chǒng 'ài xiǎn de méi yòu liǎo yì yì。 nà xiē tiān cái mendōu shì zì jǐ wéi kuà yuè lì shǐ shí qī de dāng rán rén xuǎn， shì tiān rán de lǐng xiù hé wú kě zhēng yì de yīng xióng。 shì hé lán duì de wéi yī hé xīn。 yú shì hé lán guó jiā duì cháng cháng mò míng qí miào de， fēng kuáng de xiàn rù yī zhǒng nèi hào zhōng。 suǒ yǐ kè lǔ yī fū zài guó jiā duì shēng sǐ yōu guān de shí kè kě yǐ yì rán gào tuì， gǔ lì tè yóu yú gè rén lì yì dé bù dào mǎn zú shí huì xuān bù tuì chū ‘ 94 nián shì jiè bēi sài”， 96 nián 'ōu zhōu jǐn biāo sài shàng huì chū xiàn“ dài wéi sī shì jiàn” hé lán de yú lùn hé rén men què gǎn dào hěn zhèng cháng de。 dàn shì zhè zhǒng shì jiàn fā shēng zài bié de guó jiā huì mà míng qiānzǎi， yí chòu wàn nián de。 hé lán zú qiú wéi yī de liàng diǎn shì 1988 nián duó qǔ liǎo 'ōu zhōu jǐn biāo sài guànjūn， zhè cì bǐ sài zhōng hé lán rén jiāng xiàn dài zú qiú de yì shù yǎn yì de yì cháng wán měi， bā sī téng shèn zhì yòng yī gè kāi chuàng lì shǐ xiān hé de líng dù jiǎo shè mén wèitā men de yǎn chū lào shàng liǎo lì shǐ de jiǎo yìn。 rán 'ér nà shí de hé lán sì dà tiān wáng jīhū hái dū shì wú míng xiǎo zú， yě zhǐ shì zài zhè cì bǐ sài hòu cái shēng míng què qǐ de。 lèi sì de jīng lì suàn lái hái yòu yī cì， dāng nián 'ā jiá kè sī duì shì céng jīng dǎ bài guò AC mǐ lán de。 rán 'ér nà shí zhǐ yòu yī gè lǎo tiān wáng lǐ jié kǎ 'ěr dé， xī duō fū， kè lǔ yī wéi tè yě zhǐ yòu shí bā jiǔ， dài wéi sī yě zhǐ shì chū chū máo lú， tā men shàng qiē méi yòu jiāo héng de běn qián。 hé lán rén yǔ bī rén de dà hǎi jìn xíng de wú qíng dǒu zhēng， duàn liàn de tā men jiān yì de xìng gé hé dú chuàng jīng shén， suǒ yǐ zài zú qiú shǐ shàng wǒ men huì yǒng yuǎn jì zhù tā men dú chuàng de quán gōng quán shǒu zhè yī jù yòu gé mìng yì yì de zhàn shù， hé nà zhǒng duì dài qiáng dí háo bù wèi jù de dà wú wèi jīng shén。 rán 'ér yóu yú tā men de zì dà， jiāo héng， bù tuán jié zhù dìng liǎo zài shì jiè bēi de lǜ yìn chǎng shàng méi yòu guànjūn de bēi jù。 The Netherlands is often called Holland. This is formally incorrect as North and South Holland in the western Netherlands are only two of the country's twelve provinces. As a matter of fact, many Dutch people colloquially use Holland as a synecdoche, being well aware of the widespread use of this name. For more on this and other naming issues see terminology of the Netherlands. The Netherlands is a geographically low-lying and densely populated country. It is popularly known for its traditional windmills, tulips, cheese, clogs (wooden shoes), delftware and gouda pottery, for its bicycles, its dikes and surge barriers, and, on the other hand, traditional values and civil virtues such as its classic social tolerance. But primarily, the Netherlands is a modern, advanced and open society. An old parliamentary democracy, the country is more recently known for its rather liberal policies toward recreational drugs, prostitution, homosexuality, abortion, and euthanasia. The Netherlands is also one of the most densely cabled countries in the world; its internet connection rate of 87.8% is the 2nd highest in the world. The Netherlands has an international outlook; among other affiliations the country is a founding member of the European Union (EU), NATO, the OECD, and has signed the Kyoto protocol. Along with Belgium and Luxembourg, the Netherlands is one of three member nations of the Benelux economic union. The country is host to five international(ised) courts: the Permanent Court of Arbitration, the International Court of Justice, the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Court and the Special Tribunal for Lebanon. All of these courts (except the Special Tribunal for Lebanon), as well as the EU's criminal intelligence agency (Europol), are situated in The Hague, which has led to the city being referred to as "the world's legal capital." A remarkable aspect of the Netherlands is its flatness. Hilly landscapes can be found only in the south-eastern tip of the country on the foothills of the Ardennes, the central part and where the glaciers pushed up several hilly ridges such as the Hondsrug in Drenthe, the stuwwallen (push moraines) near Arnhem and Nijmegen, Salland, Twente and the Utrechtse Heuvelrug. History Main article: History of the Netherlands Under Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and king of Spain, the region was part of the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands, which also included most of present-day Belgium, Luxembourg, and some land of France and Germany. 1568 saw the start of the Eighty Years' War between the provinces and Spain. In 1579, the northern half of the Seventeen Provinces formed the Union of Utrecht, a treaty in which they promised to support each other in their defense against the Spanish army. The Union of Utrecht is seen as the foundation of the modern Netherlands. In 1581 the northern provinces adopted the Oath of Abjuration, the declaration of independence in which the provinces officially deposed Philip II. Philip II the son of Charles V, was not prepared to let them go easily and war continued until 1648 when Spain under King Philip IV finally recognised Dutch independence in the Treaty of Münster. Dutch Republic 1581-1795 Main article: Dutch Republic William the Silent, leader of the Netherlands during the Dutch Revolt.Since their independence from Phillip II in 1581 the provinces formed the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands. The republic was a confederation of the provinces Holland, Zeeland, Groningen, Friesland, Utrecht, Overijssel and Gelre. All these provinces were autonomous and had their own government, the "States of the Province". The States-General, the confederal government, were seated in The Hague and consisted of representatives from each of the seven provinces. The very thinly populated region of Drenthe, mainly consisting of poor peatland, was part of the Republic too, although Drenthe was not considered one of the provinces. Drenthe had its own States but the landdrost of Drenthe was appointed by the States-General. The Republic occupied a number of so-called Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden in Dutch). These territories were governed directly by the States-General, so they did not have a government of their own and they did not have representatives in the States-General. Most of these territories were occupied during the Eighty Years' War. They were mainly Roman Catholic and they were used as a buffer zone between the Republic and the Southern Netherlands. The Dutch grew to become one of the major seafaring and economic powers of the 17th century during the period of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands. In the so-called Dutch Golden Age, colonies and trading posts were established all over the globe. (See Dutch colonial empire) Many economic historians regard the Netherlands as the first thoroughly capitalist country in the world. In early modern Europe it featured the wealthiest trading city (Amsterdam) and the first full-time stock exchange. The inventiveness of the traders led to insurance and retirement funds as well as such less benign phenomena as the boom-bust cycle, the world's first asset-inflation bubble, the tulip mania of 1636–1637, and according to Murray Sayle, the world's first bear raider - Isaac le Maire, who forced prices down by dumping stock and then buying it back at a discount. The republic went into a state of general decline in the later 18th century, with economic competition from England and long standing rivalries between the two main factions in Dutch society, the Staatsgezinden (Republicans) and the Prinsgezinden (Royalists or Orangists) as main factors. Under French influence 1795-1815 Main article: Batavian Republic On 19 January 1795, a day after stadtholder William V of Orange fled to England, the Batavian Republic (Bataafse Republiek in Dutch) was proclaimed. The proclamation of the Batavian Republic introduced the concept of the unitary state in the Netherlands. From 1795 to 1806, the Batavian Republic designated the Netherlands as a republic modelled after the French Republic. The Kingdom of Holland 1806 – 1810 (Dutch: Koninkrijk Holland, French: Royaume de Hollande) was set up by Napoleon Bonaparte as a puppet kingdom for his third brother, Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, in order to control the Netherlands more effectively. The name of the leading province, Holland, was now taken for the whole country. The kingdom of Holland covered the area of present day Netherlands, with the exception of Limburg, and parts of Zeeland, which were French territory. In 1807 Prussian East Frisia and Jever were added to the kingdom. In 1809 however, after an English invasion, Holland had to give over all territories south of the river Rhine to France. King Louis Napoleon did not meet Napoleon's expectations — he tried to serve Dutch interests instead of his brother's — and the King had to abdicate on 1 July 1810. He was succeeded by his five year old son Napoleon Louis Bonaparte. Napoleon Louis reigned as Louis II for just ten days as Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte ignored his young nephew’s accession to the throne. The Emperor sent in an army to invade the country and dissolved the Kingdom of Holland. The Netherlands then became part of the French Empire. From 1810 to 1813, when Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated in the battle of Leipzig, the Netherlands were part of the French Empire. Kingdom of the Netherlands In 1795 the last stadtholder William V of Orange fled to England. His son returned to the Netherlands in 1813 to become William I of the Netherlands, Sovereign Prince of the Netherlands. On 16 March 1815 the Sovereign Prince became King of the Netherlands. Map of the Netherlands in 1843 after independence of Belgium.See also: Kingdom of the Netherlands In 1815 the Congress of Vienna formed the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, by expanding the Netherlands with Belgium in order to create a strong country on the northern border of France. In addition, William became hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg. The Congress of Vienna gave Luxembourg to William personally in exchange for his German possessions, Nassau-Dillenburg, Siegen, Hadamar and Diez. Belgium rebelled and gained independence in 1830, while the personal union between Luxembourg and the Netherlands was severed in 1890, when King William III of the Netherlands died with no surviving male heirs. Ascendancy laws prevented his daughter Queen Wilhelmina from becoming the next Grand Duchess. Therefore the throne of Luxembourg passed over from the House of Orange-Nassau to the House of Nassau-Weilburg, another branch of the House of Nassau. Colonies The largest Dutch settlement abroad was the Cape Colony. It was established by Jan van Riebeeck on behalf of the Dutch East India Company at Capetown (Dutch: Kaapstad) in 1652. The Prince of Orange acquiesced to British occupation and control of the Cape Colony in 1788. The Netherlands also possessed several other colonies, but Dutch settlement in these lands was limited. Most notable were the vast Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) and Suriname (the latter was traded with the British for New Amsterdam, now known as New York). These 'colonies' were first administered by the Dutch East India Company and the Dutch West India Company, both collective private enterprises. Three centuries later these companies got into financial trouble and the territories in which they operated were taken over by the Dutch government (in 1815 and 1791 respectively). Only then did they become official colonies. Industrialisation During the 19th century, the Netherlands was slow to industrialize compared to neighbouring countries, mainly due to the great complexity involved in the modernizing of the infrastructure consisting largely of waterways and the great reliance its industry had on windpower. World War I Many historians do not recognise the Dutch involvement during World War I. However, recently historians started to change their opinion on the role of the Dutch. Although the Netherlands remained neutral during the war, it was heavily involved in the war. Von Schlieffen had originally planned to invade the Netherlands while advancing into France in the original Schlieffen Plan. This was changed by Helmuth von Moltke the Younger in order to maintain Dutch neutrality. Later during the war Dutch neutrality would prove essential to German survival up till the blockade integrated by the USA and Great Britain in 1916 when the import of goods through the Netherlands was no longer possible. However, the Dutch were able to remain neutral during the war using their diplomacy and their ability to trade. World War II Main article: History of the Netherlands (1939-1945) The Netherlands remained neutral in World War I and intended to do so in World War II. However, Nazi Germany invaded the Netherlands in 1940 in the Western European campaign of the Second World War. The country was quickly overrun and the army main force surrendered on May 14 after the bombing of Rotterdam, although a Dutch and French allied force held the province of Zeeland for a short time after the Dutch surrender. The Kingdom as such continued the war from the colonial empire; the government in exile resided in London. During the occupation over 100,000 Dutch Jews were rounded up to be transported to Nazi concentration camps in Germany, Poland and Czechoslovakia. By the time these camps were liberated, only 876 Dutch Jews survived. Dutch workers were conscripted for forced labour in German factories, civilians were killed in reprisal for attacks on German soldiers, and the countryside was plundered for food for German soldiers in the Netherlands and for shipment to Germany. Although there are many stories of Dutch people risking their lives by hiding Jews from the Germans, like in the diary of Anne Frank, there were also Dutch people who collaborated with Nazi occupiers in hunting down and arresting hiding Jews, and some joined the Waffen-SS to form the 4th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Brigade Netherlands, fighting on the Eastern Front. The government-in-exile lost control of its major colonial stronghold, the Netherlands East Indies (Indonesia), to Japanese forces in March 1942. "American-British-Dutch-Australian" (ABDA) forces fought hard in some instances, but were overwhelmed. During the occupation, the Japanese interned Dutch civilians and used both them and Indonesian civilians as forced labour, both in the Netherlands East Indies and in neighbouring countries. This included forcing women to work as "comfort women" (sex slaves) for Japanese personnel. Some military personnel escaped to Australia and other Allied countries from where they carried on the fight against Japan. After a first liberation attempt by the Allied 21st Army Group stalled, much of the northern Netherlands was subject to the Dutch famine of 1944, caused by the disrupted transportation system, caused by German destruction of dikes to slow allied advances, and German confiscation of much food and livestock and above that all a very severe winter made the "Hunger Winter" of 1944-1945 one in which malnutrition and starvation were rife among the Dutch population. German forces held out until the surrender of May 5, 1945, in Wageningen at Hotel De Wereld. After the war After the war, the Dutch economy prospered by leaving behind an era of neutrality and gaining closer ties with neighbouring states. The Netherlands became a member of the Benelux (Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg) grouping. Furthermore, the Netherlands was among the twelve founding members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) and among the six founding members of the European Coal and Steel Community, which would later evolve, via the EEC (Common Market), into the European Union. Geography Floods In years past, the Dutch coastline has changed considerably as a result of human intervention and natural disasters. Most notable in terms of land loss is the 1134 storm, which created the archipelago of Zeeland in the south west. The St. Elizabeth flood of 1421 and the mismanagement in its aftermath destroyed a newly reclaimed polder, replacing it with the 72 square kilometres (28 sq mi) Biesbosch tidal floodplains in the south-centre. The most recent parts of Zeeland were flooded during the North Sea Flood of 1953 when 1,836 people were killed, after which the Delta Plan was executed. Map of the Netherlands. Satellite image of the Netherlands (ca. May 2000).The disasters were partially increased in severity through human influence. People had drained relatively high lying swampland to use it as farmland. This drainage caused the fertile peat to compress and the ground level to drop, locking the land users in a vicious circle whereby they would lower the water level to compensate for the drop in ground level, causing the underlying peat to compress even more. The problem remains unsolvable to this day. Also, up until the 19th century peat was mined, dried, and used for fuel, further adding to the problem. To guard against floods, a series of defences against the water were contrived. In the first millennium AD, villages and farmhouses were built on man-made hills called terps. Later, these terps were connected by dykes. In the 12th century, local government agencies called "waterschappen" (English "water bodies") or "hoogheemraadschappen" ("high home councils") started to appear, whose job it was to maintain the water level and to protect a region from floods. (These agencies exist to this day, performing the same function.) As the ground level dropped, the dykes by necessity grew and merged into an integrated system. By the 13th century, windmills had come into use in order to pump water out of areas below sea level. The windmills were later used to drain lakes, creating the famous polders. In 1932, the Afsluitdijk (English "Closure Dyke") was completed, blocking the former Zuiderzee (Southern Sea) from the North Sea and thus creating the IJsselmeer (IJssel Lake). It became part of the larger Zuiderzee Works in which four polders totalling 2,500 km2 (965 mi2) were reclaimed from the sea. Delta works After the 1953 disaster, the Delta project, a vast construction effort designed to end the threat from the sea once and for all, was launched in 1958 and largely completed in 2002. The official goal of the Delta project was to reduce the risk of flooding in the province of Zeeland to once per 10,000 years. (For the rest of the country, the protection-level is once per 4,000 years.) This was achieved by raising 3,000 kilometres (1,864 miles) of outer sea-dykes and 10,000 kilometres (6,200 miles) of inner, canal, and river dikes to "delta" height, and by closing off the sea estuaries of the Zeeland province. New risk assessments occasionally show problems requiring additional Delta project dyke reinforcements. The Delta project is one of the largest construction efforts in human history and is considered by the American Society of Civil Engineers as one of the seven wonders of the modern world. Additionally, the Netherlands is one of the countries that may suffer most from climatic change. Not only is the rising sea a problem, but also erratic weather patterns may cause the rivers to overflow. Rivers The country is divided into two main parts by three large rivers, the Rhine (Rijn) and its main distributary Waal, as well as the Meuse (Maas). These rivers function as a natural barrier between earlier fiefdoms, and hence created traditionally a cultural divide, as is evident in some phonetic traits that are recognisable north and south of these "Large Rivers" (de Grote Rivieren). In addition to this, there was, until quite recently, a clear religious dominance of Catholics in the south and of Protestants in the north. The south-western part of the Netherlands is actually a massive river delta of these rivers and two tributaries of the Scheldt (Westerschelde and Oosterschelde). Only one significant branch of the Rhine flows northeastwards, the IJssel river, discharging into the IJsselmeer, the former Zuiderzee ('southern sea'). This river also happens to form a linguistic divide. People to the east of this river speak Low Saxon dialects (except for the province of Friesland that has its own language). Climate The predominant wind direction in the Netherlands is south-west, which causes a moderate maritime climate, with cool summers and mild winters. Mean measurements by the KNMI weather station in De Bilt between 1971 and 2000: Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Avg. highest temp. (°C) 5.2 6.1 9.6 12.9 17.6 19.8 22.1 22.3 18.7 14.2 9.1 6.4 13.7 Avg. lowest temp. (°C) 0.0 -0.1 2.0 3.5 7.5 10.2 12.5 12.0 9.6 6.5 3.2 1.3 5.7 Avg. temp. (°C) 2.8 3.0 5.8 8.3 12.7 15.2 17.4 17.2 14.2 10.3 6.2 4.0 9.8 Panoramic view of windmills at Kinderdijk.Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Avg. precipitation (mm) 67 48 65 45 62 72 70 58 72 77 81 77 793 Avg. hours sunshine 52 79 114 158 204 187 196 192 133 106 60 44 1524 Nature See also: List of national parks of the Netherlands and List of extinct animals of the Netherlands. The Netherlands has 20 national parks and hundreds of other nature reserves. Most are owned by Staatsbosbeheer and Natuurmonumenten and include lakes, heathland, woods, dunes and other habitats. In 1871 the last old original natural woods (Beekbergerwoud) were cut down and most woods today are planted monocultures of trees like Scots Pine and trees that are not native to the Netherlands. These woods were planted on anthropogenic heaths and sand-drifts (overgrazed heaths) (Veluwe). Government and administration Government Main article: Politics of the Netherlands Thorbecke reformed the Dutch government to a parliamentary monarchy.The Netherlands has been a constitutional monarchy since 1815 and a parliamentary democracy since 1848; before that it had been a republic from 1581 to 1806 and a kingdom between 1806 and 1810 (it was part of France between 1810 and 1813). The Netherlands is described as a consociational state. Dutch politics and governance are characterised by an effort to achieve broad consensus on important issues, within both the political community and society as a whole. In 2007, The Economist ranked The Netherlands as the third most democratic country in the world. The head of state is the monarch, at present Queen Beatrix. Constitutionally the monarch still has considerable powers, but in practice it has become a ceremonial function. The monarch can exert most influence during the formation of a new cabinet, where he/she serves as neutral arbiter between the political parties. In practice the executive power is formed by de ministerraad Dutch cabinet. Because of the multi-party system no party has ever held a majority in parliament since the 19th century, therefore coalition cabinets have to be formed. The cabinet consists usually of around thirteen to sixteen ministers of which between one and three ministers without portfolio, and a varying number of state secretaries. The head of government is the Prime Minister of the Netherlands, who is often, but not always, the leader of the largest party in the coalition. In practice the Prime Minister has been the leader of the largest coalition party since 1973. He is a primus inter pares, meaning he has no explicit powers that go beyond those of the other ministers. The cabinet is responsible to the bicameral parliament, the States-General which also has legislative powers. The 150 members of the Second Chamber, the Lower House, are elected in direct elections, which are held every four years or after the fall of the cabinet (by example: when one of the chambers carries a motion of no-confidence, the cabinet offers her resignation to the monarch). The provincial assemblies are directly elected every four years as well. The members of the provincial assemblies elect the 75 members of the First Chamber, the upper house, which has less legislative powers, as it can merely reject laws, not propose or amend them. Both trade unions and employers organisations are consulted beforehand in policymaking in the financial, economic and social areas. They meet regularly with government in the Social-Economic Council. This body advises government and its advice cannot be put aside easily. While historically the Dutch foreign policy was characterised by neutrality, since the Second World War the Netherlands became a member of a large number of international organisations, most prominently the UN, NATO and the EU. The Dutch economy is very open and relies on international trade. The Netherlands has a long tradition of social tolerance. In the 18th century, while the Dutch Reformed Church was the state religion, Catholicism and Judaism were tolerated. In the late 19th century this Dutch tradition of religious tolerance transformed into a system of pillarisation, in which religious groups coexisted separately and only interacted at the level of government. This tradition of tolerance is linked to the Dutch policies on recreational drugs, prostitution, LGBT rights, euthanasia, and abortion which are among the most liberal in the world. The Binnenhof is the centre of Dutch politics.Since suffrage became universal in 1919 the Dutch political system has been dominated by three families of political parties: the strongest family were the Christian democrats currently represented by the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), second were the social democrats, of which the Labour Party (PvdA) is currently the largest party and third were the liberals of which the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) is the main representative. These cooperated in coalition cabinets in which the Christian democrats had always been partner: so either a centre left coalition of the Christian democrats and social democrats or a centre right coalition of Christian democrats and liberals. In the 1970s the party system became more volatile: the Christian democratic parties lost seats, while new parties, like the radical democrat and progressive liberal D66, became successful. In the 1994 election the CDA lost its dominant position. A "purple" cabinet was formed by the VVD, D66 and PvdA. In 2002 elections this cabinet lost its majority, due to the rise of LPF, a new political party around the flamboyant populist Pim Fortuyn, who was shot to death a week before the elections took place. The elections also saw increased support for the CDA. A short lived cabinet was formed by CDA, VVD and LPF, led by the leader of the Christian democrats, Jan Peter Balkenende. After the 2003 elections in which the LPF lost almost all its seats, a cabinet was formed by the CDA, the VVD and D66. The cabinet initiated an ambitious program of reforming the welfare state, the health care system and immigration policies. In June 2006 the cabinet fell, as D66 voted in favour of a motion of no confidence against minister of immigration and integration Rita Verdonk in the aftermath of the upheaval about the asylum procedure of Ayaan Hirsi Ali instigated by the Dutch immigration minister Verdonk. A care taker cabinet was formed by CDA and VVD, and the general elections were held on 22 November 2006. In these elections the Christian Democratic Appeal remained the largest party and the Socialist Party made the largest gains. The formation of a new cabinet started two days after the elections. Initial investigations toward a CDA-SP-PvdA coalition failed, after which a coalition of CDA, PvdA and ChristianUnion was formed. Dutch Tweede Kamer seats as of 2006 PvdD (2) D66 (3) GL (7) SP (25) PvdA (33) CU (6) CDA (41) VVD (22) SGP (2) PVV (9) Summary of the 22 November 2006 Netherlands Second Chamber election results: Administrative divisions Main articles: Provinces of the Netherlands and Municipalities in the Netherlands The Netherlands is divided into twelve administrative regions, called provinces, each under a Governor, who is called Commissaris van de Koningin (Commissioner of the Queen), except for the province Limburg where the commissioner is called Gouverneur (Governor) which underlines the more "non-Dutch" mentality. All provinces are divided into municipalities (gemeenten), 458 in total (1 January 2006). The country is also subdivided in water districts, governed by a water board (waterschap or hoogheemraadschap), each having authority in matters concerning water management. As of 1 January 2005 there are 27. The creation of water boards actually pre-dates that of the nation itself, the first appearing in 1196. In fact, the Dutch water boards are one of the oldest democratic entities in the world still in existence. Map of the Netherlands, linking to the province pages; the red dots mark the capitals of the provinces and the black dots other notable cities or towns.Flag Province Capital Largest city Area (km²) Population Drenthe Assen Assen 2,641 486,197 Flevoland Lelystad Almere 1,417 374,424 Friesland (Fryslân) Leeuwarden Leeuwarden 3,341 642,209 Gelderland Arnhem Nijmegen 4,971 1,979,059 Groningen Groningen Groningen 2,333 573,614 Limburg Maastricht Maastricht 2,150 1,127,805 North (Noord) Brabant Den Bosch Eindhoven 4,916 2,419,042 North (Noord) Holland Haarlem Amsterdam 2,671 2,613,070 Overijssel Zwolle Enschede 3,325 1,116,374 Utrecht Utrecht Utrecht 1,385 1,190,604 Zealand (Zeeland) Middelburg Middelburg 1,787 380,497 South (Zuid) Holland The Hague (Den Haag) Rotterdam 2,814 3,455,097 Demographics and urbanisation Demographics Main article: Demographics of the Netherlands Population density in the Netherlands, 2006The Netherlands is the 25th most densely populated country in the world, with 395 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,023 sq mi)—or 484 people per square kilometre (1,254/sq mi) if only the land area is counted, since 18.4% is water. Fertility rate The fertility rate in the Netherlands is 1.72 children per woman, well below the 2.1 rate required for population replacement. Life expectancy Life expectancy is high in the Netherlands: 82 years for newborn girls and 77 for boys (2007). Body length The people of the Netherlands are amongst the tallest in the world, with an average height of about 1.85 m (6 ft 0.8 in) for adult males and 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) for adult females. People in the south are on average about 2 cm shorter than those in the north. Ethnic origins The ethnic origins of the citizens of the Netherlands are diverse. A majority of the population, however, still remains indigenous Dutch, although from a historic point of view, the latter notion is also to be relativised strongly. They were: 80.9% Dutch 2.4% Indonesian (Indo-Dutch, South Moluccan) 2.4% German 2.2% Turkish 2.0% Surinamese 1.9% Moroccan 0.8% Antillean and Aruban 6.0% other However, this does not include the whole Kingdom of the Netherlands (such as the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba, which have a non-Dutch majority community), and only includes the population in the Netherlands itself. Urbanisation Main article: Geography of the Netherlands The Netherlands is a very densely populated country, although the cities are modest in size compared to international standards. It is not the size of the biggest cities, but the very high number of middle sized cities and towns, that accounts for the high degree of urbanisation. The capital and largest city is Amsterdam, although the government is located in The Hague. While the word capital is usually defined as the city of the government seat, no Dutchman would ever call The Hague the capital of The Netherlands. Schematic map of the Randstad. The Randstad Main article: Randstad The Randstad (Edge City) is a conurbation in the western part of the Netherlands. It consists of the four largest Dutch cities (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht), plus their surrounding areas. With its 7.5 million inhabitants (almost half of the population of the Netherlands; when other conurbations connected to this area are also taken into consideration, it would have a population a little over 10 million, almost two-thirds of the entire Dutch population) it is one of the largest conurbations in Europe. There is discussion to what extent the Randstad may form a single more integrated metropolis in the future. At this moment, urban structures between these cities are not yet developed to such a level that the Randstad could be considered a kind of distributed super-agglomeration. Conurbation is not restricted to the Randstad alone, although the centre of gravity lies there. Quite typically, in the Netherlands there are many medium sized cities, but no truly large ones. Its largest city, Amsterdam with about 750,000 inhabitants in its own municipality, belongs to one of the smaller European capitals. The 10 largest cities Urbanisation in the Netherlands.List of the largest cities, by population, within the borders of one municipality with their provinces in 2006: Sources are CBS based Amsterdam (North Holland) 744,740 Rotterdam (South Holland) 581,615 The Hague ('s-Gravenhage / Den Haag) (South Holland) 474,245 Utrecht (Utrecht) 294,742 Eindhoven (North Brabant) 209,601 Tilburg (North Brabant) 200,975 Almere (Flevoland) 183,738 Groningen (Groningen) 180,824 Breda (North Brabant) 170,451 Nijmegen (Gelderland) 160,732 However, this picture has to be completed. Municipality sizes alone do not reflect the degree of urbanisation in the Netherlands comprehensively. Many of the larger Dutch cities are the cores of a significantly larger urban agglomeration. The largest ones are listed below: The 15 largest agglomerations Agglomerations consisting of only one municipality are not included. Sources are CBS based see and Rotterdam (Rotterdam, Barendrecht, Ridderkerk, Capelle aan den IJssel, Krimpen aan den IJssel, Spijkenisse, Schiedam, Vlaardingen, Maasland, Maassluis, Rozenburg) Amsterdam (Amsterdam, Amstelveen, Uithoorn, Diemen, Landsmeer, Oostzaan, Wormerland, Zaanstad) The Keizersgracht in Amsterdam, which is the largest city and capital of the Netherlands.The Hague ('s-Gravenhage, Rijswijk, Wateringen, Voorburg, Leidschendam, Wassenaar, Westland, Zoetermeer, Delft) Utrecht (Utrecht, Nieuwegein, IJsselstein, Maarssen) Eindhoven (Eindhoven, Veldhoven, Geldrop, Son en Breugel, Waalre) Tilburg (Tilburg, Goirle) Groningen (Groningen, Haren) Haarlem (Haarlem, Heemstede, Bloemendaal) Arnhem (Arnhem, Rozendaal) Leiden (Leiden, Katwijk, Voorschoten, Leiderdorp, Oegstgeest, Rijnsburg, Valkenburg, Warmond) Dordrecht (Dordrecht, 's-Gravendeel, Hardinxveld-Giessendam, Papendrecht, Sliedrecht, Zwijndrecht) Heerlen (Heerlen, Kerkrade, Landgraaf, Brunssum) 's-Hertogenbosch ('s-Hertogenbosch, Vught) Sittard-Geleen (Sittard-Geleen, Beek, Stein) Amersfoort (Amersfoort, Leusden, Hoogland, Hooglanderveen) Language, religion, and culture Language Main articles: Dutch Language and Languages of the Netherlands The official language is Dutch, which is spoken by a majority of the inhabitants, the exception being some groups of immigrants. Another official language is West Frisian, which is spoken in the northern province of Friesland, called Fryslân in that language. West Frisian is co-official only in the province of Friesland, although with a few restrictions. Several dialects of Low Saxon (Nedersaksisch in Dutch) are spoken in much of the north and east, like the Twentse language in the Twente region, and are recognised by the Netherlands as regional languages according to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, as well as the Meuse-Rhenish Franconian varieties in the southeastern province of Limburg, here called Limburgish language. Dom Tower of Utrecht. Life in the Netherlands Culture[show] Cuisine Culture Customs Holidays Music Religion Sport Economy[show] Communication Economy Taxation Transport Society[show] Demographics Education Customs Languages Media Politics[show] Human Rights Law Law enforcement Languages Politics Policies[show] Abortion Drug policy Euthanasia Pillarisation Prostitution Same-sex marriage edit box There is a tradition of learning foreign languages in the Netherlands: about 70% of the total population have good knowledge of English, 55– 59% of German and 19% of French. Some Dutch secondary schools also teach Latin and Ancient Greek. Religion Main article: Religion in the Netherlands The Netherlands is one of the more secular countries in the Western Europe, with only 39% being religiously affiliated (31% for those aged under 35), although 62% are believers (but 40% of those not in the traditional sense). Fewer than 20% visit church regularly . According to the most recent Eurobarometer Poll 2005, 34% of Dutch citizens responded that "they believe there is a god", whereas 37% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 27% that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, god, or life force". In 1950, before the secularisation of Europe, and the large settlement of non-Europeans in the Netherlands, most Dutch citizens identified themselves as Christians. In 1950, out of a total population of almost 13 million, a total of 7,261,000 belonged to Protestant denominations, 3,703,000 belonged to the Roman Catholic Church, and 1,641,000 had no acknowledged religion. However, Christian schools are still funded by the government, but the same applies for schools founded on other religions, nowadays Islam in particular. While all schools must meet strict quality criteria, from 1917 the freedom of schools is a basic principle in the Netherlands. Three political parties in the Dutch parliament (CDA, ChristianUnion and SGP) base their policy on the Christian belief system. Culture Main article: Culture of the Netherlands Erasmus (1466–1536).The Netherlands has had many well-known painters. The 17th century, when the Dutch republic was prosperous, was the age of the "Dutch Masters", such as Rembrandt van Rijn, Johannes Vermeer, Jan Steen, Jacob van Ruysdael and many others. Famous Dutch painters of the 19th and 20th century were Vincent van Gogh and Piet Mondriaan. M. C. Escher is a well-known graphics artist. Willem de Kooning was born and trained in Rotterdam, although he is considered to have reached acclaim as an American artist. Han van Meegeren was an infamous Dutch art forger. The Netherlands is the country of philosophers Erasmus of Rotterdam and Spinoza. All of Descartes' major work was done in the Netherlands. The Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens (1629–1695) discovered Saturn's moon Titan and invented the pendulum clock. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe and describe single-celled organisms with a microscope. In the Dutch Golden Age, literature flourished as well, with Joost van den Vondel and P.C. Hooft as the two most famous writers. In the 19th century, Multatuli wrote about the bad treatment of the natives in Dutch colonies. Important 20th century authors include Harry Mulisch, Jan Wolkers, Simon Vestdijk, Cees Nooteboom, Gerard (van het) Reve and Willem Frederik Hermans. Anne Frank's Diary of a Young Girl was published after she died in The Holocaust and translated from Dutch to all major languages. Replicas of Dutch buildings can be found in Huis ten Bosch, Nagasaki, Japan. A similar Holland Village is being built in Shenyang, China. Windmills, tulips, wooden shoes, cheese and Delftware pottery are among the items associated with the Netherlands. Military Main article: Military of the Netherlands Conscription in the Netherlands was suspended in 1996. All military specialities, except the Submarine service and Marine Corps(Korps Mariniers), are open to women. The Dutch Ministry of Defence employs almost over 70,000 personnel, including over 20,000 civilian and over 50,000 military personnel. The military is composed of four branches, all of which carry the prefix Koninklijke (Royal): Koninklijke Landmacht (KL), the Royal Netherlands Army Koninklijke Marine (KM), the Royal Netherlands Navy, including the Naval Air Service and Marine Corps Koninklijke Luchtmacht (KLu), the Royal Netherlands Air Force Koninklijke Marechaussee (KMar), the Royal Military Police, tasks include military police and border control Economy Main articles: Economy of the Netherlands and List of Dutch companies Economy Aalsmeer Flower Auction. The largest commercial building in the world, and a centre of international flower trade.The Netherlands has a prosperous and open economy in which the government has reduced its role since the 1980s. Industrial activity is predominantly in food-processing (for example Unilever and Heineken International), chemicals (for example DSM), petroleum refining (for example Royal Dutch Shell), and electrical machinery (for example Philips). In the north of the Netherlands, near Slochteren, one of the largest natural gas fields in the world is situated. So far (2006) exploitation of this field resulted in a total revenue of €159 billion since the mid 1970s. N.V. Nederlandse Gasunie still is the largest public-private partnership P3 world-wide following the global energy-transition of 1963 from coal to gas, coupling oil and gas prices. With just over half of the reserves used up and an expected continued rise in oil prices, the revenues over the next few decades are expected to be at least that much. The Netherlands has the 16th largest economy in the world, and ranks 10th in GDP (nominal) per capita. Between 1998 and 2000 annual economic growth (GDP) averaged nearly 4%, well above the European average. Growth slowed considerably in 2001-05 due to the global economic slowdown, but accelerated to 4.1% in the third quarter of 2007. Inflation is 1.3% and is expected to stay low at around 1.5% in the coming years. Unemployment is at 4.0% of the labour force. By Eurostat standards however, unemployment in the Netherlands is at only 2.9% - the lowest rate of all European Union member states. The Netherlands also has a relatively low GINI coefficient of 0.326. Despite ranking only 10th in GDP per capita, UNICEF ranked the Netherlands 1st in child well-being. Agriculture and horticulture Frisian Holstein cows originated in the Netherlands, where intensive dairy farming is an important part of agriculture.A highly mechanised agricultural sector employs no more than 4% of the labour force but provides large surpluses for the food-processing industry and for exports. The Dutch rank third worldwide in value of agricultural exports, behind the United States and France, with exports earning $55 billion annually. A significant portion of Dutch agricultural exports are derived from fresh-cut plants, flowers, and bulbs, with the Netherlands exporting two-thirds of the world's total. The Netherlands also exports a quarter of all world tomatoes, and one-third of the world's exports of peppers and cucumbers. The Netherlands' location gives it prime access to markets in the UK and Germany, with the port of Rotterdam being the largest port in Europe. Other important parts of the economy are international trade (Dutch colonialism started with cooperative private enterprises such as the VOC), banking and transport. The Netherlands successfully addressed the issue of public finances and stagnating job growth long before its European partners. Currency As a founding member of the Euro, the Netherlands replaced (for accounting purposes) its former currency, the "Gulden" (Guilder), on January 1, 1999, along with the other adopters of the single European currency. Actual Euro coins and banknotes followed on January 1, 2002. One Euro is equivalent to 2.20371 Dutch guilders. |
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