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越南 Viet Nam   首都:河內  國家代碼: vn   
  朝政
越南
越南
越南
越南
越南
越南
越南
  越南社會主義共和國(The Socialist Republic of Viet Nam)代碼VN
  
  【面積】 329556平方公裏。
  
  【人口】 8411萬(2006年),其中男性4133萬,占49.1%,女性4278萬,占50.9%。有54個民族,京族占總人口近90%,岱依族、傣族、芒族、華人、儂族人口均超過50萬。主要語言為越南語(官方語言、通用語言、主要民族語言均為越南語)。主要宗教:佛教、天主教、和好教與高臺教。
  
  【國旗】越南國旗的名稱是金星紅旗,自1955年11月30日開始采用。國旗的長寬比例為2:3,中心是一顆黃色的五角星(金星),標志越南共産黨的領導地位,紅色表示革命和勝利。五角星的五個角分別表示工人、農民、士兵、知識份子和青年。
  
  【國花】 越南民間把蓮花作為國花,以它作為力量、吉祥、平安、光明的象徵,還把蓮花比喻英雄和神佛。總之,一切美好的理想皆以蓮花表示。
  
  【國徽】越南國徽的中間是一個大五角星,代表越南共産黨,國徽四周是稻穗和金色齒輪,代表工人階層及農民階層。金色齒輪下方為寫着越南語“Cộng Hòa Xã Hội Chủ Nghĩa Việt Nam”(越南語漢字為“共和社會主義越南”,意謂“越南社會主義共和國”)的紅底金字綬帶。它的設計跟中華人民共和國國徽比較相似。
  
  【首都】 河內(Ha Noi),人口4,000,000人(2005年)。夏季平均氣溫28.9℃,鼕季平均氣溫18.9℃。
  
  【國傢元首】 國傢主席阮明哲(Nguyen Minh Triet),2006年6月27日就職。
  
  【重要節日】 越南共産黨成立日:2月3日(1930年)。越南南方解放日:4月30日(1975年)。越南國慶日:9月2日(1945年)。鬍志明誕辰日:5月19日(1890年)。
  
  【簡況】 位於中南半島東部,北與中國接壤,西與老撾、柬埔寨交界,東面和南面臨南海。海岸綫長3260多公裏。地處北回歸綫以南,屬熱帶季風氣候,高溫多雨。年平均氣溫24℃左右。年平均降雨量為 1500-2000毫米。北方分春、夏、秋、鼕四季。南方雨旱兩季分明,大部分地區5-10月為雨季,11月至次年4月為旱季。
  同北京時差 比格林尼治時間早7小時;比北京時間晚1小時
  國際電話碼 84
  貨幣 越南盾
  
  歷史沿革
  
  【歷史】
  上古傳說與古代中國的統治。
  前257年,蜀國末代王子蜀泮率領其族民,輾轉到達現在越南北部,建立甌雒國,並自稱為安陽王。
  秦始皇統一六國以後的前214年,派大軍越過嶺南占領今日越南北部和廣西、廣東、福建,徵服當地的百越諸部族,秦朝在這一帶大量移民,設立了三個郡,其中越南北部歸屬於象郡管理。
  前203年,秦朝的南海尉趙佗在秦朝末年的混亂時期,自立為南越武王(後改稱南越武帝),首都在今廣州。越南北部成為南越國的一部份。前111年,漢武帝滅南越國,並在越南北部地方設立交趾、九真、日南三郡,實施直接的行政管理。在之後的一千多年時間裏,越南北部交趾地區雖然屢有反抗,但是大體上一直受到中國古代政權各朝代(漢朝、東吳、晉朝、南朝、隋朝、唐朝和南漢)的直接管轄。
  
  占婆的獨立
  東漢末年(192年),占族人區連殺死漢朝的日南郡象林縣令,從東漢獨立,占據了原日南郡的大部份地區(越南中部),以婆羅門教為國教,建立占婆國,與東漢以順化為界。1190年至1220年,占婆被真臘占領,後復國。
  
  大越的獨立
  939年,吳權自中國五代南漢政權而獨立(吳朝),越南古老的心髒地帶——北部交趾地區告別了中國一千多年的統治,但是並未建立國號與使用年號。968年,丁部領(丁先皇)以武力徵服境內的割據勢力,建立國號大瞿越(丁朝),兩年後(970年)又自稱皇帝與使用年號太平,定都華閭(今寧平省寧平市),算是越南正式脫離中國而自主之始。後來接受中國宋朝太祖册封為交趾郡王,中國古代皇帝正式承認越南是自治的藩屬國而不再是直接管理的中國本土。980年,黎桓建立前黎朝。1010年,李公藴建立李朝,並遷都升竜(今河內)。1225年,陳煚(實為陳守度)建立陳朝。令越南人自豪的是,陳朝接連三次擊退了蒙古大軍的侵略,陳興道是當時的抗元英雄。
  
  越南的統一
  1407年至1428年,中國明朝成祖(永樂皇帝)趁越南皇朝內亂之際,出兵占領越南,並在升竜設立了交趾布政司(行省),進行直接統治。1428年,黎利擊敗明朝軍隊,自立為帝建立後黎朝,於是明朝從越南撤兵,並承認越南獨立。1471年,滅占婆。1527年,後黎朝南北分裂,北部由莫登庸建立的莫朝控製。1592年,後黎朝復闢,北部由鄭氏傢族控製,南部則由阮氏傢族控製,1698年,阮氏傢族出兵吞併下高棉(今湄公河三角洲)。1771年,爆發西山三兄弟起義,先後滅阮、鄭,統一全國,建立西山朝。1802年,阮福映在法國支持下滅西山朝,建立阮朝,之後接受中國清朝嘉慶帝的更改册封為「越南國王」,正式建立新國號為「越南」,這也是越南名稱的由來。
  
  法國的占領與再次的獨立
  1859年,法國聲稱保護傳教士和天主教徒,占領湄公河三角洲的主要城市柴棍(西貢),於1862年得到越南南部。又於1884年占領整個越南,並將之歸入法國在中南半島的殖民地之內,為此與越南的宗主國清朝爆發了清法戰爭(1883年至1885年);與此同時,法國傳教士為本來采用漢字的越南,設計了一套以拉丁字母為基礎的拼音文字,就是現在越南人稱呼為「國語」的拉丁化越南文字。
  1904年開始,越南的資産階級民族主義革命傢潘佩珠流亡海外成立越南維新會,後來在1912年見到中國的辛亥革命成功,並於中國廣州改組為越南光復會,此團體成員曾先後潛回越南發動武裝起義,試圖推翻法國殖民政權,卻因倉促的行動與裝備的落後而遭遇失敗。之後潘佩珠於1925年遭到法國殖民政權特務的綁架,並押解回越南而終生軟禁。到了1930年,越南的共産主義革命傢鬍志明得到蘇聯莫斯科的協助,組建了印度支那共産黨,並開始在北越領導對抗殖民運動。
  1940年,日本進侵越南,美國為了對抗日本的侵略而對鬍志明革命勢力提供軍事支持,並承諾戰後支持越南尋求獨立。1945年,日軍宣佈投降之際,鬍志明在河內宣告獨立並建立「越南民主共和國」。但美國和法國政府達成秘密協議,繼續讓法國殖民政權統治越南,鬍志明轉而嚮蘇聯尋求支助。1954年,當北越軍隊在中華人民共和國的指揮和援助下取得奠邊府之役大勝之後,再次宣告獨立,並立即得到蘇聯和中國更廣泛的支持。為了跟以鬍志明為首的北越對抗,法國政府在日內瓦和會(1954年)上宣佈將權力移交給阮朝的末代皇帝阮福晪(保大皇帝),並成立名為「越南國」的南越政府而和鬍志明領導的北越政府抗衡。阮福晪並且委任了吳廷琰為首相。1955年,吳廷琰在美國的支持下簽署法令廢除皇室,並宣佈自立成為「越南共和國」的總統。
  
  【越南戰爭】
  受到美國等西方反對共産主義制度的國傢支持,以吳廷琰為首的南越政府拒絶在最後期限1955年7月前和北越政府就普選問題進行磋商。南越拒絶遵守巴黎協定,並宣佈成立共和國,北越隨即由鬍志明宣佈建國。為保障南越政府的發展,美國在1960年代對南越的經濟和軍事援助從不間斷,直到1973年南北雙方簽訂停火協議為止。之後,美國從南越撤軍(參考越戰)。
  兩年後的1975年4月30日,北越軍隊擊敗南越政府,成立「南越南共和國」,翌年兩越在北越領導下統一。1976年,「越南民主共和國」更名為「越南社會主義共和國」。這次戰爭總共導致三百八十萬人死亡,其後遺癥在戰爭結束之後二十年也未能平息。香港的越南難民直到1997年之後纔全部被遣返越南。
  
  【統一與改革】
  
   1973年1月越美在巴黎簽訂關於在越南結束戰爭、恢復和平的協定,美軍開始從南方撤走。1975年5月南方全部解放,1976年4月選出統一的國會,7月宣佈全國統一,定國名為越南社會主義共和國。
  
   越南統一後,其軍隊歷經越戰錘煉,擁有中、蘇援助的大批裝備及繳獲的美製武器,在前蘇聯的強力支持下,越共的擴張思想一度膨脹。趁柬埔寨國內民怨(紅色高棉)之機大舉入侵,並派兵控製老撾;又排華並與中國爆發大規模邊境衝突。多年窮兵黷武,導致越南經濟幾乎崩潰,黨內外反對聲浪不斷。1986年越共領導人黎筍死後,長徵、阮文靈先後繼任,對外調整與中國及東盟鄰國的關係,對內進行經濟體製改革,使越南走上相對穩定的發展道路。
  
   2006年,越通過加強黨的建設、加大反腐力度、解决民生問題等舉措,增強凝聚力,維護社會政治穩定。4月18至25日,越共十大在河內召開,通過《政治報告》、《2006-2010年五年經濟社會發展方向和目標的報告》、《黨建工作報告》和《補充和修改黨章報告》决議,選舉産生十屆中央領導機構。認為越已初步形成革新、社會主義社會和走社會主義道路的理論體係。修改補充後的黨章明確提出越南共産黨是工人階級的先鋒隊,同時也是越勞動人民和全民族的先鋒隊。
  2006年6月27日,越共中央政治局委員、鬍志明市市委書記阮明哲在越南第十一屆國會第九次會議選舉中獲得94%的贊成票,當選為越南國傢主席.
  
  
  政治
  
  
  
  【憲法】 越南現行憲法是第四部憲法,於1992年4月15日在八屆國會11次會議上通過,是1946年、1959年、1980年憲法的繼承和發展,體現了越共“七大”提出的社會主義目標與國傢全面革新路綫。憲法規定:越南社會主義共和國國傢政權屬於人民,越南共産黨以馬剋思列寧主義和鬍志明思想為指導思想。2001年十屆國會10次會議對憲法部分條款作出修改,確定越南要發展“社會主義定嚮”的市場經濟。
  【議會】 稱國會,是國傢最高權力機關,任期5年,通常每年舉行兩次例會。2007年5月,越舉行第十二屆國會代表選舉,共選出493名國會代表。現任國會主席阮富仲(Nguyen Phu Trong),2006年6月 26日當選。
  【越南祖國陣綫】(Mat Tran To Quoc Viet Nam)是越南的統一戰綫組織,成立於1955年9月,南北方統一後於1977年同越南南方民族解放陣綫和越南民族、民主及和平力量聯盟合併。本屆祖國陣綫中央主席團主席範世閱(Pham The Duyet)。
  【政府】 國傢最高行政機關。本屆政府於2006年6月27日組成。總理阮晉勇(Nguyen Tan Dung),常務副總理阮生雄(Nguyen Sinh Hung)、副總理張永仲(Truong Vinh Trong)、副總理兼外長范家謙(Pham Gia Khiem),國防部長馮光青(Phung Quang Thanh)、公安部長黎鴻英(Le Hong Anh)、司法部長汪朱琉(Uong Chu Luu)、財政部長武文榮(Vu Van Vinh)、貿易部長張庭選(Truong Dinh Tuyen)、勞動榮軍與社會部長阮氏女亙 (Nguyen Thi Hang)、交通運輸部長鬍義勇(Ho Nghia Dung)、建設部長阮紅軍(Nguyen Hong Quan)、水産部長謝光玉(Ta Quang Ngoc)、文化通訊部長黎尹合(Le Doan Hop)、教育培訓部長阮善仁(Nguyen Thien Nhan)、農業與農村發展部長高德發(Cao Duc Phat)、工業部長黃忠海(Hoang Trung Hai)、計劃投資部長武鴻福(Vo Hong Phuc)、衛生部長陳氏忠戰(Tran Thi Trung Chien)、科技部長黃文峰(Hoang Van Phong)、資源環境部長梅愛直(Mai Ai Truc)、郵政電信部長杜中佐(Do Trung Ta)、內務部長杜光忠(Do Quang Trung)、政府總監察長陳文傳(Tran Van Truyen)、國傢銀行行長黎德邃(Le Duc Thuy)、體育委員會主任阮名泰(Nguyen Danh Thai)、民族委員會主任剋索福(Ksor Phuoc)、人口家庭與兒童委員會主任黎氏秋(Le Thi Thu)。政府辦公廳主任段孟蛟(Doan Manh Giao)。
  【行政區劃】 全國劃分為59個省和5個直轄市。
   5個直轄市概況:
  
  鬍志明市 (人口)5378100 (面積)2,095平方公裏
  
  峴港(人口) 715000 (面積)1,256平方公裏
  
  河內市 (人口) 2154900 (面積)921平方公裏
  海防市 (人口) 1711100 (面積)1,503平方公裏
  
  芹苴市(人口) 1112000 (面積)1,390平方公裏
  
  
  【司法機構】 由最高人民法院、最高人民檢察院及地方法院、地方檢察院和軍事法院組成。現任最高人民法院院長阮文現(Nguyen Van Hien),2002年8月就任,最高人民檢察院院長何孟智(Ha Manh Tri),1997年9月就任,2002年8月連任。
  【政黨】 越南共産黨(Dang Cong San Viet Nam)是唯一政黨,1930年2月3日成立,同年10月改名為印度支那共産黨,1951年更名為越南勞動黨,1976年改用現名。現有黨員約248萬人,基層組織4萬多個,同世界上180多個政黨建有黨際關係。
  越共中央總書記為農德孟(Nong Duc Manh)。政治局委員(14人):農德孟、黎鴻英(Le Hong Anh)、阮晉勇(Nguyen Tan Dung)、阮明哲(Nguyen Minh Triet)、張晉創(Truong Tan Sang)、阮富仲(Nguyen Phu Trong)、范家謙(Pham Gia Khiem)、馮光青(Phung Quang Thanh)、張永仲(Truong Vinh Trong)、黎清海(Le Thanh Hai)、阮生雄(Nguyen Sinh Hung)、阮文芝(Nguyen Van Chi)、鬍德越(Ho Duc Viet)、範光毅(Pham Quang Nghi);中央書記處書記(8人):農德孟、張晉創、張永仲、阮文芝、鬍德越、黎文勇(Le Van Dung)、叢氏放(Tung Thi Phong)、蘇輝惹(To Huy Rua);中央檢查委員會委員(13人):阮文芝(主任)、阮氏緣(Nguyen Thi Duyen)、范氏海傳(Pham Thi Hai Chuyen)、陳和(Tran Hoa)、範志和(Pham Chi Hoa)、范氏槐(Pham Thi Hoe)、黎洪廉(Le Hong Liem)、黎文講(Le Van Giang)、阮文膽(Nguyen Van Dam)、沙如和(Sa Nhu Hoa)、阮明光(Nguyen Minh Quang)、裴文體(Bui Van The)、蘇光秋(To Quang Thu)。
  
  【重要人物】農德孟:越共中央總書記。1940年9月11日生於北太省納星縣強利鄉,岱依族。1963年入黨。1966―1971年赴原蘇聯列寧格勒林業學院留學。1974―1976年在阮愛國高級黨校(今鬍志明國傢政治學院)學習。1976―1986年歷任北太省林業廳副廳長、廳長,省人委副主席、主席,省委副書記、書記。1986年12月在越共六大上當選候補中央委員,1989年3月六屆六中全會增補為中央委員。1989年8月任越共中央民族部部長,同年11月任國會民族委員會副主席。1991年6月在越共七大上當選政治局委員。1992年9月當選國會主席。1996年6月在越共八大上連任政治局委員。1997年9月連任國會主席。1998年1月當選政治局常委。2001年4月在越共九大上當選總書記,2006年4月在越共十大上連任。
  曾於1994年2月和2000年4月率國會代表團訪華,任越共中央總書記後先後於2001年12月、2003年4月和2006年8月訪華。
  阮明哲:越共中央政治局委員、越南國傢主席。1942年10月8日生於平陽省邊吉縣富安鄉。數學、政治學學士。1960―1973年參加南方革命活動。1974―1987年在鬍志明共青團中央工作,曾任團中央書記、青聯副主席,並在阮愛國高級黨校學習。1988年1月―1996年12月,歷任小河省省委委員、副書記、書記,期間1991年6月在越共七大上當選中央委員,1996年6月在越共八大上連任中央委員。1997年1月任鬍志明市市委副書記。1997年12月在越共八屆四中全會上當選政治局委員。1998―1999年任越共中央民運部部長。2000年1月至2006年6月任鬍志明市市委書記,期間在2001年4月越共九大和2006年4月越共十大上均當選政治局委員。2006年6月在十一屆九次國會上當選國傢主席。1995年4月率小河省代表團訪華,2000年7月率越南共産黨代表團訪華,任國傢主席後於2007年5月訪華。
  阮晉勇:越共中央政治局委員、越南政府總理。1949年11月17日生於金甌省泰平縣。1967年入黨。法律學士。1961年參軍,曾任團政委、堅江省軍事指揮部幹部部長。1981―1994年歷任堅江省委組織部副部長、常務副書記、省人委主席、省委書記,並在阮愛國高級黨校學習,期間1991年在越共七大上當選中央委員。1995年1月―1996年5月任內務部副部長。1996年6月在越共八大上當選政治局委員、常委,任中央經濟部部長。1997年9月任政府常務副總理。1998年4月起兼任國傢銀行行長。2001年4月在越共九大上再次當選政治局委員。2002年8月連任政府常務副總理。2006年4月在越共十大上連任政治局委員,同年6月在十一屆九次國會上當選政府總理。1994年以來,先後6次訪華。2006年10月率團出席中國-東盟建立對話關係15周年紀念峰會暨南博會,並順訪廣西。
  
  
  經濟
  
  【經濟】越南係發展中國傢。1986年開始實行革新開放。1996年越共八大提出要大力推進國傢工業化、現代化。2001年越共九大確定建立社會主義定嚮的市場經濟體製,並確定了三大經濟戰略重點,即以工業化和現代化為中心,發展多種經濟成份、發揮國有經濟主導地位,建立市場經濟的配套管理體製。經過二十年的革新,越經濟保持較快增長,1990-2006年國內生産總值年均增長7.7%,經濟總量不斷擴大,三産結構趨嚮協調,對外開放水平不斷提高,基本形成了以國有經濟為主導、多種經濟成分共同發展的格局。
  2006年,越正式加入WTO,並成功舉辦APEC領導人非正式會議,越南經濟繼續發展。政府采取措施調整經濟結構,增加工業、建築和服務業比重,降低農業、林業和水産品業比重。完善市場經濟體製,改善投資環境。經濟保持快速增長,主要經濟指標均獲完成和超額完成,但同時也面臨增長質量和效益低、結構調整尚未到位等製約因素。
  國內生産總值(2006年):約573億美元
  國內生産總值增長率(2006年):8.17%
  人均國內生産總值(2006年):約722美元
  貨幣名稱: 越南盾(Dong)
  匯率: 1美元≈16000越盾(2006年12月)
  物價上漲指數(2006年): 6.6%
  城市失業率(2006年): 4.4%
  外匯儲備(2006年):約120億美元
  【資源】 越南礦産資源豐富,種類多樣。主要有煤、鐵、鈦、錳、鉻、鋁、錫、磷等,其中煤、鐵、鋁儲量較大。有6845種海洋生物,其中魚類2000種,蟹300種,貝類300種,蝦類75種。森林面積約1000萬公頃。
  【工業】 2006年,越南工業産值490.82萬億越盾,比上年增長17%。其中,國有企業産值增長9.1%,外國獨資企業産值增長23.9%,合資企業産值增長18.8%。
  近年工業總産值及構成情況
  2003年 2004年 2005年
  工業總産值(萬億盾) 302.99 354 414.88
  增長率(%) 16 16 17.2%
  國有企業(萬億盾) 117.289 131.6
  非國有企業(萬億盾) 75.906 96.2
  外資企業(萬億盾) 91.906 109.795 126.3
  (資料來源:越南統計總局)
  
  【農業】 越南是傳統農業國,農業人口約占總人口的75%。耕地及林地占總面積的60%。糧食作物包括稻米、玉米、馬鈴薯、番薯和木薯等,經濟作物主要有咖啡、橡膠、腰果、茶葉、花生、蠶絲等。2006年越農林漁業總産值(按固定價格計算)比2005年增長4.4%,約占GDP的20.40%。農業産值同比增長3.6%,其中糧食産量3965萬噸,比上年增長0.1%;林業産值同比增長1.2%;漁業産值為同比增長7.7%。
  【服務業】 近年越南服務業保持較快增長,2006年服務業和商品零售總收入為580.7萬億越盾(以實際價格計算),同比增長20.9%;扣除物價因素,增長13%。其中國有經濟增長8.2%,集體經濟增長20.8%,個體經濟增長22.4%,私有經濟增長25%,外資經濟增長21.5%。
  【旅遊業】 越南旅遊資源豐富,5處風景名勝被聯合國教科文組織列為世界文化和自然遺産。近年來旅遊業增長迅速,經濟效益顯著。2006年全年接待國外遊客358萬人次,比上年增長3%。國內遊客1450萬人次。主要客源國(地區)為中國(51.63萬)、韓國(42.17萬)、美國(38.56萬)、日本(38.39萬)、臺灣(27.27萬)、澳大利亞(17.25萬)、柬埔寨(15.50萬)、法國(13.23萬)、泰國(12.38萬)、馬來西亞(10.56萬)、新加坡(10.49萬)。主要旅遊景點有:河內市的還劍湖、鬍志明陵墓、文廟、巴亭廣場;鬍志明市的統一宮、芽竜港口、蓮潭公園、古芝地道和廣寧省的下竜灣等。
  【交通運輸】 近年來,交通運輸業經過重組,提高服務質量,取得了較好的經濟效益。但交通運輸仍為越經濟發展的薄弱環節。2006年客運量為13.866億人次,貨運量3.504億噸,分別比上年增長9.1%和8.1%。
  鐵路:網絡包括6條幹綫和一些支綫,總長3220公裏,幹綫全長2700公裏。有410個機車頭,其中150多個是蒸汽機車頭。2005年客運量0.128億人次,貨運量884萬噸。
  公路:總長13萬多公裏(其中1.4萬公裏國道,1.5萬公裏省道,其餘是連接各縣鄉的公路)。柏油路、水泥路約占10%,汽車總數7萬輛,貨車8.8萬輛,客車6.1萬輛。2005年客運量10.94億人,貨運量2.12億噸。
  水運:水路總長1.1萬公裏,內河水運有854艘拖船、28470艘貨船、1355艘駁船,運輸能力約163萬噸。海運有610艘貨船、6艘駁船,運輸能力84萬噸。交通部直接管轄的8大港口為廣寧、海防、爐門、歸仁、義安、芽莊、峴港和西貢港。2005年客運量1.71億人,貨運量6298萬噸。
  空運:全國共有大小機場90個,其中15個為民用機場。3個國際機場分別為:內排機場(河內市)、峴港機場(峴港市)和新山一機場(鬍志明市)。原用客機大多為前蘇聯製造,近幾年通過嚮西方公司購買和租用,正逐步由歐美機型所取代。2005年客運量為680萬人,貨運量10.51萬噸。
  管道運輸:汽油管道運輸建於60年代,現有275公裏長的B12輸油管道,設計能力為100萬噸/年。
  【財政金融】 2006年財政收入完成年計劃,財政收入272.88萬億越盾,超出年初預算11.0%。財政支出321.38萬億越盾,超出年初預算9.2%。2006年發行政府債券106.66億美元。2003-2006年共發行政府債券(包括外幣)外債約309.80億美元。
  近年來財政收支情況
  2004年 2005年 2006年
  財政收入(萬億越盾) 171.03 199.42 272.88
  財政支出(萬億越盾) 210.2 251.19 321.38
  財政赤字(萬億越盾) 39.17 51.77 48.5
  (資料來源:越南統計總局)
  【對外貿易】 越南和世界上150多個國傢和地區有貿易關係。近年來越對外貿易保持高速增長,對拉動經濟發展起到了重要作用。2006年進出口貿易總額約為840億美元,貿易逆差51億美元。其中出口396億美元,增長22.8%,進口444億美元,增長21.4%。
  服務業出口總額約51億美元,同比增長19.6%。其中旅遊業增長23.9%,航空運輸業增長35.5%,航空服務業增長27.5%,金融業增長22.7%。2006年服務業進口總額為51.2億美元,同比增長14.3%。其中旅遊業增長16.7%,運費、保險費占33.7%,增長20.1%。
  近年對外貿易情況(單位:億美元)
  2004年 2005年 2006年
  總 額 575 691 840
  出口額 260 322 396
  進口額 315 369 444
  逆 差 -55 -47 -51
  越南主要貿易對象為美國、歐盟、東盟、日本以及中國。2006年,橡膠和咖啡的出口額超過10億美元,使越南10億美元以上的主要出口商品增加到有九種,分別為:原油、服裝紡織品、水海産品、鞋類、電子産品、木材、大米、橡膠、咖啡。4種傳統出口商品原油、服裝紡織品、水海産品、鞋類均在33億美元以上,其中原油為83億美元。主要出口市場為歐盟、美國、日本、中國。主要進口商品有: 機械設備及零件、成品油、鋼材、紡織原料、皮革、布匹。其中成品油為58億美元,鋼材為29億美元。主要進口市場為中國、臺灣地區、新加坡、日本、韓國。
  【外國資本】 截止到2006年底,越南纍计吸引外資協議總額604.7億美元。外資的進入對越引進先進生産技術和管理經驗,推動經濟增長,解决就業起到了重要作用。
  外國直接投資繼續增加。截至2006年底,外國纍计在越投資協議金額600億美元,協議項目6813個。在越總投資排名前五位的國傢和地區依次是臺灣、新加坡、日本、韓國和香港,占所有外資的60.6%。吸引投資最多的省市依次是鬍志明市(23.4%)、河內市(16.7%)、同奈省(15%)、平陽省(10%)。2006年,全年新批準外資項目797個,協議金額75.7億美元。加上以前項目的追加投資共計吸引外資105億美元,同比增加49.1%。實際利用外資41億美元,同比增長18.7%。
  【外國援助】 自1993年國際社會恢復對越援助以來,2006年越獲得的官方發展援助(ODA)達26.66億美元,其中貸款24.12億美元,無償援助2.54億美元。到位資金為17.8億美元。2006年12月援越咨商會議上,各國政府和國際組織承諾2007年度嚮越提供ODA援助44.45億美元,創歷史最高紀錄。
  人民生活 2006年,越居民生活穩定。隨着經濟持續增長,城市居民 的生活水平有所提高。由於農産品和食品價格提高,農村居民的生活也有所改善。全年物價上漲指數為6.6%。2006年全國貧睏戶和貧睏地區的數量繼續減少,貧睏人口下降到18.1%。但是不同行業、不同地方的勞動者收入差距較大。2006年城市失業率為4.4%。截至2005年底,越全國電話用戶為1584.5萬部;2006年人口增長率為1.21%,人口出生率為17.4‰,人口死亡率為5.3‰。2005年共有各級醫院13243所,病床197200張。
  
  軍事
  
  
  【軍事】 越南人民軍於1944年12月22日建軍。實行主力部隊、地方部隊和民兵自衛隊組成的三結合“全民國防”體製。國傢國防與安全委員會主席由國傢主席阮明哲兼任。目前總兵力約為50萬,其中陸軍35萬,海軍近3萬,防空-空軍5萬。年均國防預算約10億美元。
  
  科教文化
  
  【教育】 目前越南已形成包括幼兒教育、初等教育、中等教育、高等教育、師範教育、職業教育及成人教育在內的教育體係。普通教育學製為12年,分為三個階段:第一階段為5年小學,第二階段為4年初中,第三階段為3年高中。2000年越宣佈已基本實現普及小學義務教育目標。2001年開始普及9年義務教育。2005年,越全國在校大、中、小學學生約2200萬名。全國共有27227所三級普通學校,255所高等院校。2005年高校在校學生約140萬人。著名高校有河內國傢大學、鬍志明市國傢大學、順化大學、太原大學、峴港大學等。
  2005-2006年度各級學校、學生及教師情況如下:
  學前教育 中小學教育 高等教育
  學校 10927(所) 27227(所) 255(所)
  教師(人) 117226 780500 48600
  學生(人) 2426876 16649200 1404700
  (資料來源:越南統計總局)
  
  【新聞出版】 越南新聞出版法規定報紙由國傢控製。中央及地方新聞單位共450傢。主要出版社有政治出版社、文化出版社、文學出版社、科技出版社、教育出版社和世界出版社等。2005年,各種出版物17800種,年發行量2.52億册。報社約150傢,其餘為行業小報。
  
  主要報刊有:《人民報》,越共中央機關報,1951年創刊,在國外設有3個分支機構,1998年5月開設電子版;《人民軍隊報》,越南人民軍總政治局機關報;《大團结報》,祖國陣綫中央機關報;《西貢解放報》(越文和中文版),越共鬍志明市委機關報;《共産主義》月刊,越共中央政治理論刊物,1956年創刊,2001年設電子版;《全民國防》月刊。
  
  越南通訊社:國傢通訊社,1945年創立,1976年越南南方解放通訊社與之合併。在全國各省市均設有分社,駐外分社有16個。1998年8月開設互聯網(越、英、法、西班牙文)。
  
  “越南之聲”廣播電臺:成立於1954年,有四套對內節目,用越南語及數種少數民族語言播音,每天廣播98小時;對外廣播用中國普通話、廣東話、俄語、英語、法語、西班牙語、日語、泰語、老撾語、柬埔寨語、印尼語、馬來語等。每日播音時數為26小時。
  越南中央電視臺:成立於1971年,可同時播送四套節目,每天播出約21小時。
  
  主要網址:
  越南通訊社:http://www.vnagency.com.vn/;
  越南人民報:http://www.nhandan.org.vn/;
  越南共産黨:http://www.cpv.org.vn/;
  越南國會:http://www.na.gov.vn/;
  越南外交部:http://www.mofa.gov.vn/。
  
  
  
  外交
  
  對外關係 奉行全方位、多樣化的獨立自主外交路綫,對外工作重點是“融入國際社會、搞好周邊關係、妥善處理大國關係”。2006年積極開展對外交往,地區和國際地位日益提高。越成功舉辦APEC領導人非正式會議,被世貿組織接納為第150個成員,被亞洲國傢推舉為2008-2009年任期聯合國安理會非常任理事國亞洲唯一候選國。2006年,共有12位外國元首,17位正、副總理,12位國會正、副議長訪問越南。現已與169個國傢建交,並同20個國際組織及480多個非政府組織建立合作關係。
  
  【對當前重大國際問題的態度】 國際形勢:和平、合作與發展仍是時代的主流。世界和區域經濟形勢繼續好轉,但也存在不確定因素。經濟全球化為發展中國傢提供了機遇,也帶來了挑戰。越將繼續奉行獨立自主、和平、合作與發展的對外路綫,實行開放、全方位、多樣化的外交政策,積極參與國際地區合作進程,主動和積極融入世界經濟,努力為國內經濟建設營造和平、有利的國際環境。 反恐問題:譴責和反對一切形式的恐怖活動,願與美國以及國際社會進行反恐合作。反對藉反恐干涉別國內政,強調國際社會必須在尊重聯合國憲章、國際法、民族獨立和國傢主權的基礎上進行努力,把恐怖主義從人類生活中徹底鏟除。同時呼籲美國及其它國傢同越合作,嚴厲打擊反越恐怖陰謀和活動。 聯合國改革:認為聯合國改革應有助於提高聯合國的作用、權威和效率,維護世界和平與安全以及應對新挑戰和新威脅的能力,推動各成員國的共同發展,為落實千年發展目標服務。安理會改革應從聯合國長遠利益出發,根據國際關係民主化原則,在廣泛協商的基礎上增加發展中國傢的代表性,尋求兼顧各方利益的解决辦法。
  【同中國的關係】中越兩國於1950年1月18日建交。
  2006年中越關係繼續保持良好發展勢頭,各個領域的友好交往與合作進一步深化。兩國高層保持頻繁接觸,兩黨總書記成功實現互訪,兩國總理在多邊場合兩度正式會晤,政治關係不斷加強;外交、公安、國防、安全等部門合作進一步深化;雙邊貿易額大幅增長,大型經濟合作項目有序開展;兩黨理論交流和青少年交往進展良好。
  重要交往(2006年):
  中方訪越的有:3月,中共中央政治局常委、全國政協主席賈慶林對越南進行正式友好訪問。11月,國務委員唐傢璇赴河內出席中越雙邊合作指導委員會首次會議。11月,鬍錦濤總書記、國傢主席對越南進行國事訪問,並出席在河內舉行的亞太經合組織(APEC)第十四次領導人非正式會議。
  越方訪華的有:8月,越共中央總書記農德孟對華進行正式友好訪問。10月,越南政府總理阮晉勇應邀出席在南寧舉行的中國-東盟建立對話關係15周年紀念峰會和第三屆中國-東盟博覽會暨商務與投資峰會並順訪廣西。11月,越南祖國陣綫中央委員會主席範世閱訪華。
  中越邊界勘界談判
  2006年中越兩國舉行了第11輪(7月)海上問題專傢小組談判,第17(8月底9月初)、18輪(10月)陸地邊界聯合勘界委員會首席代表會晤和多次專傢會議,兩輪中越北部灣灣口外海域劃界和共同開發談判聯合工作組會談(1月、9月)。8月,中越北部灣漁業聯合委員會第三屆年會第二次籌備會和第三屆年會正式會議在河內召開。10月10日,中國、越南和老撾三國在北京簽署了《中華人民共和國、越南社會主義共和國和老撾人民民主共和國關於確定三國國界交界點的條約》。
  中越軍事安全合作
  4月,中央軍委副主席、國務委員兼國防部長曹剛川訪越。5月,中越邊境地區合作打擊犯罪和維護社會治安第二次會議在北京舉行。11月,兩國國防部舉行第二次中越防務安全磋商。12月,兩國海軍在北部灣海域進行第二次聯合巡邏。
  中越經貿合作(不含港澳臺對越合作)
  2006年中越雙邊貿易額99.5億美元,同比增長21.4%。中國對越投資增長勢頭良好,2006年中國對越投資3.27億美元,列當年越外資排行榜第7位。截至2006年底,中國纍计對越直接投資有效項目407個,合同總額10.69億美元,列越外資排行榜第14位。截至2006年底,我在越纍计簽訂承包工程合同總額56億美元,完成營業額19.2億美元;其中2006年新簽合同額26.2億美元,完成營業額5.5億美元。
  現任中國駐越大使鬍乾文,2006年3月17日遞交國書。
  現任越南駐華大使陳文律,2003年1月27日遞交國書。
  中越聯合新聞公報
    一、應中華人民共和國主席鬍錦濤邀請,越南社會主義共和國主席阮明哲於2007年5月15日至18日對中國進行國事訪問。訪問期間,鬍錦濤主席與阮明哲主席舉行會談,全國人民代表大會常務委員會委員長吳邦國、國務院總理溫傢寶、中國人民政治協商會議全國委員會主席賈慶林分別會見了阮明哲主席。雙方就雙邊關係及共同關心的國際和地區問題深入交換意見,達成廣泛共識。雙方一致認為,訪問取得了圓滿成功,有力地推動了中越睦鄰友好與全面合作關係嚮前發展。
    二、雙方對中越關係不斷鞏固和發展表示滿意,一致認為,中越友好是兩國和兩國人民的寶貴財富,雙方應共同維護並不斷發揚光大。雙方同意,繼續遵照長期穩定、面嚮未來、睦鄰友好、全面合作的方針,加強高層往來,深化治黨理政和社會主義理論與實踐的交流,充分發揮中越雙邊合作指導委員會的作用,統籌規劃和全面推進兩國各領域合作,推動外交、國防、公安、安全等各部門合作機製有效運轉,擴大經貿、科技、文化、教育、促進跨界河流水資源可持續利用等領域的務實合作,加強中越傳統友好的教育,大力開展青少年友好交往,努力使兩國和兩國人民永做好鄰居、好朋友、好同志、好夥伴,使中越友誼世代相傳。
    三、雙方對兩國經貿合作取得的長足進展表示滿意,同意落實好《關於擴大和深化雙邊經貿合作的協定》,製訂雙邊經貿合作發展規劃,確定重點合作領域和項目,進一步提升經貿合作的規模和水平。雙方同意本着優勢互補、互利共贏的精神,積極開拓新的貿易增長點,保持雙邊貿易額快速增長,實現到2010年雙邊年貿易額150億美元的目標,同時逐步改善貿易結構,努力實現雙邊貿易的平衡發展。雙方將積極支持和推動雙方企業在基礎設施、製造業、人力資源開發、能源、礦産加工及其他重要領域開展長期互利合作。積極落實多農鋁礦等大型項目。做好對具體合作項目的聯合考察研究,以落實“兩廊一圈”建設事宜。雙方承諾加強在世界貿易組織等地區、跨地區及國際經濟機製中的合作。中方重申承認越南市場經濟地位。
    四、雙方認為,兩國陸地邊界勘界立碑工作取得明顯進展。雙方將進一步密切配合,確保2007年內完成實地勘界立碑工作,2008年完成全綫勘界立碑任務並簽署新的邊界管理制度文件。繼續落實好《北部灣劃界協定》和《北部灣漁業合作協定》,做好兩國海軍聯合巡邏及共同漁區資源聯合調查和聯合檢查工作,加快落實《北部灣協議區油氣合作框架協議》,力爭油氣勘采合作早出成果,維護正常的漁業生産秩序,積極開展北部灣漁業、環保、海上搜救、海洋科研等其他領域的合作。穩步推進北部灣灣口外海域的劃界談判並積極商談該海域的共同開發問題。
    雙方同意,恪守雙方已達成的有關共識,繼續保持海上問題談判機製,堅持通過和平談判尋求雙方均能接受的基本和長久的解决辦法。雙方願共同努力保持南海局勢穩定,均不采取使爭端復雜化、擴大化的行動。積極研究和商談共同開發問題,以便找到適合的模式和區域。
    五、越方重申堅定奉行一個中國政策,支持中國統一大業,支持《反分裂國傢法》,堅决反對任何形式的“臺獨”分裂活動。希望中國早日實現國傢統一。越南不同臺灣發展任何官方關係。中方對越方的上述立場表示贊賞。
    六、雙方對兩國在國際和地區事務中的合作表示滿意。重申將繼續加強在聯合國、亞太經合組織、亞歐會議、中國━東盟、東盟━中日韓、東亞峰會、東盟地區論壇、大湄公河次區域等多邊框架下的協調與配合,共同致力於維護和促進本地區和世界的和平、穩定與發展。
    雙方一致認為,聯合國應加強在應對新挑戰和威脅,維護國際和平與安全,推動各會員國共同發展,實現千年發展目標等方面的作用及效果。中國重申支持越南成為2008━2009年度聯合國安理會非常任理事國。
    七、阮明哲主席對鬍錦濤主席和中國人民所給予的隆重、熱情、友好的接待表示衷心感謝,鄭重邀請鬍錦濤主席方便時訪越,鬍錦濤主席對此表示感謝並愉快地接受了邀請。
  
  【同美國的關係】 1995年7月建立外交關係。1997年5月雙方首任大使抵任。2006年越美關係得到重要發展。5月,越美就越加入WTO達成協議,結束雙邊市場準入談判。11月,美國不再把越南列入“宗教特別關註國傢”。12月,美國國會表决通過法案,給予越南永久正常貿易關係待遇。越美經濟、貿易、投資關係繼續迅速發展,2006年越美雙邊貿易額達97億美元。
  4月,美國衆議院議長訪越。6月,美國防部長拉姆斯菲爾德訪越。9月,美國財政部長鮑爾森訪越。10月,美國參議院代表團訪越。11月,美國國務卿賴斯訪越。11月,美國總統布什出席河內APEC第十四次領導人非正式會議並訪問越南。6月,越南國會代表團訪美。7月,越國會財政和經濟代表團訪美。
  【同俄羅斯的關係】 越同前蘇聯於1950年1月建交。蘇聯解體後,俄羅斯聯邦繼承了蘇越外交關係。1994年兩國簽署《友好關係基本原則條約》。2006年,越俄戰略夥伴關係進一步深化。9月,越國傢副主席張美華訪俄。11月,俄羅斯總統普京出席河內APEC第十四次領導人非正式會議並訪越。2006年,越俄雙邊貿易額約11億美元。
  【同東盟的關係】 1995年7月,越南加入東盟。近年來,越同東盟關係日益密切。2006年9月,越國會主席阮富仲出席在菲律賓舉行的第27屆東南亞國傢議會聯盟會議,分別與菲律賓、老撾和新加坡國會領導人舉行會晤。
  【同老撾的關係】 1975年8月12日建交。2006年越老全面合作和“特殊傳統友誼”關係進一步深化。截至2006年底,越在老投資協議資金總額6億美元。3月,越政府總理潘文凱訪老。10月,農德孟總書記訪老,雙方發表聯合公報。12月,新任總理阮晉勇訪老。4月,老撾副總理通倫·西蘇裏訪越。6月,老撾黨總書記、國傢主席訪越,雙方發表聯合公報。8月,老撾總理波鬆·布帕萬訪越。
  【同柬埔寨的關係】 1967年6月24日,越南民主共和國與柬埔寨王國建交。2006年,越柬關係有了新發展。雙方就加強各領域合作的辦法達成共識,並决心到2010年把雙邊貿易額提高到20億美元。3月,越政府總理潘文凱訪柬。8月,越政府副總理阮生雄訪柬。12月,新任總理阮晉勇訪問柬埔寨。3月,柬埔寨國王西哈莫尼訪越。7月,柬埔寨國會主席韓桑林訪越。2005年,越柬雙邊貿易額達7億美元,同比增長34%。
  【同東盟其他國傢的關係】 2006年,越南與東盟其他國傢的關係也得到進一步發展。3月,馬來西亞外長賽義德·哈米德訪越。同月,文萊王儲穆赫塔迪·比拉訪越。10月,泰國總理素拉育訪越。11月,菲律賓外長羅慕洛訪越。3月,越國防部長範文茶訪問馬來西亞。12月,馬來西亞國防力量司令訪越。10月,越國傢副主席張美華訪問文萊。12月,越政府總理阮晉勇訪問泰國。
  【同東亞國傢的關係】 1950年1月越同朝鮮建交。1973年9月越同日本建交。1992年12月越同韓國建交。2006年,越南與日本關係發展順利。5月,越副外長阮富平訪日。10月,越政府總理阮晉勇訪日,雙方簽署了5項經貿合作協議,同意到2010年把雙邊貿易額提高到150億美元。7月,日本國會衆議院副議長橫路孝弘訪越。8月,越日簽署科技合作協定。11月,日本首相安倍晉三出席河內APEC第十四次領導人非正式會議。同月,日本外相麻生太郎出席APEC部長會議。1992-2005年,日本共嚮越提供官方發展援助12147億日元(相當於110億美元),其中優惠貸款96億美元,無償援助14億美元。2005年財政年度,日本嚮越提供優惠貸款883.2億日元。韓國是越重要貿易夥伴。2006年越韓關係進一步深化。2005年,越韓雙邊貿易額達42億美元。2006年韓國在越投資27億美元,居第一位。截至2006年9月,韓國在越總投資為53億美元,嚮越提供官方發展援助2.6億美元,其中6000萬美元為無償援助。1月,韓國國會主席訪越。5月,韓國國防部長訪越。7月,韓國第一副外長訪越。11月,韓國總統盧武鉉出席河內APEC第十四次領導人非正式會議。
  【同南亞國傢的關係】 2006年越同南亞國傢的關係穩步發展。2月,斯裏蘭卡議會主席訪越。11月,斯裏蘭卡總理維剋拉馬納亞剋出席河內APEC第十四次領導人非正式會議。
  【同歐盟的關係】2006年越與歐盟關係繼續發展。雙邊經貿、金融、文化、教育、科技合作關係不斷發展。歐盟是越重要貿易夥伴,2005年雙邊貿易額74億美元,在越實際投資額40億美元。2004年、2005年歐盟嚮越提供的無償援助最多。越主要嚮越出口皮鞋、紡織品等。2006年歐盟正式取消越南紡織品出口配額限製。5月,歐洲議會代表團訪越。
  2006年歐洲委員會及歐盟成員國承諾在2007-2013年期間每年嚮越南提供援助1.6億歐元;法國在2006-2010年期間援助14億歐元;在未來五年內,英國援助5億美元,丹麥每年援助6700萬歐元;荷蘭在2006-2008年期間每年援助6000萬歐元。2007年歐盟承諾嚮越南提供9.482億歐元官方發展援助(ODA)。
  9月,阮晉勇總理出席在赫爾辛基舉行的第六屆亞歐首腦會議。
  【同歐洲國傢的關係】2006年越與歐洲國傢關係進一步密切。1月,越總理特使黎文鵬副外長訪問比利時和歐洲委員會。9月,越南、瑞士簽訂遣返越非法移民的協定。
  2月,西班牙國王卡洛斯訪越,雙方簽署了《兩國政府鼓勵和保護投資協定》等文件。5月,梵蒂岡教廷任命越公民周玉知牧師為峴港教區主教。6月,英國約剋公爵安德魯王子訪越。9月,越南與英國簽署《兩國發展夥伴關係協議》,英承諾在未來五年內嚮越南提供4.5億美元無償援助。9月,捷剋總統剋勞斯訪問越南。5月和9月,奧地利聯邦委員會主席和外長先後訪越。9月,丹麥副總理訪越。10月,斯洛伐剋總統加什帕羅維奇訪越。11月,保加利亞總理塞爾蓋伊·斯塔尼捨夫訪越,兩國總理發表聯合公報。
  【同其他國傢的關係】 2006年越與古巴繼續保持友好關係。3月,越共中央政治局委員、國會主席阮文安訪問巴西、古巴、委內瑞拉。9月,越南副總理兼外長范家謙出席在哈瓦那舉行的第十四次不結盟運動會議。越古政府聯委會召開第24次會議。
  5月,越國防部長範文茶訪問南非。6月,越國傢副主席張美華出席在埃及舉行的婦女峰會。7月底8月初,委內瑞拉總統訪越。7月,越副外長武勇訪問阿爾及利亞。10月,越國傢副主席張美華訪問新西蘭、澳大利亞。2月,秘魯外交部長訪越。5月,沙特外長訪越。8月,莫桑比剋外交與合作部長阿布雷烏訪越。9月,坦桑尼亞總理愛德華·洛瓦薩訪越。11月,貝寧共和國總統博尼·亞伊訪越。同月,加拿大總理和外長、智利總統和外長出席在河內舉行的APEC第十四次領導人非正式會議。12月,尼日利亞總統奧巴桑喬訪越。
  
  越南旅遊註意事項(官方)
  一. 中國海關規定,中國公民出境每人攜帶的現金不超過人民幣6000元(美金1000元)
  二. 越南海關規定,中國公民入境不允許攜帶手機和其它通訊器材,否則將被罰款或沒收。
  三. 嚴禁攜帶黃色書刊、影碟、槍支、炸藥、毒藥等違禁物品出入境;
  四. 未經檢疫的動、植物和水果不能攜帶出入境,大件越南紅木工藝品、傢電産品等不能攜帶入境;
  五. 國傢公務人員(如公、檢、法、司等)、軍人不能穿製服出境,也不能將有代表國傢主權的徽章、證件(如工作證、持槍證),致使該遊客不能出入境旅遊的,旅行社不承擔賠償責任;
  六. 旅行社為遊客辦理出入境證件時,如果遇到電腦報警(即與公安、邊防部門不允許出入境的姓名相同時)而公安、邊防部門拒絶辦證,致使該遊客不能出境旅遊的,旅行社不承擔賠償責任;
  七. 攝影機、進口相機(價值1000元以上)出境時必須報關,在口岸驗證大廳內禁止拍照;
  八. 在越南旅遊期間,不得有危害祖國安全,榮譽合格利益的行為;
  九. 賭博屬違法行為,遊客在越南旅遊期間不能參加賭博(其在芒街玉器店內,經常有誘賭現象,請各遊客不要靠近賭桌,不要抱僥幸心理參賭,更不要替賭者壓牌,壓註等,避免中人圈套);否則後果自負;
  十.遊客在旅遊期間的購物及各種自費活動屬遊客個人行為,由此産生的糾紛或連帶關係遊客自負,即買賣自由、風險自擔,尤其在芒街,經常發生以認“老鄉”的形式誘騙遊客購買玉器珠寶等,切勿上當受騙。
  十一、遊客在越南旅遊期間不能單獨活動,在自由活動時間必須結伴同行。
  十二、遊客必須妥善保管自己的隨身行李及貴重物品,因遊客自身原因造成行李物品丟失的,責任自負。
  
  主要去越南的途徑有幾條?
  目前可以從廣西的東興口岸、北海口岸(海上航綫)、南寧憑祥口岸出境、也可以辦理護照從我國各大口岸出境。但從旅遊和觀賞的行程來看,一般的團隊和散客主要從抵北海參加海上航綫(舒適性較強)或從北海至東興過境。
  
  去越南旅遊通常要幾天?(北越常規行程)
  常規的行程(河內、海防、下竜灣)在越南需要4天左右,加上您往返北海/南寧的時間,還有一天的北海市內行程,六天的時間足夠了。當然你可以靈活的安排您的行程,可以選擇越南芒街一日遊、下竜灣三日遊等綫路。
  
  從北海上越南旅遊需要辦什麽手續?
  從北海去越南屬於國傢特批的邊境遊項目,中越兩國根據外交協議,在兩國邊境地區(包括越南芒街、下竜、海防、河內)旅遊、進行邊貿活動可以使用邊境通行證,無須辦理護照。通過本站辦理越南旅遊衹要提前2天將身份證地址及號碼傳來即可。辦理中越海上油輪航綫需提前將身份證復印件和4張2寸紅底彩照用 EMS郵過來即可(如果提前一天抵達則可以隨身帶過來)
  
  越南的吃住行條件通常都很差嗎?
  越南1986年開始實行改革開放,經濟情況有了很大的發展、人民的生活水平也日益改善。但與國內的發展水平有一定的距離,有人說越南的情況是國貧民富,國傢的一些公共的設施建設還相當落後,比如橋梁、公路等市政設施。在越南中國遊客都是在專門接待旅遊者的餐館用餐,口味一般的中國遊客都可以適應,一般的團隊是六人一桌用餐,7-8菜一湯,飯後水果,早餐有稀飯、饅頭、還有越南特色的雞絲米粉等。酒店各種檔次都有,特別是河內和下竜灣酒店林立,越南的酒店大多裝修沒有國內豪華,而且規模比較小,但中國的客人大多反映衛生條件良好,甚至比國內要好,一般的酒店陪有浴室用品、拖鞋等。服務員友善熱情,大多旅遊者常住的酒店,都有會漢語的接待員。越南的交通狀況不是很好,特別是芒街到下竜的這段山路崎嶇、城市中的交通狀況比較亂,摩托車車速很快,國內的遊客在市區活動要註意安全。
  
  越南人對中國人友好嗎?
  越南中國山連山、水連水..這是當年同志加兄弟的寫照,如今兩國都實行改革開放的政策,是商品經濟唱主角。越南人現在對中國遊客大多很友好。但中國遊客去到越南,應避免談及有關中越戰爭的話題。
  
  什麽季節上越南最好?
  越南的北方的一年四季氣候都可以,夏季比國內的南方稍熱,主要是濕度大。鼕季的最低氣溫大約為6-7度。
  
  邊境是否還有地雷?
  中越兩國交惡兩國裝過近幾百萬可地雷,邊境地區還有地雷是無可質疑的,但遊客常去的東興、憑祥地區早已排完地雷。這一點不用擔心。


  Vietnam (pronounced /ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm/; Vietnamese: Việt Nam), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Vietnamese: Cộng hòa Xã hội Chủ nghĩa Việt Nam), is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea to the east. With a population of over 86 million, Vietnam is the 13th most populous country in the world.
  
  Vietnam was under Chinese control for a thousand years before regaining independence. Successive dynasties flourished until it was colonized by the French in the mid-19th century. Efforts to resist the French eventually led to their expulsion from the country in the mid-20th century, leaving a nation divided politically into two countries. Bitter fighting between the two sides continued during the Vietnam War, ending with a communist victory in 1975.
  
  Emerging from a long and bitter war, the war-ravaged nation was politically isolated. The government's centrally-planned economic decisions hindered post-war reconstruction and its treatment of the losing side engendered more resentment than reconciliation. In 1986, it instituted economic and political reforms and began a path towards international reintegration. By 2000, it had established diplomatic relations with most nations. Its economic growth had been among the highest in the world in the past decade. These efforts culminated in Vietnam joining the World Trade Organization in 2007 and its successful bid to become a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council in 2008.
  
  Through the centuries, Vietnam has been called by many different names: Văn Lang during the Hùng Vương Dynasty, Âu Lạc during the An Dương Vương dynasty, Van Xuan during the Anterior Lý Dynasty, Đại Cồ Việt during the Đinh dynasty and Anterior Lê Dynasty. Starting in 1054, Vietnam was called Đại Việt (Great Viet). During the Hồ Dynasty, Vietnam was called Đại Ngu. Then, in 1804, King Gia Long planned to use the name of Nam Việt for Vietnam then changed it to Việt Nam. In English, the two syllables were written into one: Vietnam. From 1839 to 1945, Emperor Minh Mạng renamed Việt Nam to Đại Nam (literally "Great South").
  
  The name Việt Nam had been used for this country before it became the official name in "Dư địa chí" of Nguyễn Trãi written in 1435 and perhaps even before. "Việt" is the name of the largest ethnic group in Vietnam: the Kinh (người Kinh) and "Nam" means "the South", affirming Vietnam's sovereignty from China (usually called "North country" by the Vietnamese).
  
  History
  
  Pre-Dynastic era
  The area now known as Vietnam has been inhabited since Paleolithic times, and some archaeological sites in Thanh Hoa Province purportedly date back several thousand years. Archaeologists link the beginnings of Vietnamese civilization to the late Neolithic, Early Bronze Age, Phung-nguyen culture, which was centered in Vinh Phu Province of contemporary Vietnam from about 2000 to 1400 BCE. By about 1200 BCE, the development of wet-rice cultivation and bronze casting in the Ma River and Red River plains led to the development of the Dong Son culture, notable for its elaborate bronze drums. The bronze weapons, tools, and drums of Dongsonian sites show a Southeast Asian influence that indicates an indigenous origin for the bronze-casting technology. Many small, ancient copper mine sites have been found in northern Vietnam. Some of the similarities between the Dong Sonian sites and other Southeast Asian sites include the presence of boat-shaped coffins and burial jars, stilt dwellings, and evidence of the customs of betel-nut-chewing and teeth-blackening.
  
  The legendary Hồng Bàng Dynasty of the Hùng kings is considered by many Vietnamese as the first Vietnamese state, known as Văn Lang. In 257 BCE, the last Hùng king lost to Thục Phán, who consolidated the Lạc Việt tribes with his Âu Việt tribes, forming Âu Lạc and proclaiming himself An Dương Vương. In 207 BCE, a Chinese general named Zhao Tuo defeated An Dương Vương and consolidated Âu Lạc into Nanyue. In 111 BCE, the Chinese Han Dynasty consolidated Nanyue into their empire.
  
  For the next thousand years, Vietnam was mostly under Chinese rule. Early independence movements such as those of the Trưng Sisters and of Lady Triệu were only briefly successful. It was independent as Vạn Xuân under the Anterior Ly Dynasty between 544 and 602. By the early 10th century, Vietnam had gained autonomy, but not independence, under the Khúc family.
  
  Dynastic era
  In 938 CE, a Vietnamese lord named Ngô Quyền defeated Chinese forces at the Bạch Đằng River and gained independence after 10 centuries under Chinese control. Renamed as Đại Việt, the nation went through a golden era during the Lý and Trần Dynasties. During the rule of the Trần Dynasty, Đại Việt repelled three Mongol invasions. Buddhism flourished and became the state religion. Following the brief Hồ Dynasty, Vietnamese independence was momentarily interrupted by the Chinese Ming Dynasty, but was restored by Lê Lợi, the founder of the Lê Dynasty. Feudalism in Vietnam reached its zenith in the Lê Dynasty of the 15th century, especially during the reign of Emperor Lê Thánh Tông. Between the 11th and 18th centuries, the Vietnamese expanded southward in a process known as nam tiến (southward expansion). They eventually conquered the kingdom of Champa and part of the Khmer Empire.
  
  Towards the end of the Lê Dynasty, civil strife engulfed much of Vietnam. First, the Chinese-supported Mạc Dynasty challenged the Lê Dynasty's power. After the Mạc Dynasty was defeated, the Lê Dynasty was reinstalled, but with no actual power. Power was divided between the Trịnh Lords in the North and the Nguyễn Lords in the South, who engaged in a civil war for more than a hundred years. During this time, the Nguyễn expanded southern Vietnam into the Mekong Delta, annexing the Champa in the central highlands and the Khmer land in the Mekong. The civil war ended when the Tây Sơn brothers defeated both and established their new dynasty. However, their rule did not last long and they were defeated by the remnants of the Nguyễn Lords led by Nguyen Anh with the help of the French. Nguyen Anh unified Vietnam, and established the Nguyễn Dynasty, ruling under the name Gia Long.
  
  Western Colonial era
  
  Vietnam's independence ended in the mid-1800s, when the country was colonized by the French. The French administration imposed significant political and cultural changes on Vietnamese society. A Western-style system of modern education was developed, and Christianity was introduced into Vietnamese society. Developing a plantation economy to promote the exports of tobacco, indigo, tea and coffee, the French largely ignored increasing calls for self-government and civil rights. A nationalist political movement soon emerged, with leaders such as Phan Boi Chau, Phan Chu Trinh, Emperor Ham Nghi and Ho Chi Minh calling for independence. However, the French maintained control of their colonies until World War II, when the Japanese war in the Pacific triggered the invasion of French Indochina in 1941. This event was preceded by the establishment of the Vichy French administration, a puppet state of Nazi Germany then ally of the Japanese Empire. The natural resources of Vietnam were exploited for the purposes of the Japanese Empire's military campaigns into the British Indochinese colonies of Burma, the Malay Peninsula and India.
  
  First Indochina War
  
  In 1941, the Viet Minh — a communist and nationalist liberation movement — emerged under Ho Chi Minh, to seek independence for Vietnam from France as well as to oppose the Japanese occupation. Following the military defeat of Japan and the fall of its Vietnamese colony in August 1945, Viet Minh occupied Hanoi and proclaimed a provisional government, which asserted independence on September 2. In the same year the Provisional French Republic sent the French Far East Expeditionary Corps, which was originally created to fight the Japanese occupation forces, in order to pacify the liberation movement and to restore French rule. On November 20 1946, triggered by the Haiphong Incident the First Indochina War between Viet Minh and the French forces ensued, lasting until July 20 1954.
  
  Despite fewer losses—Expeditionary Corps suffered 1/3 the casualties of the China and Soviet-backed Viet Minh—during the course of the war, the U.S.-backed French and Vietnamese loyalists eventually suffered a major strategic setback at the Siege of Dien Bien Phu, which allowed Ho Chi Minh to negotiate a ceasefire with a favorable position at the ongoing Geneva conference of 1954. Colonial administration ended as French Indochina was dissolved, and the contested State of Vietnam ceased to exist. According to the Geneva Agreements the country was divided at the 17th parallel into Ho Chi Minh's North Vietnam and Ngo Dinh Diem's South Vietnam after the example of Korea. This was intended to be temporary, pending an election in 1956, which never took place.
  
  Vietnam War
  
  The Communist-held Democratic Republic of Vietnam was opposed by the US-supported Republic of Vietnam. Disagreements soon emerged over the organizing of elections and reunification, and the U.S. began increasing its contribution of military advisers. U.S. forces were soon embroiled in a guerrilla war with the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (NLF), the insurgents who were indigenous to South Vietnam. North Vietnamese forces unsuccessfully attempted to overrun the South during the 1968 Tet Offensive and the war soon spread into neighboring Laos and Cambodia, in both of which the United States bombed Communist forces supplying the North Vietnamese Army.
  
  With its own casualties mounting, the U.S. began transferring combat roles to the South Vietnamese military in a process the U.S. called Vietnamization. The effort had mixed results. The Paris Peace Accords of January 27, 1973, formally recognized the sovereignty of both sides. Under the terms of the accords all American combat troops were withdrawn by March 29, 1973. Limited fighting continued, but all major fighting ended until the North once again sent troops to the South during the Spring of 1975, culminating in the Fall of Saigon on April 30, 1975. South Vietnam briefly became the Republic of South Vietnam, under military occupation by North Vietnam, before being officially integrated with the North under communist rule as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on July 2, 1976.
  
  Postwar
  Upon taking control, the Vietnamese communists banned all other political parties, arrested public servants and military personnel of the Republic of Vietnam and sent them to reeducation camps. The government also embarked on a mass campaign of collectivization of farms and factories. Reconstruction of the war-ravaged country was slow, and serious humanitarian and economic problems confronted the communist regime. Millions of people fled the country in crudely-built boats, creating an international humanitarian crisis. In 1978, the Vietnamese army invaded Cambodia (sparking the Cambodian-Vietnamese War) to remove the Khmer Rouge from power. This action worsened relations with China, which launched a brief incursion into northern Vietnam (the Sino-Vietnamese War) in 1979. This conflict caused Vietnam to rely even more heavily on Soviet economic and military aid.
  
  Đổi Mới
  In a historic shift in 1986, the Communist Party of Vietnam implemented free-market reforms known as Đổi Mới (renovation). With the authority of the state remaining unchallenged, private ownership of farms and companies, deregulation and foreign investment were encouraged. The economy of Vietnam has achieved rapid growth in agricultural and industrial production, construction and housing, exports, and foreign investment. It is now one of the fastest growing economies in the world.
  
  Government and politics
  
  Vietnam National Convention CenterThe Socialist Republic of Vietnam is a single-party state. A new state constitution was approved in April 1992, replacing the 1975 version. The central role of the Communist Party was reasserted in all organs of government, politics and society. Only political organizations affiliated with or endorsed by the Communist Party are permitted to contest elections. These include the Vietnamese Fatherland Front, worker and trade unionist parties. Although the state remains officially committed to socialism as its defining creed, the ideology's importance has substantially diminished since the 1990s. The President of Vietnam is the titular head of state and the nominal commander in chief of the military of Vietnam, chairing the Council on National Defense and Security. The Prime Minister of Vietnam Nguyen Tan Dung is the head of government, presiding over a council of ministers composed of 3 deputy prime ministers and the heads of 26 ministries and commissions.
  
  The National Assembly of Vietnam is the unicameral legislature of the government, composed of 498 members. It is superior to both the executive and judicial branches. All members of the council of ministers are derived from the National Assembly. The Supreme People's Court of Vietnam, which is the highest court of appeal in the nation, is also answerable to the National Assembly. Beneath the Supreme People's Court stand the provincial municipal courts and the local courts. Military courts are also a powerful branch of the judiciary with special jurisdiction in matters of national security. All organs of Vietnam's government are controlled by the Communist Party. Most government appointees are members of the party. The General Secretary of the Communist Party is perhaps one of the most important political leaders in the nation, controlling the party's national organization and state appointments, as well as setting policy.
  
  The Vietnam People's Army is the official name for the combined military services of Vietnam, which is organized along the lines of China's People's Liberation Army. The VPA is further subdivided into the Vietnamese People's Ground Forces (including Strategic Rear Forces and Border Defense Forces), the Vietnam People's Navy, the Vietnam People's Air Force and the coast guard. Through Vietnam's recent history, the VPA has actively been involved in Vietnam's workforce to develop the economy of Vietnam, in order to coordinate national defense and the economy. The VPA is involved in such areas as industry, agriculture, forestry, fishery and telecommunications. The total strength of the VPA is close to 500,000 officers and enlisted members. The government also organizes and maintains provincial militias and police forces. The role of the military in public life has steadily been reduced since the 1980s.
  
  Provinces
  
  Provinces of VietnamVietnam is divided into 59 provinces (known in Vietnamese as tỉnh, from the Chinese 省, shěng). There are also 5 centrally-controlled municipalities existing at the same level as provinces (thành phố trực thuộc trung ương).
  
  The provinces are further subdivided into provincial municipalities (thành phố trực thuộc tỉnh), townships (thị xã) and counties (huyện), and then, subdivided into towns (thị trấn) or communes (xã).
  
  The centrally-controlled municipalities are subdivided into districts (quận) and counties, and then, subdivided into wards (phường).
  
  Geography and climate
  
  Vietnam is approximately 331,688 km² (128,066 sq mi) in area (not including Hoang Sa and Truong Sa islands), larger than Italy and almost the size of Germany. The perimeter of the country running along its international boundaries is 4,639 km (2,883 mi). The topography consists of hills and densely forested mountains, with level land covering no more than 20%. Mountains account for 40% of the area, with smaller hills accounting for 40% and tropical forests 42%. The northern part of the country consists mostly of highlands and the Red River Delta. Phan Xi Păng, located in Lào Cai province, is the highest mountain in Vietnam at 3,143 m (10,312 ft). The south is divided into coastal lowlands, Annamite Chain peaks, extensive forests, and poor soil. Comprising five relatively flat plateaus of basalt soil, the highlands account for 16% of the country's arable land and 22% of its total forested land.
  
  Ha Long Bay, a World Heritage SiteThe delta of the Red River (also known as the Sông Hồng), a flat, triangular region of 15,000 square kilometers, is smaller but more intensely developed and more densely populated than the Mekong River Delta. Once an inlet of the Gulf of Tonkin, it has been filled in by the enormous alluvial deposits of the rivers over a period of millennia, and it advances one hundred meters into the Gulf annually. The Mekong delta, covering about 40,000 square kilometers, is a low-level plain not more than three meters above sea level at any point and criss-crossed by a maze of canals and rivers. So much sediment is carried by the Mekong's various branches and tributaries that the delta advances sixty to eighty meters into the sea every year.
  
  Because of differences in latitude and the marked variety of topographical relief, the climate tends to vary considerably from place to place. During the winter or dry season, extending roughly from November to April, the monsoon winds usually blow from the northeast along the China coast and across the Gulf of Tonkin, picking up considerable moisture; consequently the winter season in most parts of the country is dry only by comparison with the rainy or summer season. The average annual temperature is generally higher in the plains than in the mountains and plateaus and in the south than in the north. Temperatures in the southern plains (Ho Chi Minh City and the Mekong Delta) varies less, going between 21 and 28 degree Celsius (70 and 82.5 °F) over the course of a year. The seasons in the mountains and plateaus and in the north are much more dramatic, and temperatures may vary from 5 degree Celsius (41 °F) in December and January to 37 degree Celsius (98.6 °F) in July and August.
  
  Nature
  
  Sunset in the fishing village of Mui Ne on the south-east coastVietnam has two World's Natural Heritage sites: Halong Bay and Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park and 6 World's biosphere reserves including: Can Gio Mangrove Forest, Cat Tien, Cat Ba, Kien Giang, Red River Delta, Western Nghe An.
  
  Biodiversity
  
  According to chapter 1 in National Environmental Present Condition Report 2005- Biodiversity Subject of Vietnam Environment Protection Agency, in species diversity, Vietnam is one of 25 countries having high level in biodiversity all over the world, is ranked 16th of biologically diverse level (having 16% world's species) (page 9). 15,986 flora was identified of which 10% was endemic (p9). Statistic says that there are 307 nematodes, 200 oligochaeta, 145 acarina, 113 springtails, 7750 insects, 260 reptiles, 120 amphibians, 840 birds and 310 mammals of which 100 birds and 78 mammals are endemic (p9,10). Vietnam also have 1438 fresh water microalgae (9,6% species in the world) (Table 1.2, p9). It is defined that there are 794 aquatic invertebrate and 2458 sea fish (p10,11). In recent years, there have been 13 genera, 222 species, 30 taxa of flora newly described and 6 mammals have been discovered such as the saola, giant muntjac, Edwards's Pheasant, Tonkin Snub-nosed Langur, livistona halongensis, geothelphusa vietnamica, etc (frame 1.4, p11,12). In agricultural genetic diversity, Vietnam is one of 12 world's original cultivar centers (p13). Vietnam National Cultivar Gene Bank is preserving 12,300 cultivars of 115 species (p14).
  
  In chapter 4 of that report, it is said that Vietnam government spent 49.07 million USD for biodiversity in 2004 (p71) and have established 126 conservation areas including 28 national parks (p73).
  
  Economy
  
  Vietnamese currency: 500 000 VNDThe Vietnam War destroyed much of the economy of Vietnam. Upon taking power, the Government created a planned economy for the nation. Collectivization of farms, factories and economic capital was implemented, and millions of people were put to work in government programs. For many decades, Vietnam's economy was plagued with inefficiency and corruption in state programs, poor quality and underproduction and restrictions on economic activities and trade. It also suffered from the trade embargo from the United States and most of Europe after the Vietnam War. Subsequently, the trade partners of the Communist blocs began to erode. In 1986, the Sixth Party Congress introduced significant economic reforms with market economy elements as part of a broad economic reform package called "đổi mới" (Renovation). Private ownership was encouraged in industries, commerce and agriculture. Vietnam achieved around 8% annual GDP growth from 1990 to 1997 and continued at around 7% from 2000 to 2005, making it the world's second-fastest growing economy. Simultaneously, foreign investment grew threefold and domestic savings quintupled.
  
  Rice farming in Ninh Binh ProvinceManufacturing, information technology and high-tech industries form a large and fast-growing part of the national economy. Vietnam is a relative new-comer to the oil business, but today it is the third-largest oil producer in Southeast Asia with output of 400,000 barrels per day (64,000 m³/d). Vietnam is one of Asia's most open economies: two-way trade is around 160% of GDP, more than twice the ratio for China and over four times India's.
  
  Vietnam is still a relatively poor country with an annual GDP of US$280.2 billion at purchasing power parity (2006 estimate). This translates to a purchasing power of about US$3,300 per capita (or US$726 per capita at the market exchange rate). Inflation rate was estimated at 7.5% per year in 2006. Deep poverty, defined as a percent of the population living under $1 per day, has declined significantly and is now smaller than that of China, India, and the Philippines.
  
  As a result of several land reform measures, Vietnam is now the largest producer of cashew nuts with a one-third global share and second largest rice exporter in the world after Thailand. Vietnam has the highest percent of land use for permanent crops, 6.93%, of any nation in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Besides rice, key exports are coffee, tea, rubber, and fishery products. However, agriculture's share of economic output has declined, falling as a share of GDP from 42% in 1989 to 20% in 2006, as production in other sectors of the economy has risen. According to the CIA World Fact Book, the unemployment rate in Vietnam is one of the lowest in the world at 2%, trailing behind only Azerbaijan, Cuba, Iceland, Andorra and Liechtenstein. Among other steps taken in the process of transitioning to a market economy, Vietnam in July 2006 updated its intellectual property legislation to comply with TRIPS. Vietnam was accepted into the WTO on November 7, 2006. Vietnam's chief trading partners include Japan, Australia, ASEAN countries, the U.S. and Western European countries.
  
  Military
  
  Quân Đội Nhân Dân Việt Nam, The Vietnam People's Army (VPA), is the official collective term for the armed forces of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The VPA consists of the Vietnam People's Ground Forces, Vietnam People's Navy, Vietnam People's Air Force, and Vietnam People's Coast Guard.
  
  Transport
  
  The modern transport network of Vietnam was originally developed under French rule for the purpose of raw materials harvesting, and reconstructed and extensively modernized following the Vietnam War. The road system is the most popular form of transportation in the country. Vietnam’s road system includes national roads administered by the central level; provincial roads managed by the provincial level; district roads managed by the district level; urban roads managed by cities and towns; and commune roads managed by the commune level.
  
  Bicycles, motor scooters and motorcycles remain the most popular forms of road transport in Vietnam's cities, towns, and villages although the number of privately-owned automobiles is also on the rise, especially in the larger cities. Public bus operated by private companies is the main long distance travel means for many people. Traffic congestion is a serious problem in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City as the cities' roads struggle to cope with the booming numbers of automobiles. There are also more than 17,000 kilometers of navigable waterways, which play a significant role in rural life owing to the extensive network of rivers in Vietnam.
  
  The nation has seven developed ports and harbors at Cam Ranh, Da Nang, Hai Phong, Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Gai (Halong City), Qui Nhon, and Nha Trang.
  
  Demography
  
  Population
  
  Recent census estimates the population of Vietnam at beyond 84 million. Vietnamese people, also called "Viet" or "Kinh", account for 86.2 percent of the population. Their population is concentrated in the alluvial deltas and coastal plains of the country. A homogeneous social and ethnic majority group, the Kinh exert political and economic control. There are more than 54 ethnic minorities throughout the country, but the Kinh are purveyors of the dominant culture. Most ethnic minorities, such as the Muong, a closely related ethnic of the Kinh, are found mostly in the highlands covering two-thirds of the territory. The Hoa (ethnic Chinese) and Khmer Krom are mainly lowlanders. The largest ethnic minority groups include the Hmong, Dao, Tay, Thai, and Nung.
  
  Languages
  
  The people of Vietnam speak Vietnamese as a native language. In its early history, Vietnamese writing used Chinese characters. In the 13th century, the Vietnamese developed their own set of characters called Chữ nôm. The celebrated epic Đoạn trường tân thanh (Truyện Kiều or The Tale of Kieu) by Nguyễn Du was written in Chữ nôm. During the French colonial period, Quốc ngữ, the romanized Vietnamese alphabet used for spoken Vietnamese, which was developed in 17th century by Jesuit Alexandre De Rhodes and several other Catholic missionaries, became popular and brought literacy to the masses.
  
  Various other languages are spoken by several minority groups in Vietnam. The most common of these are Tày, Mường, Khmer, Chinese, Nùng, and H'Mông. The French language, a legacy of colonial rule, is still spoken by some older Vietnamese as a second language, but is losing its popularity. Vietnam is also a full member of the Francophonie. Russian — and to a much lesser extent German, Czech, or Polish — is sometimes known among those whose families had ties with the Soviet bloc. In recent years, English is becoming more popular as a second language. English study is obligatory in most schools. Chinese and Japanese have also become more popular.
  
  Religions
  
  Vietnam religiosity
  religion percent
  Buddhism   85%
  Christianity   8%
  Caodaism   3%
  Others   4%
  
  "One pillar" pagoda, Hanoi capital.
  Cao Dai temple in My ThoFor much of Vietnamese history, Mahayana Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism have strongly influenced the religious and cultural life of the people. About 85% of Vietnamese identify with Buddhism even though they do not practice on a regular basis. About 8% of the population are Christians (about 6 million Roman Catholics and less than 1 million Protestants, census of 2007). Christianity was introduced first by the Portuguese and the Dutch traders in the 16th and 17th centuries, then further propagated under the French colonists in the 19th and 20th centuries, and to a lesser extent, by American Protestant missionaries during the presence of American forces during the 1960s and early 70's. The largest Protestant churches are the Evangelical Church of Vietnam and the Montagnard Evangelical Church.
  
  Vietnam has great reservation towards Roman Catholicism. This mistrust originated during the French colonial time when some Catholics collaborated with the French colonists as espionage agents and militiamen to suppress the Vietnamese independence movement. Furthermore, the Church's teaching regarding communism made it an unwelcome counterforce to communist rule. Relationship with the Vatican, however, has improved in recent years. Membership of Sunni and Bashi Islam is usually accredited to the ethnic Cham minority, but there are also a few ethnic Vietnamese adherents of Islam in the southwest. The total number of Muslims remains very small nevertheless. The communist government has from time to time been criticized for its religious restrictions although it has categorically denied that such restrictions exist today.
  
  The vast majority of Vietnamese people of Asian religions practice Ancestor Worship, although this may not be strictly considered a religion.
  
  From the articles of Religions by country, Religion in Vietnam and Demographics of Vietnam; 85% is nominal/secular Buddhists including predominant 83% East Asian Buddhist or "Triple religion" (80% of people are worship the mixture of Mahayana Buddhism mainly, Taoism, Confucianism with Ancestor Worship; 2% Hòa Hảo with 1% of some new Vietnamese-Buddhist sects as Tứ Ân Hiếu Nghĩa, Pure Land Buddhist, etc) and 2% Theravada Buddhism, mainly among Khmer people but the census of Government showed that only over 10 million people have taken refuge in the Three Jewels; 8% Christians (7% Catholics and 1% Protestants); 3% Caodaism; 2.5% Tribal animism; less than 70 thousand Muslims; small Hindu communities (over 50 thousand people) and a small numbers of Baha'is.
  
  Education
  
  Vietnam has an extensive state-controlled network of schools, colleges and universities but the number of privately-run and mixed public and private institutions is also growing. General education in Vietnam is imparted in 5 categories: Kindergarten, elementary schools, middle schools, high schools, and college / university. Courses are taught mainly in Vietnamese. A large number of public schools have been organized across cities, towns and villages with the purpose of raising the national literacy rate which is already among the highest in the world. There are a large number of specialist colleges, established to develop a diverse and skilled national workforce. A large number of Vietnam's most acclaimed universities are based in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. Facing serious crises, Vietnam's education system is under a holistic reform launched by the government. In Vietnam, education from age 6 to 11 is free and mandatory. Education above these ages is not free, therefore some poor families may find it hard to come up with the tuition for their children without some forms of public or private assistance. Regardless, school enrollment is among the highest in the world and the number of colleges and universities increased quite dramatically in recent years, from 178 in 2000 to 299 in 2005.
  
  Health service
  
  Science
  In the past, Vietnam did not have "science" in its generally accepted meaning, but many fields were well developed, especially social science and humanities. It has at least ten centuries of commentary and analytic writings. Among the best known works are those of "Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư" of Ngô Sĩ Liên. Writings that deal with geography, nature, customs and people were written by "Dư địa chí" of Nguyễn Trãi. In mathematics, operations (including power and extract the root) of primary arithmetics and surveying, measurement (length, area, volume...) of primary geometry were taught in schools using the famous textbook: "Đại thành toán pháp" of Lương Thế Vinh. Lương Thế Vinh had notion of zero and Mạc Hiển Tích used the term "số ẩn" (unknown/secret/hidden number) to refer to negative numbers. Much knowledge was collected into encyclopedia: "Vân đài loại ngữ" of Lê Quý Đôn and "Lịch triều hiến chương loại chí" of Phan Huy Chú.
  
  Culture
  
  The Hanoi Opera House is an example of French Colonial architecture in Vietnam.The official spoken and written language of Vietnam is Vietnamese.
  
  The culture of Vietnam has been influenced by neighboring China. Due to Vietnam's long association with the south of China, one characteristic of Vietnamese culture is financial duty. Education and self-betterment are highly valued. Historically, passing the imperial Mandarin exams was the only means for Vietnamese people to socially advance themselves.
  
  In the socialist era, the cultural life of Vietnam has been deeply influenced by government-controlled media and the cultural influences of socialist programs. For many decades, foreign cultural influences were shunned and emphasis placed on appreciating and sharing the culture of communist nations such as the Soviet Union, China, Cuba and others. Since the 1990s, Vietnam has seen a greater exposure to Southeast Asian, European and American culture and media.
  
  One of the most popular Vietnamese traditional garments is the "Áo Dài", worn often for special occasions such as weddings or festivals. White Áo dài is the required uniform for girls in many high schools across Vietnam. Áo Dài was once worn by both genders but today it is worn mainly by females, except for certain important traditional culture-related occasions where some men do wear it.
  
  Vietnamese cuisine uses very little oil and many vegetables. The main dishes are often based on rice, soy sauce, and fish sauce. Its characteristic flavors are sweet (sugar), spicy (serrano peppers), sour (lime), nuoc mam (fish sauce), and flavored by a variety of mint and basil.
  
  Vietnamese music varies slightly in the three regions: Bắc or North, Trung or Central, and Nam or South. Northern classical music is Vietnam's oldest and is traditionally more formal. Vietnamese classical music can be traced to the Mongol invasions, when the Vietnamese captured a Chinese opera troupe. Central classical music shows the influences of Champa culture with its melancholic melodies. Southern music exudes a lively laissez-faire attitude.
  
  My Dinh National Stadium in Western HanoiFootball (soccer) is the most popular sport in Vietnam. Sports and games such as badminton, tennis, ping pong, and chess are also popular with large segments of the population. Volleyball, especially women's volleyball, is watched by a fairly large number of Vietnamese. The (expatriate Vietnamese) community forms a prominent part of Vietnamese cultural life, introducing Western sports, films, music and other cultural activities in the nation.
  
  Vietnam is home to a small film industry.
  
  Among countless other traditional Vietnamese occasions, the traditional Vietnamese wedding is one of the most important. Regardless of westernization, many of the age-old customs in a Vietnamese wedding continue to be celebrated by both Vietnamese in Vietnam and overseas, often combining both western and eastern elements.
  
  Media
  Vietnam's media sector is controlled by the government to follow the official communist party line. The Voice of Vietnam is the official state-run radio broadcasting service that covers the nation. It also broadcasts internationally via shortwave, renting transmitters in other countries and provides broadcasts from its website. Vietnam Television is the national television broadcasting company. As Vietnam moved toward a free-market economy with its Đổi mới measures, the government has relied on the print media to keep the public informed about its policies. The measure has had the effect of almost doubling the numbers of newspapers and magazines since 1996 . Vietnam is putting considerable effort into modernization and expansion of its telecommunication system, but its performance continues to lag behind that of its more modern neighbors.
  
  Tourism
  Vietnam's number of visitors for tourism and vacation has increased steadily over the past ten years. About 3.56 million international guests visited Vietnam in 2006, an increase of 3.7% from 2005. The country is investing capital into the coastal regions that are already popular for their beaches and boat tours. Hotel staff and tourism guides in these regions speak a good amount of English.
  
  Sports and games
  
  International rankings
  Organization Survey Ranking
  Heritage Foundation/The Wall Street Journal Index of Economic Freedom 142 out of 157
  The Economist Worldwide Quality-of-life Index, 2005 61 out of 111
  Reporters Without Borders Worldwide Press Freedom Index 155 out of 167
  Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index 111 out of 163
  United Nations Development Programme Human Development Index 109 out of 177
  World Economic Forum Global Competitiveness Report 77 out of 125
 

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