| 字： | 华甫 | ||||||
| 籍贯： | 河北河间 | ||||||
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冯国璋于1859年1月7日 (清咸丰八年十二月初四)出生在直隶(今河北)河间县西诗经村，冯家原是村中大户，但到其父时，家道开始中落，他 7岁入本村私塾读书，5年后入其外公家所在地三十里铺毛公书院读书，1876年结业，考试名列前茅。在堂叔冯甘棠的资助下，冯国璋1881年到保定莲池书院进修2年，因家境艰难，1883年辍学回家。为了找寻出路，冯国璋于1884年末告别父母妻子，只身去津投军，开始了他的军旅生涯。
1885年冯国璋入淮军直字营当兵。6月，直隶总督兼北洋大臣在天津创办北洋武备学堂。冯国璋成为武备学堂第一期步兵学员。1889年7月，冯国璋从该校以优异成绩毕业，1893春，冯国璋入淮军聂士成军作幕僚，得到聂的器重。在甲午战争期间，他随聂士成赴朝鲜及东北前线作战，战后他得到了候补知县并加五品顶戴的虚衔。1899年袁世凯的新建陆军改称武卫右军。同年，袁出任山东巡抚，冯国璋也随军入鲁，并奉命改编原旧军，组成武卫右军先锋队20营。1901年11月，升为补用知府并加盐运使用权衔。1911年10月10日，武昌起义爆发，清廷派陆军大臣荫昌率北洋军南下镇压。之后，又委冯国璋为军统，率部增援。冯在湖北按兵不动，有意拖延。清廷迫不得已，被迫起用袁世凯。袁出山后，冯国璋率军与革命军激战四夜，于1911年11月1日攻陷汉口。
袁世凯当上民国临时大总统后，冯国璋于1912年9月出任直隶都督兼民政厅长。二次革命爆发后，冯国璋任江淮宣抚使兼北洋军第二军军长南下镇压，于1913年9月2日攻占南京。12月16日冯国璋出任江苏都督，同年晋升陆军上将，后又授以宣武上将。袁世凯死后，黎元洪继任总统，国会选冯国璋为副总统，他不愿失去地盘，故在江苏就职，仍兼江苏督军。1917年7月，张勋复辟，黎元洪进入外国使馆。冯国璋以副总统代理大总统，通电讨伐张勋。张勋战败后，冯国璋依法将大总统职权还予黎元洪。此时北洋以段祺瑞为首的皖系及以冯国璋为首的直系两派基本形成。孙中山举起护法旗帜后，段持武力政策，坚持对南方用兵。冯想离京出逃，在蚌埠受阻，只得回京，让段祺瑞重当总理。
皖系政客在此时已建立“安福俱乐部”，策划新的总统选举。冯国璋自知当选无望，于1918年8月13日，通电辞职。于1919年返回河间故里。1919年10月，冯国璋抵北京，12月28日病逝，终年60岁。
天津冯国璋旧居冯国璋，其祖父冯丕振，家境富裕，有地300亩，为该村四大户之一。其父冯春棠，因科举落榜，精神失常，又因遭天灾，家道逐渐中落。冯国璋有胞兄弟4个，他行四。老大冯佩璋，常年经营戏班，奔波外乡；老二冯蕴璋，自幼读书，被选为拔贡；老三冯琥璋，文庠生。
跻身“北洋三杰”之列
1884年，25岁的冯国璋只身来到大沽口淮军直字营，通过在该营任文书的族叔介绍，入伍当兵。因冯具有一定文化程度，经常帮助士兵书写家信或帮伙房记账，人缘不错，亦取得了该营统领刘祺的信赖。第二年，经刘保荐，冯国璋进入天津武备学堂，习步兵科。该学堂是直隶总督兼北洋大臣李鸿章为培养淮军中下级军事人才于1885年创办的。聘有德国军事教官，所设课程有兵法、地利、军器、炮台、算法、测绘，并操习炮队，步队、马队、工队及分合阵法，另外还兼学经史。冯国璋是该学堂第一期学员。在学习期间，他曾回原籍参加科举考试，当时特设数学附生额，因他擅长算术，考中秀才。后返回天津武备学堂继续学习军事。冯国璋学习刻苦，精通枪炮阵式，熟习营垒作业，各科成绩优秀，曾得到该学堂总办荫昌和德国教官的赏识。1890年毕业，被留校任教。
当时冯国璋已届而立之年，他不安于现状，想大立军功，出人头地，于是在1893年进聂士成军中效力。在中日甲午战争前夕，冯曾随聂士成赴东北和朝鲜等地考察和测绘地形，为时半年，跋涉数千里，餐风宿露，历尽艰险。所达之处，对山川要塞均用新法绘图说明，地形地物，了如指掌。所搜集的资料以聂士成之名编成《东游纪程》一书，由冯国璋任注说编辑，及至第二年聂士成率部在朝鲜和东北等地抗击日军时，这部著作发挥了极大的指导作用。故此，冯国璋得到了聂士成的垂青，被任命为该军军械局督办。
甲午战争后，冯国璋得聂士成保荐，以清朝驻日公使裕庚随员身份赴日。冯国璋在日本期间，为考察日本军事，结交了日本军界人士福岛安正、青木宣纯等人，并博览大批近代军事著作，取得了大量有关军事教练的资料，不舍昼夜，抄录和整理了几大本有关军事训练和近代军事科学发展的“兵书”，冯亦因此大长才干。
1896年冯国璋回国后，将精心整理好的笔记资料呈送聂士成，聂又转呈袁世凯。当时，袁世凯正在积极筹办小站练兵事宜，急需军事教学人才，见到冯所整理的军事资料如获“鸿宝”，遂招冯国璋入小站辅佐编练新军。与冯国璋同时进小站的还有他在武备学堂时的同学王士珍和段祺瑞等人。冯国璋在教学中结合实际，深入浅出，深受学兵的拥护和爱戴。未几，冯国璋即被任命为督操营务处帮办兼步兵学堂监督。不久，又升为督操营务处总办。冯国璋鉴于新建陆军初创，在训练工作上应有所遵循，经过精心筹划，与王士珍、段祺瑞等人合力编成《训练操法详晰图说》22册，成为随营学堂的标准教科书，也是清朝末年我国军事学校和编练新军的主要教材。由于冯国璋等人对袁世凯的赤心辅佐，使小站练兵的声誉大振，冯国璋也逐步投向袁世凯的怀抱。
袁世凯出卖光绪和参与“戊戌变法”的维新派，深得那拉氏宠信。1899年3月，新建陆军改称“武卫右军”。不久，袁世凯率军赴山东，被派署理山东巡抚，镇压义和团运动。冯国璋以督操营务处总办身份，将1万多人的山东勇营逐步改编为武卫右军先锋队，并曾一度率队在直隶与山东交界的德州一带，围追堵截义和团。1900年冯国璋参预镇压义和团运动有“功”，经袁世凯奏保，升为补用知府。不久被调至济南主管武卫右军和山东全省军队督操事宜。
袁世凯为了在德国人面前出风头，决定举行秋操，命冯国璋、王士珍、段祺瑞昼夜加紧操练军队。1900年秋季，袁世凯邀请德国驻胶州湾总督一行抵济南观操。总督在袁世凯等人的陪同下登上观操台，只见军旗一色鲜明，队伍整肃精壮，军威凛然。时冯国璋发出洪亮的口令，队伍“一举足则万足齐发，一举枪则万枪同声，行若奔涛，立如直木”。总督当面称赞冯国璋、王士珍、段祺瑞为“北洋三杰”。
1901年，清廷擢升袁世凯为直隶总督兼北洋大臣，冯国璋亦随之赴任。袁世凯野心很大．到达直隶后，便开始大规模地扩充北洋军。所谓北洋军是因直隶总督兼北洋大臣李鸿章、袁世凯编练新军而得名。袁世凯首先在保定设立编练北洋常备军的专门机构－－军政司，该司分兵备、参谋、教练三处，冯国璋出任教练处总办。冯国璋竭力修明操法，制订章程和编练计划，从而把新旧军队的训练统一起来。使编练新军一时颇著成效。未几，清政府派冯国璋与满族官员铁良、凤山赴日本考察军事。归国后，冯国璋出任清政府练兵处军学司正使，同时督办北洋各武备学堂，兼任北洋速成武备学堂和将弁学堂督办，因此北洋军阀集团中不少军官都是他的门生、故旧，为他后来充当直系军阀首领打下了基??
1906年，冯国璋署理正黄旗蒙古副都统，兼任陆军贵胄学堂总办。该学堂是清廷主要为培养满蒙高级军事人才而设立的，其成员是王公世爵、四品以上的宗室以及现任二品以上满汉文武大员子弟。该学堂还附设王公讲习所，在固定时间里专召亲王们去听冯讲课。冯国璋利用此机会结识了不少满蒙贵族，并赢得了清王朝的信任。于是，1907年冯国璋升任陆军部军咨处正使。1908年又升任清西陵梁各庄值班大臣。
1908年，光绪、那拉氏相继去世，光绪之弟载沣辅佐其子溥仪登极执政。载沣为了集中权力并替其兄光绪帝报仇，便把袁世凯开缺，赶回河南彰德。冯国璋怕受株连，便借口“值西陵与祭，坠马受伤”，和原配吴夫人病丧、母孙太夫人逝世为由，请辞回籍，但未得到批准。清廷仍委派他负责办理日常军务。冯国璋对袁世凯感恩图报，仍暗通音信，表示忠诚，并竭力为袁世凯东山再起创造条件。
1911年(辛亥年)8月，清政府为了震慑革命人民反清斗争力量，决定在直隶永平府(今芦龙)举行秋操，冯国璋被任命为东路总统官。10月l0日，武昌新军爆发了起义，迅即占领武汉三镇。清政府急忙派陆军大臣荫昌率两镇北洋军赴湖北镇压革命，同时又任命冯国璋为第二军军统，随后增援南下。
冯国璋在率军南下路上，唯袁世凯的密令是听，根本不理会荫昌的指挥。当冯国璋率军途经彰德时，只身去洹上村向袁世凯请示机宜，袁世凯授意冯“慢慢走，等等看”六字秘诀，并对冯说：“非筹备周妥，计出万全，断难督师进攻。”清政府迫于无奈，只得请袁世凯出山。袁世凯得势后，马上奏请由冯国璋接替荫昌第一军军统职务。冯国璋即按照袁的指示，调兵遣将，作好进攻准备。当清廷被迫授袁世凯军政全权以后，袁才命令冯国璋攻打汉口和汉阳起义新军。于是冯命令部将李纯、王占元和陈光远，指挥三协北洋军轮番猛攻。起义新军面对北洋军的猛烈攻势，化整为零，躲在汉口街道两边的建筑物内狙击北洋军的进攻。冯国璋见起义新军拼死抵抗，难于长驱直入，便决定放火烧毁街道两旁的商店和民房，使起义军无法存身。11月1日，冯借风势命令士兵放火，烈火由北而南，由东而西，一时间整个汉口便成了火海，三天三夜未熄，使方圆30里的繁华商埠倾时成为一片焦土，商民损失不可计算。攻陷汉口后，11月27日冯国璋又指挥北洋军攻占了汉阳。此一役，冯国璋被清廷封为二等男爵。正当长江一鼓可渡、武昌垂手可得之时，袁世凯为了借用革命力量迫使清帝退位交权，密令冯国璋“按兵不动”。冯一时摸不着袁世凯的意图，并对袁产生怀疑，于是亲自赴京托人向隆裕太后启奏，请求拨给饷银400万两，可独力平定“叛乱”。太后表示，400万两饷银一时难以筹划，但可以先拨发3个月的饷银，并准备临朝时召见冯国璋。不料袁世凯抢先一步见了太后，使冯国璋的如意算盘成为泡影，甚至还差一点被袁世凯干掉。不久，段棋瑞迅速抵达汉口，接替冯国璋指挥北洋军的职务。
12月15日，袁世凯命令冯国璋离汉赴京，任禁卫军总统，兼察哈尔都统。禁卫军是1908年组建的一支保卫清王朝的武装，共一师二旅，计1．2万人。除步兵第三标是汉人外，其余各部官兵全系满蒙人。冯国璋之所以能以汉人统帅禁卫军，是因为他以前曾为陆军贵胄学堂总办，且近在汉阳之役又被封二等男爵，再加上1912年1月1日孙中山就任中华民国临时大总统后，袁世凯曾指使冯国璋等15名北洋将领发表了“誓死拥护君主立宪，反对共和政体”的通电，因此，王公贵族都认为他效忠清室，予以信赖。冯国璋被清廷任命禁卫军总统，从而完全掌握了京畿防务大权。
袁世凯逼迫清帝退位，遭到禁卫军官兵的反对，以致议和条件迟迟不能发表。这时，冯国璋决心助袁一臂之力，亲赴禁卫军总部召集全体官兵，高声宣布大清皇帝辞位后之优待条件，对于禁卫军额数俸饷亦仍维持不变，声言非此不能保全皇室。冯并以身家性命担保，尊号仍存不废，让权不让位，两宫保全及禁卫军待遇皆担保到底，无论个人调任何职，必仍以禁卫军自随。于是一场企图阻碍清帝退位的禁卫军风波被平息下来，冯国璋在关键时刻为袁世凯篡权立下了汗马功劳。
1912年9月，冯国璋出任直隶省都督兼民政长。1914年晋升为陆军上将。因此成为袁世凯的左膀右臂。
镇压“二次革命” 出任江苏都督
1913年7月，“二次革命”爆发。15日黄兴在南京宣布讨袁。23日，冯国璋受命出任江淮宣抚使率部由津浦路南下，不久攻陷了宿县、蚌埠和滁县各处，8月6日直达浦口。16日，他的女婿、参加反袁斗争的南京第八师师长陈之骥，率少数卫兵偷偷过江向岳父投降。陈将南京群龙无首的混乱情况及其设防布局向冯国璋作了详细汇报。冯国璋喜形于色，对陈之骥说：“你提供的情况很是重要，待我挥军渡江，我俩里应外合，攻下南京，给你立个首功。”随后，冯国璋会合张勋辫子兵及刘冠雄海军，部署了联合攻克南京的作战计划。南京何海鸣率讨袁军与北洋军鏖战半个多月。9月2日，冯国璋指挥北洋军炸毁城墙进入南京。入城后北洋军如同野兽一般，恣意烧杀淫掠，南京商民家破人亡者，不可胜数，许多妇女被奸淫后投秦淮河自尽。张勋辫子军兽行尤甚。冯国璋因攻占南京有“功”，被袁授予一等文虎章。南京陷落，“二次革命”宣告失败。袁世凯深知南京虎踞龙蟠的战略地位对他控制南方至关重要，因此他本来打算在攻克南京后任命心腹大将冯国璋为江苏都督，然而事不凑巧，因为冯国璋在攻占南京前夕，允诺了张勋提出的“先攻入城者为都督”的协议，张勋不惜辫军惨重伤亡，抢先一步攻入南京，冯国璋只得保举张勋为江苏都督。9月10日，冯国璋北上继任直隶都督。然而张勋治军无方，终引出“南京交涉案”。日、英、美等国公使以张勋在南京其侨民生命财产得不到完全保证为由，向袁世凯施加压力。于是袁世凯于12月16日任命冯国璋出任江苏都督。
冯接任江苏都督后，打着维护江苏社会秩序的旗号(其实是为了镇压革命党人)，首先于前清江宁府署设立江苏全省执法处。在此之前又从天津调来大批警察，代替张勋军警维护南京治安。冯国璋又将沿江的四路要塞加以整顿，统一指挥，任命王遇甲中将为总司令；同时设立军事研究所，又在南京设立宪兵司令部，任命陈调元为司令。接着又成立陆军讲武堂、水师学堂、陆军警察学校。冯国璋在军事上的一系列措施，旨在加强北洋军阀的统治，但在客观上保障了江苏社会秩序的稳定，因此江苏在冯国璋统治的几年间，经济、文化的发展是有长进的。冯国璋手握四师重兵，据有富庶的江苏省，一时成了国内各省军阀中举足轻重的人物。
袁世凯为了笼络冯国璋，于1914年1月特将自己的家庭教师周砥介绍给冯国璋为妻。袁氏父子想藉此左右冯国璋，因此袁世凯指挥部下将这次婚礼办得格外隆重，一时轰动了大江南北。袁氏给周砥陪送的金银首饰、珠宝玉器达120余担，其他妆奁五光十色，不可胜数。婚礼场面十分热闹。婚后结算，仅招待费就支出白银数万两。不久，冯国璋还被授以“宣武上将军”。冯深感袁氏的知遇之恩，曾多次通电支持袁世凯解散国会，撕毁约法，反对内阁制，主张总统制，曾通电竭力叫嚣中国“应于世界上总统之外，别创一格，总统有权则取美国，解散国会则取法国，使大总统以无限权能展其抱负”。
借反帝制积蓄实力
袁世凯爬上正式大总统的宝座，还嫌不过瘾，又产生了做皇帝的野心。当冯国璋获悉袁氏父子在京策划帝制的消息后，十分惊讶。经与周夫人商量，决定进京了解内幕，于是于1915年6月亲赴北京谒袁。冯问：“外闻有总统要改帝制的传说，不知确否?”袁答：“华符，你我都是自家人，我的心事不妨向你说明，历史上开创之主，年皆不过50，我已是将近60岁的人了，鬓发尽白，精力也不如昔。大凡想做皇帝的人，必须有个好儿子，克绳基业，我长子克定脚有毛病，是个无用的跛子，次子克文只想做个名士，三四子都是纨绔，更没出息。我如果做了皇帝，哪一个是我的继承人呢?将来只能招祸，不会有好处的。”还说什么他已在英国伦敦买好了房子，如果国人逼他做皇帝，他就去英国当寓公。冯见袁世凯如此信誓旦旦，也就信以为真了。然而正当袁“指天誓日，力辩其无事”的同时，他的亲信左右却正在积极筹备帝制。冯回到南京后，北京“筹安会”即公开倡导恢复帝制，冯国璋不敢不信又不敢全信，只得去密电向反对帝制的总统府机要局局长张一磨询问，不久得到“事出有因”的答复。冯国璋深感受骗，便愤愤不平地说：“他哪把我们当自己人呢?他的做功倒真不坏!”从此，冯国璋与袁氏的矛盾逐渐尖锐化。
袁世凯对冯国璋很不放心，便采取了严密的防范措施。首先在冯国璋身边安置王子铭等人监视其行动；又据传张勋曾接袁世凯一密电，谓冯国璋为人不可靠，嘱其就近监察。不仅如此，袁世凯的死党上海镇守使郑汝成被刺后，袁又派其亲信杨善德率第四师移住上海监视冯国璋。未几，又加派卢永祥率第十师驻吴淞，也为了防备冯国璋。冯国璋见此情形，明白了袁世凯不再相信自己，从此与袁氏父子的关系逐渐疏远，不肯再为袁世凯卖力。不久，袁氏父子指示江苏巡按使齐耀琳选举代表，举行改变国体投票。齐指派代表时，冯暗示督军署人员一律不当代表，不参加投票活动。在举行投票那天，冯国璋托病不去；齐亲自到署劝请，他才勉强到场，然而却呆坐在那里，一言不发。12月18日，袁世凯任命冯国璋为参谋总长，急电催促进京就职。冯乃托词害病拒不进京，并策动江苏军民电请“挽留”，李纯等督军也致电主张留冯。袁世凯没办法，只得允他在南京“遥领”。然而，袁世凯仍不放心，一面派阮忠枢、荫昌等人赴宁继续催冯离宁北上，一面电令杨善德、卢永祥、倪嗣冲调兵控制长江下游。12月25日，蔡锷等宣告云南独立，组织护国军，讨伐袁世凯。冯国璋鉴于全国讨袁运动兴起．也就不再装病了。1916年3月9日致电袁世凯销假视事，从此放开胆量，公开反对帝制，遂成为“北洋派中反对洪宪皇帝之第一中心人物”。
冯国璋一面向袁世凯迭电密陈请“勿轻开战祸”，一面通过梁启超、胡鄂公等人与西南滇桂军阀唐继尧、陆荣廷信使往来，以促使西南独立和陆荣廷攻击广州，逐驱袁世凯死党龙济光；同时，又劝说四川的北洋军与护国军停战，并且指使四川、湖南将军陈宦、汤芗铭通电拒绝袁世凯的命令。当袁世凯派曹锟率北洋军入川与护国军接火之日，梁启超派人赴南京，请冯国璋协助蔡锷反对帝制维护共和。冯国璋对来使说：“我是他(指袁世凯)一手提拔起来而又比较亲信的人，我的电报对他是个重大打击。我们之间,不可讳言是有知遇之感的。论私交我应该拥护他的，论为国家打算，又万不能这样做，做了也未必对他有好处，一旦国人群起而攻之，受祸更烈。所以，我刚才考虑的结果，决计发电劝袁退位。”于是，冯叫秘书拟好两电，一电致袁世凯，劝其退位；一电分致鄂赣与西南各省，表示他反对洪宪帝制的态度。
不仅如此，冯还主动联络江西李纯、浙江朱瑞、湖南汤芗铭、山东靳云鹏等将军联名发出密电向各省将军征求收拾时局的意见，时称“五将军密电”，其电文内容，要求南方者：(一)取消独立，(二)退出战区，(三)保护战地人民。要求北方者：(—)取消帝制，(二)惩办帝制罪魁，(三)请元首自行辞职以觇全国人民之意思。可见“五将军密电”是冯国璋企图以“中立”省将军首领的名义，召唤非独立各省区，形成第三种力量，以图联合护国军，打倒袁世凯的一种计谋。
3月19日，当直隶省巡按使朱家宝将“五将军密电”呈送袁世凯过目时，袁气急之下,几乎晕倒；帝制派见此电，亦个个瞠目无词，足见“五将军密电”对袁氏帝制的打击程度。袁世凯鉴于全国人民反对帝制斗争正方兴未艾，内部已处四分五裂、众叛亲离之势，深知已临灭顶之灾，但为了仍然保住权力，企图继续盘踞大总统职位，便于3月22日宣布取消帝制。
自从“五将军密电”泄漏后，冯国璋与袁世凯的裂痕更无法掩饰。于是冯国璋—不做，二不休，决定对袁施加更大压力，以迫其将政权让予他。为此，冯于4月1日和16日公开致电北京政府，劝袁及早退位。各省军阀纷纷效尤，亦先后通电劝袁世凯迅速退位，袁世凯不得不派亲信阮忠枢南下向冯国璋乞情。冯国璋在阮忠枢的请求下，答应联络各省，担任调停。5月18日，冯国璋邀集未独立各省在南京召开代表会议。冯国璋意图通过南京会议逼袁下台，由他取而代之。但由于倪嗣冲的破坏和各省区将军代表谋略不一，遂使南京会议夭折。冯弄巧成拙，被舆论斥责为：“与其名为解决袁氏地位之会议，毋宁名为解决自己地位之会议。”
袁世凯复辟帝制激起了全国人民的无比愤怒，导致护国战争爆发，北洋军阀集团内部四分五裂，袁世凯于1916年6月6日在全国人民的声讨声中，忧惧而死。在此过程中，冯国璋是起了一定作用的。
出任民国代总统
袁世凯死后，黎元洪出任总统。1916年10月冯国璋被选为副总统，11月在南京宣布就职，仍兼江苏督军。冯国璋就职副总统后，便在南京设立副总统办事机构，并以国家元首的姿态公开接见中外记者，大谈治国方略，主张中国建设要渐次进行，反对国民党的激进方针，一时政治上颇为活跃。1917年初，江苏商民鉴于冯国璋坐镇南京，维护社会治安有功，便发动集资为冯国璋竖立“丰碑”；未几，江苏军界联合会闻知，亦愿加入发起，改为建立冯公生祠，取华符之“华”字名为“华园”，并拟铸造铜像。事为冯国璋所闻．他“恐为人所讥议，立即致函辞谢”，谓：“华园一事千万打消，如不能中断，请即改为劝工场，以利民生经济。”不久，将建华园和铸像之捐资建成贫民工厂和劝工场，此事一时传为美谈，并为冯国璋增添了几分光彩。不仅如此，冯国璋更以反帝制余孽面孔出现。段祺瑞出任国务总理后，将阁员名单派人送到南京请冯核准，冯一看名单上竟有曹汝霖，便对身边的人说：“这张名单我能同意吗?连帝制余孽也要当阁员了，太不象话了，芝泉(段祺瑞)真是胡闹呀，我准备把它退回去??
冯国璋，字华甫
1917年2月，冯国璋赴京调解黎元洪与段棋瑞因对德断交而引起的“府院之争”。冯到京后，住在禁卫军司令部，整天忙于接见军政各界要人，发表个人对时局的看法，“欲求对外一致，不可不先求内政刷新”，一时赢得各界的好感。他还在中国大学以“教育救国”为题演讲，获得了师生的欢迎。3月，段祺瑞因不满国会和黎元洪的外交政策而辞职赴津，冯国璋受黎之托亲自赴津挽留，并与段联袂回京。冯见段刚愎自用，目中无人，最后表示无力调解，回南京后，冯国璋预料到段棋瑞必将对己不利，于是决定集聚实力，迎击段祺瑞的种种挑战。他联合江西督军李纯、湖北督军王占元，建立了“长江三督”势力，又竭力笼络各省军阀和英、美势力，从而伏下了未来的直皖之战。不久，黎元洪在美国公使“允为后盾”的支持下，断然下令免掉段祺瑞国务总理的职务。段愤然赴津，立即煽动“督军团”倒黎，于是皖系各省军阀在段的指挥下，纷纷独立，使黎进退两难。这时，冯国璋曾致电表示支持黎元洪，并建议由王士珍出来组阁。由于王士珍首鼠两端，害怕招致灾祸，一时没敢答应；段却趁机派其亲信徐树铮怂恿安徽督军张勋出面调停，且暗示使清逊帝溥仪复辟，结果黎氏受骗，解散国会，引出了一场复辟的丑剧。
1917年7月1日，张勋在北京复辟，黎元洪避入日本公使馆，致电南京请冯国璋代行总统职权，维护共和。冯国璋于7月3日通电全国指出：“国璋在前清时代，本非主张革命之人，……国璋今日之不赞成复辟，亦犹前之不主张革命，……彼(指张勋)恃京师为营窟，挟幼帝以居奇，手握主权，口含天宪，名器由其假借，度支供其虚糜，化文明为野蛮，委法律于草莽，此而可忍，何以国为!”第二天，冯国璋在军署接见英国领事时说：“中国政体已走上了共和。不容许再有皇帝，我可以告诉你们，我跟段总理都是站在反对地位的。”复辟敉平，冯国璋于14日致电“奉还大总统职权，请黎元洪复职”。黎愧于解散国会，故决心去职，致电冯国璋说：“惭魂虽化，枯骨犹生，黾载河间，奠我民国。”段祺瑞企图乘机使其亲信倪嗣冲接替冯国璋江苏督军之职，于是大施调虎离山之计，18日致电促冯北上就大总统之职，并派靳云鹏为专使赴南京迎冯国璋北上。靳对冯说：“段此次组阁表示必可听冯四哥的话，二人同心，其力断金!”冯深知段之野心，不为靳语所迷惑，断然拒绝段祺瑞的安排，并针锋相对地提出离宁条件：调其部下江西督军李纯为江苏督军，陈光远为江西督军，第十五、第十六师为总统卫队。靳致电段祺瑞报告，段则以吴光新、傅良佐为长江上游警备总司令兼四川查办使和湖南督军为交换条件，答应了冯的要求。冯国璋鉴于自己的势力在长江下游得以巩固，便于8月1日率第十六师抵达北京就职。
冯国璋进京后，先拜访黎元洪，再次力言劝其复职；又派内务部总长汤化龙为大总统代表，进宫答谢清廷对他荣升大总统的祝贺。随后，他便将王士珍、段祺瑞请进府来，叙“北洋三杰”之友谊。冯极为亲切地说：“咱们老兄弟三个连枝一体，不分总统、总理、总长，只求合力办事，从今而后再也不会有什么府院之争了。”冯把“府院一体，内外一心”的高调呼得山响。然而这仅是表面文章，冯国璋决不是第二个黎元洪。他是一个有军队、有地盘、有势力、有野心的不低于段祺瑞的实权人物，他决不象黎元洪那样甘心当“活动的盖印机器”。
因此，冯国璋来京就职代大总统，无疑加深了冯段之间的矛盾，促进了北洋集团的分裂。段祺瑞刚愎自用，非常看不起冯国璋。冯国璋来北京前夕，段祺瑞听到冯用债券收买上海外商存土(鸦片)，借制药为名，从中牟利的消息后，便对身边人说：“我与冯是旧友了，此君有个钱癖，固所深知。但以今日环境论，我绝不能反对，因小失大，致伤感情。且系苏省官绅合办，彼既事前未征求我的意见，我只好装作聋聩。”段祺瑞宣扬散布冯国璋有“钱癖”，并非无端攻击，冯国璋自保定发迹后，通过各种搜刮手段，已陆续聚敛了大量的财富，成为军阀、大地主和大资本家三位一体的典型人物。例如，他在原籍河间和阜城、兴济等地有土地 3000余亩；在江苏与张謇合办盐垦公司。购地7O万亩；在诗经村、天津、北京有房千余间；在直隶夹山、遵化、兴隆有3座金矿；在南京、北京、天津有lO座钱庄和银号；并且在中华汇业银行和“北四行”均有大量股票和存款。尽管如此，仍不能满足其贪欲。当他走进总统府看到三海活蹦乱跳的鱼群时，却又动了心计，正好一个姓李的嬖人对其买好，进言说：“三海之鱼，自明清以来从未网罟过，如果打出卖给鱼商可值10万余元。”李某见冯犹豫不定，又说：“成文规定，三海鱼鸟花草历来是皇帝总统私产。”于是，冯国璋招鱼商捕之，议价8万元。从此，冯国璋落得贪婪名声，所以段祺瑞是很藐视他的。
段祺瑞上台后，以“再造共和”功臣自命，独揽军政大权，拒绝恢复《临时约法》和召开国会。于是孙中山以维护《临时约法》为号召，联络海军总长程壁光及西南军阀于1917年 9月在广州建立了与北京政府对峙的护法军政府。段祺瑞面对此局势，立即决定对南方实行“武力统一”的军事讨伐。9月18日零陵镇守使刘建藩和驻衡阳湘军旅长林修梅通电宣布湖南“自主”。10月6日，护法战争首先在湖南爆发。正当段祺瑞全力对南方用兵之际，代大总统冯国璋却提出了与段祺瑞的“武力统一”对立的“和平统一”政策，即保持西南各省军阀割据现状，以换取他们对北京中央政权的承认，保持中国名义上的统一。冯为了贯彻他的“和平统一”政策，利用他直系军阀首领的地位，密遣其婿陈之骥赴湘，运动王汝贤、范国璋联名通电主和。于是王、范通电：“恳请大总统下令征求南北各省意见协议组织立法机关，议决根本大法，以垂永久而绝纷争……。”10月20日冯又指使“长江三督”联名提出停止湖南战争，撤回湖南督军傅良佐，改善内阁和调整倪嗣冲安武军驻防四项主张。段对南方战争彻底失败。12月25日，冯国璋发布“弭战布告”，要求南北两军“于军事上先得各方之结束，于政治上乃徐图统一之进行。”冯国璋的“和平统一”政策暂时占了上风。
明争暗斗不敌段祺瑞
段祺瑞虽然一度下野，但皖系实力仍存无损。因此段下台后，竭尽全力破坏冯的“和平统一”政策。首先拉拢直系内部主战派首领直隶督军曹锟于12月召开“天津会议”，煽动继续对南方用兵；同时，段还指示徐树铮勾结奉系军阀张作霖派兵入关，以威胁冯国璋。冯虽有十五师、十六师，却仍感力量单薄，而敷衍西南的“和平统一”政策因进行缓慢而无效果，致使护法战争于1918年1月中旬重新交火。段祺瑞的阴谋得逞，冯在北京陷于孤立。
1月26日冯借出京“巡视”为名，率领1000余名卫队，准备赴南京与李纯等人商讨反段大计。当冯的专车抵达天津时，曹锟率直隶军政大员在车站欢迎。冯一行人在天津曹家花园小住一夜。曹锟向冯表示：“无论和战，吾辈坚决服从命令。”第二天，冯国璋继续乘专车南下，27日下午抵达济南，山东督军张怀芝登车晋谒总统，并同车赴蚌埠。此时段祺瑞急电倪嗣冲阻止冯前往南京。
28日上午冯国璋专车抵达蚌埠，倪嗣冲率亲信十余人到站迎接，见到冯劈头第一句就说：“在天津小站时，咱还是个文官，如今居然也领兵了，咱们多时相好，如今你是大总统，我还是个督军，天差地远，我看这督军觐见大总统的大礼就免了吧！”下车后到了倪嗣冲署府，冯国璋也不甘示弱，刚坐定，就对倪嗣冲说：“督军不听中央的命令不必说，就是一个师长、旅长，索饷索械比什么人都凶，一点点不如意就通电反对中央，请老弟代我想想，这样的总统做得下去吗?”倪嗣冲因事前接到段祺瑞密电命令他阻止冯国璋赴南京，所以对冯的态度极为恶劣，他竟然指着冯国璋说：“是战是和，你是当总统的，总统先有个主意，究竟你的主意何在?你为何不明白说出来！你和段总理已是数十年的老朋友了。
可是，现在你只顾自己的总统地位，而不顾总理的面子，此种举动真令吾辈寒心。”不待冯讲话，倪又连珠炮般地发泄内心的不满：“不知总统是否还记得当年在天津武备学堂当学生时候，校长不是我们安徽的李文忠(李鸿章)吗。如今安徽人真倒霉了，当年卵翼出来的学生一个个都忘了本，同咱们捣起蛋来，这还了得吗！”说到此他竟然拍案大哭起来，说什么：“总统，现在国家已经危险万分，我们北洋派也到了万分危险的时候，你看南方的势力这样嚣张，还有小人在总统跟前挑拨，说你是直派，说段总理是皖派，说你俩闹意见，现在又造谣言说直皖两派要分。若真的分了，我们自相水火，那北洋派就完了。”倪的一席话竟使冯国璋也流下了眼泪，跟随冯国璋的田文烈见此情形，便说：“总统原来是与倪督军、张督军诸君商议讨伐西南之事呢，既然这样，待总统回去即下讨伐令好了。”冯国璋欲赴南京，倪当即说：“你若回北京，我可以放行，若去南京，我便扣留你在此。”冯国璋不得已，只得折回北京。
冯国璋回到北京后，于1月30日下讨伐令，派曹锟、张怀芝、张敬尧率军进犯湖南，并于2月上旬下“罪己布告”说，“上年湖南事起，阁议主张用兵，国璋……冀以武装促进和平，而未尝以力征誓于有众。……长沙陷落，大损国威……正宜申明纪律，激励戎行……国璋不审傅良佐等之躁率而任用之，是无知人之明也；叛军幸胜，反议弭兵，国璋轻许之，是无料事之智也。国璋即当返我初服，以谢国人。……”冯国璋效法专制君王用“罪己诏”的形式缓和与段棋瑞一派的紧张关系，尽力向段表示让步，以平息皖系军阀政客们的怨气。3月23日复任段祺瑞为国务总理。
段祺瑞的“武力统一”又占了上风．但冯国璋并不甘心“和平统一”政策的失败，他密电曹锟率兵南下“适可而止”，不必过于深入为他人效力，“以恢复湘省为止”。曹接电后，心领神会，回电说：“决不令主座为难。尽请放怀！”吴佩孚率直军攻占长沙后，段电吴“直捣两广”，吴借口饷械供应不及，故意按兵不动。段为了早日完成他的“武力统一”，便极力笼络曹锟、吴佩孚。当段准备升任曹锟为两湖巡阅使兼湖北督军的消息传出后，冯国璋急忙致电曹锟：“久戎于外，直隶根本之地，未免空虚，倘有疏虞，便无退步。”于是直军占领衡阳后，曹锟力辞两湖巡阅使，立即回到天津，吴佩孚亦屯兵不前，并与护法军划界停战，致使段的“武力统一”到此为止。
段祺瑞企图再以名位引诱曹、吴继续为其卖力，使授曹锟为川粤湘赣四省经略使，授吴佩孚为“孚威将军”。未几，段祺瑞又“秘以副总统许曹”。并且亲往湖北犒师。冯国璋此时恐怕曹锟再次受骗，便派陆建章赴天津说服曹锟，放弃南征，回到直系与李纯等人合作把局面转向和平。结果陆建章在天津被段的第一亲信徐树铮诱杀。段祺瑞深知阻碍“武力统一”的主要障碍是冯国璋，于是便指使亲信王揖唐为首的“安福俱乐部”收买政客，操纵国会选举，把冯赶下台去。安福系乘冯国璋继黎元洪总统任期已满，按照事前段祺瑞的部署选举徐世昌为新总统，冯只得把总统的“宝座”让了出来。不久，冯离京回到故里河间。
徐世昌上台后，企图调解直、皖两系矛盾，为了取悦冯国璋，便批准下台的冯国璋仍有节制第十五、十六师的权力。不久，又派师景云赴河间迎请冯晋京，以疏通冯、段感情。由于冯国璋鉴于陆建章被谋杀的教训，迟迟不敢登程，直到靳云鹏组阁，稍有了安全保障，他才于1919年 l0月经天津抵达北京。冯国璋此次进京虽然是打着调合直、皖两系分裂的旗号而来，但实际上，他依然想通过他的斡旋促进直系内部团结，以对抗皖系，并伺机东山再起。此外，他进京的另一任务，则是企图把陆军部于1919年6月裁撤的第十五、十六师的粮饷局夺回来，以保其外快财源不致中断。然而一切都未能如愿，即于12月28日突然病逝，时年62岁。（注：资料来自网络）
子孙后代
民国代总统冯国璋乃河北河间县诗经村人，1910年，冯国璋为《冯氏家谱》重修作了序言，并规定今后冯氏家庭
以“国家海禁开，东方大事起”十字为排辈次序。
冯国璋作为起首的“国”字辈。
他的五个儿子为“家”字辈，分别取名为家遂、家迪、家遇、家迈、家周。
而孙辈从“海”字辈，有海岱、海嵊、海岩、海岗、海岛等。
曾孙辈本也该从“禁”字，但因政治气候和社会环境所迫，只能违逆祖上的遗训，以示与“反动家庭决裂”。所以到冯巩这一辈孩子就不再以“禁”字排辈了。
而到了冯巩的下一代，则又接着“开”字的顺序取名，冯巩的儿子就叫作“冯开诚”。
应该说，早年身为清廷大臣的冯国璋能为其族人后代订出“国家海禁开，东方大事起”这十个字，可以称得上是很有政治远见的，是积极进步的。
冯国璋一生由一介书生而入武林，读文史后再习军事。在他所处那个时代，经历了数次战争，其中亲自参与的就有中日甲午战争和八国联军入侵进京等战事；中国作为战败国，付出了割地赔款、签订丧权辱国条约的沉重代价。作为一个有着远大抱负的中国一代知识分子，或是身为一名有强烈民族自尊心的军事将领，冯国璋曾以其深刻的思考和敏锐的见解，屡屡向上司和清廷进言，并且一直身体力行地为“国家海禁开，东方大事起”这一宏愿而尽心尽力。
冯国璋当时已深切地感知，一个自诩为泱泱大国的国家，由于数百年来闭关锁国，夜郎自大，国力早已衰败不堪，远远落后于西方列强一大截了。他两次东渡扶桑，从那个自明治维新以来变得强悍起来的国度中，发现了一条中国富强昌盛，再树雄姿的可行之路，那就是打破海禁，引进外国的先进思想和科学技术，让国人重新认识自我，认识世界。
但其时其势，这位汉族的清廷重臣也有与当年李鸿章相似的忧虑和顾忌，眼看着京城里那个冥顽不化的满清朝廷，还有早已腐败不堪的各级衙门地方官吏，落后的农桑耕作制和淤堵不扬的贸易商业，还有几乎空白的现代工业⋯⋯这副积重难返的烂摊子，就决定了真正要在东方这块古老的土地上形成“大事起”的强盛之势，非一朝一代人所能办到的。因此，冯国璋把希望放在了儿孙辈身上。
1884, 25-year-old Feng Guozhang come alone to Dagu Huai direct word camp, the camp through the introduction of any instrument Zushu, enlisted in the army. By Feng certain education level, often to help soldiers write letters from home or to help kitchen bookkeeping, popular with good command of the battalion has achieved the trust of Liu Qi. The next year, after the sponsor Liu, Feng Guozhang into Tianjin Military Academy, learning Infantry Division. Zhili Governor and the school is to train the Northern Minister Li Huai Army in the lower level military personnel founded in 1885. German military instructors are employed, the art of war established curriculum, geography, military devices, batteries, algorithms, mapping, and exercise habits artillery, infantry teams, horses, work teams and division and tactical deployment, and also by the history of science. Feng Guozhang the first phase of the school students. In the study, he had returned to his country to participate in examinations, then the amount of ad hoc mathematical epiphytes, because He is good at math, exams and scholar. Military Academy and returned to Tianjin to study the military. Feng Guozhang study hard, master guns formation, to familiarize themselves with camp operations, subjects with outstanding results have been overall running of the school and German instructors Yinchang appreciated. 1890 graduate, was taught there.
Yuan dynasty, and betrayed participation "Reform Movement" of the reformers, won Nala Shi specially trusted. March 1899, the new army was renamed "Bue Youjun." Soon, Yuan led his army to go to Shandong, sent by the acting governor of Shandong, suppression of the Boxer movement. Feng Guozhang gymnastics camp to the Governor General's Office Department the identity of the 10,000 people of Shandong Yong Bue Youjun business gradually adapted to the vanguard, and once Lvdui Zhili and Shandong in the Texas border area, dogged Boxer. Intervention in 1900, Feng Guozhang suppression of the Boxer movement of "power", Paul played by Yuan Shikai, was promoted to fill with the prefect. Soon was transferred to the competent Bue Youjun Jinan and Shandong province Governor military exercise matters.
1906, Feng Guozhang Acting is Huangqihai Mongolia Dutong commanders, army aristocrat school part-time General Office. The school is mainly for training Qing Manchuria and Mongolia established senior military personnel, whose members are Wanggong Shi Jue, the imperial family for more than four items and the current civil and military high officials of the second or more children Manchu. The school is also attached to the kings and workshops, experts called in a fixed time they listen to Prince von lectures. Feng Guozhang advantage of this opportunity to get to know a lot of Mongolian nobles, and won the confidence of the Qing Dynasty. Thus, in 1907 Marshall became the Department of Military Advisory Feng Guozhang l Department is making. 1908 has been promoted to Minister of Qingxiling lianggezhuang duty.
Feng Guozhang in his troops south road, the only Yuan's secret order is to listen to and ignore the command of Yin Chang. When Feng Guozhang his troops through Akinori, the alone to the village of Huan Yuan referrals to the appropriate machine, Feng Yuan instructed "Take it, wait and see" Six Words tips, and Feng said: "The preparation for weeks of non-properly, a foolproof, broken difficult to attack Governor teacher. "Qing government forced, only please Yuan out of the mountains. Yuan got the upper hand, immediately petitioned by the first Junjun Yin-Chang Feng Guozhang replacement system functions. Yuan Feng Guozhang that in accordance with the instructions of their plans, well prepared attack. When the Qing government was forced to grant full political and military after the Yuan, Yuan Feng Guozhang was ordered to attack the New Army uprising in Hankou and Hanyang. Li Chun Feng Department will then command, Zhan-yuan and Chen Guangyuan, commanding the Northern Army turns Sankyo onslaught. Northern New Army uprising in the face of fierce military offensive, split up, hiding in the street on both sides of the building Hankow Northern Army sniper attack. Feng Guozhang see New Army uprising desperate resistance, difficult to drive straight, we decided to set fire to shops and houses along the street, so the rebels can not take shelter. November 1, Feng ordered the soldiers set fire by wind, fire from north to south, from east to west, Hankou became a sea of fire the whole time, not three days and nights out, so that inside the radius of 30 to become a bustling commercial port tilting scorched earth, incalculable loss of business people. After the fall of Hankow, 27 November Feng Guozhang they command the Northern Army captured Hanyang. This battle, the Qing Feng Guozhang labeled second Baron. While crossing the Yangtze River can be a drum, Wuchang readily available when the revolutionary forces to use force Yuan Qing emperor to abdicate power, secret order Feng Guozhang "inaction." Feng Yuan's intention moment intangible, and Yuan doubt, then the Trustee to the Empress Dowager in person to Beijing Qi Zou, Xiang Yin 4 million allocated to the two requests can be alone put down "rebellion." Queen Mother said, four million two Xiangyin find it difficult to plan, but you can dial made 3 months Xiang Yin, and ready when called in Feng Guozhang Powerbut. Unexpectedly, the first to step met Empress Yuan, Feng Guozhang's wishful thinking to become a bubble, even almost to be Yuan kill. Soon Tuan quickly arrive at Hankou, replacing Feng Guozhang Northern Army command posts.
September 1912, Feng Guozhang as the military governor of Zhili Province and District long. 1914 was promoted to Army General. Become Yuan's right hand man.
July 1913, "Second Revolution" broke out. 15, in Nanjing that anti-Yuan Huang Xing. 23, Feng Guozhang was appointed to JAC Xuanfu to lead his troops from the Jin Pulu south, and soon captured the Su County, Bengbu and Chu county throughout, August 6 direct Pukou. 16, his son, to participate in the struggle against Yuan Chen of Nanjing, the 8th Division of the Ji, the rate a small number of guards had Jiang Xiangyue father secretly surrendered. Chen will be in Nanjing and the fortification of a rudderless confusion a detailed layout of the Feng Guozhang report. Feng Guozhang glowing terms, of the Chen Ji said: "you is all very important, when I Huijun cross the river now flashing Liyingwaige, capture of Nanjing, to establish a deal in you." Subsequently, Zhang Xun Feng Guozhang join the navy braided soldiers and Liu Guanxiong the deployment of a joint operational plan captured Nanjing. He Haiming rate of anti-Yuan of Nanjing Military engage in fierce battle with the Northern army for half a month. September 2, Feng Guozhang command to blow up the Northern Army entered the city walls. After the Northern Army entered the city like the beast, reckless burning and prostitution sweep, Nanjing bereaved by merchants, countless, many women were raped after the vote Qinhuai himself. Zhang Xun particularly braided military brutality. Feng Guozhang capture of Nanking by the "power", was awarded first-Yuan Zhang Wen-Hu. The fall of Nanjing, "Second Revolution" failed. Yuan aware of the strategic position of Nanjing, coiling his control of the South is essential, so he had intended to appoint trusted generals after the capture of Nanjing in Jiangsu Feng Guozhang military governor, but things do not happen to, because Feng Guozhang the eve of the capture of Nanjing, promised Zhang Xun's "first strike into the city by the military governor" of the agreement, Zhang Xun heavy casualties at the military braid, taken the lead by scoring in Nanjing, Zhang Xun Feng Guozhang only give protection for the military governor of Jiangsu. September 10, the military governor of Zhili Feng Guozhang north successor. Zhang Xun, however, no military side, eventually leads to the "Nanjing representations case." Japan, Britain and the United States envoy to Zhang Xun in Nanjing, the lives and property of its nationals are not completely guarantee the grounds, to put pressure on Yuan. Yuan Shikai was appointed on December 16 Feng Guozhang as the military governor of Jiangsu.
Yuan's climb up the official president of the throne, not enough for you quickly, they had to do the emperor's ambitions. When father and son in Beijing, Yuan Feng Guozhang learned the news of monarchy planning, it is amazing. Consult with the Chow decided to Beijing insider, so in June 1915 went to Beijing Ye Yuan. Feng Q: "I have heard that outside the imperial president to change the legend, I do not know do not?" Yuan replied: "Hua Fu, you are all my own side, my mind might tell you, the Lord of history, to create, in all but 50, I was nearly 60 years of age, and hair on the temples to make white, energy is not as ever. Generally people want to do the emperor must have a good son, Kesheng foundation, I set foot wrong with his eldest son grams, is useless lame, just want to be a second son of Croatian culture celebrities, 34 children were Dandyism, but good for nothing. If I do the emperor, which is my successor? will only Zhaohuo, not good. "What is said He has bought a house in London, if the people force him to do the emperor, when he went to England in exile. Yuan Feng see so pledged, also believed it was. Yuan, however legitimate, "Zhitianshiri, to argue its nothing," while his trusted aides about it is actively preparing for the monarchy. Feng returned to Nanjing, Beijing, "Planning for Peace" that the public advocate to restore the monarchy, Feng Guozhang dare not believe they can not believe all, only to close call against the monarchy of the Office of the President to the Secretary Zhang grinding confidential inquiry soon be " sake of something "response. Feng Guozhang feel cheated, then angry and said: "When our own people what he does? His acting indeed a not bad!" Since then, Yuan Feng Guozhang and gradually intensified the conflict.
Yuan Feng Guozhang very assured on, they adopted a strict preventive measures. First, placement in Feng Guozhang Wang Ziming and others around them to monitor their actions; it is said Zhang Xun Yuan had received a telegram saying that Feng Guozhang is unreliable, Nursing and nearby monitor. Moreover, Shanghai commanders in Zhengru Cheng Yuan loyalists after the assassination, he again sent his trusted Yangshan De Yuan rate of the fourth division relocation, Shanghai surveillance Feng Guozhang. Soon after, then deployed in Wu Song Lu Yongxiang rate of the 10th Division, and to prepare for Feng Guozhang. Feng Guozhang Seeing this situation, see Yuan no longer believe in themselves, from the relationship with the Yuan gradually estranged father and son, would never hard for the Yuan. Soon, his son instructions Yuan Jiangsu Xunan Shi Qi Yaolin elected representatives, was held to vote to change the state system. Qi designated representatives, von suggesting inappropriate military governor on behalf of all staff, not to participate in elections. The holding of voting day, Feng Guozhang not plead illness; Qi Quan Qing person to the Department, he reluctantly arrived at the scene, but it has sat there, silent. December 18, Yuan Feng Guozhang appointed as chief of staff, urging urgent telegram to Beijing office. Feng is the excuse ill refuse to Beijing, and Jiangsu mobilized military and civilian power, please, "retain" such as military governor Li Chun Feng also made claims to stay. Yuan no way, only allow him to Nanjing "remote collar." However, the Yuan is still not assured, side to send Ruanzhong Shu, Yin Chang, who continue to urge Mr Fu Ning Ning from north side of power that Yangshan De, Lu Yongxiang, Ni Si reconstituted military control of the Yangtze River. December 25, Cai Yunnan and other declared independence, organization National Protection Army, crusade against Yuan Shikai. Feng Guozhang view of the national anti-Yuan Movement. Ill no longer installed. March 9, 1916 by calling Yuan returned from leave, release from the courage to openly oppose the monarchy, became "against the rule as the Hongxian the Northern faction of the First Emperor of the central figure."
Feng Guozhang a close call for Chen Yuan Diego, please, "Do not light open war" on the one hand by Liang, Hu E, and others public and Southwest Yunnan and Guangxi warlords Tang Jiyao, Lu Rongting messenger contacts to promote independence and Lu Rongting attack southwest of Guangzhou, driven by his best buddies Long Yuan economy of light; the same time, persuade the Northern Army and the National Protection Army Sichuan truce and ordered Sichuan, Hunan, General Chen Huan, Tang Xiang Ming Yuan powered refuse orders. When Yuan Shikai sent to Sichuan, Cao Kun rate of the Northern Army and National Protection Army energize the day, Liang sent to Nanjing, please help Cai Feng Guozhang maintenance republic against the monarchy. Feng Guozhang right to make, said: "I am He (Yuan) hand-picked people up, but fairly confidant, my cable is a major blow to him. Between us, can not be denied there is a good friend, the flu. On the personal relationships that I should support him, and on the national plan, they must not do this, do not necessarily be beneficial to people when an attack is more strongly affected by disaster. So, I have considered the results of total power generation must persuade Yuan abdicated. "So, Mr Secretary, to be called a good two power, an electroluminescent Yuan, persuaded to abdicate; an electricity sub-cause of Hubei, Jiangxi and southwestern provinces, said he opposed Hongxian attitude.
Not only that, Feng also took the initiative to contact the Jiangxi Li Chun, Zhejiang Zhu Rui, Hunan, Tang Xiang Ming, Shandong Jin Yunpeng other generals jointly issued a telegram to the provincial general seek to pack the current situation of the opinion, said "five general secret power", the message content requirements of the South who : (a) abolish the independent, (b) out of the theater, (c) protect the field people. Asked the North by: (-) abolished the monarchy, (b) punish the culprit monarchy, (c) Please head of state to resign in order to spy the people means the country. See "Five secret General Electric" is a Feng Guozhang attempt to "neutral" in the name of provincial chief, General, called non-independent provinces and autonomous regions to form a third force, in order to joint the National Protection Army, War in a trick.
The restoration of monarchy provoked Yuan of the National People's immense anger, leading to protect the country and the outbreak of war, internal fragmentation Northern warlord Yuan Shikai on June 6, 1916 at the sound of the National People's condemnation, fear of death. In this process, Feng Guozhang played a certain role.
Yuan Shikai's death, Li Yuan-hung as president. October 1916 Feng Guozhang was elected Vice-President, announced the inauguration in November in Nanjing, Jiangsu is still and military governor. Feng Guozhang after taking office, Vice President, Vice-President will establish offices in Nanjing, and open attitude to the Head of State met with reporters to talk about law, and claim construction should be gradually carried out in China, against the KMT's radical approach, a time quite active politically . Early in 1917, Jiangsu Nanjing merchants sits in view of Feng Guozhang, maintaining social order is meritorious, it launched fund-raising for the Feng Guozhang erect "monuments"; soon after, Jiangsu Association heard about the military also would like to join the launch, to establish Fenggong Sheng Temple, take China character of the "Chinese" character named "Wah" and intended to cast the statue. Thing for Feng Guozhang heard. He was "ridiculed by the fear of man proposed, immediately wrote to politely refuse", said: "Do Wah Yuen dispel the issue, if not interrupted, please to persuade factories to benefit of the economy." Soon, will be built and cast as the donor Wah Yuen built factories and urged the poor factory, this short time has visited one another, and Feng Guozhang added some luster. Not only that, Feng Guozhang more to face the remnants of the anti-imperialist system there. Duan Qirui as Prime Minister after the cabinet members to deliver the list of approved Nanjing please Feng, Feng Cao Rulin in the midst of a watch list, then the people around him, said: "This list I can agree? With imperial remnants have When the cabinet members, and too Xianghua, and Chi Quan (Duan Qirui) is really nonsense Yeah, I'm going to put it back to??
Feng Guozhang, word Hua Fu
February 1917, Feng Guozhang Beijing to mediate Duan Li and broke off diplomatic relations with Germany caused by the "Disputes of Government." Feng to Beijing after living in the Guards headquarters, meeting with military and political dignitaries are busy all day to give my views on the current situation, "desire line outside, can not be refreshed without first seeking internal affairs", a time to win the goodwill of all walks of life. He also Chinese university "Education Saves the Nation" speech for the title, won the teachers and students. March, Duan Qi-rui Li due to dissatisfaction with the foreign policy of Congress and resigned to go to Tianjin, Li Feng Guozhang in trust by the person to go to Tianjin to retain, and close ranks with the segment returned to Beijing. Feng see paragraph opinionated, arrogant, unable to mediate the final, said, back to Nanjing, the Feng Guozhang expected Tuan bound to have adverse, decided to gather strength, engaged Duan Qirui challenges. He combined military governor of Jiangxi Li Chun, Wang Zhan Yuan military governor of Hubei, the establishment of the "Yangtze River Governor" forces, but also strive to win over the provincial warlords and the United Kingdom, the United States forces, which left open the future always Anhui war. Soon Li minister in the United States "allow for the backing," the support of the Prime Minister categorically ordered dispense Duan Qirui duties. Section angrily went to Tianjin, immediately incited "Doc Legion" inverted Paris, then in the section Wanxi provinces under the command of warlords, became independent, so that Li dilemma. At this time, Li Feng Guozhang had telephoned support, and recommended by the Wang Shizhen out of cabinet. As Wang Shizhen Shoushuliangduan, afraid to incur disaster, a time dared not answer; section has taken the opportunity to send his close military governor of Anhui Zhang Xun Xu Shuzheng encourage mediation, and suggesting to the Qing emperor Pu Yi Xun restoration, the result Lai deceived, the dissolution of parliament, raises a restoration of the farce.
July 1, 1917, Zhang Xun in Beijing restoration, Li refuge in the Japanese legation, call the acting president of Nanjing please Feng Guozhang powers, to maintain Republican. Feng Guozhang power in the country on July 3 said: "Guo Zhang in the Qing era, the revolutionary ideas of the non-person, ... ... Guozhang today is not in favor of restoration, is still not in favor of the revolution before, ... ... He (referring to Zhang Xun ) relies on the Capital for the business Cave, relying on Young God to the Home Church, hand sovereignty, including days of the constitution mouth, title by borrowing, degree of support for their virtual Mi, of civilization in barbarous, commissioned law in wilderness, but this can be tolerated, Why States! "The next day, Feng Guozhang met British Consul in the military department, said:" China has embarked on a republican form of government. does not allow another king, I can tell you, I told the Prime Minister is standing against the section of the status. "restoration cleared as Feng Guozhang on the 14th call" money back big powers of the presidency, please Li reinstatement. " Li Kui in the dissolution of parliament, so determined to left office, call Feng Guozhang said: "Although the soul ashamed of, skeletons and died, strider set Hejian, I laid the Republic of China." Attempt to take advantage of their trusted Duan Qi-rui Chong Ni Si Feng Guozhang replaced the post of military governor of Jiangsu, So great facilities mean by that measure, 18, calling on the president to promote Feng north of the post and sent as envoy to Nanjing Jin Yunpeng Ying Feng Guozhang north. Jin on Feng said: "section of the cabinet that will listen to the words of von Mahone, two concentric, their power than gold!" Von know ambition paragraph, is not confused by language Jin, Duan Qirui flatly rejected the arrangement, and conditions put forward from the rather tit for tat: Li Chun tune their subordinates military governor of Jiangxi, Jiangsu military governor, Chen Guangyuan military governor of Jiangxi, the 15th, the 16th Division for the Presidential Guard. Jin Duan Qirui call report, a new paragraph Zeyi Peter Woo, Fu Liangzuo garrison commander for the Yangtze River and Sichuan, and Hunan military governor investigating so that in exchange, agreed to the von requirements. Feng Guozhang view of their forces in the Yangtze River to be consolidated, easy to August 1 rate the 16th Division, arrived in Beijing office.
Therefore, Feng Guozhang to Beijing office on behalf of the president, no doubt deepened the conflict between von segment, and promote the Northern clique. Duan Qirui opinionated, very looked down on Feng Guozhang. Feng Guozhang to Beijing on the eve of Mr Duan Qi-rui heard the Shanghai Foreign deposits with bonds to buy land (opium), by the pharmaceutical name of profit from the news, then on the side said: "I was old friends with Von, and Walking with a money addiction, the best knowledge of solid. But the environment of today, I can not oppose, runs the risk of emotional injury. and the Department of Jiangsu Province organized gentry, Biji not seek my advice in advance, I had to install for deaf Kui. "promote the spread Duan Qi-rui Feng Guozhang" Money Addiction ", not unprovoked attack, Feng Guozhang fortune from Baoding, after sweeping up through various means, has gradually amassed a great deal of wealth, as warlords, landlords and big capitalists Trinity The typical characters. For example, in his country of origin and Fucheng Hejian, Hing economic and other places have more than 3,000 mu of land; in Jiangsu and Zhang Jian joint salt reclamation company. 7O mu of land purchase; in Book Village, Tianjin, Beijing has room more than a thousand rooms; in Zhili folder Hill, Zunhua, booming with three gold; in Nanjing, Beijing, Tianjin, banks and silver have lO seat number; and Banco Delta in China and "North four lines" have a large number of shares and deposits. However, still can not meet their greed. When he entered the presidential palace to see the fish jump when the three sea, but moving the scheming, just one of their favorite surnamed Li bought, into the statement said: "The three sea fish, since the Ming has never been Reticulum If the play can be sold to fish traders value of 10 million yuan. "Feng Lee see wavering, said:" statutory provision, three sea Ichthyornis flowers have always been private property emperor president. "Then, Dr. Feng Guozhang catch of fish traders, bargaining 80,000 yuan. Since then, Feng Guozhang end up greedy reputation, so Duan Qirui is despised him.
Duan Qirui took office, to "Rebuild" meritorious claim to a monopoly on military power, refused to resume "Provisional Constitution" and the convening of the Congress. Sun was to maintain "Provisional Constitution" to call, contact the Navy General-way wall light and southwestern warlords in September 1917 in Guangzhou and Beijing to establish a junta government protect the law of confrontation. Duan Qirui the face of this situation, and immediately decided to implement the South "unified force" military crusade. September 18 and in Hengyang, Lingling Liu Jianfan commanders in Hunan Hunan Brigadier Lin Xiumei power that "independent." October 6, and safeguarding the war first broke out in Hunan. Duan Qirui fully legitimate use of forces on the occasion of the South, on behalf of the president has proposed and Duan Qi-rui Feng Guozhang a "unified force" against the "peaceful reunification" policy, that southwestern provincial warlords to maintain the status quo in exchange for their central government in Beijing recognition, to maintain the unity of the Chinese name. Feng order to implement his "peaceful reunification" policy, using his immediate chief warlord status, Mi Qian Chen Ji, whose husband went to Hunan, sports Ruxian, Fan Guozhang joint power owners. Then the king, Fan power: "to urge the President to order the agreement to seek the views of North and South provinces, organizations legislature resolved the fundamental law, to permanent and absolute vertical disputes ... ...." 20 October Feng has incited "Doc Yangtze River" jointly to stop Hunan war, withdraw military governor of Hunan Fu Liangzuo to improve the cabinet and adjust the Ni Si Chong An Wujun stationed in four claims. Section of the complete failure of the war against the South. December 25, Feng Guozhang release "Mi war announcement," North-South military requirements "on all sides of the end of the military on the basis, in the political reunification plan is to Xu." Feng Guozhang of "peaceful reunification" policy is still the upper hand .
Infighting match for Duan Qi-rui
However, now you only own president position, regardless of the Prime Minister's face, such a move that knows how America really chilling. "Not wait for Feng speech, they bombarded Ni camel vent inner dissatisfaction:" I do not know whether the President still remember the Military Academy in Tianjin, a student, the principal is not our Anhui Li Wenzhong (Li) do. Anhui were bad luck today, and then one by one to shield the students from all forget this, we trace from the eggs with this terrible you! "Having said this he should stroke the table to cry, saying:" Mr. President, and now countries have dangerous extreme, we have sent to the northern extreme danger, you see such arrogance of power south, there are bad people in front of the presidential discord say you are straight camp, said Prime Minister Wan School section, that you both Nao Yixian, Anhui now Zaoyao Yan said that the two factions to sub-straight. If that's divided, we Zixiang the fire, then the northern faction would be finished. "Ni's remarks brought a Feng Guozhang also shed tears, to follow Feng Guozhang of Tianwen Lie Seeing this situation, they said:" The president is, in fact Ni military governor, military governor Zhang party of the matter be deliberated crusade against Southwest, as such, to be President of the back of the next crusade to make better. "Feng Guozhang want to Nanjing, Ni immediately said:" If you return to Beijing, I can be released if to Nanjing, I will detain you here. "Feng Guozhang last resort, only returning Beijing.
Future generations
Feng Guozhang as the beginning of the "country" Generation name.
This is also the grandchildren from the "forbidden" words, but the political climate and social environment has forced only to defy the teachings of ancestors to show with "reactionary family break." So this generation to Feng Gong child is no longer a "forbidden" word generation a row.
Feng Guozhang spends his life by a scholar like martial arts, reading History and then study the military. In that time he lived, experienced several wars, in which there is personally involved in the invasion of Sino-Japanese War and the eight-to Beijing and other war; China, as a defeated nation, paid a ceding territory and paying compensation to sign humiliating treaties heavy price. Has big ambitions as a generation of intellectuals in China, or have a strong sense of national pride as a military general, Feng Guozhang have given the deep thinking and keen insights into the often made to the supervisor and the Qing court, and has been practicing for "national policy of prohibiting open event from the East," the ambition and dedication.