南美洲:
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| 秘鲁 Peru 国家代码: pe |
 秘鲁 秘鲁拼音：mìlǔ 国际长途电话区号 51 国名由来 在古印第安语中，秘鲁意为“玉米之仓”，因此地盛产玉米而得名。 面积 1285216平方公里 国旗 呈长方形，长与宽之比为３：２。由三个平行相等的竖长方形组成，中间为白色，两侧为红色，白色长方形中间有国徽图案。白色象征自由、民主、和平与幸福；红色象征人民在独立战争中取得的胜利，也表示人民对烈士的怀念。 国徽 中心图案为盾徽。盾面左上方是一只南美骆马，为该国国兽，代表国家的动物资源，也是秘鲁民族的象征之一；右上方是一棵金鸡纳树，代表该国的植物资源；下半部为一只象征丰饶的羊角，代表该国的自然资源和矿藏。盾徽上端为一个绿枝叶环；两侧各有两面秘鲁国旗。 国花 向日葵 、坎涂花 国树 金鸡纳树 国兽 骆马 货币 新索尔 （New Sol） 独立日 ７月２８日（１８２１年） 国庆日 ７月２８日（１８２１年） 国家政要 总统阿兰·加西亚·佩雷斯（Alan Garcia Pérez），2006年7月28日就任，任期5年。第一副总统路易斯·詹彼得里·罗哈斯（Luis Giampietri Rojas），第二副总统洛德斯·门多萨·德尔索拉尔（Lourdes Mendoza Del Solar），2006年7月28日就职，任期5年。 安第斯山脉中的马丘比丘古城遗迹是目前保存最完好的印加古城之一,1983年被列入 世界文化遗产名录。 自然地理：面积为１２８５２１６平方公里。位于南美洲西部，北与厄瓜多尔和哥伦比亚接壤，东同巴西毗连，南与智利交界，东南与玻利维亚毗连，西濒大西洋。海岸线长２２５４公里。安第斯山纵贯南北，山地占全国面积的１／３。全境从西向东分为三个区域：西部沿海区为狭长的干旱地带，为热带沙漠区，气候干燥而温和，有断续分布的平原，灌溉农业发达，城市人口集中；中部山地高原区主要为安第斯山中段，平均海拔约４３００米，亚马孙河发源地，气温变化较大，年降水量200—1，000毫米；东部为亚马孙热带雨林区，属亚马孙河上游流域，为山麓地带与冲积平原，终年高温多雨，森林遍布，地广人稀，是近年新开发的石油产区。科罗普纳峰和萨尔坎大山海拔都在６０００米以上，瓦斯卡兰山海拔６７６８米，为秘鲁最高点。主要河流为乌卡亚利河和普图马约河。秘鲁西部属热带沙漠、草原气候，干燥而温和，年平均气温１２－３２℃；中部气温变化大，年平均气温１—１４℃；东部属热带雨林气候，年平均气温２４—３５℃。中部的南段多火山，地震频繁，东南与玻利维亚交界处有南美洲最大的的的喀喀湖。中部的北段海岸和近海蕴藏石油。岸外海域富鳀鱼（秘鲁沙丁鱼）等渔业资源，沿海岛屿积有大量鸟粪层。首都平均气温１５—２５℃。年平均降水量，西部不足５０毫米，中部不足２５０毫米，东部在２０００毫米以上。森林面积占领土面积51％。 人口： 2794.7万人（2005年），其中印第安人占41％，印欧混血种人占36％，白人占19％，其他人种占4％。西班牙语为官方语言，一些地区通用克丘亚语、阿伊马拉语和其他30多种印第安语。96％的居民信奉天主教。 时差：比格林尼治时间晚5小时，比北京时间晚13小时。 世界文化和自然遗产 ◆ 利马古城 ◆ 马丘比丘古城 ◆ 阿比塞奥河国家公园 ◆ 昌昌古城 ◆ 阿雷基帕古城 ◆ 纳斯卡巨画、胡马纳大草原 ◆ 查文古城 ◆ 马努国家公园 ◆ 库斯科古城 ◆ 瓦斯卡兰国家公园 首都 利马（lima），人口781.67万（2005年）。年平均气温18.7℃，被誉为“世界不雨城”。 行政区域：全国划分为２４个省和１个直属区（卡亚俄区）。各省名称如下：亚马孙省、安卡什省、阿普里马克省、阿雷基帕省、阿亚库乔省、卡哈马卡省、库斯科省、万卡维利卡省、瓦努科省、伊卡省、胡宁省、拉利伯塔德省、兰巴耶克省、利马省、洛雷托省、马德雷·德迪奥斯省、莫克瓜省、帕斯科省、皮乌拉省、普诺省、圣马丁省、塔克纳省、通贝斯省、乌卡亚利省。 货币 索尔>>> 简史 古代境内居住着印第安人。公元１１世纪，印第安人以库斯科城为首府，在高原地区建立了“印加帝国”，农业和手工业高度发展。１５－１６世纪初形成美洲的古代文明之一─印加文明。１５３３年沦为西班牙殖民地。１５３５年建立利马城，１５４４年成立秘鲁总督区，成为西班牙在南美殖民统治的中心。１８２１年７月２８日宣布独立，建立秘鲁共和国。１８３５年玻利维亚和秘鲁合并，称秘鲁—玻利维亚邦联。１８３９年邦联瓦解。１８５４年废除奴隶制。１８７９─１８８３年，秘鲁联合玻利维亚同智利进行争夺硝石产地的“太平洋战争”。秘鲁战败后，智利夺取了世界最大的硝石产地塔拉帕卡省，并控制了秘鲁的塔克纳、阿利卡两省。１９２９年双方经过和平谈判，秘鲁收回塔克纳省。１９３３年与哥伦比亚发生边界战争，秘战败。１９４８年１０月奥德利亚发动军事政变上台。１９６３年６月人民行动党贝朗德·特里当选总统。１９６８年１０月３日贝拉斯科陆军中将发动政变后出任总统。１９７５年８月２９日莫拉莱斯将军接管政权，１９７７年宣布“还政于民”。 秘鲁费利佩城堡 皇家费利佩城堡——秘鲁历史的见证 秘鲁高原古都库斯科 政治 现行宪法于１９９３年１２月３１日生效。宪法规定总统可连任一届，隔届可再当选；增设第一、二副总统、国会两院改为一院制；对恐怖分子可处极刑等。２０００年１１月，秘国会通过宪法修正案，规定总统不得连任。议会称国会。一院制。国会拥有立法和监督职能。议员由选举产生，任期五年，可连选连任。 【经济】 传统农矿业国，属拉美中等水平。矿产丰富，石油自给有余。藤森执政期间，实行私有化政策，并在物价、税收等方面进行了一系列改革，经济形势逐步好转。 托莱多政府实行“恢复经济政策”，宏观经济运行平稳，近5年来年均增长率达5%。2005年，经济继续增长，通膨降低，贸易顺差加大，资本市场更加健全，投资者对秘前景普遍看好。但经济发展的成果未能惠及广大下层民众，贫富分化等问题未得到根本扭转。 加西亚总统就职后，表示新政府将基本延续现行经济发展模式，实行严格的财政政策，增加对基础设施的投入，积极吸引投资，加快经济发展速度；重视贫困地区经济发展，实施扫盲计划；对能源和矿业企业加征高额利润税；增加就业和改善劳工权利。 2005年主要经济数字： 国内生产总值（GDP）：757.2亿美元 人均国内生产总值：2482美元 国内生产总值增长率：6.67% 货币名称：新索尔（Nuevo Sol）。 汇率：1美元＝3.296新索尔。 通货膨胀率：1.43% 失业率：9.6%（利马） 【资源】 矿业资源丰富，是世界12大矿产国之一。主要有铜、铅、锌、银、铁和石油等。铋、钒储量居世界首位，铜占第三位，银、锌占第四位。目前石油探明储量为4亿桶，天然气71000亿立方英尺。森林覆盖率为58％，面积达7710万公顷，在南美洲仅次于巴西。水力和海洋资源极为丰富。 【工矿业】 工业以加工和装配业为主。2005年工业增长率为7%，矿业增长率为7.4%。近几年主要工、矿产品产量如下： 2003 2004 2005 铜（万吨） 62.53 81.5 100.99 铁（万吨） 354.1 431.65 456.50 锌（万吨） 136.9 120.61 120.17 金（吨） 172.9 175.4 207.82 银（吨） 2774.77 2907.96 3193.15 石油（万桶） 3334.26 3444.8 4062.30 发电量（亿千瓦时） 228.91 226.13 254.35 天然气（百万立方英尺） 18483 30356 53347 （资料来源：秘鲁国家统计局） 【旅游业】 秘鲁是印加文明的发祥地，旅游资源丰富。2005年，赴秘外国游客达148.5万人次，旅游外汇收入13.71亿美元，占国内生产总值的1.81％。2005年全国各类饭店数量：5星级25家、4星级22家、3星级446家、2星级848家、1星级418家。主要旅游景点有：利马大广场、托雷塔格莱宫、黄金博物馆、库斯科城、马楚－皮楚遗址等。 （资料来源：秘鲁外贸旅游部） 【风俗习惯】 秘鲁人在社交场合与客人相见和告别时，都惯以握手为礼。男朋友之间相见，一般惯施拥抱礼，并互相拍肩拍背。秘鲁妇女之间相见习惯施亲吻礼（亲吻对方的面颊），嘴里都不停地发出表示友好的啧啧声或说问候的话。任何情况下，都可用花作为礼品。 秘鲁人具有拉丁民族的特征，热情、好客，听话最好打些折扣，不能尽信，有会常不守时。 利马市每年在10月、11月的祭奠期间，每逢周日在ACHO广场皆有斗牛比赛。 秘鲁居民中绝大多数人信奉天主教。秘鲁基巴罗族人视巫师如神明，并对其异常崇敬。秘鲁人特别忌讳“死亡”这个字眼，若以“死亡”来诅咒他人，必定会引起一场大欧斗。 秘鲁的印加印第安人，在每年9月举行定期驱魔节日。因9月是雨季。瘟疫易于流行。为了驱除病魔，秋分后月圆的第一天，所有的人要禁食。晚上各家聚会，烤制一种掺有小孩鲜血的玉米饼。人们在洗浴之后，用这种面饼擦头、脸、胸、肩、腿，认为这样可以消除病痛。然后用这种面饼再擦门槛，证明全家都已斋戒净身。 秘鲁人忌讳“13”和“星期五”。认为这都是不吉利的数字和日期，遇其必将会大难临头。他们忌讳乌鸦。认为乌鸦是一种不祥之鸟，给人以厄运和灾难的印象。他们忌讳以刀剑为礼品。认为送这些东西意味着割断友谊。他们在饮食上忌食海参一类的奇形怪状的食品。 【交通运输】 秘鲁的交通运输以公路为主，公路货运量占全国运输总量的80％。水上运输较发达，外贸主要依靠海上运输。 铁路：秘是南美最早修建铁路的国家。铁路总长2021公里（2005年）。2004年，铁路客运量121.28万人次，货运量206.84万吨。 公路：公路总长78318公里（2004年）。2005年，全国机动车合计134.95万辆，其中轿车86.13万辆、皮卡及吉普车30.64万辆、客车4.37万辆、卡车10.44万辆、其他车辆3.37万辆。2005年公路客运量5859.96万人次。 水运：2000年有各类船只6883艘，货运量1534万吨。2005年全国共有20港口，客货运船只476艘。主要港口有：卡亚俄、钦博特、伊洛、派塔和萨拉维里。 空运：2004年全国共有飞机 178 架，客运量510.50万人次，机场31个，其中国际机场5个，分别是：利马“豪尔赫·查维斯”国际机场、库斯科国际机场、伊基托斯国际机场、塔克纳国际机场和阿雷基帕国际机场。 （资料来源：秘鲁交通与通讯部） 【财政金融】 近几年中央政府财政收支情况如下（单位：亿新索尔）： 2003 2004 2005 收入 313.22 353.81 425.66 支出 354.26 385.47 453.68 差额 -41.04 -31.66 -28.02 截至2005年底，秘鲁黄金储备为5.76亿美元，外汇储备141.19亿美元，公共外债222.79亿美元，偿债率为15.2%。（资料来源：秘鲁中央储备银行） 【对外贸易】 秘实行自由贸易政策。2005年出口额占国内生产总值的比例为22.3%。近3年外贸情况如下（单位：亿美元）： 2003 2004 2005 出口额 88.63 121.42 168.8 进口额 84.55 101.06 120.3 差 额 4.08 20.36 48.5 （资料来源：秘鲁国家统计局） 主要出口矿产品和石油、农牧业产品、纺织品、渔产品等。近年来，非传统产品的出口上升到占全国出口的四分之一左右。2005年，秘传统产品出口127.21亿美元，同比增长37.8%，其中矿产品和石油出口110.87亿美元，鱼粉出口11.47亿美元；非传统产品出口42.79亿美元，同比增长22.7%，其中农产品出口10.09亿美元，纺织品出口12.74亿美元。进口工业原料、资本货和消费品等。主要贸易伙伴为美国、中国、智利和加拿大。 （资料来源：秘鲁外贸旅游部） 【外国资本】1991年3月，政府修改外资法，取消了对外国投资的某些限制措施，允许外商在能源、电信、自来水等部门投资，利润自由汇出。2005年，秘新增外国直接投资25.19亿美元，累计外国直接投资154.15亿美元，主要来源于西班牙、英国、美国、荷兰、巴拿马和智利。 【外国援助】2005年10月，比利时决定向秘提供2400万欧元无偿援助。 【人民生活】 2005年，城市人口占总人口的比例为72.6%，贫困人口比例为48%、赤贫人口比例为18%。全国共有医院139家、医疗中心1233家、卫生所5518个。移动电话和固定电话门数分别为558.34万和225.05万。 【军事】 秘鲁军队是在19世纪初反对西班牙殖民统治和争取民族独立斗争中诞生和发展起来的。总统为武装力量最高统帅。国防委员会为最高军事决策机构，总统任主席。最高军事指挥机构是武装力量联合指挥部，由三军司令组成，直属总统领导，成员为三军总司令，并轮流担任主席。现任联指司令何塞·威廉姆斯·萨帕塔上将（José Williams Zapata），陆军司令塞萨尔·雷诺索·迪亚斯上将（César A. Reinoso Díaz），海军司令豪尔赫·奥古斯托·安普埃罗·特拉武科上将(Jorge Augusto Ampuero Trabucco)，空军司令路易斯·费利佩·孔德·加拉伊上将（Luis Felipe Conde Garay），国民警察局长路易斯·蒙托亚·比利亚努埃瓦少将(Luis Montoya Villanueva)。秘鲁实行义务兵制，服役期两年。 2004年秘总兵力11.5万人。陆军7.5万人，设6个军区，编有14个师、3个大队、5个支队、3个直升机中队，装备各类坦克410辆、装甲运输车280辆、装甲侦察车165辆、各种火炮830余门；各类飞机88架。海军2.5万人（包括陆战队3000人和海军航空兵800人），设有5个海区，共有各类舰艇66艘，其中巡洋舰2艘、驱逐舰1艘、导弹护卫舰4艘、潜艇8艘、导弹快艇6艘，飞机40余架。空军1.5万人，编有4个飞行联队，1个训练司令部；装备各种飞机428架，其中作战飞机118架、武装直升飞机23架。1992年从尼加拉瓜购进苏制武装直升飞机19架，1996年从俄罗斯购进米格—29战机10架。另有预备役部队18.8万人（陆军），准军事部队7.4万余人。2004年，秘国防预算28.06亿新索尔，占政府开支的6.36％。 【文化教育】秘政府重视发展教育事业。现行教育体制为：学前教育1至2年，小学6年，中学6年，大学5年。2004年教育经费88.97亿新索尔（约合27亿美元）,占国家预算的18.4%。2005年全国15岁以上文盲总数约为278.1万人，占全国人口的10.3%，其中大部分是妇女和农村人口。 秘全国著名高等院校大多集中在首都利马。最著名的国立大学是圣马科斯大学（建于1551年），亦是拉美历史最悠久的高等学府）。排名前五位的私立大学分别是：天主教大学、利马大学、圣马丁·德彼雷斯大学、里卡多·帕尔马大学和太平洋大学。2004年秘鲁教育统计数字如下： 学校（所） 教师（人） 学生（人） 学前 33253 46279 1138137 小学 35276 185829 4164475 中学 11323 160836 2603091 大学 78 35455 415465 非大学高等教育 1046 27880 390734 职业和特殊教育 2463 15425 302168 总计 83439 471704 9014070 （资料来源：秘鲁国家统计局） 【新闻出版】全国共有各种报纸及刊物20余种，其中在利马发行11种，主要有：《商报》，发行量约28万份；《快报》，发行量15万份；《共和国报》，发行量15万份；《秘鲁人报》，发行量25万份；《太阳报》，发行量3万份。主要政论期刊有：《假面具》周刊，发行量3.5万份；《请听》和《是》各发行1万份。 秘鲁新闻社和安第斯新闻社为官方通讯社。 全国共有广播电台1107家，除一家国家电台外，其余均为私人电台。影响较大的电台有：国家电台、圣罗莎电台、秘鲁节目电台、团结电台和联合电台等。 全国共有电视发射台和转播台90家，其中7家有全国广播网。电视七台为国家台，其余均为商业性电视台。影响较大的商业性电视台有拉丁台（电视二台）、美洲台（电视四台）、泛美台（电视五台）、安第斯台（电视九台）、OK台（电视十一台）和全球网台（电视十三台）。 【对外关系】奉行独立自主的外交政策，将巩固民主、人权、民主安全、地区一体化、贸易和投资、护侨和对外文化宣传作为外交优先目标。秘主张遵循国际法、联合国宪章和泛美体系的准则，推动国际和平与安全，尊重人权；强调外交为经济发展服务；重视发展同周边及其它拉美国家关系，积极参与地区一体化进程；加强同美国、加拿大和欧盟等工业化国家以及亚太国家的关系；主张在反毒、反恐、反腐和扫除贫困等领域加强国际合作。秘现与129个国家建立了外交关系。 秘是不结盟运动、七十七国集团、十五国集团、太平洋经济合作理事会、里约集团、拉美一体化协会、拉美经济体系、亚马孙合作条约、南美洲国家共同体、安第斯共同体、南太平洋常设委员会等国际和地区组织的成员国。1998年11月，秘鲁正式加入亚太经济合作组织。 【同中国的关系】1971年11月2日中秘建交。 2005年，中秘关系取得较大发展。秘是中国在拉美地区的重要贸易伙伴和主要投资对象国之一。 两国高层交往频繁，政治互信增强。1月26～28日，国家副主席曾庆红访秘，秘总统托莱多会见，副总统魏斯曼主持会谈。双方宣布中秘建立全面合作伙伴关系，中方宣布把秘鲁列为中国公民出境旅游目的地国，秘方重申承认中国市场经济地位。双方签署了涉及刑事司法协助、植物检疫、旅游、投资、油气勘探开发等领域的8项合作协议。6月1～6日，秘总统托莱多对中国进行国事访问。胡锦涛主席与托莱多总统举行会谈，吴邦国委员长和温家宝总理分别会见。两国领导人就加强中秘互利合作达成重要共识，表示愿意进一步充实两国全面合作伙伴关系内涵，推动中秘关系持续深入发展。双方签署了涉及交通、传统医学、教育、旅游、知识产权等领域的7个合作文件。9月，李肇星外长在第60届联大期间会见秘鲁外长毛尔图亚，双方就双边关系和联合国改革等问题交换了意见。 双方主要互访还有：全国人大常委会副委员长成思危、信息产业部部长王旭东、海关总署署长牟新生、中国侨联主席林兆枢等访秘。秘副总统魏斯曼两次以私人身份访华，并在第一次访问中受到国家副主席曾庆红会见；秘副外长莱卡罗斯访华，与中方共同主持召开两国外交部间第六次政治磋商和双边经贸混委会第四次会议；此外，秘国防部长恰夫拉、人民行动党领导人帕尼亚瓜等分别访华。 两国在国际和地区事务中保持协调与配合。中国支持秘竞选安理会2006-2007年度非常任理事国。 两国经贸关系发展迅速。2005年，双边贸易额28.85亿美元，同比增长48.5%，其中我出口6.09亿美元，进口22.76亿美元，同比分别增长45.52%和49.32%。我已成为秘第二大贸易伙伴和第三大出口市场。 中国驻秘鲁大使：殷恒民。馆址：Jirón José Granda 150 San Isidro Lima 27，Perú。信箱：Apartado Postal 375。电话：2220841（办公室、值班），4429466（领事部）。国家地区号：511。电传：（036）25283 PE CHI LIMA。传真：4429467。网址：www.embajadachina.org.pe。商务处地址：Av. Javier Prado Oeste 2496 Magdalena del Mar，Lima 17，Perú。信箱：Apartado Postal 170140。电话：4619536。电传：（036）25625 PE CHIS LIMA。传真：4619855。 秘鲁驻华使馆临时代办：图里奥·蒙塔卡（Tulio Mundaca）公使。馆址：北京三里屯外交人员办公楼1单元91号。电话：65322494，65323719。电传：22278 LEPRU CN。传真：65322178。网址：www.embperu.cn.net。 【同美国的关系】秘美于1826年建交。 美是秘最大的贸易伙伴和出口市场。2004年双边贸易额55.42亿美元，占秘当年外贸总额的四分之一。与美达成自由贸易协定是托莱多政府任内的主要目标之一。2005年9月，托莱多总统赴美出席联合国成立60周年首脑会议期间，与布什总统举行双边会晤，并赴华盛顿会见美贸易部长古铁雷斯、贸易代表波特曼和部分议员，就加快安第斯三国与美自贸谈判做美方工作。11月，托莱多总统在出席第四届美洲国家首脑会议和APEC会议期间，两次与布什总统举行双边会晤，再次就加快两国自贸谈判进程做美方工作。12月，秘美就自贸协定达成一致。同月，毛尔图亚外长访美，分别与美国务卿赖斯、国防部长拉姆斯菲尔德举行会晤，重点就两国在自贸、安理会事务、反毒、反恐等领域的合作交换意见。 2005年以来，秘美军事合作进一步加强。6月，美国防部表示将向秘捐赠价值200万美元的禁毒设备。8月，美国防部长拉姆斯菲尔德和南方司令克拉多克分别访秘。 【同拉美国家的关系】秘鲁把发展与拉美国家的关系放在其对外关系的首位，积极推动地区一体化进程。2005年，秘同拉美国家高层交往频繁。3月，托莱多总统出席乌拉圭新总统巴斯克斯就职仪式。5月，托莱多总统出席在巴西首都巴西利亚举行的南美洲-阿拉伯国家首脑会议。9月，托莱多总统访问哥伦比亚，就安第斯三国与美国自由贸易谈判事与哥总统乌里韦协调立场。同月，托莱多总统与巴西总统卢拉、玻利维亚总统罗德里格斯共同出席在秘鲁举行的“跨大陆公路”奠基仪式。年内，特多总理、巴拿马副总统兼外长、萨尔瓦多外长分别访秘，秘外长先后访问阿根廷、巴西、乌拉圭、厄瓜多尔、智利，并赴乌拉圭出席南共市首脑会议。此外，秘积极协调地区事务，成功主办第16届安共体首脑会议。 【同独联体国家和东欧国家的关系】苏联解体后，秘政府相继承认独联体各国，并与之保持一般外交关系。1997年，秘先后与哈萨克斯坦、白俄罗斯和立陶宛建立大使级外交关系。2005年2月，秘国会主席弗洛雷斯·阿劳斯访问俄罗斯，分别会见俄联邦委员会主席米罗诺夫、国家杜马主席、副总理和外长，弗重申秘承认俄市场经济地位，支持俄加入世贸组织。4月，秘副外长莱卡罗斯访问俄罗斯，与俄外长拉夫罗夫举行会晤，并主持秘俄第四次双边政治磋商。7月，秘国会外委会主席帕切科访问乌克兰，分别会见乌副外长、国家航天局副局长和部分国会议员。11月，秘鲁-乌克兰双边政治磋商机制第二次会议在利马召开。 【同日本及其他亚太地区国家和组织的关系】藤森总统执政期间，秘日关系发展迅速，日本在秘对外关系中的地位明显上升。秘是拉美国家中接受日援最多的国家。2003年秘日关系因藤森的引渡问题而陷入暂时停滞。2004年2月，秘日就引渡藤森事进行首次谈判。日宣布将通过政治途径解决藤森问题，秘断然拒绝。3月，秘方表示，如日本政府拒绝引渡藤森，秘将向海牙国际法庭提起诉讼。2005年9月，秘外长毛尔图亚召见日本驻秘大使，就日东京都知事石原慎太郎发表支持藤森继续参与秘政治生活的言论表示抗议。10月，秘外长毛尔图亚在接受秘CPN电台采访时，对日本在引渡藤森问题上所持的“傲慢态度和两面手法”提出严厉批评。11月，藤森乘私人飞机飞抵智利首都圣地亚哥，日本政府要求智利政府依法公正对待藤森，秘智两国均对此予以驳斥。同月，日本首相小泉纯一郎以日程安排为由拒绝与托莱多总统在APEC峰会期间举行双边会晤。 近年来，秘积极发展与亚太地区的经济合作，加强对太平洋盆地事务的参与。2005年7月，泰国国会主席兼下议院议长波钦访秘，分别与托莱多总统、国会主席弗洛雷斯·阿劳斯和副外长毛尔图亚会见会谈。10月，泰国外长甘达堤在泰秘建交40周年之际正式访秘，与托莱多总统和毛尔图亚外长分别举行会见和会谈。11月，托莱多总统在出席韩国釜山APEC会议期间与韩总统卢武炫举行双边会晤，毛尔图亚外长分别与马来西亚、新西兰和韩国外长举行双边会晤。 【同欧盟的关系】欧盟是秘鲁重要贸易伙伴和资金来源地。2004年秘欧贸易额达42.08亿美元，占秘外贸总额的18.7%。1996至2004年，欧盟累计在秘投资84.52亿美元，占同期秘吸引外资总额的65%。2005年2月，秘国会主席弗洛雷斯·阿劳斯访问意大利。 3月，秘外长罗德里格斯访问西班牙、意大利。7月，罗德里格斯外长访问意大利和瑞士。10月，托莱多总统对欧盟总部进行为期两天的工作访问，并与比利时国王阿尔韦托二世举行会晤。 秘鲁政府16日颁布最高政令，宣布5月19日为“全国哀悼日”，以悼念中国在汶川地震中的遇难者。这是秘鲁第一次为外国遇难者宣布“全国哀悼日”。 由秘鲁总统加西亚、政府总理德尔卡斯蒂略以及外交部长、司法部长和劳工部长共同签署的最高政令说：“2008年5月12日发生在中国的强烈地震，不仅是这个亚洲国家的灾难，也是全人类的不幸。秘鲁政府对如此惨重的人员伤亡表示哀悼，将宣布5月19日为全国哀悼日。” 根据这项政令，在哀悼日，秘鲁高级官员将通过中国驻秘鲁大使馆向中国地震中的死难者志哀，全国所有政府机构、军事设施、警察机关，以及所有秘鲁在国外的外交机构都将降半旗。 5月12日在中国四川省发生里氏8.0级强烈地震，至6月8日已造成6.9万多人死亡。 秘鲁旅游贴士： 1、秘鲁目前仍不是中国公民的旅游目的地国家，虽然说旅游者获得签证不难，不过国内旅行社还不能提供组团服务。 (秘鲁已经于去年被宣布为中国公民的旅游目的地国家，国内旅行社也已经开始提供组团服务) 2、秘鲁的货币是“索尔”，与美元汇率大致为3.2－3.3：1。(4月14日汇率已经是2.7：1了) 3、秘鲁国内的电压是110伏。虽然电压不同，从国内带去的电脑、手机充电器、煮水壶还都能用。带电器的话记得带上一个双圆插的欧式插座转换器，在广州买一个十几元就行了，在香港机场买要七八十元。三频的全球通手机到此能用，双频的不行。 Peruvian territory was home to the Norte Chico civilization, one of the oldest in the world, and to the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty, which included most of its South American colonies. After achieving independence in 1821, Peru has undergone periods of political unrest and fiscal crisis as well as periods of stability and economic upswing. Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. Its geography varies from the arid plains of the Pacific coast to the peaks of the Andes mountains and the tropical forests of the Amazon Basin. It is a developing country with a medium Human Development Index score and a poverty level around 40%. Its main economic activities include agriculture, fishing, mining, and manufacturing of products such as textiles. The Peruvian population, estimated at 28 million, is multiethnic, including Amerindians, Europeans, Africans and Asians. The main spoken language is Spanish, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechua or other native languages. This mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music. The word Peru is derived from Birú, the name of a local ruler who lived near the Bay of San Miguel, Panama, in the early 16th century. When his possessions were visited by Spanish explorers in 1522, they were the southernmost part of the New World yet known to Europeans. Thus, when Francisco Pizarro explored the regions farther south, they came to be designated Birú or Peru. The Spanish Crown gave the name legal status with the 1529 Capitulación de Toledo, which designated the newly encountered Inca Empire as the province of Peru. Under Spanish rule, the country adopted the denomination Viceroyalty of Peru, which became Republic of Peru after independence. History The earliest evidence of human presence in Peruvian territory has been dated to approximately 11,000 years BCE. The oldest known complex society in Peru, the Norte Chico civilization, flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3000 and 1800 BCE. These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures such as Chavin, Paracas, Mochica, Nazca, Wari, and Chimu. In the 15th century, the Incas emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. Andean societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as irrigation and terracing; camelid husbandry and fishing were also important. Organization relied on reciprocity and redistribution because these societies had no notion of market or money. Machu Picchu, the "Lost City of the Incas"In 1532, a group of conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro defeated Inca Emperor Atahualpa and imposed Spanish rule. Ten years later, the Spanish Crown established the Viceroyalty of Peru, which included most of its South American colonies. Viceroy Francisco de Toledo reorganized the country in the 1570s with silver mining as its main economic activity and Indian forced labor as its primary workforce. Peruvian bullion provided revenue for the Spanish Crown and fueled a complex trade network that extended as far as Europe and the Philippines. However, by the 18th century, declining silver production and economic diversification greatly diminished royal income. In response, the Crown enacted the Bourbon Reforms, a series of edicts that increased taxes and partitioned the Viceroyalty of Peru. The new laws provoked Túpac Amaru II's rebellion and other revolts, all of which were defeated. In the early 19th century, while most of South America was swept by wars of independence, Peru remained a royalist stronghold. As the elite hesitated between emancipation and loyalty to the Spanish Monarchy, independence was achieved only after the military campaigns of José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar. During the early years of the Republic, endemic struggles for power between military leaders caused political instability. National identity was forged during this period, as Bolivarian projects for a Latin American Confederation foundered and a union with Bolivia proved ephemeral. Between the 1840s and 1860s, Peru enjoyed a period of stability under the presidency of Ramón Castilla due to increased state revenues from guano exports. However, by the 1870s, these resources had been squandered, the country was heavily indebted, and political in-fighting was again on the rise. Angamos, a decisive battle during the War of the Pacific.Peru was defeated by Chile in the 1879–1883 War of the Pacific, losing the provinces of Arica and Tarapacá in the treaties of Ancón and Lima. Internal struggles after the war were followed by a period of stability under the Civilista Party, which lasted until the onset of the authoritarian regime of Augusto B. Leguía. The Great Depression caused the downfall of Leguía, renewed political turmoil, and the emergence of the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA). The rivalry between this organization and a coalition of the elite and the military defined Peruvian politics for the following three decades. In 1968, the Armed Forces, led by General Juan Velasco Alvarado, staged a coup against president Fernando Belaunde. The new regime undertook radical reforms aimed at fostering development but failed to gain widespread support. In 1975, Velasco was forcefully replaced as president by General Francisco Morales Bermúdez, who paralyzed reforms and oversaw the reestablishment of democracy. During the 1980s, Peru faced a considerable external debt, ever-growing inflation, a surge in drug trafficking, and massive political violence. Under the presidency of Alberto Fujimori (1990–2000), the country started to recover; however, accusations of authoritarianism, corruption, and human rights violations forced his resignation after the controversial 2000 elections. Since the end of the Fujimori regime, Peru has tried to fight corruption while sustaining economic growth; the current president is Alan García. Government Congress sits in the Palacio Legislativo in Lima.Peru is a presidential representative democratic republic with a multi-party system. Under the current constitution, the President is the head of state and government; he or she is elected for five years and may not immediately be re-elected. The President designates the Prime Minister and, with his advice, the rest of the Council of Ministers. There is a unicameral Congress with 120 members elected for a five-year term. Bills may be proposed by either the executive or the legislative branch; they become law after being passed by Congress and promulgated by the President. The judiciary is nominally independent, though political intervention into judicial matters has been common throughout history and arguably continues today. The Peruvian government is directly elected, and voting is compulsory for all citizens aged 18 to 70. General elections held in 2006 ended in a second round victory for presidential candidate Alan García of the Peruvian Aprista Party (52.6% of valid votes) over Ollanta Humala of Union for Peru (47.4%). Congress is currently composed of the Peruvian Aprista Party (36 seats), Peruvian Nationalist Party (23 seats), Union for Peru (19 seats), National Unity (15 seats), the Fujimorista Alliance for the Future (13 seats), the Parliamentary Alliance (9 seats) and the Democratic Special Parliamentary Group (5 seats). Peruvian foreign relations have been dominated by border conflicts with neighboring countries, most of which were settled during the 20th century. There is still an ongoing dispute with Chile over maritime limits in the Pacific Ocean. Peru is an active member of several regional blocs and one of the founders of the Andean Community of Nations. It is also a participant in international organizations such as the Organization of American States and the United Nations. The Peruvian military is composed of an army, a navy and an air force; its primary mission is to safeguard the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country. The armed forces are subordinate to the Ministry of Defense and to the President as Commander-in-Chief. Conscription was abolished in 1999 and replaced by voluntary military service. Regions Ama zonasAncashApurímacArequipaAyacuchoCaja marcaCuscoHuánucoHuanca velicaIcaJunínLa LibertadLamba yequeLimaLima ProvinceCallaoLoretoMadre de DiosMoqueguaPascoPiuraPunoTacnaTumbesSan MartínUcayali infoClickable map of the regions of Peru.Peru is divided into 25 regions and the province of Lima. Each region has an elected government composed of a president and a council, which serves for a four-year term. These governments plan regional development, execute public investment projects, promote economic activities, and manage public property. The province of Lima is administered by a city council. Regions: Amazonas Ancash Apurímac Arequipa Ayacucho Cajamarca Callao Cusco Huancavelica Huánuco Ica Junín La Libertad Lambayeque Lima Loreto Madre de Dios Moquegua Pasco Piura Puno San Martín Tacna Tumbes Ucayali Province: Lima Geography Topographic map of PeruPeru covers 1,285,220 km² (496,193 sq mi), making it approximately two-thirds the size of Mexico. It neighbors Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil to the east, Bolivia to the southeast, Chile to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. The Andes mountains run parallel to the Pacific Ocean, dividing the country into three geographic regions. The costa (coast), to the west, is a narrow plain, largely arid except for valleys created by seasonal rivers. The sierra (highlands) is the region of the Andes; it includes the Altiplano plateau as well as the highest peak of the country, the 6,768 m (22,205 ft) Huascarán. The third region is the selva (jungle), a wide expanse of flat terrain covered by the Amazon rainforest that extends east. Almost 60% of the country's area is located within this region. Most Peruvian rivers originate in the Andes and drain into one of three basins. Those that drain toward the Pacific Ocean are steep and short, flowing only intermittently. Tributaries of the Amazon River are longer, have a much larger flow, and are less steep once they exit the sierra. Rivers that drain into Lake Titicaca are generally short and have a large flow. Peru's longest rivers are the Ucayali, the Marañón, the Putumayo, the Yavarí, the Huallaga, the Urubamba, the Mantaro, and the Amazon. The peaks of the Andes are the source of many Peruvian rivers.Peru, unlike other equatorial countries, does not have an exclusively tropical climate; the influence of the Andes and the Humboldt Current causes great climatic diversity within the country. The costa has moderate temperatures, low precipitations, and high humidity, except for its warmer, wetter northern reaches. In the sierra, rain is frequent during summer, and temperature and humidity diminish with altitude up to the frozen peaks of the Andes. The selva is characterized by heavy rainfall and high temperatures, except for its southernmost part, which has cold winters and seasonal rainfall. Because of its varied geography and climate, Peru has a high biodiversity; 21,462 species of plants and animals had been reported as of 2003, 5,855 of them endemic. The Peruvian government has established several protected areas for their preservation. Economy The seaport of Callao is the main outlet for Peruvian exports.Peru is a developing country with a 2005 Human Development Index score of 0.773. Its 2006 per capita income was US$3,374; 39.3% of its total population is poor, including 13.7% that is extremely poor. Historically, the country's economic performance has been tied to exports, which provide hard currency to finance imports and external debt payments. Although exports have provided substantial revenue, self-sustained growth and a more egalitarian distribution of income have proven elusive. Peruvian economic policy has varied widely over the past decades. The 1968–1975 government of Juan Velasco Alvarado introduced radical reforms, which included agrarian reform, the expropriation of foreign companies, the introduction of an economic planning system, and the creation of a large state-owned sector. These measures failed to achieve their objectives of income redistribution and the end of economic dependence on developed nations. Despite these adverse results, most reforms were not reversed until the 1990s, when the liberalizing government of Alberto Fujimori ended price controls, protectionism, restrictions on foreign direct investment, and most state ownership of companies. Reforms have permitted sustained economic growth since 1993, except for a slump after the 1997 Asian financial crisis. Services account for 53% of Peruvian gross domestic product, followed by manufacturing (22.3%), extractive industries (15%), and taxes (9.7%). Recent economic growth has been fueled by macroeconomic stability, improved terms of trade, and rising investment and consumption. Trade is expected to increase further after the implementation of a free trade agreement with the United States, which was signed on April 12, 2006. Peru's main exports are copper, gold, zinc, textiles, and fish meal; its major trade partners are the United States, China, Brazil, and Chile. Demographics Peruvian woman and child of Amerindian ancestryWith about 28 million inhabitants, Peru is the fourth most populous country in South America as of 2007. Its demographic growth rate declined from 2.6% to 1.6% between 1950 and 2000; population is expected to reach approximately 42 million in 2050. As of 2005, 72.6% lived in urban areas and 27.4% in rural areas. Major cities include Lima, Arequipa, Trujillo, Chiclayo, Piura, Iquitos, Chimbote, Cusco, and Huancayo, all of which reported more than 200,000 inhabitants in the 1993 census. Peru is a multiethnic nation formed by the combination of different groups over five centuries. Amerindians inhabited Peruvian territory for several millennia before Spanish Conquest in the 16th century; their population decreased from an estimated 9 million in the 1520s to around 600,000 in 1620 mainly due to infectious diseases. Spaniards and Africans arrived in large numbers under colonial rule, mixing widely with each other and with indigenous peoples. After independence, there has been a gradual European immigration from England, France, Germany, Italy, and Spain. Chinese arrived in the 1850s as a replacement for slave workers and have since become a major influence in Peruvian society. Other immigrant groups include Arabs and Japanese. Spanish, the first language of 80.3% of Peruvians age 5 and older in 1993, is the primary language of the country. It coexists with several indigenous languages, the most important of which is Quechua, spoken by 16.5% of the population in 1993. Other native and foreign languages were spoken at that time by 3% and 0.2% of Peruvians, respectively. The 2006 National Continuous Census conducted by the National Statistics Institute (INEI) finds that 85 percent of the population that identified with a religion is Catholic and 11 percent Protestant; the remaining 4 percent includes Adventists, Mormons, Jehovah's Witnesses, and Israelites of the New Universal Pact. Literacy was estimated at 88.9% in 2005; this rate is lower in rural areas (76.1%) than in urban areas (94.8%). Primary and secondary education are compulsory and free in public schools. Culture Anonymous Cuzco School painting, 18th centuryPeruvian culture is primarily rooted in Amerindian and Spanish traditions, though it has also been influenced by various African, Asian, and European ethnic groups. Peruvian artistic traditions date back to the elaborate pottery, textiles, jewelry, and sculpture of Pre-Inca cultures. The Incas maintained these crafts and made architectural achievements including the construction of Machu Picchu. Baroque dominated colonial art, though modified by native traditions. During this period, most art focused on religious subjects; the numerous churches of the era and the paintings of the Cuzco School are representative. Arts stagnated after independence until the emergence of Indigenismo in the early 20th century. Since the 1950s, Peruvian art has been eclectic and shaped by both foreign and local art currents. Peruvian literature has its roots in the oral traditions of pre-Columbian civilizations. Spaniards introduced writing in the 16th century; colonial literary expression included chronicles and religious literature. After independence, Costumbrism and Romanticism became the most common literary genres, as exemplified in the works of Ricardo Palma. In the early 20th century, the Indigenismo movement produced such writers as Ciro Alegría, José María Arguedas, and César Vallejo. During the second half of the century, Peruvian literature became more widely known because of authors such as Mario Vargas Llosa, a leading member of the Latin American Boom. Ceviche is a citrus marinated seafood dish.Peruvian cuisine is a blend of Amerindian and Spanish food with strong influences from African, Arab, Italian, Chinese, and Japanese cooking. Common dishes include anticuchos, ceviche, humitas, and pachamanca. Because of the variety of climates within Peru, a wide range of plants and animals are available for cooking. Peruvian cuisine has recently received acclaim due to its diversity of ingredients and techniques. Peruvian music has Andean, Spanish and African roots. In pre-Hispanic times, musical expressions varied widely from region to region; the quena and the tinya were two common instruments. Spanish conquest brought the introduction of new instruments such as the guitar and the harp, as well as the development of crossbred instruments like the charango. African contributions to Peruvian music include its rhythms and the cajón, a percussion instrument. Peruvian folk dances include marinera, tondero, danza de tijeras and huayno. |
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