南美洲:
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| 秘魯 Peru 國家代碼: pe |
 秘鲁 秘鲁拼音：mìlǔ 國際長途電話區號 51 國名由來 在古印第安語中，秘魯意為“玉米之倉”，因此地盛産玉米而得名。 面積 1285216平方公裏 國旗 呈長方形，長與寬之比為３：２。由三個平行相等的竪長方形組成，中間為白色，兩側為紅色，白色長方形中間有國徽圖案。白色象徵自由、民主、和平與幸福；紅色象徵人民在獨立戰爭中取得的勝利，也表示人民對烈士的懷念。 國徽 中心圖案為盾徽。盾面左上方是一隻南美駱馬，為該國國獸，代表國傢的動物資源，也是秘魯民族的象徵之一；右上方是一棵金雞納樹，代表該國的植物資源；下半部為一隻象徵豐饒的羊角，代表該國的自然資源和礦藏。盾徽上端為一個緑枝葉環；兩側各有兩面秘魯國旗。 國花 嚮日葵 、坎塗花 國樹 金雞納樹 國獸 駱馬 貨幣 新索爾 （New Sol） 獨立日 ７月２８日（１８２１年） 國慶日 ７月２８日（１８２１年） 國傢政要 總統阿蘭·加西亞·佩雷斯（Alan Garcia Pérez），2006年7月28日就任，任期5年。第一副總統路易斯·詹彼得裏·羅哈斯（Luis Giampietri Rojas），第二副總統洛德斯·門多薩·德爾索拉爾（Lourdes Mendoza Del Solar），2006年7月28日就職，任期5年。 安第斯山脈中的馬丘比丘古城遺跡是目前保存最完好的印加古城之一,1983年被列入 世界文化遺産名錄。 自然地理：面積為１２８５２１６平方公裏。位於南美洲西部，北與厄瓜多爾和哥倫比亞接壤，東同巴西毗連，南與智利交界，東南與玻利維亞毗連，西瀕大西洋。海岸綫長２２５４公裏。安第斯山縱貫南北，山地占全國面積的１／３。全境從西嚮東分為三個區域：西部沿海區為狹長的幹旱地帶，為熱帶沙漠區，氣候乾燥而溫和，有斷續分佈的平原，灌溉農業發達，城市人口集中；中部山地高原區主要為安第斯山中段，平均海拔約４３００米，亞馬孫河發源地，氣溫變化較大，年降水量200—1，000毫米；東部為亞馬孫熱帶雨林區，屬亞馬孫河上遊流域，為山麓地帶與衝積平原，終年高溫多雨，森林遍布，地廣人稀，是近年新開發的石油産區。科羅普納峰和薩爾坎大山海拔都在６０００米以上，瓦斯卡蘭山海拔６７６８米，為秘魯最高點。主要河流為烏卡亞利河和普圖馬約河。秘魯西部屬熱帶沙漠、草原氣候，乾燥而溫和，年平均氣溫１２－３２℃；中部氣溫變化大，年平均氣溫１—１４℃；東部屬熱帶雨林氣候，年平均氣溫２４—３５℃。中部的南段多火山，地震頻繁，東南與玻利維亞交界處有南美洲最大的的的喀喀湖。中部的北段海岸和近海藴藏石油。岸外海域富鯷魚（秘魯沙丁魚）等漁業資源，沿海島嶼積有大量鳥糞層。首都平均氣溫１５—２５℃。年平均降水量，西部不足５０毫米，中部不足２５０毫米，東部在２０００毫米以上。森林面積占領土面積51％。 人口： 2794.7萬人（2005年），其中印第安人占41％，印歐混血種人占36％，白人占19％，其他人種占4％。西班牙語為官方語言，一些地區通用剋丘亞語、阿伊馬拉語和其他30多種印第安語。96％的居民信奉天主教。 時差：比格林尼治時間晚5小時，比北京時間晚13小時。 世界文化和自然遺産 ◆ 利馬古城 ◆ 馬丘比丘古城 ◆ 阿比塞奧河國傢公園 ◆ 昌昌古城 ◆ 阿雷基帕古城 ◆ 納斯卡巨畫、鬍馬納大草原 ◆ 查文古城 ◆ 馬努國傢公園 ◆ 庫斯科古城 ◆ 瓦斯卡蘭國傢公園 首都 利馬（lima），人口781.67萬（2005年）。年平均氣溫18.7℃，被譽為“世界不雨城”。 行政區域：全國劃分為２４個省和１個直屬區（卡亞俄區）。各省名稱如下：亞馬孫省、安卡什省、阿普裏馬剋省、阿雷基帕省、阿亞庫喬省、卡哈馬卡省、庫斯科省、萬卡維利卡省、瓦努科省、伊卡省、鬍寧省、拉利伯塔德省、蘭巴耶剋省、利馬省、洛雷托省、馬德雷·德迪奧斯省、莫剋瓜省、帕斯科省、皮烏拉省、普諾省、聖馬丁省、塔剋納省、通貝斯省、烏卡亞利省。 貨幣 索爾>>> 簡史 古代境內居住着印第安人。公元１１世紀，印第安人以庫斯科城為首府，在高原地區建立了“印加帝國”，農業和手工業高度發展。１５－１６世紀初形成美洲的古代文明之一─印加文明。１５３３年淪為西班牙殖民地。１５３５年建立利馬城，１５４４年成立秘魯總督區，成為西班牙在南美殖民統治的中心。１８２１年７月２８日宣佈獨立，建立秘魯共和國。１８３５年玻利維亞和秘魯合併，稱秘魯—玻利維亞邦聯。１８３９年邦聯瓦解。１８５４年廢除奴隸製。１８７９─１８８３年，秘魯聯合玻利維亞同智利進行爭奪硝石産地的“太平洋戰爭”。秘魯戰敗後，智利奪取了世界最大的硝石産地塔拉帕卡省，並控製了秘魯的塔剋納、阿利卡兩省。１９２９年雙方經過和平談判，秘魯收回塔剋納省。１９３３年與哥倫比亞發生邊界戰爭，秘戰敗。１９４８年１０月奧德利亞發動軍事政變上臺。１９６３年６月人民行動黨貝朗德·特裏當選總統。１９６８年１０月３日貝拉斯科陸軍中將發動政變後出任總統。１９７５年８月２９日莫拉萊斯將軍接管政權，１９７７年宣佈“還政於民”。 秘魯費利佩城堡 皇傢費利佩城堡——秘魯歷史的見證 秘魯高原古都庫斯科 政治 現行憲法於１９９３年１２月３１日生效。憲法規定總統可連任一屆，隔屆可再當選；增設第一、二副總統、國會兩院改為一院製；對恐怖分子可處極刑等。２０００年１１月，秘國會通過憲法修正案，規定總統不得連任。議會稱國會。一院製。國會擁有立法和監督職能。議員由選舉産生，任期五年，可連選連任。 【經濟】 傳統農礦業國，屬拉美中等水平。礦産豐富，石油自給有餘。藤森執政期間，實行私有化政策，並在物價、稅收等方面進行了一係列改革，經濟形勢逐步好轉。 托萊多政府實行“恢復經濟政策”，宏觀經濟運行平穩，近5年來年均增長率達5%。2005年，經濟繼續增長，通膨降低，貿易順差加大，資本市場更加健全，投資者對秘前景普遍看好。但經濟發展的成果未能惠及廣大下層民衆，貧富分化等問題未得到根本扭轉。 加西亞總統就職後，表示新政府將基本延續現行經濟發展模式，實行嚴格的財政政策，增加對基礎設施的投入，積極吸引投資，加快經濟發展速度；重視貧睏地區經濟發展，實施掃盲計劃；對能源和礦業企業加徵高額利潤稅；增加就業和改善勞工權利。 2005年主要經濟數字： 國內生産總值（GDP）：757.2億美元 人均國內生産總值：2482美元 國內生産總值增長率：6.67% 貨幣名稱：新索爾（Nuevo Sol）。 匯率：1美元＝3.296新索爾。 通貨膨脹率：1.43% 失業率：9.6%（利馬） 【資源】 礦業資源豐富，是世界12大礦産國之一。主要有銅、鉛、鋅、銀、鐵和石油等。鉍、釩儲量居世界首位，銅占第三位，銀、鋅占第四位。目前石油探明儲量為4億桶，天然氣71000億立方英尺。森林覆蓋率為58％，面積達7710萬公頃，在南美洲僅次於巴西。水力和海洋資源極為豐富。 【工礦業】 工業以加工和裝配業為主。2005年工業增長率為7%，礦業增長率為7.4%。近幾年主要工、礦産品産量如下： 2003 2004 2005 銅（萬噸） 62.53 81.5 100.99 鐵（萬噸） 354.1 431.65 456.50 鋅（萬噸） 136.9 120.61 120.17 金（噸） 172.9 175.4 207.82 銀（噸） 2774.77 2907.96 3193.15 石油（萬桶） 3334.26 3444.8 4062.30 發電量（億千瓦時） 228.91 226.13 254.35 天然氣（百萬立方英尺） 18483 30356 53347 （資料來源：秘魯國傢統計局） 【旅遊業】 秘魯是印加文明的發祥地，旅遊資源豐富。2005年，赴秘外國遊客達148.5萬人次，旅遊外匯收入13.71億美元，占國內生産總值的1.81％。2005年全國各類飯店數量：5星級25傢、4星級22傢、3星級446傢、2星級848傢、1星級418傢。主要旅遊景點有：利馬大廣場、托雷塔格萊宮、黃金博物館、庫斯科城、馬楚－皮楚遺址等。 （資料來源：秘魯外貿旅遊部） 【風俗習慣】 秘魯人在社交場合與客人相見和告別時，都慣以握手為禮。男朋友之間相見，一般慣施擁抱禮，並互相拍肩拍背。秘魯婦女之間相見習慣施親吻禮（親吻對方的面頰），嘴裏都不停地發出表示友好的嘖嘖聲或說問候的話。任何情況下，都可用花作為禮品。 秘魯人具有拉丁民族的特徵，熱情、好客，聽話最好打些折扣，不能盡信，有會常不守時。 利馬市每年在10月、11月的祭奠期間，每逢周日在ACHO廣場皆有鬥牛比賽。 秘魯居民中絶大多數人信奉天主教。秘魯基巴羅族人視巫師如神明，並對其異常崇敬。秘魯人特別忌諱“死亡”這個字眼，若以“死亡”來詛咒他人，必定會引起一場大歐鬥。 秘魯的印加印第安人，在每年9月舉行定期驅魔節日。因9月是雨季。瘟疫易於流行。為了驅除病魔，秋分後月圓的第一天，所有的人要禁食。晚上各傢聚會，烤製一種摻有小孩鮮血的玉米餅。人們在洗浴之後，用這種面餅擦頭、臉、胸、肩、腿，認為這樣可以消除病痛。然後用這種面餅再擦門檻，證明全家都已齋戒淨身。 秘魯人忌諱“13”和“星期五”。認為這都是不吉利的數字和日期，遇其必將會大難臨頭。他們忌諱烏鴉。認為烏鴉是一種不祥之鳥，給人以厄運和災難的印象。他們忌諱以刀劍為禮品。認為送這些東西意味着割斷友誼。他們在飲食上忌食海參一類的奇形怪狀的食品。 【交通運輸】 秘魯的交通運輸以公路為主，公路貨運量占全國運輸總量的80％。水上運輸較發達，外貿主要依靠海上運輸。 鐵路：秘是南美最早修建鐵路的國傢。鐵路總長2021公裏（2005年）。2004年，鐵路客運量121.28萬人次，貨運量206.84萬噸。 公路：公路總長78318公裏（2004年）。2005年，全國機動車合計134.95萬輛，其中轎車86.13萬輛、皮卡及吉普車30.64萬輛、客車4.37萬輛、卡車10.44萬輛、其他車輛3.37萬輛。2005年公路客運量5859.96萬人次。 水運：2000年有各類船衹6883艘，貨運量1534萬噸。2005年全國共有20港口，客貨運船衹476艘。主要港口有：卡亞俄、欽博特、伊洛、派塔和薩拉維裏。 空運：2004年全國共有飛機 178 架，客運量510.50萬人次，機場31個，其中國際機場5個，分別是：利馬“豪爾赫·查維斯”國際機場、庫斯科國際機場、伊基托斯國際機場、塔剋納國際機場和阿雷基帕國際機場。 （資料來源：秘魯交通與通訊部） 【財政金融】 近幾年中央政府財政收支情況如下（單位：億新索爾）： 2003 2004 2005 收入 313.22 353.81 425.66 支出 354.26 385.47 453.68 差額 -41.04 -31.66 -28.02 截至2005年底，秘魯黃金儲備為5.76億美元，外匯儲備141.19億美元，公共外債222.79億美元，償債率為15.2%。（資料來源：秘魯中央儲備銀行） 【對外貿易】 秘實行自由貿易政策。2005年出口額占國內生産總值的比例為22.3%。近3年外貿情況如下（單位：億美元）： 2003 2004 2005 出口額 88.63 121.42 168.8 進口額 84.55 101.06 120.3 差 額 4.08 20.36 48.5 （資料來源：秘魯國傢統計局） 主要出口礦産品和石油、農牧業産品、紡織品、漁産品等。近年來，非傳統産品的出口上升到占全國出口的四分之一左右。2005年，秘傳統産品出口127.21億美元，同比增長37.8%，其中礦産品和石油出口110.87億美元，魚粉出口11.47億美元；非傳統産品出口42.79億美元，同比增長22.7%，其中農産品出口10.09億美元，紡織品出口12.74億美元。進口工業原料、資本貨和消費品等。主要貿易夥伴為美國、中國、智利和加拿大。 （資料來源：秘魯外貿旅遊部） 【外國資本】1991年3月，政府修改外資法，取消了對外國投資的某些限製措施，允許外商在能源、電信、自來水等部門投資，利潤自由匯出。2005年，秘新增外國直接投資25.19億美元，纍计外國直接投資154.15億美元，主要來源於西班牙、英國、美國、荷蘭、巴拿馬和智利。 【外國援助】2005年10月，比利時决定嚮秘提供2400萬歐元無償援助。 【人民生活】 2005年，城市人口占總人口的比例為72.6%，貧睏人口比例為48%、赤貧人口比例為18%。全國共有醫院139傢、醫療中心1233傢、衛生所5518個。移動電話和固定電話門數分別為558.34萬和225.05萬。 【軍事】 秘魯軍隊是在19世紀初反對西班牙殖民統治和爭取民族獨立鬥爭中誕生和發展起來的。總統為武裝力量最高統帥。國防委員會為最高軍事决策機構，總統任主席。最高軍事指揮機構是武裝力量聯合指揮部，由三軍司令組成，直屬總統領導，成員為三軍總司令，並輪流擔任主席。現任聯指司令何塞·威廉姆斯·薩帕塔上將（José Williams Zapata），陸軍司令塞薩爾·雷諾索·迪亞斯上將（César A. Reinoso Díaz），海軍司令豪爾赫·奧古斯托·安普埃羅·特拉武科上將(Jorge Augusto Ampuero Trabucco)，空軍司令路易斯·費利佩·孔德·加拉伊上將（Luis Felipe Conde Garay），國民警察局長路易斯·蒙托亞·比利亞努埃瓦少將(Luis Montoya Villanueva)。秘魯實行義務兵製，服役期兩年。 2004年秘總兵力11.5萬人。陸軍7.5萬人，設6個軍區，編有14個師、3個大隊、5個支隊、3個直升機中隊，裝備各類坦剋410輛、裝甲運輸車280輛、裝甲偵察車165輛、各種火炮830餘門；各類飛機88架。海軍2.5萬人（包括陸戰隊3000人和海軍航空兵800人），設有5個海區，共有各類艦艇66艘，其中巡洋艦2艘、驅逐艦1艘、導彈護衛艦4艘、潛艇8艘、導彈快艇6艘，飛機40餘架。空軍1.5萬人，編有4個飛行聯隊，1個訓練司令部；裝備各種飛機428架，其中作戰飛機118架、武裝直升飛機23架。1992年從尼加拉瓜購進蘇製武裝直升飛機19架，1996年從俄羅斯購進米格—29戰機10架。另有預備役部隊18.8萬人（陸軍），準軍事部隊7.4萬餘人。2004年，秘國防預算28.06億新索爾，占政府開支的6.36％。 【文化教育】秘政府重視發展教育事業。現行教育體製為：學前教育1至2年，小學6年，中學6年，大學5年。2004年教育經費88.97億新索爾（約合27億美元）,占國傢預算的18.4%。2005年全國15歲以上文盲總數約為278.1萬人，占全國人口的10.3%，其中大部分是婦女和農村人口。 秘全國著名高等院校大多集中在首都利馬。最著名的國立大學是聖馬科斯大學（建於1551年），亦是拉美歷史最悠久的高等學府）。排名前五位的私立大學分別是：天主教大學、利馬大學、聖馬丁·德彼雷斯大學、裏卡多·帕爾馬大學和太平洋大學。2004年秘魯教育統計數字如下： 學校（所） 教師（人） 學生（人） 學前 33253 46279 1138137 小學 35276 185829 4164475 中學 11323 160836 2603091 大學 78 35455 415465 非大學高等教育 1046 27880 390734 職業和特殊教育 2463 15425 302168 總計 83439 471704 9014070 （資料來源：秘魯國傢統計局） 【新聞出版】全國共有各種報紙及刊物20餘種，其中在利馬發行11種，主要有：《商報》，發行量約28萬份；《快報》，發行量15萬份；《共和國報》，發行量15萬份；《秘魯人報》，發行量25萬份；《太陽報》，發行量3萬份。主要政論期刊有：《假面具》周刊，發行量3.5萬份；《請聽》和《是》各發行1萬份。 秘魯新聞社和安第斯新聞社為官方通訊社。 全國共有廣播電臺1107傢，除一傢國傢電臺外，其餘均為私人電臺。影響較大的電臺有：國傢電臺、聖羅莎電臺、秘魯節目電臺、團结電臺和聯合電臺等。 全國共有電視發射臺和轉播臺90傢，其中7傢有全國廣播網。電視七臺為國傢臺，其餘均為商業性電視臺。影響較大的商業性電視臺有拉丁臺（電視二臺）、美洲臺（電視四臺）、泛美臺（電視五臺）、安第斯臺（電視九臺）、OK臺（電視十一臺）和全球網臺（電視十三臺）。 【對外關係】奉行獨立自主的外交政策，將鞏固民主、人權、民主安全、地區一體化、貿易和投資、護僑和對外文化宣傳作為外交優先目標。秘主張遵循國際法、聯合國憲章和泛美體係的準則，推動國際和平與安全，尊重人權；強調外交為經濟發展服務；重視發展同周邊及其它拉美國傢關係，積極參與地區一體化進程；加強同美國、加拿大和歐盟等工業化國傢以及亞太國傢的關係；主張在反毒、反恐、反腐和掃除貧睏等領域加強國際合作。秘現與129個國傢建立了外交關係。 秘是不結盟運動、七十七國集團、十五國集團、太平洋經濟合作理事會、裏約集團、拉美一體化協會、拉美經濟體係、亞馬孫合作條約、南美洲國傢共同體、安第斯共同體、南太平洋常設委員會等國際和地區組織的成員國。1998年11月，秘魯正式加入亞太經濟合作組織。 【同中國的關係】1971年11月2日中秘建交。 2005年，中秘關係取得較大發展。秘是中國在拉美地區的重要貿易夥伴和主要投資對象國之一。 兩國高層交往頻繁，政治互信增強。1月26～28日，國傢副主席曾慶紅訪秘，秘總統托萊多會見，副總統魏斯曼主持會談。雙方宣佈中秘建立全面合作夥伴關係，中方宣佈把秘魯列為中國公民出境旅遊目的地國，秘方重申承認中國市場經濟地位。雙方簽署了涉及刑事司法協助、植物檢疫、旅遊、投資、油氣勘探開發等領域的8項合作協議。6月1～6日，秘總統托萊多對中國進行國事訪問。鬍錦濤主席與托萊多總統舉行會談，吳邦國委員長和溫傢寶總理分別會見。兩國領導人就加強中秘互利合作達成重要共識，表示願意進一步充實兩國全面合作夥伴關係內涵，推動中秘關係持續深入發展。雙方簽署了涉及交通、傳統醫學、教育、旅遊、知識産權等領域的7個合作文件。9月，李肇星外長在第60屆聯大期間會見秘魯外長毛爾圖亞，雙方就雙邊關係和聯合國改革等問題交換了意見。 雙方主要互訪還有：全國人大常委會副委員長成思危、信息産業部部長王旭東、海關總署署長牟新生、中國僑聯主席林兆樞等訪秘。秘副總統魏斯曼兩次以私人身份訪華，並在第一次訪問中受到國傢副主席曾慶紅會見；秘副外長萊卡羅斯訪華，與中方共同主持召開兩國外交部間第六次政治磋商和雙邊經貿混委會第四次會議；此外，秘國防部長恰夫拉、人民行動黨領導人帕尼亞瓜等分別訪華。 兩國在國際和地區事務中保持協調與配合。中國支持秘競選安理會2006-2007年度非常任理事國。 兩國經貿關係發展迅速。2005年，雙邊貿易額28.85億美元，同比增長48.5%，其中我出口6.09億美元，進口22.76億美元，同比分別增長45.52%和49.32%。我已成為秘第二大貿易夥伴和第三大出口市場。 中國駐秘魯大使：殷恆民。館址：Jirón José Granda 150 San Isidro Lima 27，Perú。信箱：Apartado Postal 375。電話：2220841（辦公室、值班），4429466（領事部）。國傢地區號：511。電傳：（036）25283 PE CHI LIMA。傳真：4429467。網址：www.embajadachina.org.pe。商務處地址：Av. Javier Prado Oeste 2496 Magdalena del Mar，Lima 17，Perú。信箱：Apartado Postal 170140。電話：4619536。電傳：（036）25625 PE CHIS LIMA。傳真：4619855。 秘魯駐華使館臨時代辦：圖裏奧·蒙塔卡（Tulio Mundaca）公使。館址：北京三裏屯外交人員辦公樓1單元91號。電話：65322494，65323719。電傳：22278 LEPRU CN。傳真：65322178。網址：www.embperu.cn.net。 【同美國的關係】秘美於1826年建交。 美是秘最大的貿易夥伴和出口市場。2004年雙邊貿易額55.42億美元，占秘當年外貿總額的四分之一。與美達成自由貿易協定是托萊多政府任內的主要目標之一。2005年9月，托萊多總統赴美出席聯合國成立60周年首腦會議期間，與布什總統舉行雙邊會晤，並赴華盛頓會見美貿易部長古鐵雷斯、貿易代表波特曼和部分議員，就加快安第斯三國與美自貿談判做美方工作。11月，托萊多總統在出席第四屆美洲國傢首腦會議和APEC會議期間，兩次與布什總統舉行雙邊會晤，再次就加快兩國自貿談判進程做美方工作。12月，秘美就自貿協定達成一致。同月，毛爾圖亞外長訪美，分別與美國務卿賴斯、國防部長拉姆斯菲爾德舉行會晤，重點就兩國在自貿、安理會事務、反毒、反恐等領域的合作交換意見。 2005年以來，秘美軍事合作進一步加強。6月，美國防部表示將嚮秘捐贈價值200萬美元的禁毒設備。8月，美國防部長拉姆斯菲爾德和南方司令剋拉多剋分別訪秘。 【同拉美國傢的關係】秘魯把發展與拉美國傢的關係放在其對外關係的首位，積極推動地區一體化進程。2005年，秘同拉美國傢高層交往頻繁。3月，托萊多總統出席烏拉圭新總統巴斯剋斯就職儀式。5月，托萊多總統出席在巴西首都巴西利亞舉行的南美洲-阿拉伯國傢首腦會議。9月，托萊多總統訪問哥倫比亞，就安第斯三國與美國自由貿易談判事與哥總統烏裏韋協調立場。同月，托萊多總統與巴西總統盧拉、玻利維亞總統羅德裏格斯共同出席在秘魯舉行的“跨大陸公路”奠基儀式。年內，特多總理、巴拿馬副總統兼外長、薩爾瓦多外長分別訪秘，秘外長先後訪問阿根廷、巴西、烏拉圭、厄瓜多爾、智利，並赴烏拉圭出席南共市首腦會議。此外，秘積極協調地區事務，成功主辦第16屆安共體首腦會議。 【同獨聯體國傢和東歐國傢的關係】蘇聯解體後，秘政府相繼承認獨聯體各國，並與之保持一般外交關係。1997年，秘先後與哈薩剋斯坦、白俄羅斯和立陶宛建立大使級外交關係。2005年2月，秘國會主席弗洛雷斯·阿勞斯訪問俄羅斯，分別會見俄聯邦委員會主席米羅諾夫、國傢杜馬主席、副總理和外長，弗重申秘承認俄市場經濟地位，支持俄加入世貿組織。4月，秘副外長萊卡羅斯訪問俄羅斯，與俄外長拉夫羅夫舉行會晤，並主持秘俄第四次雙邊政治磋商。7月，秘國會外委會主席帕切科訪問烏剋蘭，分別會見烏副外長、國傢航天局副局長和部分國會議員。11月，秘魯-烏剋蘭雙邊政治磋商機製第二次會議在利馬召開。 【同日本及其他亞太地區國傢和組織的關係】藤森總統執政期間，秘日關係發展迅速，日本在秘對外關係中的地位明顯上升。秘是拉美國傢中接受日援最多的國傢。2003年秘日關係因藤森的引渡問題而陷入暫時停滯。2004年2月，秘日就引渡藤森事進行首次談判。日宣佈將通過政治途徑解决藤森問題，秘斷然拒絶。3月，秘方表示，如日本政府拒絶引渡藤森，秘將嚮海牙國際法庭提起訴訟。2005年9月，秘外長毛爾圖亞召見日本駐秘大使，就日東京都知事石原慎太郎發表支持藤森繼續參與秘政治生活的言論表示抗議。10月，秘外長毛爾圖亞在接受秘CPN電臺采訪時，對日本在引渡藤森問題上所持的“傲慢態度和兩面手法”提出嚴厲批評。11月，藤森乘私人飛機飛抵智利首都聖地亞哥，日本政府要求智利政府依法公正對待藤森，秘智兩國均對此予以駁斥。同月，日本首相小泉純一郎以日程安排為由拒絶與托萊多總統在APEC峰會期間舉行雙邊會晤。 近年來，秘積極發展與亞太地區的經濟合作，加強對太平洋盆地事務的參與。2005年7月，泰國國會主席兼下議院議長波欽訪秘，分別與托萊多總統、國會主席弗洛雷斯·阿勞斯和副外長毛爾圖亞會見會談。10月，泰國外長甘達堤在泰秘建交40周年之際正式訪秘，與托萊多總統和毛爾圖亞外長分別舉行會見和會談。11月，托萊多總統在出席韓國釜山APEC會議期間與韓總統盧武炫舉行雙邊會晤，毛爾圖亞外長分別與馬來西亞、新西蘭和韓國外長舉行雙邊會晤。 【同歐盟的關係】歐盟是秘魯重要貿易夥伴和資金來源地。2004年秘歐貿易額達42.08億美元，占秘外貿總額的18.7%。1996至2004年，歐盟纍计在秘投資84.52億美元，占同期秘吸引外資總額的65%。2005年2月，秘國會主席弗洛雷斯·阿勞斯訪問意大利。 3月，秘外長羅德裏格斯訪問西班牙、意大利。7月，羅德裏格斯外長訪問意大利和瑞士。10月，托萊多總統對歐盟總部進行為期兩天的工作訪問，並與比利時國王阿爾韋托二世舉行會晤。 秘魯政府16日頒布最高政令，宣佈5月19日為“全國哀悼日”，以悼念中國在汶川地震中的遇難者。這是秘魯第一次為外國遇難者宣佈“全國哀悼日”。 由秘魯總統加西亞、政府總理德爾卡斯蒂略以及外交部長、司法部長和勞工部長共同簽署的最高政令說：“2008年5月12日發生在中國的強烈地震，不僅是這個亞洲國傢的災難，也是全人類的不幸。秘魯政府對如此慘重的人員傷亡表示哀悼，將宣佈5月19日為全國哀悼日。” 根據這項政令，在哀悼日，秘魯高級官員將通過中國駐秘魯大使館嚮中國地震中的死難者志哀，全國所有政府機構、軍事設施、警察機關，以及所有秘魯在國外的外交機構都將降半旗。 5月12日在中國四川省發生裏氏8.0級強烈地震，至6月8日已造成6.9萬多人死亡。 秘魯旅遊貼士： 1、秘魯目前仍不是中國公民的旅遊目的地國傢，雖然說旅遊者獲得簽證不難，不過國內旅行社還不能提供組團服務。 (秘魯已經於去年被宣佈為中國公民的旅遊目的地國傢，國內旅行社也已經開始提供組團服務) 2、秘魯的貨幣是“索爾”，與美元匯率大致為3.2－3.3：1。(4月14日匯率已經是2.7：1) 3、秘魯國內的電壓是110伏。雖然電壓不同，從國內帶去的電腦、手機充電器、煮水壺還都能用。帶電器的話記得帶上一個雙圓插的歐式插座轉換器，在廣州買一個十幾元就行了，在香港機場買要七八十元。三頻的全球通手機到此能用，雙頻的不行。 Peruvian territory was home to the Norte Chico civilization, one of the oldest in the world, and to the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty, which included most of its South American colonies. After achieving independence in 1821, Peru has undergone periods of political unrest and fiscal crisis as well as periods of stability and economic upswing. Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. Its geography varies from the arid plains of the Pacific coast to the peaks of the Andes mountains and the tropical forests of the Amazon Basin. It is a developing country with a medium Human Development Index score and a poverty level around 40%. Its main economic activities include agriculture, fishing, mining, and manufacturing of products such as textiles. The Peruvian population, estimated at 28 million, is multiethnic, including Amerindians, Europeans, Africans and Asians. The main spoken language is Spanish, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechua or other native languages. This mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music. The word Peru is derived from Birú, the name of a local ruler who lived near the Bay of San Miguel, Panama, in the early 16th century. When his possessions were visited by Spanish explorers in 1522, they were the southernmost part of the New World yet known to Europeans. Thus, when Francisco Pizarro explored the regions farther south, they came to be designated Birú or Peru. The Spanish Crown gave the name legal status with the 1529 Capitulación de Toledo, which designated the newly encountered Inca Empire as the province of Peru. Under Spanish rule, the country adopted the denomination Viceroyalty of Peru, which became Republic of Peru after independence. History The earliest evidence of human presence in Peruvian territory has been dated to approximately 11,000 years BCE. The oldest known complex society in Peru, the Norte Chico civilization, flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3000 and 1800 BCE. These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures such as Chavin, Paracas, Mochica, Nazca, Wari, and Chimu. In the 15th century, the Incas emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. Andean societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as irrigation and terracing; camelid husbandry and fishing were also important. Organization relied on reciprocity and redistribution because these societies had no notion of market or money. Machu Picchu, the "Lost City of the Incas"In 1532, a group of conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro defeated Inca Emperor Atahualpa and imposed Spanish rule. Ten years later, the Spanish Crown established the Viceroyalty of Peru, which included most of its South American colonies. Viceroy Francisco de Toledo reorganized the country in the 1570s with silver mining as its main economic activity and Indian forced labor as its primary workforce. Peruvian bullion provided revenue for the Spanish Crown and fueled a complex trade network that extended as far as Europe and the Philippines. However, by the 18th century, declining silver production and economic diversification greatly diminished royal income. In response, the Crown enacted the Bourbon Reforms, a series of edicts that increased taxes and partitioned the Viceroyalty of Peru. The new laws provoked Túpac Amaru II's rebellion and other revolts, all of which were defeated. In the early 19th century, while most of South America was swept by wars of independence, Peru remained a royalist stronghold. As the elite hesitated between emancipation and loyalty to the Spanish Monarchy, independence was achieved only after the military campaigns of José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar. During the early years of the Republic, endemic struggles for power between military leaders caused political instability. National identity was forged during this period, as Bolivarian projects for a Latin American Confederation foundered and a union with Bolivia proved ephemeral. Between the 1840s and 1860s, Peru enjoyed a period of stability under the presidency of Ramón Castilla due to increased state revenues from guano exports. However, by the 1870s, these resources had been squandered, the country was heavily indebted, and political in-fighting was again on the rise. Angamos, a decisive battle during the War of the Pacific.Peru was defeated by Chile in the 1879–1883 War of the Pacific, losing the provinces of Arica and Tarapacá in the treaties of Ancón and Lima. Internal struggles after the war were followed by a period of stability under the Civilista Party, which lasted until the onset of the authoritarian regime of Augusto B. Leguía. The Great Depression caused the downfall of Leguía, renewed political turmoil, and the emergence of the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA). The rivalry between this organization and a coalition of the elite and the military defined Peruvian politics for the following three decades. In 1968, the Armed Forces, led by General Juan Velasco Alvarado, staged a coup against president Fernando Belaunde. The new regime undertook radical reforms aimed at fostering development but failed to gain widespread support. In 1975, Velasco was forcefully replaced as president by General Francisco Morales Bermúdez, who paralyzed reforms and oversaw the reestablishment of democracy. During the 1980s, Peru faced a considerable external debt, ever-growing inflation, a surge in drug trafficking, and massive political violence. Under the presidency of Alberto Fujimori (1990–2000), the country started to recover; however, accusations of authoritarianism, corruption, and human rights violations forced his resignation after the controversial 2000 elections. Since the end of the Fujimori regime, Peru has tried to fight corruption while sustaining economic growth; the current president is Alan García. Government Congress sits in the Palacio Legislativo in Lima.Peru is a presidential representative democratic republic with a multi-party system. Under the current constitution, the President is the head of state and government; he or she is elected for five years and may not immediately be re-elected. The President designates the Prime Minister and, with his advice, the rest of the Council of Ministers. There is a unicameral Congress with 120 members elected for a five-year term. Bills may be proposed by either the executive or the legislative branch; they become law after being passed by Congress and promulgated by the President. The judiciary is nominally independent, though political intervention into judicial matters has been common throughout history and arguably continues today. The Peruvian government is directly elected, and voting is compulsory for all citizens aged 18 to 70. General elections held in 2006 ended in a second round victory for presidential candidate Alan García of the Peruvian Aprista Party (52.6% of valid votes) over Ollanta Humala of Union for Peru (47.4%). Congress is currently composed of the Peruvian Aprista Party (36 seats), Peruvian Nationalist Party (23 seats), Union for Peru (19 seats), National Unity (15 seats), the Fujimorista Alliance for the Future (13 seats), the Parliamentary Alliance (9 seats) and the Democratic Special Parliamentary Group (5 seats). Peruvian foreign relations have been dominated by border conflicts with neighboring countries, most of which were settled during the 20th century. There is still an ongoing dispute with Chile over maritime limits in the Pacific Ocean. Peru is an active member of several regional blocs and one of the founders of the Andean Community of Nations. It is also a participant in international organizations such as the Organization of American States and the United Nations. The Peruvian military is composed of an army, a navy and an air force; its primary mission is to safeguard the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country. The armed forces are subordinate to the Ministry of Defense and to the President as Commander-in-Chief. Conscription was abolished in 1999 and replaced by voluntary military service. Regions Ama zonasAncashApurímacArequipaAyacuchoCaja marcaCuscoHuánucoHuanca velicaIcaJunínLa LibertadLamba yequeLimaLima ProvinceCallaoLoretoMadre de DiosMoqueguaPascoPiuraPunoTacnaTumbesSan MartínUcayali infoClickable map of the regions of Peru.Peru is divided into 25 regions and the province of Lima. Each region has an elected government composed of a president and a council, which serves for a four-year term. These governments plan regional development, execute public investment projects, promote economic activities, and manage public property. The province of Lima is administered by a city council. Regions: Amazonas Ancash Apurímac Arequipa Ayacucho Cajamarca Callao Cusco Huancavelica Huánuco Ica Junín La Libertad Lambayeque Lima Loreto Madre de Dios Moquegua Pasco Piura Puno San Martín Tacna Tumbes Ucayali Province: Lima Geography Topographic map of PeruPeru covers 1,285,220 km² (496,193 sq mi), making it approximately two-thirds the size of Mexico. It neighbors Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil to the east, Bolivia to the southeast, Chile to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. The Andes mountains run parallel to the Pacific Ocean, dividing the country into three geographic regions. The costa (coast), to the west, is a narrow plain, largely arid except for valleys created by seasonal rivers. The sierra (highlands) is the region of the Andes; it includes the Altiplano plateau as well as the highest peak of the country, the 6,768 m (22,205 ft) Huascarán. The third region is the selva (jungle), a wide expanse of flat terrain covered by the Amazon rainforest that extends east. Almost 60% of the country's area is located within this region. Most Peruvian rivers originate in the Andes and drain into one of three basins. Those that drain toward the Pacific Ocean are steep and short, flowing only intermittently. Tributaries of the Amazon River are longer, have a much larger flow, and are less steep once they exit the sierra. Rivers that drain into Lake Titicaca are generally short and have a large flow. Peru's longest rivers are the Ucayali, the Marañón, the Putumayo, the Yavarí, the Huallaga, the Urubamba, the Mantaro, and the Amazon. The peaks of the Andes are the source of many Peruvian rivers.Peru, unlike other equatorial countries, does not have an exclusively tropical climate; the influence of the Andes and the Humboldt Current causes great climatic diversity within the country. The costa has moderate temperatures, low precipitations, and high humidity, except for its warmer, wetter northern reaches. In the sierra, rain is frequent during summer, and temperature and humidity diminish with altitude up to the frozen peaks of the Andes. The selva is characterized by heavy rainfall and high temperatures, except for its southernmost part, which has cold winters and seasonal rainfall. Because of its varied geography and climate, Peru has a high biodiversity; 21,462 species of plants and animals had been reported as of 2003, 5,855 of them endemic. The Peruvian government has established several protected areas for their preservation. Economy The seaport of Callao is the main outlet for Peruvian exports.Peru is a developing country with a 2005 Human Development Index score of 0.773. Its 2006 per capita income was US$3,374; 39.3% of its total population is poor, including 13.7% that is extremely poor. Historically, the country's economic performance has been tied to exports, which provide hard currency to finance imports and external debt payments. Although exports have provided substantial revenue, self-sustained growth and a more egalitarian distribution of income have proven elusive. Peruvian economic policy has varied widely over the past decades. The 1968–1975 government of Juan Velasco Alvarado introduced radical reforms, which included agrarian reform, the expropriation of foreign companies, the introduction of an economic planning system, and the creation of a large state-owned sector. These measures failed to achieve their objectives of income redistribution and the end of economic dependence on developed nations. Despite these adverse results, most reforms were not reversed until the 1990s, when the liberalizing government of Alberto Fujimori ended price controls, protectionism, restrictions on foreign direct investment, and most state ownership of companies. Reforms have permitted sustained economic growth since 1993, except for a slump after the 1997 Asian financial crisis. Services account for 53% of Peruvian gross domestic product, followed by manufacturing (22.3%), extractive industries (15%), and taxes (9.7%). Recent economic growth has been fueled by macroeconomic stability, improved terms of trade, and rising investment and consumption. Trade is expected to increase further after the implementation of a free trade agreement with the United States, which was signed on April 12, 2006. Peru's main exports are copper, gold, zinc, textiles, and fish meal; its major trade partners are the United States, China, Brazil, and Chile. Demographics Peruvian woman and child of Amerindian ancestryWith about 28 million inhabitants, Peru is the fourth most populous country in South America as of 2007. Its demographic growth rate declined from 2.6% to 1.6% between 1950 and 2000; population is expected to reach approximately 42 million in 2050. As of 2005, 72.6% lived in urban areas and 27.4% in rural areas. Major cities include Lima, Arequipa, Trujillo, Chiclayo, Piura, Iquitos, Chimbote, Cusco, and Huancayo, all of which reported more than 200,000 inhabitants in the 1993 census. Peru is a multiethnic nation formed by the combination of different groups over five centuries. Amerindians inhabited Peruvian territory for several millennia before Spanish Conquest in the 16th century; their population decreased from an estimated 9 million in the 1520s to around 600,000 in 1620 mainly due to infectious diseases. Spaniards and Africans arrived in large numbers under colonial rule, mixing widely with each other and with indigenous peoples. After independence, there has been a gradual European immigration from England, France, Germany, Italy, and Spain. Chinese arrived in the 1850s as a replacement for slave workers and have since become a major influence in Peruvian society. Other immigrant groups include Arabs and Japanese. Spanish, the first language of 80.3% of Peruvians age 5 and older in 1993, is the primary language of the country. It coexists with several indigenous languages, the most important of which is Quechua, spoken by 16.5% of the population in 1993. Other native and foreign languages were spoken at that time by 3% and 0.2% of Peruvians, respectively. The 2006 National Continuous Census conducted by the National Statistics Institute (INEI) finds that 85 percent of the population that identified with a religion is Catholic and 11 percent Protestant; the remaining 4 percent includes Adventists, Mormons, Jehovah's Witnesses, and Israelites of the New Universal Pact. Literacy was estimated at 88.9% in 2005; this rate is lower in rural areas (76.1%) than in urban areas (94.8%). Primary and secondary education are compulsory and free in public schools. Culture Anonymous Cuzco School painting, 18th centuryPeruvian culture is primarily rooted in Amerindian and Spanish traditions, though it has also been influenced by various African, Asian, and European ethnic groups. Peruvian artistic traditions date back to the elaborate pottery, textiles, jewelry, and sculpture of Pre-Inca cultures. The Incas maintained these crafts and made architectural achievements including the construction of Machu Picchu. Baroque dominated colonial art, though modified by native traditions. During this period, most art focused on religious subjects; the numerous churches of the era and the paintings of the Cuzco School are representative. Arts stagnated after independence until the emergence of Indigenismo in the early 20th century. Since the 1950s, Peruvian art has been eclectic and shaped by both foreign and local art currents. Peruvian literature has its roots in the oral traditions of pre-Columbian civilizations. Spaniards introduced writing in the 16th century; colonial literary expression included chronicles and religious literature. After independence, Costumbrism and Romanticism became the most common literary genres, as exemplified in the works of Ricardo Palma. In the early 20th century, the Indigenismo movement produced such writers as Ciro Alegría, José María Arguedas, and César Vallejo. During the second half of the century, Peruvian literature became more widely known because of authors such as Mario Vargas Llosa, a leading member of the Latin American Boom. Ceviche is a citrus marinated seafood dish.Peruvian cuisine is a blend of Amerindian and Spanish food with strong influences from African, Arab, Italian, Chinese, and Japanese cooking. Common dishes include anticuchos, ceviche, humitas, and pachamanca. Because of the variety of climates within Peru, a wide range of plants and animals are available for cooking. Peruvian cuisine has recently received acclaim due to its diversity of ingredients and techniques. Peruvian music has Andean, Spanish and African roots. In pre-Hispanic times, musical expressions varied widely from region to region; the quena and the tinya were two common instruments. Spanish conquest brought the introduction of new instruments such as the guitar and the harp, as well as the development of crossbred instruments like the charango. African contributions to Peruvian music include its rhythms and the cajón, a percussion instrument. Peruvian folk dances include marinera, tondero, danza de tijeras and huayno. |
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