| bìlǔ Peru guógūdàimǎ: pe |
 秘鲁 秘鲁pīn yīn： mìlǔ guó jì cháng tú diàn huà qū hào 51 guó míng yóu lái zài gǔ yìn dì 'ān yǔ zhōng， bìlǔ yì wéi “ yù mǐ zhī cāng ”， yīn cǐ dì shèng chǎn yù mǐ 'ér dé míng。 miàn jī 1285216 píng fāng gōng lǐ guó qí chéng cháng fāng xíng， cháng yǔ kuān zhī bǐ wéi ３： ２。 yóu sān gè píng xíng xiāng děng de shù cháng fāng xíng zǔ chéng， zhōng jiān wéi bái sè， liǎng cè wéi hóng sè， bái sè cháng fāng xíng zhōng jiān yòu guó huī tú 'àn。 bái sè xiàng zhēng zì yóu、 mín zhù、 hé píng yǔ xìng fú； hóng sè xiàng zhēng rén mín zài dú lì zhàn zhēng zhōng qǔ dé de shèng lì， yě biǎo shì rén mín duì liè shì de huái niàn。 guó huī zhōng xīn tú 'àn wéi dùn huī。 dùn miàn zuǒ shàng fāng shì yī zhǐ nán měi luò mǎ， wéi gāi guó guó shòu， dài biǎo guó jiā de dòng wù zī yuán， yě shì bìlǔ mín zú de xiàng zhēng zhī yī； yòu shàng fāng shì yī kē jīn jī nà shù， dài biǎo gāi guó de zhí wù zī yuán； xià bàn bù wéi yī zhǐ xiàng zhēng fēng ráo de yáng jiǎo， dài biǎo gāi guó de zì rán zī yuán hé kuàng cáng。 dùn huī shàng duān wéi yī gè lǜ zhī yè huán； liǎng cè gè yòu liǎng miàn bìlǔ guó qí。 guó huā xiàng rì kuí、 kǎn tú huā guó shù jīn jī nà shù guó shòu luò mǎ huò bì xīn suǒ 'ěr（ NewSol） dú lì rì ７ yuè２ ８ rì（ １８２１ nián） guó qìng rì ７ yuè２８ rì（１８２１ nián） guó jiā zhèng yào zǒng tǒng 'ā lán · jiā xī yà · pèi léi sī（ AlanGarciaPérez）， 2006 nián 7 yuè 28 rì jiù rèn， rèn qī 5 nián。 dì yī fù zǒng tǒng lù yì sī · zhān bǐ dé lǐ · luó hā sī（ LuisGiampietriRojas）， dì 'èr fù zǒng tǒng luò dé sī · mén duō sà · dé 'ěr suǒ lā 'ěr（ LourdesMendozaDelSolar）， 2006 nián 7 yuè 28 rì jiù zhí， rèn qī 5 nián。 ān dì sī shān mài zhōng de mǎ qiū bǐ qiū gǔ chéng yí jì shì mù qián bǎo cún zuì wán hǎo de yìn jiā gǔ chéng zhī yī ,1983 nián bèi liè rù shì jiè wén huà yí chǎn míng lù。 zì rán dì lǐ： miàn jī wéi１２８ ５２１ ６ píng fāng gōng lǐ。 wèi yú nán měi zhōu xī bù， běi yǔ 'è guā duō 'ěr hé gē lún bǐ yà jiē rǎng， dōng tóng bā xī pí lián， nán yǔ zhì lì jiāo jiè， dōng nán yǔ bō lì wéi yà pí lián， xī bīn dà xī yáng。 hǎi 'àn xiàn cháng２２５ ４ gōng lǐ。 ān dì sī shān zòng guàn nán běi， shān dì zhàn quán guó miàn jī de１ ／３。 quán jìng cóng xī xiàng dōng fēn wéi sān gè qū yù： xī bù yán hǎi qū wéi xiá cháng de gān hàn dì dài， wéi rè dài shā mò qū， qì hòu gān zào 'ér wēn hé， yòu duàn xù fēn bù de píng yuán， guàn gài nóng yè fā dá， chéng shì rén kǒu jí zhōng； zhōng bù shān dì gāo yuán qū zhù yào wéi 'ān dì sī shān zhōng duàn， píng jūn hǎi bá yuē４３ ００ mǐ， yà mǎ sūn hé fā yuán dì， qì wēn biàn huà jiào dà， nián jiàng shuǐ liàng 200 héng 1， 000 háo mǐ； dōng bù wéi yà mǎ sūn rè dài yǔ lín qū， shǔ yà mǎ sūn hé shàng yóu liú yù， wéi shān lù dì dài yǔ chōng jī píng yuán， zhōng nián gāo wēn duō yǔ， sēn lín biàn bù， dì guǎng rén xī， shì jìn nián xīn kāi fā de shí yóu chǎn qū。 kē luó pǔ nà fēng hé sà 'ěr kǎn dà shān hǎi bá dōuzài６０００ mǐ yǐ shàng， wǎ sī kǎ lán shān hǎi bá６７６８ mǐ， wéi bìlǔ zuì gāo diǎn。 zhù yào hé liú wéi wū kǎ yà lì hé hé pǔ tú mǎ yuē hé。 bìlǔ xī bù shǔ rè dài shā mò、 cǎo yuán qì hòu， gān zào 'ér wēn hé， nián píng jūn qì wēn１２ －３２ ℃； zhōng bù qì wēn biàn huà dà， nián píng jūn qì wēn１ héng１４℃； dōng bù shǔ rè dài yǔ lín qì hòu， nián píng jūn qì wēn２４ héng３５℃。 zhōng bù de nán duàn duō huǒ shān， dì zhèn pín fán， dōng nán yǔ bō lì wéi yà jiāo jiè chù yòu nán měi zhōu zuì dà dídí de kā kā hú。 zhōng bù de běi duàn hǎi 'àn hé jìn hǎi yùn cáng shí yóu。 àn wài hǎi yù fù tí yú（ bìlǔ shā dīng yú） děng yú yè zī yuán， yán hǎi dǎo yǔ jī yòu dà liàng niǎo fèn céng。 shǒu dū píng jūn qì wēn１５ héng２５℃。 nián píng jūn jiàng shuǐ liàng， xī bù bù zú５０ háo mǐ， zhōng bù bù zú２５０ háo mǐ， dōng bù zài２０００ háo mǐ yǐ shàng。 sēn lín miàn jī zhàn lǐng tǔ miàn jī 51 ％。 rén kǒu： 2794.7 wàn rén（ 2005 nián）， qí zhōng yìn dì 'ān rén zhàn 41％， yìn 'ōu hùn xuè zhǒng rén zhàn 36％， bái rén zhàn 19％， qí tā rén zhǒng zhàn 4％。 xī bān yá yǔ wéi guān fāng yǔ yán， yī xiē dì qū tōng yòng kè qiū yà yǔ、 ā yī mǎ lā yǔ hé qí tā 30 duō zhǒng yìn dì 'ān yǔ。 96％ de jū mín xìn fèng tiān zhù jiào。 shí chā： bǐ gé lín ní zhì shí jiān wǎn 5 xiǎo shí， bǐ běi jīng shí jiān wǎn 13 xiǎo shí。 shì jiè wén huà hé zì rán yí chǎn ◆ lì mǎ gǔ chéng◆ mǎ qiū bǐ qiū gǔ chéng◆ ā bǐ sài 'ào hé guó jiā gōng yuán ◆ chāng chāng gǔ chéng◆ ā léi jī pà gǔ chéng◆ nà sī kǎ jù huà、 hú mǎ nà dà cǎo yuán ◆ chá wén gǔ chéng◆ mǎ nǔ guó jiā gōng yuán ◆ kù sī kē gǔ chéng◆ wǎ sī kǎ lán guó jiā gōng yuán shǒu dū lì mǎ（ lima）， rén kǒu 781.67 wàn（ 2005 nián）。 nián píng jūn qì wēn 18.7℃， bèi yù wéi“ shì jiè bù yǔ chéng”。 xíng zhèng qū yù： quán guó huàfēn wéi２４ gè shěng hé１ gè zhí shǔ qū（ kǎ yà 'é qū）。 gè shěng míng chēng rú xià： yà mǎ sūn shěng、 ān kǎ shí shěng、 ā pǔ lǐ mǎ kè shěng、 ā léi jī pà shěng、 ā yà kù qiáo shěng、 kǎ hā mǎ kǎ shěng、 kù sī kē shěng、 wàn kǎ wéi lì kǎ shěng、 wǎ nǔ kē shěng、 yī kǎ shěng、 hú níng shěng、 lā lì bó tǎ dé shěng、 lán bā yé kè shěng、 lì mǎ shěng、 luò léi tuō shěng、 mǎ dé léi · dé dí 'ào sī shěng、 mò kè guā shěng、 pà sī kē shěng、 pí wū lā shěng、 pǔ nuò shěng、 shèng mǎ dīng shěng、 tǎ kè nà shěng、 tōng bèi sī shěng、 wū kǎ yà lì shěng。 huò bì suǒ 'ěr >>> jiǎn shǐ gǔ dài jìng nèi jū zhù zhe yìn dì 'ān rén。 gōng yuán１１ shì jì， yìn dì 'ān rén yǐ kù sī kē chéng wéi shǒu fǔ， zài gāo yuán dì qū jiàn lì liǎo“ yìn jiā dì guó”， nóng yè hé shǒu gōng yè gāo dù fā zhǎn。１５－１６ shì jì chū xíng chéng měi zhōu de gǔ dài wén míng zhī yī ─ yìn jiā wén míng。１５３３ nián lún wéi xī bān yá zhí mín dì。１５３５ nián jiàn lì lì mǎ chéng，１５４４ nián chéng lì bìlǔ zǒng dū qū， chéng wéi xī bān yá zài nán měi zhí mín tǒng zhì de zhōng xīn。１８２１ nián７ yuè２８ rì xuān bù dú lì， jiàn lì bìlǔ gòng hé guó。１８３５ nián bō lì wéi yà hé bìlǔ hé bìng， chēng bìlǔ héng bō lì wéi yà bāng lián。１８３ ９ nián bāng lián wǎ jiě。１８５４ nián fèi chú nú lì zhì。１８７９─１８８３ nián， bìlǔ lián hé bō lì wéi yà tóng zhì lì jìn xíng zhēng duó xiāo shí chǎn dì de“ tài píng yáng zhàn zhēng”。 bìlǔ zhàn bài hòu， zhì lì duó qǔ liǎo shì jiè zuì dà de xiāo shí chǎn dì tǎ lā pà kǎ shěng， bìng kòng zhì liǎo bìlǔ de tǎ kè nà、 ā lì kǎ liǎng shěng。１９２９ nián shuāng fāng jīng guò hé píng tán pàn， bìlǔ shōu huí tǎ kè nà shěng。１９３３ nián yǔ gē lún bǐ yà fā shēng biān jiè zhàn zhēng， mì zhàn bài。１９４８ nián１０ yuè 'ào dé lì yà fā dòng jūn shì zhèng biàn shàng tái。１９６３ nián６ yuè rén mín xíng dòng dǎng bèi lǎng dé · tè lǐ dāng xuǎn zǒng tǒng。１９６８ nián１０ yuè３ rì bèi lā sī kē lù jūn zhōngjiàng fā dòng zhèng biàn hòu chū rèn zǒng tǒng。１９７５ nián８ yuè２９ rì mò lā lāi sī jiāng jūn jiē guǎn zhèng quán，１９７７ nián xuān bù“ hái zhèng yú mín”。 bìlǔ fèi lì pèi chéng bǎo huáng jiā fèi lì pèi chéng bǎo héng héng bìlǔ lì shǐ de jiàn zhèng bìlǔ gāo yuán gǔ dū kù sī kē zhèng zhì xiàn xíng xiàn fǎ yú１９９３ nián１２ yuè３１ rì shēng xiào。 xiàn fǎ guī dìng zǒng tǒng kě lián rèn yī jiè， gé jiè kě zài dāng xuǎn； zēng shè dì yī、 èr fù zǒng tǒng、 guó huì liǎng yuàn gǎi wéi yī yuàn zhì； duì kǒng bù fènzǐ kě chù jí xíng děng。２０００ nián１１ yuè， mì guó huì tōng guò xiàn fǎ xiū zhèng 'àn， guī dìng zǒng tǒng bù dé lián rèn。 yì huì chēng guó huì。 yī yuàn zhì。 guó huì yōng yòu lì fǎ hé jiān dū zhí néng。 yì yuán yóu xuǎn jǔ chǎn shēng， rèn qī wǔ nián， kě lián xuǎn lián rèn。 【 jīng jì】 chuán tǒng nóng kuàng yè guó， shǔ lā měi zhōng děng shuǐ píng。 kuàng chǎn fēng fù， shí yóu zìjǐ yòu yú。 téng sēn zhí zhèng qī jiān， shí xíng sī yòu huà zhèng cè， bìng zài wù jià、 shuì shōu děng fāng miàn jìn xíng liǎo yī xì liè gǎi gé， jīng jì xíng shì zhú bù hǎo zhuǎn。 tuō lāi duō zhèng fǔ shí xíng“ huī fù jīng jì zhèng cè”， hóng guān jīng jì yùn xíng píng wěn， jìn 5 nián lái nián jūn zēngchánglǜ dá 5%。 2005 nián， jīng jì jì xù zēngzhǎng， tōng péng jiàng dī， mào yì shùn chā jiā dà， zī běn shì chǎng gèng jiā jiàn quán， tóu zī zhě duì mì qián jǐng pǔ biàn kàn hǎo。 dàn jīng jì fā zhǎn de chéng guǒ wèi néng huì jí guǎng dà xià céng mín zhòng， pín fù fēn huà děng wèn tí wèi dé dào gēn běn niǔ zhuǎn。 jiā xī yà zǒng tǒng jiù zhí hòu， biǎo shì xīn zhèng fǔ jiāng jī běn yán xù xiàn xíng jīng jì fā zhǎn mó shì， shí xíng yán gé de cái zhèng zhèng cè， zēng jiā duì jī chǔ shè shī de tóu rù， jī jí xī yǐn tóu zī， jiā kuài jīng jì fā zhǎn sù dù； zhòng shì pín kùn dì qū jīng jì fā zhǎn， shí shī sǎo máng jìhuà； duì néng yuán hé kuàng yè qǐ yè jiā zhēng gāo 'é lì rùn shuì； zēng jiā jiù yè hé gǎi shàn láo gōng quán lì。 2005 nián zhù yào jīng jì shù zì： guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí（ GDP）： 757.2 yì měi yuán rén jūn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí： 2482 měi yuán guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí zēngchánglǜ： 6.67% huò bì míng chēng： xīn suǒ 'ěr（ NuevoSol）。 huì shuài： 1 měi yuán ＝ 3.296 xīn suǒ 'ěr。 tōng huò péng zhàng shuài： 1.43% shī yè shuài： 9.6%（ lì mǎ） 【 zī yuán】 kuàng yè zī yuán fēng fù， shì shì jiè 12 dà kuàng chǎn guó zhī yī。 zhù yào yòu tóng、 qiān、 xīn、 yín、 tiě hé shí yóu děng。 bì、 fán chǔ liàng jū shì jiè shǒu wèi， tóng zhàn dì sān wèi， yín、 xīn zhàn dì sì wèi。 mù qián shí yóu tàn míng chǔ liàng wéi 4 yì tǒng， tiān rán qì 71000 yì lì fāng yīng chǐ。 sēn lín fù gài shuài wéi 58％， miàn jī dá 7710 wàn gōng qǐng， zài nán měi zhōu jǐn cì yú bā xī。 shuǐ lì hé hǎi yáng zī yuán jí wéi fēng fù。 【 gōng kuàng yè】 gōng yè yǐ jiā gōng hé zhuāng pèi yè wéi zhù。 2005 nián gōng yè zēngchánglǜ wéi 7%， kuàng yè zēngchánglǜ wéi 7.4%。 jìn jǐ nián zhù yào gōng、 kuàng chǎn pǐn chǎn liàng rú xià： 200320042005 tóng（ wàn dūn） 62.5381.5100.99 tiě（ wàn dūn） 354.1431.65456.50 xīn（ wàn dūn） 136.9120.61120.17 jīn（ dūn） 172.9175.4207.82 yín（ dūn） 2774.772907.963193.15 shí yóu（ wàn tǒng） 3334.263444.84062.30 fā diàn liàng（ yì qiān wǎ shí） 228.91226.13254.35 tiān rán qì（ bǎi wàn lì fāng yīng chǐ） 184833035653347 （ zī liào lái yuán： bìlǔ guó jiā tǒng jì jú） 【 lǚ yóu yè】 bìlǔ shì yìn jiā wén míng de fā xiáng dì， lǚ yóu zī yuán fēng fù。 2005 nián， fù mì wài guó yóu kè dá 148.5 wàn rén cì， lǚ yóu wài huì shōu rù 13.71 yì měi yuán， zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 1.81％。 2005 nián quán guó gè lèi fàn diàn shù liàng： 5 xīng jí 25 jiā、 4 xīng jí 22 jiā、 3 xīng jí 446 jiā、 2 xīng jí 848 jiā、 1 xīng jí 418 jiā。 zhù yào lǚ yóu jǐng diǎn yòu： lì mǎ dà guǎng chǎng、 tuō léi tǎ gé lāi gōng、 huáng jīn bó wù guǎn、 kù sī kē chéng、 mǎ chǔ－ pí chǔ yí zhǐ děng。 （ zī liào lái yuán： bìlǔ wài mào lǚ yóu bù） 【 fēng sú xí guàn】 bìlǔ rén zài shè jiāo chǎng hé yǔ kè rén xiāng jiàn hé gào bié shí， dū guàn yǐ wò shǒu wéi lǐ。 nán péng yǒu zhī jiān xiāng jiàn， yī bān guàn shī yōng bào lǐ， bìng hù xiāng pāi jiān pāi bèi。 bìlǔ fù nǚ zhī jiān xiāng jiàn xí guàn shī qīn wěn lǐ（ qīn wěn duì fāng de miàn jiá）， zuǐ lǐ dōubù tíng dì fā chū biǎo shì yǒu hǎo de zé zé shēng huò shuō wèn hòu de huà。 rèn hé qíng kuàng xià， dōukě yòng huā zuò wéi lǐ pǐn。 bìlǔ rén jù yòu lā dīng mín zú de tè zhēng， rè qíng、 hàokè， tīng huà zuì hǎo dǎ xiē zhé kòu， bù néng jìn xìn， yòu huì cháng bù shǒu shí。 lì mǎ shì měi nián zài 10 yuè、 11 yuè de jì diàn qī jiān， měi féng zhōu rì zài ACHO guǎng chǎng jiē yòu dǒu niú bǐ sài。 bìlǔ jū mín zhōng jué dà duō shù rén xìn fèng tiān zhù jiào。 bìlǔ jī bā luó zú rén shì wū shī rú shén míng， bìng duì qí yì cháng chóng jìng。 bìlǔ rén tè bié jì huì“ sǐ wáng” zhè gè zì yǎn， ruò yǐ“ sǐ wáng” lái zǔ zhòu tā rén， bì dìng huì yǐn qǐ yīcháng dà 'ōu dǒu。 bìlǔ de yìn jiā yìn dì 'ān rén， zài měi nián 9 yuè jǔ xíng dìng qī qū mó jié rì。 yīn 9 yuè shì yǔ jì。 wēn yì yì yú liú xíng。 wèile qū chú bìng mó， qiū fēn hòu yuè yuán de dì yī tiān， suǒ yòu de rén yào jìn shí。 wǎn shàng gè jiā jù huì， kǎo zhì yī zhǒng càn yòu xiǎo hái xiān xuè de yù mǐ bǐng。 rén men zài xǐ yù zhī hòu， yòng zhè zhǒng miàn bǐng cā tóu、 liǎn、 xiōng、 jiān、 tuǐ， rèn wéi zhè yàng kě yǐ xiāo chú bìng tòng。 rán hòu yòng zhè zhǒng miàn bǐng zài cā mén jiàn， zhèng míng quán jiādōu yǐ zhāi jiè jìng shēn。 bìlǔ rén jì huì“ 13” hé“ xīng qī wǔ”。 rèn wéi zhè dōushì bù jí lì de shù zì hé rì qī， yù qí bì jiāng huì dà nán lín tóu。 tā men jì huì wū yā。 rèn wéi wū yā shì yī zhǒng bù xiáng zhī niǎo， gěi rén yǐ 'è yùn hé zāinàn de yìn xiàng。 tā men jì huì yǐ dāo jiàn wéi lǐ pǐn。 rèn wéi sòng zhè xiē dōng xī yì wèi zhe gē duàn yǒu yì。 tā men zài yǐn shí shàng jì shí hǎishēn yī lèi de qí xíng guài zhuàng de shí pǐn。 【 jiāo tōng yùn shū】 bìlǔ de jiāo tōng yùn shū yǐ gōng lù wéi zhù， gōng lù huò yùn liàng zhàn quán guó yùn shū zǒng liàng de 80％。 shuǐ shàng yùn shū jiào fā dá， wài mào zhù yào yǐ kào hǎi shàng yùn shū。 tiě lù： mì shì nán měi zuì zǎo xiū jiàn tiě lù de guó jiā。 tiě lù zǒng cháng 2021 gōng lǐ（ 2005 nián）。 2004 nián， tiě lù kè yùn liàng 121.28 wàn rén cì， huò yùn liàng 206.84 wàn dūn。 gōng lù： gōng lù zǒng cháng 78318 gōng lǐ（ 2004 nián）。 2005 nián， quán guó jī dòng chē hé jì 134.95 wàn liàng， qí zhōng jiào chē 86.13 wàn liàng、 pí kǎ jí jí pǔ chē 30.64 wàn liàng、 kè chē 4.37 wàn liàng、 kǎ chē 10.44 wàn liàng、 qí tā chē liàng 3.37 wàn liàng。 2005 nián gōng lù kè yùn liàng 5859.96 wàn rén cì。 shuǐ yùn： 2000 nián yòu gè lèi chuán zhǐ 6883 sōu， huò yùn liàng 1534 wàn dūn。 2005 nián quán guó gòng yòu 20 gǎng kǒu， kè huò yùn chuán zhǐ 476 sōu。 zhù yào gǎng kǒu yòu： kǎ yà 'é、 qīn bó tè、 yī luò、 pài tǎ hé sà lā wéi lǐ。 kōng yùn： 2004 nián quán guó gòng yòu fēi jī 178 jià， kè yùn liàng 510.50 wàn rén cì， jī chǎng 31 gè， qí zhōng guó jì jī chǎng 5 gè， fēn bié shì： lì mǎ“ háo 'ěr hè · chá wéi sī” guó jì jī chǎng、 kù sī kē guó jì jī chǎng、 yī jī tuō sī guó jì jī chǎng、 tǎ kè nà guó jì jī chǎng hé 'ā léi jī pà guó jì jī chǎng。 （ zī liào lái yuán： bìlǔ jiāo tōng yǔ tōng xùn bù） 【 cái zhèng jīn róng】 jìn jǐ nián zhōng yāng zhèng fǔ cái zhèng shōu zhī qíng kuàng rú xià（ dān wèi： yì xīn suǒ 'ěr）： 200320042005 shōu rù 313.22353.81425.66 zhī chū 354.26385.47453.68 chā 'é -41.04-31.66-28.02 jié zhì 2005 nián dǐ， bìlǔ huáng jīn chǔ bèi wéi 5.76 yì měi yuán， wài huì chǔ bèi 141.19 yì měi yuán， gōng gòng wài zhài 222.79 yì měi yuán， cháng zhài shuài wéi 15.2%。（ zī liào lái yuán： bìlǔ zhōng yāng chǔ bèi yínháng） 【 duì wài mào yì】 mì shí xíng zì yóu mào yì zhèng cè。 2005 nián chū kǒu 'é zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de bǐ lì wéi 22.3%。 jìn 3 nián wài mào qíng kuàng rú xià（ dān wèi： yì měi yuán）： 200320042005 chū kǒu 'é 88.63121.42168.8 jìn kǒu 'é 84.55101.06120.3 chā 'é 4.0820.3648.5 （ zī liào lái yuán： bìlǔ guó jiā tǒng jì jú） zhù yào chū kǒu kuàng chǎn pǐn hé shí yóu、 nóng mù yè chǎn pǐn、 fǎng zhì pǐn、 yú chǎn pǐn děng。 jìn nián lái， fēi chuán tǒng chǎn pǐn de chū kǒu shàng shēng dào zhàn quán guó chū kǒu de sì fēn zhī yī zuǒ yòu。 2005 nián， mì chuán tǒng chǎn pǐn chū kǒu 127.21 yì měi yuán， tóng bǐ zēngzhǎng 37.8%， qí zhōng kuàng chǎn pǐn hé shí yóu chū kǒu 110.87 yì měi yuán， yú fěn chū kǒu 11.47 yì měi yuán； fēi chuán tǒng chǎn pǐn chū kǒu 42.79 yì měi yuán， tóng bǐ zēngzhǎng 22.7%， qí zhōng nóng chǎn pǐn chū kǒu 10.09 yì měi yuán， fǎng zhì pǐn chū kǒu 12.74 yì měi yuán。 jìn kǒu gōng yè yuán liào、 zī běn huò hé xiāo fèi pǐn děng。 zhù yào mào yì huǒ bàn wéi měi guó、 zhōng guó、 zhì lì hé jiā ná dà。 （ zī liào lái yuán： bìlǔ wài mào lǚ yóu bù） 【 wài guó zī běn】 1991 nián 3 yuè， zhèng fǔ xiū gǎi wài zī fǎ， qǔ xiāo liǎo duì wài guó tóu zī de mǒu xiē xiàn zhì cuò shī， yǔn xǔ wài shāng zài néng yuán、 diàn xìn、 zì lái shuǐ děng bù mén tóu zī， lì rùn zì yóu huì chū。 2005 nián， mì xīn zēng wài guó zhí jiē tóu zī 25.19 yì měi yuán， lěi jì wài guó zhí jiē tóu zī 154.15 yì měi yuán， zhù yào lái yuán yú xī bān yá、 yīng guó、 měi guó、 hé lán、 bā ná mǎ hé zhì lì。 【 wài guó yuán zhù】 2005 nián 10 yuè， bǐ lì shí jué dìng xiàng mì tí gōng 2400 wàn 'ōu yuán wú cháng yuán zhù。 【 rén mín shēng huó】 2005 nián， chéng shì rén kǒu zhàn zǒng rén kǒu de bǐ lì wéi 72.6%， pín kùn rén kǒu bǐ lì wéi 48%、 chì pín rén kǒu bǐ lì wéi 18%。 quán guó gòng yòu yī yuàn 139 jiā、 yī liáo zhōng xīn 1233 jiā、 wèi shēng suǒ 5518 gè。 yí dòng diàn huà hé gù dìng diàn huà mén shù fēn bié wéi 558.34 wàn hé 225.05 wàn。 【 jūn shì】 bìlǔ jūn duì shì zài 19 shì jì chū fǎn duì xī bān yá zhí mín tǒng zhì hé zhēng qǔ mín zú dú lì dǒu zhēng zhōng dàn shēng hé fā zhǎn qǐ lái de。 zǒng tǒng wéi wǔ zhuāng lì liàng zuì gāo tǒng shuài。 guó fáng wěi yuán huì wéi zuì gāo jūn shì jué cè jī gòu， zǒng tǒng rèn zhù xí。 zuì gāo jūn shì zhǐ huī jī gòu shì wǔ zhuāng lì liàng lián hé zhǐ huī bù， yóu sān jūn sī lìng zǔ chéng， zhí shǔ zǒng tǒng lǐng dǎo， chéng yuán wéi sān jūn zǒng sī lìng， bìng lún liú dān rèn zhù xí。 xiàn rèn lián zhǐ sī lìng hé sài · wēi lián mǔ sī · sà pà tǎ shàngjiàng（ JoséWilliamsZapata）， lù jūn sī lìng sài sà 'ěr · léi nuò suǒ · dí yà sī shàngjiàng（ CésarA.ReinosoDíaz）， hǎi jūn sī lìng háo 'ěr hè · ào gǔ sī tuō · ān pǔ 'āi luó · tè lā wǔ kē shàngjiàng (JorgeAugustoAmpueroTrabucco)， kōng jūn sī lìng lù yì sī · fèi lì pèi · kǒng dé · jiā lā yī shàngjiàng（ LuisFelipeCondeGaray）， guó mín jǐng chá jú cháng lù yì sī · méng tuō yà · bǐ lì yà nǔ 'āi wǎ shàojiàng (LuisMontoyaVillanueva)。 bìlǔ shí xíng yì wù bīng zhì， fú yì qī liǎng nián。 2004 nián mì zǒng bīng lì 11.5 wàn rén。 lù jūn 7.5 wàn rén， shè 6 gè jūn qū， biān yòu 14 gè shī、 3 gè dà duì、 5 gè zhī duì、 3 gè zhí shēng jī zhōng duì， zhuāng bèi gè lèi tǎn kè 410 liàng、 zhuāng jiá yùn shū chē 280 liàng、 zhuāng jiá zhēn chá chē 165 liàng、 gè zhǒng huǒ pào 830 yú mén； gè lèi fēi jī 88 jià。 hǎi jūn 2.5 wàn rén（ bāo kuò lù zhàn duì 3000 rén hé hǎi jūn háng kōng bīng 800 rén）， shè yòu 5 gè hǎi qū， gòng yòu gè lèi jiàn tǐng 66 sōu， qí zhōng xún yáng jiàn 2 sōu、 qū zhú jiàn 1 sōu、 dǎo dàn hù wèi jiàn 4 sōu、 qián tǐng 8 sōu、 dǎo dàn kuài tǐng 6 sōu， fēi jī 40 yú jià。 kōng jūn 1.5 wàn rén， biān yòu 4 gè fēi xíng lián duì， 1 gè xùn liàn sī lìng bù； zhuāng bèi gè zhǒng fēi jī 428 jià， qí zhōng zuò zhàn fēi jī 118 jià、 wǔ zhuāng zhí shēng fēi jī 23 jià。 1992 nián cóng ní jiā lā guā gòu jìn sū zhì wǔ zhuāng zhí shēng fēi jī 19 jià， 1996 nián cóng 'é luó sī gòu jìn mǐ gé héng 29 zhàn jī 10 jià。 lìng yòu yù bèi yì bù duì 18.8 wàn rén（ lù jūn）， zhǔn jūn shì bù duì 7.4 wàn yú rén。 2004 nián， mì guó fáng yù suàn 28.06 yì xīn suǒ 'ěr， zhàn zhèng fǔ kāi zhī de 6.36％。 【 wén huà jiào yù】 mì zhèng fǔ zhòng shì fā zhǎn jiào yù shì yè。 xiàn xíng jiào yù tǐ zhì wéi： xué qián jiào yù 1 zhì 2 nián， xiǎo xué 6 nián， zhōng xué 6 nián， dà xué 5 nián。 2004 nián jiào yù jīng fèi 88.97 yì xīn suǒ 'ěr（ yuē hé 27 yì měi yuán） , zhàn guó jiā yù suàn de 18.4%。 2005 nián quán guó 15 suì yǐ shàng wén máng zǒng shù yuē wéi 278.1 wàn rén， zhàn quán guó rén kǒu de 10.3%， qí zhōng dà bù fēn shì fù nǚ hé nóng cūn rén kǒu。 mì quán guó zhù míng gāo děng yuàn xiào dà duō jí zhōng zài shǒu dū lì mǎ。 zuì zhù míng de guó lì dà xué shì shèng mǎ kē sī dà xué（ jiàn yú 1551 nián）， yì shì lā měi lì shǐ zuì yōu jiǔ de gāo děng xué fǔ）。 pái míng qián wǔ wèi de sī lì dà xué fēn bié shì： tiān zhù jiào dà xué、 lì mǎ dà xué、 shèng mǎ dīng · dé bǐ léi sī dà xué、 lǐ kǎ duō · pà 'ěr mǎ dà xué hé tài píng yáng dà xué。 2004 nián bìlǔ jiào yù tǒng jì shù zì rú xià： xué xiào（ suǒ） jiào shī（ rén） xué shēng（ rén） xué qián 33253462791138137 xiǎo xué 352761858294164475 zhōng xué 113231608362603091 dà xué 7835455415465 fēi dà xué gāo děng jiào yù 104627880390734 zhí yè hé tè shū jiào yù 246315425302168 zǒng jì 834394717049014070 （ zī liào lái yuán： bìlǔ guó jiā tǒng jì jú） 【 xīn wén chū bǎn】 quán guó gòng yòu gè zhǒng bào zhǐ jí kān wù 20 yú zhǒng， qí zhōng zài lì mǎ fā xíng 11 zhǒng， zhù yào yòu：《 shāng bào》， fā xíng liàng yuē 28 wàn fèn；《 kuài bào》， fā xíng liàng 15 wàn fèn；《 gòng hé guó bào》， fā xíng liàng 15 wàn fèn；《 bìlǔ rén bào》， fā xíng liàng 25 wàn fèn；《 tài yáng bào》， fā xíng liàng 3 wàn fèn。 zhù yào zhèng lùn qī kān yòu：《 jiǎ miàn jù》 zhōu kān， fā xíng liàng 3.5 wàn fèn；《 qǐng tīng》 hé《 shì》 gè fā xíng 1 wàn fèn。 bìlǔ xīn wén shè hé 'ān dì sī xīn wén shè wéi guān fāng tōng xùn shè。 quán guó gòng yòu guǎng bō diàn tái 1107 jiā， chú yī jiā guó jiā diàn tái wài， qí yú jūn wéi sī rén diàn tái。 yǐng xiǎng jiào dà de diàn tái yòu： guó jiā diàn tái、 shèng luó suō diàn tái、 bìlǔ jié mù diàn tái、 tuán jié diàn tái hé lián hé diàn tái děng。 quán guó gòng yòu diàn shì fā shè tái hé zhuǎn bō tái 90 jiā， qí zhōng 7 jiā yòu quán guó guǎng bō wǎng。 diàn shì qī tái wèiguó jiā tái， qí yú jūn wéi shāng yè xìng diàn shì tái。 yǐng xiǎng jiào dà de shāng yè xìng diàn shì tái yòu lā dīng tái（ diàn shì 'èr tái）、 měi zhōu tái（ diàn shì sì tái）、 fàn měi tái（ diàn shì wǔ tái）、 ān dì sī tái（ diàn shì jiǔ tái）、 OK tái（ diàn shì shí yī tái） hé quán qiú wǎng tái（ diàn shì shí sān tái）。 【 duì wài guān xì】 fèng xíng dú lì zì zhù de wài jiāo zhèng cè， jiāng gǒng gù mín zhù、 rén quán、 mín zhù 'ān quán、 dì qū yī tǐ huà、 mào yì hé tóu zī、 hù qiáo hé duì wài wén huà xuān chuán zuò wéi wài jiāo yōu xiān mù biāo。 mì zhù zhāng zūn xún guó jì fǎ、 lián hé guó xiàn zhāng hé fàn měi tǐ xì de zhǔn zé， tuī dòng guó jì hé píng yǔ 'ān quán， zūn zhòng rén quán； qiáng diào wài jiāo wéi jīng jì fā zhǎn fú wù； zhòng shì fā zhǎn tóng zhōu biān jí qí tā lā měi guó jiā guān xì， jī jí cānyù dì qū yī tǐ huà jìn chéng； jiā qiáng tóng měi guó、 jiā ná dà hé 'ōu méng děng gōng yè huà guó jiā yǐ jí yà tài guó jiā de guān xì； zhù zhāng zài fǎn dú、 fǎn kǒng、 fǎn fǔ hé sǎo chú pín kùn děng lǐng yù jiā qiáng guó jì hé zuò。 mì xiàn yǔ 129 gè guó jiā jiàn lì liǎo wài jiāo guān xì。 mì shì bù jié méng yùn dòng、 qī shí qī guó jí tuán、 shí wǔ guó jí tuán、 tài píng yáng jīng jì hé zuò lǐ shì huì、 lǐ yuē jí tuán、 lā měi yī tǐ huà xié huì、 lā měi jīng jì tǐ xì、 yà mǎ sūn hé zuò tiáo yuē、 nán měi zhōu guó jiā gòng tóng tǐ、 ān dì sī gòng tóng tǐ、 nán tài píng yáng cháng shè wěi yuán huì děng guó jì hé dì qū zǔ zhì de chéng yuán guó。 1998 nián 11 yuè， bìlǔ zhèng shì jiā rù yà tài jīng jì hé zuò zǔ zhì。 【 tóng zhōng guó de guān xì】 1971 nián 11 yuè 2 rì zhōng mì jiàn jiāo。 2005 nián， zhōng mì guān xì qǔ dé jiào dà fā zhǎn。 mì shì zhōng guó zài lā měi dì qū de zhòng yào mào yì huǒ bàn hé zhù yào tóu zī duì xiàng guó zhī yī。 liǎng guó gāo céng jiāo wǎng pín fán， zhèng zhì hù xìn zēng qiáng。 1 yuè 26 ～ 28 rì， guó jiā fù zhù xí céng qìng hóng fǎng mì， mì zǒng tǒng tuō lāi duō huì jiàn， fù zǒng tǒng wèi sī màn zhù chí huì tán。 shuāng fāng xuān bù zhōng mì jiàn lì quán miàn hé zuò huǒ bàn guān xì， zhōng fāng xuān bù bǎ bìlǔ liè wéi zhōng guó gōng mín chū jìng lǚ yóu mùdì dì guó， mì fāng chóngshēn chéng rèn zhōng guó shì chǎng jīng jì dì wèi。 shuāng fāng qiān shǔ liǎo shè jí xíng shì sī fǎ xié zhù、 zhí wù jiǎn yì、 lǚ yóu、 tóu zī、 yóu qì kān tàn kāi fā děng lǐng yù de 8 xiàng hé zuò xié yì。 6 yuè 1～ 6 rì， mì zǒng tǒng tuō lāi duō duì zhōng guó jìn xíng guó shì fǎng wèn。 hú jǐn tāo zhù xí yǔ tuō lāi duō zǒng tǒng jǔ xíng huì tán， wú bāng guó wěi yuán cháng hé wēn jiā bǎo zǒng lǐ fēn bié huì jiàn。 liǎng guó lǐng dǎo rén jiù jiā qiáng zhōng mì hù lì hé zuò dá chéng zhòng yào gòng shí， biǎo shì yuàn yì jìn yī bù chōng shí liǎng guó quán miàn hé zuò huǒ bàn guān xì nèi hán， tuī dòng zhōng mì guān xì chí xù shēn rù fā zhǎn。 shuāng fāng qiān shǔ liǎo shè jí jiāo tōng、 chuán tǒng yī xué、 jiào yù、 lǚ yóu、 zhī shí chǎn quán děng lǐng yù de 7 gè hé zuò wén jiàn。 9 yuè， lǐ zhào xīng wài cháng zài dì 60 jiè lián dà qī jiān huì jiàn bìlǔ wài cháng máo 'ěr tú yà， shuāng fāng jiù shuāng biān guān xì hé lián hé guó gǎi gé děng wèn tí jiāo huàn liǎo yì jiàn。 shuāng fāng zhù yào hù fǎng hái yòu： quán guó rén dà cháng wěi huì fù wěi yuán zhǎngchéng sī wēi、 xìn xī chǎn yè bù bù cháng wáng xù dōng、 hǎi guān zǒng shǔ shǔ cháng móu xīn shēng、 zhōng guó qiáo lián zhù xí lín zhào shū děng fǎng mì。 mì fù zǒng tǒng wèi sī màn liǎng cì yǐ sī rén shēn fèn fǎng huá， bìng zài dì yī cì fǎng wèn zhōng shòu dào guó jiā fù zhù xí céng qìng hóng huì jiàn； mì fù wài cháng lāi kǎ luó sī fǎng huá， yǔ zhōng fāng gòng tóng zhù chí zhào kāi liǎng guó wài jiāo bù jiān dì liù cì zhèng zhì cuō shāng hé shuāng biān jīng mào hùn wěi huì dì sì cì huì yì； cǐ wài， mì guó fáng bù cháng qià fū lā、 rén mín xíng dòng dǎng lǐng dǎo rén pà ní yà guā děng fēn bié fǎng huá。 liǎng guó zài guó jì hé dì qū shì wù zhōng bǎo chí xié diào yǔ pèi hé。 zhōng guó zhī chí mì jìng xuǎn 'ān lǐ huì 2006-2007 nián dù fēi cháng rèn lǐ shì guó。 liǎng guó jīng mào guān xì fā zhǎn xùn sù。 2005 nián， shuāng biān mào yì 'é 28.85 yì měi yuán， tóng bǐ zēngzhǎng 48.5%， qí zhōng wǒ chū kǒu 6.09 yì měi yuán， jìn kǒu 22.76 yì měi yuán， tóng bǐ fēn bié zēngzhǎng 45.52% hé 49.32%。 wǒ yǐ chéng wéi mì dì 'èr dà mào yì huǒ bàn hé dì sān dà chū kǒu shì chǎng。 zhōng guó zhù bìlǔ dà shǐ： yīn héng mín。 guǎn zhǐ： JirónJoséGranda150SanIsidroLima27， Perú。 xìn xiāng： ApartadoPostal375。 diàn huà： 2220841（ bàn gōng shì、 zhí bān）， 4429466（ lǐng shì bù）。 guó jiā dì qū hào： 511。 diàn chuán：（ 036） 25283PECHILIMA。 chuán zhēn： 4429467。 wǎng zhǐ： www.embajadachina.org.pe。 shāng wù chù dì zhǐ： Av.JavierPradoOeste2496MagdalenadelMar， Lima17， Perú。 xìn xiāng： ApartadoPostal170140。 diàn huà： 4619536。 diàn chuán：（ 036） 25625PECHISLIMA。 chuán zhēn： 4619855。 bìlǔ zhù huá shǐ guǎn lín shí dài bàn： tú lǐ 'ào · méng tǎ kǎ（ TulioMundaca） gōng shǐ。 guǎn zhǐ： běi jīng sān lǐ tún wài jiāo rén yuán bàn gōng lóu 1 dān yuán 91 hào。 diàn huà： 65322494， 65323719。 diàn chuán： 22278LEPRUCN。 chuán zhēn： 65322178。 wǎng zhǐ： www.embperu.cn.net。 【 tóng měi guó de guān xì】 mì měi yú 1826 nián jiàn jiāo。 měi shì mì zuì dà de mào yì huǒ bàn hé chū kǒu shì chǎng。 2004 nián shuāng biān mào yì 'é 55.42 yì měi yuán， zhàn mì dāng nián wài mào zǒng 'é de sì fēn zhī yī。 yǔ měi dá chéng zì yóu mào yì xié dìng shì tuō lāi duō zhèng fǔ rèn nèi de zhù yào mù biāo zhī yī。 2005 nián 9 yuè， tuō lāi duō zǒng tǒng fù měi chū xí lián hé guó chéng lì 60 zhōu nián shǒu nǎo huì yì qī jiān， yǔ bù shí zǒng tǒng jǔ xíng shuāng biān huì wù， bìng fù huá shèng dùn huì jiàn měi mào yì bù cháng gǔ tiě léi sī、 mào yì dài biǎo bō tè màn hé bù fēn yì yuán， jiù jiā kuài 'ān dì sī sān guó yǔ měi zì mào tán pàn zuò měi fāng gōng zuò。 11 yuè， tuō lāi duō zǒng tǒng zài chū xí dì sì jiè měi zhōu guó jiā shǒu nǎo huì yì hé APEC huì yì qī jiān， liǎng cì yǔ bù shí zǒng tǒng jǔ xíng shuāng biān huì wù， zài cì jiù jiā kuài liǎng guó zì mào tán pàn jìn chéng zuò měi fāng gōng zuò。 12 yuè， mì měi jiù zì mào xié dìng dá chéng yī zhì。 tóng yuè， máo 'ěr tú yà wài cháng fǎng měi， fēn bié yǔ měi guó wù qīng lài sī、 guó fáng bù cháng lā mǔ sī fěi 'ěr dé jǔ hánghuì wù， zhòng diǎn jiù liǎng guó zài zì mào、 ān lǐ huì shì wù、 fǎn dú、 fǎn kǒng děng lǐng yù de hé zuò jiāo huàn yì jiàn。 2005 nián yǐ lái， mì měi jūn shì hé zuò jìn yī bù jiā qiáng。 6 yuè， měi guó fáng bù biǎo shì jiāng xiàng mì juān zèng jià zhí 200 wàn měi yuán de jìn dú shè bèi。 8 yuè， měi guó fáng bù cháng lā mǔ sī fěi 'ěr dé hé nán fāng sī lìng kè lā duō kè fēn bié fǎng mì。 【 tóng lā měi guó jiā de guān xì】 bìlǔ bǎ fā zhǎn yǔ lā měi guó jiā de guān xì fàng zài qí duì wài guān xì de shǒu wèi， jī jí tuī dòng dì qū yī tǐ huà jìn chéng。 2005 nián， mì tóng lā měi guó jiā gāo céng jiāo wǎng pín fán。 3 yuè， tuō lāi duō zǒng tǒng chū xí wū lā guī xīn zǒng tǒng bā sī kè sī jiù zhí yí shì。 5 yuè， tuō lāi duō zǒng tǒng chū xí zài bā xī shǒu dū bā xī lì yà jǔ xíng de nán měi zhōu - ā lā bó guó jiā shǒu nǎo huì yì。 9 yuè， tuō lāi duō zǒng tǒng fǎng wèn gē lún bǐ yà， jiù 'ān dì sī sān guó yǔ měi guó zì yóu mào yì tán pàn shì yǔ gē zǒng tǒng wū lǐ wéi xié diào lì chǎng。 tóng yuè， tuō lāi duō zǒng tǒng yǔ bā xī zǒng tǒng lú lā、 bō lì wéi yà zǒng tǒng luó dé lǐ gé sī gòng tóng chū xí zài bìlǔ jǔ xíng de“ kuà dà lù gōng lù” diàn jī yí shì。 nián nèi， tè duō zǒng lǐ、 bā ná mǎ fù zǒng tǒng jiān wài cháng、 sà 'ěr wǎ duō wài cháng fēn bié fǎng mì， mì wài cháng xiān hòu fǎng wèn 'ā gēn tíng、 bā xī、 wū lā guī、 è guā duō 'ěr、 zhì lì， bìng fù wū lā guī chū xí nán gòng shì shǒu nǎo huì yì。 cǐ wài， mì jī jí xié diào dì qū shì wù， chéng gōng zhù bàn dì 16 jiè 'ān gòng tǐ shǒu nǎo huì yì。 【 tóng dú lián tǐ guó jiā hé dōng 'ōu guó jiā de guān xì】 sū lián jiě tǐ hòu， mì zhèng fǔ xiāng jì chéng rèn dú lián tǐ gè guó， bìng yǔ zhī bǎo chí yī bān wài jiāo guān xì。 1997 nián， mì xiān hòu yǔ hā sà kè sī tǎn、 bái 'é luó sī hé lì táo wǎn jiàn lì dà shǐ jí wài jiāo guān xì。 2005 nián 2 yuè， mì guó huì zhù xí fú luò léi sī · ā láo sī fǎng wèn 'é luó sī， fēn bié huì jiàn 'é lián bāng wěi yuán huì zhù xí mǐ luó nuò fū、 guó jiā dù mǎ zhù xí、 fù zǒng lǐ hé wài cháng， fú chóngshēn mì chéng rèn 'é shì chǎng jīng jì dì wèi， zhī chí 'é jiā rù shì mào zǔ zhì。 4 yuè， mì fù wài cháng lāi kǎ luó sī fǎng wèn 'é luó sī， yǔ 'é wài cháng lā fū luó fū jǔ xíng huì wù， bìng zhù chí mì 'é dì sì cì shuāng biān zhèng zhì cuō shāng。 7 yuè， mì guó huì wài wěi huì zhù xí pà qiē kē fǎng wèn wū kè lán， fēn bié huì jiàn wū fù wài cháng、 guó jiā háng tiān jú fù jú cháng hé bù fēn guó huì yì yuán。 11 yuè， bìlǔ - wū kè lán shuāng biān zhèng zhì cuō shāng jī zhì dì 'èr cì huì yì zài lì mǎ zhào kāi。 【 tóng rì běn jí qí tā yà tài dì qū guó jiā hé zǔ zhì de guān xì】 téng sēn zǒng tǒng zhí zhèng qī jiān， mì rì guān xì fā zhǎn xùn sù， rì běn zài mì duì wài guān xì zhōng de dì wèi míng xiǎn shàng shēng。 mì shì lā měi guó jiā zhōng jiē shòu rì yuán zuì duō de guó jiā。 2003 nián mì rì guān xì yīn téng sēn de yǐn dù wèn tí 'ér xiàn rù zàn shí tíng zhì。 2004 nián 2 yuè， mì rì jiù yǐn dù téng sēn shì jìn xíng shǒu cì tán pàn。 rì xuān bù jiāng tōng guò zhèng zhì tú jìng jiě jué téng sēn wèn tí， mì duàn rán jù jué。 3 yuè， mì fāng biǎo shì， rú rì běn zhèng fǔ jù jué yǐn dù téng sēn， mì jiāng xiàng hǎi yá guó jì fǎ tíng tí qǐ sù sòng。 2005 nián 9 yuè， mì wài cháng máo 'ěr tú yà zhào jiàn rì běn zhù mì dà shǐ， jiù rì dōng jīng dōuzhī shì shí yuán shèn tài láng fā biǎo zhī chí téng sēn jì xù cānyù mì zhèng zhì shēng huó de yán lùn biǎo shì kàng yì。 10 yuè， mì wài cháng máo 'ěr tú yà zài jiē shòu mì CPN diàn tái cǎi fǎng shí， duì rì běn zài yǐn dù téng sēn wèn tí shàng suǒ chí de“ ào màn tài dù hé liǎng miàn shǒu fǎ” tí chū yán lì pī píng。 11 yuè， téng sēn chéng sī rén fēi jī fēi dǐ zhì lì shǒu dū shèng dì yà gē， rì běn zhèng fǔ yào qiú zhì lì zhèng fǔ yǐ fǎ gōng zhèng duì dài téng sēn， mì zhì liǎng guó jūn duì cǐ yú yǐ bó chì。 tóng yuè， rì běn shǒuxiàng xiǎo quán chún yī láng yǐ rì chéng 'ān pái wéi yóu jù jué yǔ tuō lāi duō zǒng tǒng zài APEC fēng huì qī jiān jǔ xíng shuāng biān huì wù。 jìn nián lái， mì jī jí fā zhǎn yǔ yà tài dì qū de jīng jì hé zuò， jiā qiáng duì tài píng yáng pén dì shì wù de cānyù。 2005 nián 7 yuè， tài guó guó huì zhù xí jiān xià yì yuàn yì cháng bō qīn fǎng mì， fēn bié yǔ tuō lāi duō zǒng tǒng、 guó huì zhù xí fú luò léi sī · ā láo sī hé fù wài cháng máo 'ěr tú yà huì jiàn huì tán。 10 yuè， tài guó wài cháng gān dá dī zài tài mì jiàn jiāo 40 zhōu nián zhī jì zhèng shì fǎng mì， yǔ tuō lāi duō zǒng tǒng hé máo 'ěr tú yà wài cháng fēn bié jǔ xíng huì jiàn hé huì tán。 11 yuè， tuō lāi duō zǒng tǒng zài chū xí hán guó fǔ shān APEC huì yì qī jiān yǔ hán zǒng tǒng lú wǔ xuàn jǔ xíng shuāng biān huì wù， máo 'ěr tú yà wài cháng fēn bié yǔ mǎ lái xī yà、 xīn xī lán hé hán guó wài cháng jǔ xíng shuāng biān huì wù。 【 tóng 'ōu méng de guān xì】 ōu méng shì bìlǔ zhòng yào mào yì huǒ bàn hé zī jīn lái yuán dì。 2004 nián mì 'ōu mào yì 'é dá 42.08 yì měi yuán， zhàn mì wài mào zǒng 'é de 18.7%。 1996 zhì 2004 nián， ōu méng lěi jì zài mì tóu zī 84.52 yì měi yuán， zhàn tóng qī mì xī yǐn wài zī zǒng 'é de 65%。 2005 nián 2 yuè， mì guó huì zhù xí fú luò léi sī · ā láo sī fǎng wèn yì dà lì。 3 yuè， mì wài cháng luó dé lǐ gé sī fǎng wèn xī bān yá、 yì dà lì。 7 yuè， luó dé lǐ gé sī wài cháng fǎng wèn yì dà lì hé ruì shì。 10 yuè， tuō lāi duō zǒng tǒng duì 'ōu méng zǒng bù jìn xíng wéi qī liǎng tiān de gōng zuò fǎng wèn， bìng yǔ bǐ lì shí guó wáng 'ā 'ěr wéi tuō 'èr shì jǔ xíng huì wù。 bìlǔ zhèng fǔ 16 rì bān bù zuì gāo zhèng lìng， xuān bù 5 yuè 19 rì wéi“ quán guó 'āi dào rì”， yǐ dào niàn zhōng guó zài mén chuān dì zhèn zhōng de yùnàn zhě。 zhè shì bìlǔ dì yī cì wéi wài guó yùnàn zhě xuān bù“ quán guó 'āi dào rì”。 yóu bìlǔ zǒng tǒng jiā xī yà、 zhèng fǔ zǒng lǐ dé 'ěr kǎ sī dì lüè yǐ jí wài jiāo bù cháng、 sī fǎ bù cháng hé láo gōng bù cháng gòng tóng qiān shǔ de zuì gāo zhèng lìng shuō：“ 2008 nián 5 yuè 12 rì fā shēng zài zhōng guó de qiáng liè dì zhèn， bù jǐn shì zhè gè yà zhōu guó jiā de zāinàn， yě shì quán rén lèi de bù xìng。 bìlǔ zhèng fǔ duì rú cǐ cǎn zhòng de rén yuán shāng wáng biǎo shì 'āi dào， jiāng xuān bù 5 yuè 19 rì wéi quán guó 'āi dào rì。” gēn jù zhè xiàng zhèng lìng， zài 'āi dào rì， bìlǔ gāo jí guān yuán jiāng tōng guò zhōng guó zhù bìlǔ dà shǐ guǎn xiàng zhōng guó dì zhèn zhōng de sǐ nán zhě zhì 'āi， quán guó suǒ yòu zhèng fǔ jī gòu、 jūn shì shè shī、 jǐng chá jī guān， yǐ jí suǒ yòu bìlǔ zài guó wài de wài jiāo jī gòu dū jiāng jiàng bàn qí。 5 yuè 12 rì zài zhōng guó sì chuān shěng fā shēng lǐ shì 8.0 jí qiáng liè dì zhèn， zhì 6 yuè 8 rì yǐ zào chéng 6.9 wàn duō rén sǐ wáng。 bìlǔ lǚ yóu tiē shì： 1、 bìlǔ mù qián réng bù shì zhōng guó gōng mín de lǚ yóu mùdì dì guó jiā， suī rán shuō lǚ yóu zhě huò dé qiān zhèng bù nán， bù guò guó nèi lǚ xíng shè hái bù néng tí gōng zǔ tuán fú wù。 ( bìlǔ yǐ jīng yú qù nián bèi xuān bù wéi zhōng guó gōng mín de lǚ yóu mùdì dì guó jiā， guó nèi lǚ xíng shè yě yǐ jīng kāi shǐ tí gōng zǔ tuán fú wù ) 2、 bìlǔ de huò bì shì“ suǒ 'ěr”， yǔ měi yuán huì shuài dà zhì wéi 3.2－ 3.3： 1。 (4 yuè 14 rì huì shuài yǐ jīng shì 2.7： 1 liǎo ) 3、 bìlǔ guó nèi de diàn yā shì 110 fú。 suī rán diàn yā bù tóng， cóng guó nèi dài qù de diàn nǎo、 shǒu jī chōng diàn qì、 zhǔ shuǐ hú hái dū néng yòng。 dài diàn qì de huà jì dé dài shàng yī gè shuāng yuán chā de 'ōu shì chā zuò zhuǎn huàn qì， zài guǎng zhōu mǎi yī gè shí jǐ yuán jiù xíng liǎo， zài xiāng gǎng jī chǎng mǎi yào qī bā shí yuán。 sān pín de quán qiú tōng shǒu jī dào cǐ néng yòng， shuāng pín de bù xíng。 Peruvian territory was home to the Norte Chico civilization, one of the oldest in the world, and to the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty, which included most of its South American colonies. After achieving independence in 1821, Peru has undergone periods of political unrest and fiscal crisis as well as periods of stability and economic upswing. Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. Its geography varies from the arid plains of the Pacific coast to the peaks of the Andes mountains and the tropical forests of the Amazon Basin. It is a developing country with a medium Human Development Index score and a poverty level around 40%. Its main economic activities include agriculture, fishing, mining, and manufacturing of products such as textiles. The Peruvian population, estimated at 28 million, is multiethnic, including Amerindians, Europeans, Africans and Asians. The main spoken language is Spanish, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechua or other native languages. This mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music. The word Peru is derived from Birú, the name of a local ruler who lived near the Bay of San Miguel, Panama, in the early 16th century. When his possessions were visited by Spanish explorers in 1522, they were the southernmost part of the New World yet known to Europeans. Thus, when Francisco Pizarro explored the regions farther south, they came to be designated Birú or Peru. The Spanish Crown gave the name legal status with the 1529 Capitulación de Toledo, which designated the newly encountered Inca Empire as the province of Peru. Under Spanish rule, the country adopted the denomination Viceroyalty of Peru, which became Republic of Peru after independence. History The earliest evidence of human presence in Peruvian territory has been dated to approximately 11,000 years BCE. The oldest known complex society in Peru, the Norte Chico civilization, flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3000 and 1800 BCE. These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures such as Chavin, Paracas, Mochica, Nazca, Wari, and Chimu. In the 15th century, the Incas emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. Andean societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as irrigation and terracing; camelid husbandry and fishing were also important. Organization relied on reciprocity and redistribution because these societies had no notion of market or money. Machu Picchu, the "Lost City of the Incas"In 1532, a group of conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro defeated Inca Emperor Atahualpa and imposed Spanish rule. Ten years later, the Spanish Crown established the Viceroyalty of Peru, which included most of its South American colonies. Viceroy Francisco de Toledo reorganized the country in the 1570s with silver mining as its main economic activity and Indian forced labor as its primary workforce. Peruvian bullion provided revenue for the Spanish Crown and fueled a complex trade network that extended as far as Europe and the Philippines. However, by the 18th century, declining silver production and economic diversification greatly diminished royal income. In response, the Crown enacted the Bourbon Reforms, a series of edicts that increased taxes and partitioned the Viceroyalty of Peru. The new laws provoked Túpac Amaru II's rebellion and other revolts, all of which were defeated. In the early 19th century, while most of South America was swept by wars of independence, Peru remained a royalist stronghold. As the elite hesitated between emancipation and loyalty to the Spanish Monarchy, independence was achieved only after the military campaigns of José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar. During the early years of the Republic, endemic struggles for power between military leaders caused political instability. National identity was forged during this period, as Bolivarian projects for a Latin American Confederation foundered and a union with Bolivia proved ephemeral. Between the 1840s and 1860s, Peru enjoyed a period of stability under the presidency of Ramón Castilla due to increased state revenues from guano exports. However, by the 1870s, these resources had been squandered, the country was heavily indebted, and political in-fighting was again on the rise. Angamos, a decisive battle during the War of the Pacific.Peru was defeated by Chile in the 1879–1883 War of the Pacific, losing the provinces of Arica and Tarapacá in the treaties of Ancón and Lima. Internal struggles after the war were followed by a period of stability under the Civilista Party, which lasted until the onset of the authoritarian regime of Augusto B. Leguía. The Great Depression caused the downfall of Leguía, renewed political turmoil, and the emergence of the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA). The rivalry between this organization and a coalition of the elite and the military defined Peruvian politics for the following three decades. In 1968, the Armed Forces, led by General Juan Velasco Alvarado, staged a coup against president Fernando Belaunde. The new regime undertook radical reforms aimed at fostering development but failed to gain widespread support. In 1975, Velasco was forcefully replaced as president by General Francisco Morales Bermúdez, who paralyzed reforms and oversaw the reestablishment of democracy. During the 1980s, Peru faced a considerable external debt, ever-growing inflation, a surge in drug trafficking, and massive political violence. Under the presidency of Alberto Fujimori (1990–2000), the country started to recover; however, accusations of authoritarianism, corruption, and human rights violations forced his resignation after the controversial 2000 elections. Since the end of the Fujimori regime, Peru has tried to fight corruption while sustaining economic growth; the current president is Alan García. Government Congress sits in the Palacio Legislativo in Lima.Peru is a presidential representative democratic republic with a multi-party system. Under the current constitution, the President is the head of state and government; he or she is elected for five years and may not immediately be re-elected. The President designates the Prime Minister and, with his advice, the rest of the Council of Ministers. There is a unicameral Congress with 120 members elected for a five-year term. Bills may be proposed by either the executive or the legislative branch; they become law after being passed by Congress and promulgated by the President. The judiciary is nominally independent, though political intervention into judicial matters has been common throughout history and arguably continues today. The Peruvian government is directly elected, and voting is compulsory for all citizens aged 18 to 70. General elections held in 2006 ended in a second round victory for presidential candidate Alan García of the Peruvian Aprista Party (52.6% of valid votes) over Ollanta Humala of Union for Peru (47.4%). Congress is currently composed of the Peruvian Aprista Party (36 seats), Peruvian Nationalist Party (23 seats), Union for Peru (19 seats), National Unity (15 seats), the Fujimorista Alliance for the Future (13 seats), the Parliamentary Alliance (9 seats) and the Democratic Special Parliamentary Group (5 seats). Peruvian foreign relations have been dominated by border conflicts with neighboring countries, most of which were settled during the 20th century. There is still an ongoing dispute with Chile over maritime limits in the Pacific Ocean. Peru is an active member of several regional blocs and one of the founders of the Andean Community of Nations. It is also a participant in international organizations such as the Organization of American States and the United Nations. The Peruvian military is composed of an army, a navy and an air force; its primary mission is to safeguard the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country. The armed forces are subordinate to the Ministry of Defense and to the President as Commander-in-Chief. Conscription was abolished in 1999 and replaced by voluntary military service. Regions Ama zonasAncashApurímacArequipaAyacuchoCaja marcaCuscoHuánucoHuanca velicaIcaJunínLa LibertadLamba yequeLimaLima ProvinceCallaoLoretoMadre de DiosMoqueguaPascoPiuraPunoTacnaTumbesSan MartínUcayali infoClickable map of the regions of Peru.Peru is divided into 25 regions and the province of Lima. Each region has an elected government composed of a president and a council, which serves for a four-year term. These governments plan regional development, execute public investment projects, promote economic activities, and manage public property. The province of Lima is administered by a city council. Regions: Amazonas Ancash Apurímac Arequipa Ayacucho Cajamarca Callao Cusco Huancavelica Huánuco Ica Junín La Libertad Lambayeque Lima Loreto Madre de Dios Moquegua Pasco Piura Puno San Martín Tacna Tumbes Ucayali Province: Lima Geography Topographic map of PeruPeru covers 1,285,220 km² (496,193 sq mi), making it approximately two-thirds the size of Mexico. It neighbors Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil to the east, Bolivia to the southeast, Chile to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. The Andes mountains run parallel to the Pacific Ocean, dividing the country into three geographic regions. The costa (coast), to the west, is a narrow plain, largely arid except for valleys created by seasonal rivers. The sierra (highlands) is the region of the Andes; it includes the Altiplano plateau as well as the highest peak of the country, the 6,768 m (22,205 ft) Huascarán. The third region is the selva (jungle), a wide expanse of flat terrain covered by the Amazon rainforest that extends east. Almost 60% of the country's area is located within this region. Most Peruvian rivers originate in the Andes and drain into one of three basins. Those that drain toward the Pacific Ocean are steep and short, flowing only intermittently. Tributaries of the Amazon River are longer, have a much larger flow, and are less steep once they exit the sierra. Rivers that drain into Lake Titicaca are generally short and have a large flow. Peru's longest rivers are the Ucayali, the Marañón, the Putumayo, the Yavarí, the Huallaga, the Urubamba, the Mantaro, and the Amazon. The peaks of the Andes are the source of many Peruvian rivers.Peru, unlike other equatorial countries, does not have an exclusively tropical climate; the influence of the Andes and the Humboldt Current causes great climatic diversity within the country. The costa has moderate temperatures, low precipitations, and high humidity, except for its warmer, wetter northern reaches. In the sierra, rain is frequent during summer, and temperature and humidity diminish with altitude up to the frozen peaks of the Andes. The selva is characterized by heavy rainfall and high temperatures, except for its southernmost part, which has cold winters and seasonal rainfall. Because of its varied geography and climate, Peru has a high biodiversity; 21,462 species of plants and animals had been reported as of 2003, 5,855 of them endemic. The Peruvian government has established several protected areas for their preservation. Economy The seaport of Callao is the main outlet for Peruvian exports.Peru is a developing country with a 2005 Human Development Index score of 0.773. Its 2006 per capita income was US$3,374; 39.3% of its total population is poor, including 13.7% that is extremely poor. Historically, the country's economic performance has been tied to exports, which provide hard currency to finance imports and external debt payments. Although exports have provided substantial revenue, self-sustained growth and a more egalitarian distribution of income have proven elusive. Peruvian economic policy has varied widely over the past decades. The 1968–1975 government of Juan Velasco Alvarado introduced radical reforms, which included agrarian reform, the expropriation of foreign companies, the introduction of an economic planning system, and the creation of a large state-owned sector. These measures failed to achieve their objectives of income redistribution and the end of economic dependence on developed nations. Despite these adverse results, most reforms were not reversed until the 1990s, when the liberalizing government of Alberto Fujimori ended price controls, protectionism, restrictions on foreign direct investment, and most state ownership of companies. Reforms have permitted sustained economic growth since 1993, except for a slump after the 1997 Asian financial crisis. Services account for 53% of Peruvian gross domestic product, followed by manufacturing (22.3%), extractive industries (15%), and taxes (9.7%). Recent economic growth has been fueled by macroeconomic stability, improved terms of trade, and rising investment and consumption. Trade is expected to increase further after the implementation of a free trade agreement with the United States, which was signed on April 12, 2006. Peru's main exports are copper, gold, zinc, textiles, and fish meal; its major trade partners are the United States, China, Brazil, and Chile. Demographics Peruvian woman and child of Amerindian ancestryWith about 28 million inhabitants, Peru is the fourth most populous country in South America as of 2007. Its demographic growth rate declined from 2.6% to 1.6% between 1950 and 2000; population is expected to reach approximately 42 million in 2050. As of 2005, 72.6% lived in urban areas and 27.4% in rural areas. Major cities include Lima, Arequipa, Trujillo, Chiclayo, Piura, Iquitos, Chimbote, Cusco, and Huancayo, all of which reported more than 200,000 inhabitants in the 1993 census. Peru is a multiethnic nation formed by the combination of different groups over five centuries. Amerindians inhabited Peruvian territory for several millennia before Spanish Conquest in the 16th century; their population decreased from an estimated 9 million in the 1520s to around 600,000 in 1620 mainly due to infectious diseases. Spaniards and Africans arrived in large numbers under colonial rule, mixing widely with each other and with indigenous peoples. After independence, there has been a gradual European immigration from England, France, Germany, Italy, and Spain. Chinese arrived in the 1850s as a replacement for slave workers and have since become a major influence in Peruvian society. Other immigrant groups include Arabs and Japanese. Spanish, the first language of 80.3% of Peruvians age 5 and older in 1993, is the primary language of the country. It coexists with several indigenous languages, the most important of which is Quechua, spoken by 16.5% of the population in 1993. Other native and foreign languages were spoken at that time by 3% and 0.2% of Peruvians, respectively. The 2006 National Continuous Census conducted by the National Statistics Institute (INEI) finds that 85 percent of the population that identified with a religion is Catholic and 11 percent Protestant; the remaining 4 percent includes Adventists, Mormons, Jehovah's Witnesses, and Israelites of the New Universal Pact. Literacy was estimated at 88.9% in 2005; this rate is lower in rural areas (76.1%) than in urban areas (94.8%). Primary and secondary education are compulsory and free in public schools. Culture Anonymous Cuzco School painting, 18th centuryPeruvian culture is primarily rooted in Amerindian and Spanish traditions, though it has also been influenced by various African, Asian, and European ethnic groups. Peruvian artistic traditions date back to the elaborate pottery, textiles, jewelry, and sculpture of Pre-Inca cultures. The Incas maintained these crafts and made architectural achievements including the construction of Machu Picchu. Baroque dominated colonial art, though modified by native traditions. During this period, most art focused on religious subjects; the numerous churches of the era and the paintings of the Cuzco School are representative. Arts stagnated after independence until the emergence of Indigenismo in the early 20th century. Since the 1950s, Peruvian art has been eclectic and shaped by both foreign and local art currents. Peruvian literature has its roots in the oral traditions of pre-Columbian civilizations. Spaniards introduced writing in the 16th century; colonial literary expression included chronicles and religious literature. After independence, Costumbrism and Romanticism became the most common literary genres, as exemplified in the works of Ricardo Palma. In the early 20th century, the Indigenismo movement produced such writers as Ciro Alegría, José María Arguedas, and César Vallejo. During the second half of the century, Peruvian literature became more widely known because of authors such as Mario Vargas Llosa, a leading member of the Latin American Boom. Ceviche is a citrus marinated seafood dish.Peruvian cuisine is a blend of Amerindian and Spanish food with strong influences from African, Arab, Italian, Chinese, and Japanese cooking. Common dishes include anticuchos, ceviche, humitas, and pachamanca. Because of the variety of climates within Peru, a wide range of plants and animals are available for cooking. Peruvian cuisine has recently received acclaim due to its diversity of ingredients and techniques. Peruvian music has Andean, Spanish and African roots. In pre-Hispanic times, musical expressions varied widely from region to region; the quena and the tinya were two common instruments. Spanish conquest brought the introduction of new instruments such as the guitar and the harp, as well as the development of crossbred instruments like the charango. African contributions to Peruvian music include its rhythms and the cajón, a percussion instrument. Peruvian folk dances include marinera, tondero, danza de tijeras and huayno. |
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